Adelaide d'Anjou
The Henry Project: The Ancestors of King Henry II of England

Adélaïde/Alix (Adelaidis, Alaiz, Adelax, Alaicis) alias Blanche (Blanca, Candida) of Anjou

Wife of Étienne de Brioude, Raymond de Toulouse, Louis V of France, and Guillaume d'Arles.

Wife of four husbands, and the ancestress of important comital families through three of her marriages, Adélaïde, alias Blanche, was also briefly queen of France, and the mother of another French queen. Yet, in the early nineteenth century, scholars were still confused about her identity. Her story has to be pieced together from various records (cited below) which, for example, mention an Alaiz, mother of count Pons de Gévaudan, or a Blanca, wife of Louis V, king of France, or an Adelaidis, cui prenomen erat Candida, mother of queen Constance, and only in hindsight is it clear that these records refer to the same woman. The discovery of the work of the historian Richer in the 1830's added a key piece to the puzzle by mentioning three of Adélaïde's marriages, but historians were slow to take advantage of the new information. Nevertheless, by the late nineteeth century, historians had accepted that Adélaïde, alias Blanche, daughter of Foulques II of Anjou, had been successively married to Étienne de Brioude (at the time often incorrectly called count of Gévaudan), king Louis V of France, and Guillaume I (or II) of Provence, and that she was the mother by the last of queen Constance, wife of king Robert II of France, although the marriage to Raymond of "Gothia" was still widely doubted [Pfister (1885), 61-3; Lot (1891), 366-9]. More recently, in the face of clear proof that Adélaïde was the mother of Guillaume "Taillefer", count of Toulouse, it has been recognized that her marriage to the obscure Raymond was genuine [Poly (1976), 73, 97 n. 138, 319 n. 13; Framond (1993), 472-4; see also works cited in Stasser (1997), 9 n. 3].

Date of Birth: Say 945×950?

Place of Birth: Unknown.

Richer states that Adélaïde was an old woman (anus) at the time that she was married to Louis V of France [Richer, Historia, iii, 94 (2: 116)]. Since she had at least two children by a later marriage, Richer's statement is obviously an exaggeration contrasting her age with the age of the very young king, who was perhaps only 15 at the time. An estimated birth about 945×950 would allow time for her earlier marriages to Étienne de Brioude and Raymond de Toulouse, while still placing her marriage to Guillaume d'Arles well within her childbearing years.

Date of Death: 1026.

Place of Burial: Montmajour.

Her death is reported by a monk of Saint-André-les-Avignon ["... felix Adalax comitissa dormivit in pace ... a nativitate Christi millesimum vicesimum sextum presentum annum ..." Stasser (1997), 24 n. 78, citing a manuscript at the National Library at Madrid]. An inquest of 2 January 1215 states that she was buried at Montmajour ["comitissa Blanca quæ sepulta est apud Montem Majorem ..." Manteyer (1908), 274 n.]

Father: Foulques II, d. 958×960, count of Anjou.

The Saint-Aubin genealogies give Fulco Bonus (i.e., Foulques II of Anjou) as the father of Blanca, mother of Constantia, wife of king Robert [Poupardin (1900), 206-7]. The Chronicle of Saint-Pierre du Puy mentions Guy, bishop of le Puy (a son of Foulques II) as a brother of Geoffroy Grisegonelle and of countess Adélaïde, wife of Étienne, and uncle of Pons and Bertrand ["Fuit vir quidam, ex nobili Francorum progenie ortus, Guido nomine, ..." Chron. S.-Pierre du Puy, 151 (ccccxi); "..., cui erat frater germanus nobilissimus comes Gaufridus, cognomento Grisegonella. ... Hoc factum audientes Pontius et Bertrandus, ejus nepotes, Aquitaniae clarissimi consules, cum matre eorum Adalaide, sorore ipsius, ..." ibid., 152 (ccccxii); "Suam igitur dispositionem suae sorori Adalaidae comitissae suisque filiis, videlicet Pontio et Bertrando, ejus nepotibus, ..., necnon Stephani sui cognati, Adelaidae sororis eorumque filiorum, Pontii et Bertrandi, ..." ibid., 154 (ccccxv)]. Hugues de Fleury's Historia Francorum states that Blanche was a sister of Geoffroy Grisegonelle ["[Rotbertus] Duxit autem uxorem Constantiam, filiam Guillelmi comitis Arelatensis, natam de Blanca, sorore Gaufridi comitis Andegavensis; ex qua genuit 4 filios, Hugonem qui cognominatus est Magnus, Henricum, Robertum, Odonem." Hugues de Fleury, Historia Francorum, MGH SS 9: 385; RHF 10: 215]. In two letters written in 1110 and 1115 by Yves de Chartres regarding the consanguinity between Baldwin VII of Flanders and Havise of Brittany, he stated that Geoffroy Grisegonelle and Blanche countess of Arles, mother of queen Constance, were brother and sister [Yves de Chartres, Letter #122, RHF 15: 150; similarly Letter #162, RHF 15: 177]. These four sources making her a daughter of Foulques II and sister of Geoffroy I Grisegonelle should be accepted in preference to the late twelfth century interlined addition to one manuscript of Rodulfus Glaber's history, which indicates that "Blanche" was a sister of Foulques III Nerra (and a daughter of Geoffroy) [Rodulfus Glaber, 57 n. 11; see the Commentary section]. For the identification of Adélaïde with Blanche, see the Commentary section.

Presumed mother: Gerberge, d. bef. September 958.

Gerberge is documented as the name of the mother of Adélaïde's brother Geoffroy Grisegonelle, and and the other known wife of Foulques II, married after 952, does not make a chronologically plausible mother of Adélaïde. There is no direct evidence that Gerberge was Adélaïde's mother.

Spouses:The evidence for Adélaïde's four marriages is discussed in more detail in the Commentary section.

(1) Étienne de Brioude, fl. 936-957, d. prob. 970×5.

Étienne was son of Bertrand and his wife Emilde ["... quod Stephanus, filius quondam Bertrandi et Emildis, ... eadem domina Adaliz omnia ista prædicta propter remedium animæ suæ, mariti sui Stephani atque filiorum suorum Poncii et Bertranni, ..." Cart. Brioude, 122-3 (#105)]. He first appears on 28 August 936 [Cart. Brioude, 347 (#337)] and in 937×8 [2 Louis IV, ibid., 94-5 (#74)]. Étienne was married first to a wife Anne who is known from a charter of April 943 ["... quodam homine nomine Bertrando et uxore ejus Emilgarde, et eorum filio nomine Stephano et uxore ejus Annane, ..." Cart. Brioude, 300 (#293)]. Étienne's last dated appearance is in 957 [Cart. Brioude, 227 (#216)], but judging from the likely chronology of the marriages of Adélaïde, he certainly lived well into the 960's, and probably into the early 970's.

(2) Raymond (de Toulouse), "duke of Gothia".

Raymond's name is known from the account of Richer of Rheims ["Qui suscepti a regina, id sibi videri optimum dixerunt, Ludovico regi assciscendedam conjugem Adelaidem, Ragemundi nuper defuncti ducis Gothorum olim uxorem." Richer, Historia, iii, 92 (2: 112)]. This marriage is further confirmed by the fact that Adélaïde alias Blanche was the mother of Guillaume Taillefer, count of Toulouse (see below), which also clearly indicates that Raymond was a member of the dynasty of counts of Toulouse, in which the name Raymond was common. However, the exact identity and ancestry of this Raymond is enmeshed in the confusion of various Raymonds of Toulouse in the tenth century [see, e.g., Framond (1993) and Settipani (2004) for two different reconstructions of the genealogy of the tenth century counts of Toulouse]. The marriage may perhaps be dated about 1075, but there is much uncertainty about this.

(3) ca. 980, Louis V, d. 21 May 987, king of France, 986-7.

The most detailed account of the marriage is in the history of Richer of Rheims, who states that they were divorced after a marriage of two years ["Quo a præfata Adelaide multo apparatu excepti sunt; ..., Ludovicus rex eam sibi uxorem copulavit, ..." Richer, Historia, iii, 94 (2: 114); "Et hoc apud eos fere erat per biennium. Quorum mores usque adeo discordes fuere, ut non multo post sequeretur et divortium." ibid., iii, 94 (2: 116)]. The marriage occurred not long after the association of Louis as joint king in 979.

(4) ca. 982, Guillaume I (II) "le Libérateur", d. aft. 29 August 993, marquis of Provence.

The queen was married to Guillaume shortly after her divorce from Louis V ["Regina ... Wilelmum Arelatensem adiit, eique nupsit." Richer, Historia, iii, 95 (2: 116)].

See the Commentary section for a supposed fifth marriage.

Children:

See also the Commentary section.

by Étienne de Brioude:

Pons, fl. 993-1016, count of Gévaudan and Forez;

m. (1) NN.

m. (2) Thiberge, d. 9 June, widow of Artaud, count of Forez.

m. (3?) NN?

Pons appears regularly in documents from 993 to 1016 [see Stasser (1997), 26 n. 85]. He appears as count of Gévaudan and Forez in a charter of about 1010, which also names his parents, his wife Thiberge, and two sons ["Poncius, divina annuente gratia comes eximius Gabalitanensis telluris necnon et Forensis patriæ, ... pro animabus genitorum suorum Stephani et Alaiz, et uxoris ejus Theotbergæ, et filiorum ejus Stephani et Poncii, vel fratrum ejus Bertrandi et Willelmi, et nepotum ejus Stephani, Rotberti et Willelmi, ..." Cart. Brioude, 335 (#331)]. From the fact that Pons had a stepson named Artaud (see below), we know that Thiberge was the widow of Artaud, count of Forez (d. 1000). In March 1010, Thiberge gave a manse to the monastery at Cluny for the souls of her self, her senior (i.e., husband) Artaud and her sons Artaud and Géraud ["... quod ego Tedburga, comitissa, ... pro remedio animæ meæ et anime senioris mei Artaldi, et filiorum meorum, Artaldi et Girardi, ..." Cart. Cluny, 3: 703-4 (#2673)]. Stasser makes the reasonable conjecture that she was a daughter of Géraud I de Limoges, whose mother's name was Thiberge [Stasser (1997), 28]. The children of Pons were evidently too old to be children of Thiberge, so he must have had an earlier marriage. Pons was killed by his stepson Artaud ["Arsendis, uxor Vuillelmi Tholosani comitis, fratris illius Pontii qui ab Artaldo post hæc, privigno suo, dolo interfectus fuit, ..." Mirac. S. Fidis, i., 19, Liber Mirac S. Fidis, 56]. A third marriage has been proposed on the theory that Pons repudiated Thiberge, but that is uncertain. [See also Stasser (1997), 26-31]

Bertrand, living ca. 1010.

Bertrand appears as a son of Étienne and brother of Pons in several records [Chron. S.-Pierre du Puy, 151-4 (see above under parentage of Adélaïde); "... duo germani fratres nobili ex stirpe procreati ... pro salute animarum patris sui Stephani matrisque nomine Alaicis, ... isti autem fratres vocabantur Pontius, alter Bertrandus, ..." Cart S.-Chaffre, 70 (#144); Cart. Brioude, 335 (#331) (see above under Pons); see also Stasser (1997), 31]

Étienne, pseudo-bishop of le Puy, deposed 998. (probable son)

Étienne was named as successor by Guy d'Anjou, bishop of le Puy (for whom see the page of Foulques II d'Anjou), but was deposed in 998. A papal document of 23 November 999 calls Guy the avunculus of Étienne ["... a Vuidone vivente episcopo avunculo et praedecessore suo ..." Stasser (1997), 31-2 n. 108, citing Zimmermann (1982), #377 (not seen by me)]. Since the usual interpretation of avunculus is "maternal uncle", Étienne would be the son of a sister of Guy, and Adélaïde would be the most likely candidate. Étienne's likely age and onomastics would place him as a probable son of Adélaïde's first marriage.

probably by Étienne, but perhaps by Raymond:

Ermengarde;

m. NN, count of Auvergne.

A letter of Yves de Chartres regarding the consanguinity between Baldwin VII, count of Flanders and his wife Havise, daughter of Alain IV of Brittany, written in 1115, states that queen Constance of France and countess Ermengarde of Auvergne were sisters via countess Blanche of Arles ["Constantia regina [Francorum] et Ermengardis Arvernensis comitissa de Blanca [Arelatensi comitissa] sorores fuerunt." Yves de Chartres, Letter #162, RHF 15: 177, see below for more detailed quote]. Unfortunately, the husband and father of Ermengarde are not identified in the record, and this has led to different theories about Ermengarde's family connections. See the Commentary section for a more detailed discussion.

by Raymond de Toulouse:

Guillaume Taillefer, d. aft. 1037, count of Toulouse;

m. (1) Arsinde.

m. (2) Emme, daughter of Roubaud, count of Provence.

Guillaume appears with his mother in 1004 [Stasser (1997), 32 & n. 111, citing Cat. actes Provence, #63 (the latter not seen by me)], and in 1005 ["Adalax, inclita comitissa, assensum prebuit et manu sua firmavit. Guillelmus, comes Provintie, filius ejus, firmavit. Guillelmus, Tholose urbis comes, firmavit. ..." Cart. S.-Victor de Marseille, 1: 21 (#15)]. Despite statements to the contrary, he does not seem to have appeared in records prior to 1000 [see Framond (1993), 465-9]. Guillaume's first wife was named Arsinde ["Arsendis, uxor Vuillelmi Tholosani comitis, fratris illius Pontii qui ab Artaldo post hæc, privigno suo, dolo interfectus fuit, ..." Mirac. S. Fidis, i., 19, Liber Mirac S. Fidis, 56]. He appears with his second wife Emma in an act of 1021 of his mother the countess Adélaïde ["Ego Adalax divina favente gratia comitissa et filius meus Wilelmus Tolosamus et uxor ejus, nurus mea, Emma comitissa ... cedimus ... aliquid de nostra fiscali terra pro anima Wilelmi comitis defuncti." Poly (1976), 97 n. 138, citing Cat. actes Provence #87, the latter not seen by me]. Guillaume last appears in 1037. [See also Stasser (1997), 32-4; Framond (1993), 464-472].

by Guillaume d'Arles:

A charter of Montmajour in August 1001 shows Adélaïde with her children Guillaume and Constance ["in mense Augusto, regnante Rodulfo Rege, Indiction XIV", "signum Adalax Comitissæ et filii sui Willelmi Comitis et filiæ suæ Constantiæ, ..." RHF 10: 569; Manteyer (1908), 257, citing Chantelou, 70-1].

Guillaume II (or III), d. 4 March 1019, marquis of Provence;

m. Gerberge, living 1019, daughter of Otte-Guillaume, count of Burgundy.

Guillaume appears with his wife Gerberge in several charters [e.g., 1013: "Ego Wilelmus, comes Provinciæ, conjuxque mea Girberga, una cum filio nostro nomine Wilelmo, ..." Cart. S.-Victor de Marseille, 1: 639 (#646); 1018: "ego Vuillelmus comes et uxor mea Gisberga ..." Manteyer (1908), 271, citing Cart. de Saint-André; 1019: "Ego Geriberga comitissa, una cum consensu filiorum optimatumque nostrorum ... propter remedium animæ senioris mei Guilelmi, comitis Provincie ..." Cart. S.-Victor de Marseille, 1: 642 (#649)]. [Poly (1976), 175 n. 22, cites Cat. actes Provence #82 (not seen by me) for his date of death.]

Constance, d. 22 July 1034;

m. Robert II, d. 20 July 1031, king of France, 996-1031.

Commentary

The identification of Adélaïde alias Blanche

Much of the outline of the life of Adélaïde alias Blanche depends on her identification in the records, and in particular on the assumption that various records referring to an Adélaïde (or variants of that name) or a Blanche all refer to the same person. In the nineteenth century the issue was still uncertain enough that some thought that Blanche was the same person as Arsinde, first wife of Guillaume Taillefer of Toulouse (in fact a son of Adélaïde alias Blanche), and Mabille could state that Blanche, sister or aunt of Foulques Nerra, was an imaginary character who needed to be erased from history [Mabille (1871), lxxvi]. The history of Richer of Rheims, discovered in 1833, proves that king Louis V was married to an Adélaïde who was previously married to a certain Raymond, dux Gothorum, and later married to Guillaume d'Arles. The main issues which need clarification are the use of the two different names Adélaïde and Blanche by the same person, and the identification of the Adélaïde who was wife of Étienne de Brioude as the same person as the Adélaïde who was wife successively of Raymond de Gothia, Louis V, and Guillaume d'Arles. The evidence for this is reasonably straightforward and apparently no longer controversial.

The account of Richer of Rheims states that king Louis V was married to Adélaïde, widow of Raymond, dux Gothorum, that they were divorced after about two years, and that she then married Guillaume d'Arles ["Qui suscepti a regina, id sibi videri optimum dixerunt, Ludovico regi assciscendedam conjugem Adelaidem, Ragemundi nuper defuncti ducis Gothorum olim uxorem." Richer, Historia, iii, 92 (2: 112); "Quo a præfata Adelaide multo apparatu excepti sunt; ..., Ludovicus rex eam sibi uxorem copulavit, ..." ibid., iii, 94 (2: 114); "Et hoc apud eos fere erat per biennium. Quorum mores usque adeo discordes fuere, ut non multo post sequeretur et divortium." ibid., iii, 94 (2: 116); "Regina ... Wilelmum Arelatensem adiit, eique nupsit." ibid., iii, 95 (2: 116)].

Some sources give the name of the queen of Louis V as Blanche ["Filiumque reliquit Ludovicum, qui uno tantum anno supervivens, et ipse potu maleficii [a suo conjuge Blanca nomine] necatus est." Adémar de Chabannes, iii, 30 (words in brackets in MS C only); "iste [Ludovicus] puer adhuc Blanchiam accepit uxorem" Chron. S.-Maixent, 96 (not seen by me), cited in Stasser (1997), 25 n. 79; "Hlotharius genuit Hludovicum, qui adhuc puer Blanchiam cepit in uxorem; ..." Chronicum Cantoennensi, RHF 10: 169; see also Lot (1903), 324 n. 5].

Several sources state that the mother of queen Constance was Blanche of Anjou, daughter of Foulques II and sister of Geoffroy I Grisegonelle [Saint-Aubin Genealogies, Poupardin (1900), 206-7; Hugues de Fleury, MGH SS 9: 385; Yves de Chartres, Letters #122, #162, RHF 15: 150, 177; see above under the parentage of Adélaïde].

The fact that Adélaïde was also called Blanche is confirmed by a letter of Pope Benedict VIII ["... Adeleidi comitissae, cognomento Blanchae, ..." PL 139, 1603-4; see below under Otte-Guillaume for more details] and by an anonymous eleventh century continuation of the chronicle of Ado, archbiship of Vienne, which says that Adélaïde's praenomen was Candida (cf. Latin candide, "in dazzling white") ["Regnans cum patre Rotbertus 10 annis; post mortem eius 34 annis vixit, regnavit et senuit. De coniuncta vero sibi uxore Constantia, filia Adelaidis, cui prenomen erat Candida, inclitos et precipuos habens filios, unum ex eis ad regnum elegit Hugonem, ..." Continuatio Adonis, MGH SS 2: 326]

The Chronicle of Saint-Pierre du Puy mentions Guy, bishop of le Puy (a son of Foulques II) as a brother of Geoffroy Grisegonelle and of countess Adélaïde, wife of Étienne, and uncle of Pons and Bertrand: [Chron. S.-Pierre du Puy, 151-4 (see above under the parentage of Adélaïde)].

The miracles of St. Foy mention Arsinde, wife of Guillaume, count of Toulouse, who is called a brother of that Pons who was afterwards deceitfully killed by his stepson Artaud ["Arsendis, uxor Vuillelmi Tholosani comitis, fratris illius Pontii qui ab Artaldo post hæc, privigno suo, dolo interfectus fuit, ..." Mirac. S. Fidis, i., 19, Liber Mirac S. Fidis, 56]. This Pons is undoubtedly Pons, count of Gévaudan, who is mentioned elsewhere in the miracles with his wife Thiberge (mother of Artaud) [ibid., i, 2 (p. 19)]. Pons and Guillaume could be brothers only if Guillaume's mother Adélaïde was the same person a Adélaïde, wife of Étienne de Brioude.

The cartulary of Brioude has an charter of ca. 1010 which mentions Pons, called count of Gévaudan and Forez, and also mentions his parents Étienne and Alaiz, his wife Thiberge, his sons Étienne and Pons, his brothers Bertrand and Guillaume, and his nepotes Étienne, Robert, and Guillaume ["Poncius, divina annuente gratia comes eximius Gabalitanensis telluris necnon et Forensis patriæ, ... pro animabus genitorum suorum Stephani et Alaiz, et uxoris ejus Theotbergæ, et filiorum ejus Stephani et Poncii, vel fratrum ejus Bertrandi et Willelmi, et nepotum ejus Stephani, Rotberti et Willelmi, ..." Cart. Brioude, 335 (#331)]. This gives further evidence that Pons of Gévaudan had a brother named Guillaume.

The Family of countess Ermengarde of Auvergne

In 1110 and 1115, Yves de Chartres wrote two letters with regard to the consanguinity between count Baldwin VII of Flanders and Havise, daughter of Alain IV of Brittany [Yves de Chartres, Letters #122, #162, RHF 15: 150, 177]. The first of these letters mentioned a relationship going back to the siblings count Geoffroy Grisegonelle of Anjou and countess Blanche of Arles (i.e., the present Adélaïde alias Blanche). The second letter mentioned the same relationship but also another kinship which proceeded through two daughters of Blanche ["Constantia regina [Francorum] et Ermengardis Arvernensis comitissa de Blanca [Arelatensi comitissa] sorores fuerunt. De Constantia Adela comitissa, et de hac Arvernensi comitissa Ermengardis; De Adela Robertus Friso, et de hac Ermengardi Berta comitissa; De Rotberto alius Rotbertus, et de hac Berta Havisis Nannetensis comitissa; De hoc Rotberto iste Balduinus, et de hac [Havisi] comes Alanus; De hoc ista juvencula." Yves de Chartres, Letter #162, RHF 15: 177]. Thus, Havoise, wife of Baldwin VII, was identified as the daughter of count Alain, son of Havoise, countess of Nantes, daughter of countess Berthe, daughter of countess Ermengarde, daughter of countess Ermengarde of Auvergne, sister of queen Constance of France via countess Blanche of Arles. From the context, it would appear that Constance and the elder Ermengarde were children of different marriages of Blanche.

One problem with this record is that it does not identify the husbands in the mostly female line of descent of the younger Havoise from Blanche. However, much of this information can be filled in routinely from other records by starting with the later generations and working backwards. Thus, Alain IV, father-in-law of Baldwin VII, was a son of Hoël, count of Cornouaille, by his wife Havise, daughter of Alain III by his wife Berthe, daughter of Eudes II, count of Blois ["Balduinus autem duxit filiam Alani Fregani comitis Britanniae." Genealogia Comitum Flandriae Bertiniana, MGH SS 9: 306; "Postquam autem Conanus Dux filius Alani Ducis adeptus fuit possessionem sui Ducatus; ... cui Conano Hoellus filius Alani Cagnari Comitis Cornubiæ successit. Hoellus igitur Dux ... jamdiu duxerat in uxorem Hasevisiam sororem prædicti Conani Ducis et hæredem ejus unicam. ... Idem Hoellus tres liberos ex Hadevisa uxore sua genuit, videlicet Alanum, Mathaim et Benedictum. Alanus post mortem patris sui fuit Dux Britanniæ, ... . ... anno Domini MLXXXIII, Hoellus ... moritur. Anno sequenti Bertha Ducissa mater Havesiæ uxoris Hoelli obiit. ... Hoellus Dux Britanniæ, cui successit Alanus filius ejus primogenitus. Hic Ermengardem filiam [Fulconis] Comitis Andegavensis duxit in uxorem, ex qua genuit duos liberos, Conanum videlicet et Hazevisiam." Ex Chronico Briocensi, RHF 12: 565-6; "... Tetbaldus, comes, ... atque Berta, sorore sua, Britanniæ quondam et Cynomagnensi postmodum comitissa ... Actum in castro Blesensi, anno ab incarnatione Domini MLXI, ..." Arbois de Jubainville (1859-66), 1: 487 (Pièces justificatives #48); "Hugo filius Herberti, postquam Alannus Britannorum comes a Normannis in Normannia impotionatus occubuit, Bertam ipsius relictam, Tedbaldi Blesensium comitis sororem, in conjugium accepit; ..." OV iv, 12 (2: 252); "Hic [Alain III] Bertham filiam Odonis Comitis Carnotensis duxit uxorem ..." Ex Chronico Kemperlegiensi, RHF 10: 294].

Thus, the younger Ermengarde was the wife of Eudes II count of Blois. Ermengarde is mentioned as the wife of Eudes in several of his charters [Arbois de Jubainville, 1: 467, 469, 471-3 (Pièces justificatives #32-3, #35, #37-8)]. She is also mentioned as the mother of Thibaut III (I of Champagne) in one of his charters [ibid., 1: 479 (#43)] and in another charter of her sons Thibaut and Étienne [ibid., 1: 481 (#44)]. Before his marriage to Ermengarde, Eudes had been married to Mathilde, daughter of Richard I of Normandy [GND iv, 18 (vol. 1, pp. 128-131)]. The date of the marriage of Eudes and Ermengarde is unknown. The thirteenth century chronicle of Aubry de Troisfontaines states that in 1005, count Eudes of Champagne (i.e., Eudes II, count of Blois) and his wife Ermengarde, "countess of Tours", restored the abbey of Marmoutier ["Facta est hoc anno Turonis maioris monasterii restauratio per Odonem Campaniensem comitem et eius uxorem comitissam Turonensem Ermengardem." Aubry de Troisfontaines, Chron., s.a. 1005, MGH SS 23: 778]. As noted by Stasser, Ermengard's son Thibaut participated in the siege of Saumur in 1026 ["Post aliquantum temporis Odo comes et filius ejus Thebaudus cum multo exercitu iterato Salmurum obsederunt, ..." Historia Sancti Florentii Salmurensis, Marchegay & Mabille (1869), 280; for the date of the siege of Saumur: Ann. S.-Aubin, s.a. 1026, Ann. Vendôme, s.a. 1026, Ann. Renaud, s.a. 1026, Ann. S.-Florent, s.a. 1025, in Halphen (1903), 3, 60, 86, 118]. If we assume that he would have been at least fourteen at the time, this would place his birth at ca. 1012 or earlier. Even if a generation length as small as fifteen were allowed, we see that it would be barely possible for his grandmother the elder Ermengarde to have been born as late as 982. Thus, the elder Ermengarde was almost certainly a daughter of Adélaïde alias Blanche by one of her first two marriages, and probably by her first marriage.

The identity of the husband of countess Ermengarde of Auvergne runs into the problem that the genealogy of the counts of Auvergne (or Clermont) during this period is poorly documented, based on fragmentary evidence which different authors have pieced together in different ways. The principal "building blocks" to this genealogical puzzle which have been considered by authors writing on this problem are as follows:

During the period that Étienne IV was bishop of Clermont (1013-1021), charters show a countess Humberge, widow of Guillaume (d. bef. 1010), with children Étienne IV, bishop of Clermont, count Robert, Guillaume, and perhaps Guy [before the death of bishop Begon in 1010: "Sig. domni Begoni episcopi. Sig. domne Umberge comitisse. Sig. domni Stephani. Sig. domni Rotberti. Sig. domni Rotberti." Cart. Saux., 200 (#240); bef. 1010: "ego Umberga, ... pro redemptione anime senioris mei Willelmi et pro redemptione anime mee sive etiam pro animabus filiorum meorum tam vivis quam etiam defunctis, ... Sig. Hubergane que hanc donationem fecit. Sig. Stephani. Sig. Rotberti. Sig. Willelmi. Sig. Widoni. Sig. domni Begoni episcopi. ..." Cart Saux. 218-9 (#267); 1013×21: "... ego in Dei nomine Umberga cedo Deo, ... in remedium animæ meæ et genitoris mei sive genetricis meæ, ... res sitæ in comitatu Arvernico, ... Facta fuit carta ista ... regnante Roberto rege feliciter. Signaverunt Stephanus episcopus, Robertus vicecomes, Willelmus, ..." Cart. Brioude, 328 (#323); 1013×21: "Sig. domni Stephani, episcopi. Sig. domni Rotberti. Sig. domni Willelmi. Sig. domne Umbergane, comitissæ, matris eorum. Cart. Saux., 311 (#402); Tuesday, December 1013×1021: "... ego in Christi nomine Stephanus, sanctæ ecclesiæ Claromontensis episcopus, et mater mea atque fratres mei ... Sig. domni Stephani, episcopi. Sig. Rotberti, comitis, et fratris ejus Willelmi. Sig. domne Humberge, matris eorum." Cart. Saux., 363 (#476)].

A count Guillaume appears in 1043-4 in various charters with his wife Philippa (who survived him) and sons Étienne, Robert, Guillaume, Bego, and Pons ["... Willelmi comitis; et ipse Willelmus et uxor sua Philipia et filii eorum Rotbertus et Willelmus et Pontius ... Sig. Wilielmi comitis et uxoris ejus. Sig. Roberti comitis. Sig. Wilielmi fratris ejus. Sig. Pontionis fratris ejus." Cart. Saux., 226 (#279); after 1051: "... ego Philippa, ... pro anima domni Wilelmi senioris mei ac filiorum meorum id est Wilelmi, Pontii, simulque pro Rotberto comite, filio meo, ..." Cart. Saux., 254 (#321); before 1051: "... ego Willelmus, Arvernensis princeps, ... tam pro me ipso quam pro genitore meo et matre mea et filiis meis et uxore mea Phylippia, ... Sig. Renconis, episcopi. Sig. Rotberti, comitis. Sig. Willelmi, comitis. Sig. Philippiæ, matris eorum, ..." Cart. Saux., 423 (#571); 1042×3: "... S. Willelmi comitis. S. Stephani filii eius ... Facta cessio ista anno XII regnante Henrico rege" Baluze (1708), 2: 46 (not seen by me), cited by Stasser (1997), 38 n. 136; 1043×4: "ego Willelmus Arvernorum comes cedo ... cui benignae donationi filii quoque mei Stephanus, Bego et Pontius una cum Philippia coniugue mea ... Facta carta ista anno XIII regnante Henrico rege Francorum ..." ibid.; "ego Willelmus et uxor mea Philippia ... S. Willelmi comitis ... S. Philippiae uxoris eius. S. Stephani, Willelmi atque Rotberti filiorum eorum ..." Baluze (1708), 2: 48 (not seen by me), cited by Stasser (1997), 38 n. 136]

As noted above, Yves de Chartres tells us that countess Ermengarde of Auvergne, sister of queen Constance, was the mother of Ermengarde, wife of Eudes II, count of Blois.

In a charter of ca. 1010 from the cartulary of Brioude already noted above, count Pons of Gévaudan mentions his nepotes Étienne, Robert, and Guillaume, the first two of whom sign as viscounts ["Poncius, divina annuente gratia comes eximius Gabalitanensis telluris necnon et Forensis patriæ, ... pro animabus genitorum suorum Stephani et Alaiz, ... et nepotum ejus Stephani, Rotberti et Willelmi, ... Stephanus, quod ratum est, consensit, et est vicecomes. Signum Roberti vicecomitis. Signum Willelmi, fratris ejus. ..." Cart. Brioude, 336-7 (#331)]. Although no direct proof is available, it has been suggested that these three nepotes were members of the family of counts of Auvergne.

While it has generally been assumed that the Guillaume who married Philippa was a son or grandson of the earlier Guillaume and his wife Humberge, the exact connection is not clear, nor is it obvious how (the elder) Ermengarde fits into the picture. Several different scenarios have been proposed, also with differing opinions on where to place the nepotes of Pons of Gévaudan [outlined by Stasser (1997), 36-41 and Settipani (2004), 317-21]. Briefly, these theories went as follows:

Baluze: Étienne Baluze made Ermengarde the daughter of Guillaume of Provence and Adélaïde, the wife of Robert, count of Clermont (son of Guillaume and Humberge), and the mother of the Guillaume who married Philippa. The Étienne, Robert, and Guillaume who were sons of Guillaume and Philippa were identified as the nepotes of Pons, and Philippa was identified as a sister of Pons [Baluze (1708), not seen by me, cited by Stasser (1997), 38-9 and Settipani (2004), 318].

Vajay: Szabolcs de Vajay also made Ermengarde the wife of Robert and the mother of the Guillaume who married Philippa, making the latter couple the parents of the three nepotes of Pons. He differed from Baluze in making Ermengarde a daughter of Guillaume of Provence by his first wife Arsinde (thus violating the statement of Yves de Chartres that Ermengarde and Constance had the same mother), and he interpreted the word nepos as "grandson", making Pons the father of Philippa [Vajay (1980), 758 n. 69].

Lauranson-Rosaz: Christian Lauranson-Rosaz made Ermengarde the wife of Robert, and identified the nepotes of Pons as sons of Guillaume and Humberge, with an unclear connection to the later counts [Lauranson-Rosaz (1987), not seen by me, cited by Settipani (2004), 319-20].

Stasser: Thierry Stasser identified Ermengarde with Humberge, wife of the elder Guillaume, and made her the mother of the three nepotes of Pons, of whom Guillaume was identified as the husband of Philippa [Stasser (1997), 41].

Settipani: Christian Settipani made Ermengarde a daughter of Étienne de Brioude by Adélaïde of Anjou, the wife of count Robert of Clermont, and the mother of the nepotes of Pons, including Guillaume, husband of Philippa [Settipani (2004), 320-1].

If we consider only the marriage of Ermengarde, we have as the main possibilities the following two mutually exclusive scenarios:

Scenario 1 (Stasser):

Conjectured husband of Ermengarde: Guillaume, d. bef. 1010, viscount of Clermont/Auvergne.

Conjectured identification of Ermengarde: Humberge, d. 1016, countess of Clermont/Auvergne.

Scenario 2 (Baluze, Vajay, Lauranson-Rosaz, Settipani):

Conjectured husband of Ermengarde: Robert, d. 1022×43, viscount of Clermont/Auvergne.

Note that although Baluze, Vajay, Lauranson-Rosaz, and Settipani would agree on the identity of Ermengarde's husband, there are significant disagreements in the other genealogical details. For the chronological reasons already given, we can safely reject Baluze's suggestion that Ermengarde was a daughter of Adélaïde by her marriage to Guillaume of Provence. Also, there is no good reason to accept Vajay's theory on the parentage of Ermengarde, which would so blatantly violate the testimony of Yves de Chartres. Stasser's theory also disagree's with Yves de Chartres, but only with regard to the name of the sister of Adélaïde/Blanche. It seems possible that confusion between the younger Ermengarde and her mother could have led to an error here, especially since Stasser's theory is otherwise attractive. Chronologically, it seems very likely that Étienne, Robert, and Guillaume, the nepotes of Pons of Gévaudan ca. 1010, were the same men as the Étienne (not yet bishop), Robert, and Guillaume who are mentioned as sons of Humberge in the same decade. Thus, I lean toward Stasser's solution.

Falsely attributed father (in fact a brother):

Geoffroy I "Grisegonelle", d. 21 July 987, count of Anjou.

A variant of the text of Rodulfus Glaber states that Constance was daughter of Guillaume, count of Arles, by Blanche, sister of Foulques Nerra. The main text of Rodulfus Glaber, in giving the parentage of Constance, wife of Robert II, states: "Accepit autem supradictus rex illius cognatam nomine et animo Constantiam, inclitam reginam, filiam videlicet prioris Willemi Aquitanie ducis, ..." [Rodulfus Glaber, iii, 7 (pp. 57-8)]. The text of MS. Lat. 10912, in a hand of apparently the late twelfth century, adds "neptam predicti Fulconis" above "illius cognatam", and adds the words "Guillelmi comitis Arelatensis natam de Blanca sorore ejus" above "prioris Willelmi Aquitanie ducis" [ibid., 57 n. 11]. This single source cannot stand against the several apparently independent sources mentioned above which make Adélaïde alias Blanche a daughter of Foulques II.

Conjectured fifth husband (very improbable):Otte-Guillaume, d. 1026×7, count of Burgundy.

Otte-Guillaume is known to have had a second wife named Adélaïde or Adèle [Cart. Cluny 3: 721-2 (#2694); Cart. Mâcon, 271 (#471), 284-5 (#490)]. The suggestion that Otte-Guillaume's second wife was the same person as the several times widowed Adélaïde/Blanche goes back to René Poupardin, who himself referred back to an unspecified unpublished work of Ferdinand Lot [Poupardin (1907), 418 n. 6], and the suggestion was later also adopted by Constance Bouchard and Christian Settipani [Bouchard (1987), 270; Settipani (1997), 249].

The hypothesis is based on a letter of Pope Benedict VIII, which mentions both [Otte-]Guillaume and Adélaïde/Blanche (under both of her names) ["Sed et seniori quam reverendo domno Willelmo comiti, necnon praecipuae honitatis et dulcedinis domno Hugoni comiti, domnoque Rainaldo comiti filio supranominati Willelmi, bonae quoque indolis, ac totius affectu dilectionis amplectendo domno Ottoni comiti; omni etiam reverentia et veneratione dignissime domnae Adeleidi comitissae, cognomento Blanchae, nuruque ejus domnae Gerberg[e] comitissae; ... et caeteris principibus et optimatibus totius Burgundiae, Aquitaniae et Provinciae ..." PL 139, 1603-4]. This letter does not mention any direct genealogical connection between [Otte-]Guillaume and Adélaïde/Blanche, but does call a countess Gerberge the nurus (daughter-in-law) of Adélaïde/Blanche. This Gerberge can be identified without any difficuly with Gerberge, daughter of Otte-Guillaume and wife of Guillaume II (or (III) of Provence, son of Adélaïde/Blanche.

In his 1997 article on Adélaïde d'Anjou, Thierry Stasser emphasized that the letter made no mention of any relationship between Otte-Guillaume and Adélaïde/Blanche. In a posting on 18 June 2002 to the internet newsgroup/mailing list soc.genealogy.medieval/GEN-MEDIEVAL, Peter Stewart argued that the interpretation making Otte-Guillaume the husband of Adélaïde/Blanche was based on a misunderstanding of the word nurus [Stewart (2002)], and Settipani accepted this argument, reversing his earlier opinion [Settipani (2004), 313, n. 2].

Falsely attributed husband (in fact her father-in-law):

Lothaire, d. 2 March 986, king of France, 954-986.

An addition to one manuscript of the Annals of Saint-Aubin correctly makes Blanche a daughter of Foulques II of Anjou, but incorrectly has her marrying king Lothaire instead of his son Louis V. It also incorrectly makes Lothaire the father of Blanche's daughter Constance ["Anno Verbi incarnati DCCCCLXXXVII obiit Lotharius. In isto reges Francorum defecerunt. Hic accepit uxorem Blanchiam, filiam Fulconis Boni comitis Andegavensis patris Gaufridi Grisegonelle, et habuit ex ea filiam, Constantiam nomine, que fuit data cum regno Robberto regi, filio scilicet Hugonis Magni."Addition to codex B, Annales de Saint-Aubin, Halphen (1903), 35; cf. RHF 10: 271].

Falsely attributed daughter:

Aumode, d. 1005×10;

m. (1) Audebert I, count of La Marche (or his brother Boso, count of Périgord and La Marche);

m. (2) Guillaume III (V) "le Grand", d. 30 January 1030, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitou.

[Richard (1903), 1: 147] According to Adémar de Chabannes, the wife of Audebert was a sister of Guy, viscount of Limoges ["Aldebertus vero, frater ejus, plurimo tempore in turre civitatis Lemovicae custoditus, tandem solutus est, accepta in conjugio sorore Widonis vicecomitis, ex qua filium genuit Bernardum." Adémar Chab., Chron., iii, 25 (pp. 147-8)]. Adémar later states that Guillaume married Aumode, the widow of Audebert ["Tunc Willelmus, accepta in matrimonio Adalmode, conjue suprascripti Aldeberti ..." ibid., iii, 34 (p. 156)]. According to Pierre de Maillezais, Aumode was married to Audebert's brother Boso ["... Adalmodem ejusdem Bosonis conjugem ..." Pierre de Maillezais, Chron., RHF 10: 182] and then married Guillaume after Boso's death. He calls Aumode the daughter of an otherwise unidentified Candida ["Porro autem Boso, paucis emensis diebus, gravi incommodo correptus, turpiter decessit, ... Cujus Emma Principis Pictaviensis genitrix fine agnito, clam Legatos ad Candidam mittit, eaque consulta Adalmodem ejusdem Candidæ filiam filii sui conjugio sociavit." ibid., 182]. Richard accepted Aumode as the widow of Audebert, but followed Pierre de Maillezais in making her a daughter of Candida, whom he identified as Adélaïde/Blanche. As Thierry Stasser noted, Boso was still alive when Guillaume was already married to Aumode, and this undermines the credibility of Pierre's information [Stasser (1997), 42 n. 144]. Also, we can note that in any case it would be difficult to establish the identificiation of Candida as Adélaïde/Blanche based on the epithet alone. [See also Stasser (1997), 41-3]

Conjectured daughter by Étienne de Brioude (possible):

NN, m. Heribert "le Jeune", count of Troyes.

[Bur (1990)] The principal motivation behind this conjecture are to explain the name given to Heribert's son Étienne I, count of Troyes, and to explain why Étienne is called a nepos of king Robert II in a charter dated 24 February 1019 ["... quod quidam de nostri regni principibus nomine Stephanus, nobilitate et potentia comes clarissimus, noster etiam nepos amantissimus, ... pater suus comes Herbertus ..." Arbois de Jubainville (1859-66), 1: 465 (Pièces justificatives #31)]. If true, the conjecture would make count Étienne I of Troyes a nephew of Constance, third wife of Robert II. The conjecture is plausible, but lacks definitive proof.

Conjectured daughter by Guillaume de Provence or Raymond de Toulouse (evidence lacking):

Tota alias Adélaïde, d. aft. 1021;

m. Bernard, d. 1020, count of Bésalu.

Some primarily onomastic conjectures have been made based partly on the fact that this couple had a daughter with the rare name Constance [Stasser (1993), 497-88 n. 52]. Vajay would make Tota/Adélaïde a daughter of Adélaïde/Blanche by her fourth husband Guillaume de Provence [Vajay (1980), 756], while Stasser would make her a daughter of Adélaïde/Blanche by Raymond of Toulouse [Stasser (1993), 497-8 n. 52; Stasser (1997), 44-6]. On the other hand, Settipani conjectures Tota/Adélaïde as a daughter of Guillaume by his first wife Arsinde [Settipani (2004), 59-66]. Connections with other families have also been proposed [see Stasser (1993), 497-88 n. 52; Stasser (1997), 45-6]. There does not seem to be any reason to favor any particular one of these conjectures.

Conjectured daughter by Raymond de Toulouse (improbable):

Liégarde, fl. 1013.

The basis of this conjecture is an entry recording the killing at Rodez of bishop Étienne of Clermont (son of Pons, son of Adélaïde/Blanche) in the Annales Masciacenses which mentions Étienne's matertera ("martertera") Liégarde ["... hoc et Stephanus episcopus Adlegardem martertera suam latenter interficitur, et Rod moritur." (read "ad Legardem" for "Adlegardem") Ann. Masc., s.a. 1013, MGH SS 3: 170]. While the most common definition of the word matertera is "maternal aunt", Thierry Stasser, in a generally unconvincing argument, suggests that it should instead be interpreted as "paternal aunt" in this case, and that Raymond de Toulouse was Liégarde's father.

Bibliography

Adémar Chab. = Jules Chavanon, ed., Adémar de Chabannes - Chronique (Paris, 1897).

Arbois de Jubainville (1859-66) = H. d'Arbois de Jubainville, Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne, 6 vols. (Paris, 1859-1866).

Baluze (1708) = Étienne Baluze, Histoire généalogique de la Maison d'Auvergne, 2 vols. (Paris, 1708). [not seen by me]

Bouchard (1987) = Constance Brittain Bouchard, Sword, Miter, and Cloister - Nobility and the church in Burgundy, 980-1198 (Cornell University Press, 1987).

Bur (1990) = Michel Bur, "A propos du nom d'Étienne: le mariage aquitain de Louis V et la dévolution des comtés champenois", Annales du Midi 102 (1990): 319-327.

Cart. Brioude = M. Henry Doniol, ed., Cartulaire de Brioude (Clermont & Paris, 1863).

Cart. S.-Chaffre = Cartularium monasterii Sancti Theofredi Calmiliensis Ordinis Sancti Benedicti (Cartulary of Saint-Chaffre du Monastier), Chevalier (1884), 1-150 (sections i-ccccx).

Cart. S.-Victor de Marseille = M. Guérard, ed., Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Victor de Marseille, 2 vols. (Paris, 1857).

Cart. Saux. = Henry Doniol, Cartulaire de Sauxillanges (Clermont & Paris, 1864).

Cat. actes Provence = J.-P. Poly, ed., Catalogue des actes des comtes de Provence. [Not seen by me]

Chevalier (1884) = Ulysse Chevalier, Cartulaire de l'abbaye de St-Chaffre du Monastier, Ordre de Saint-Benoît, suivi de la Chronique de Saint-Pierre du Puy et d'un appendice de chartes (Paris, 1884), cited here separately as "Cart. S.-Chaffre" and "Chron. S.-Pierre du Puy".

Chron. S.-Maixent = J. Verdon, ed., Chronique de Saint-Maixent (Paris, 1979). [I have not seen this source.]

Chron. S.-Pierre du Puy = Chronicon Sancti Petri Aniciensis (Chronicle of Saint-Pierre du Puy), Chevalier (1884), 151-166 (sections ccccxi-ccccxxviii).

Framond (1993) = Martin de Framond, "La succession des comtes de Toulouse autour de l'an mil (940-1030): reconsiderations", Annales du Midi 105 (1993): 461-488.

GND = Guillaume de Jumièges, Gesta Normannorum Ducum, as edited in Elisabeth van Houts, ed. & trans., The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni, 2 vols., (Oxford, 1992).

Halphen (1903) = Louis Halphen, ed., Recueil d'annales angevines et vendômoises (Paris, 1903).

Lauranson-Rosaz (1987) = Christian Lauranson-Rosaz, L'Auverge et ses marges (Velay, Gévaudan) du VIIIe au XI siècle. La fin du monde antique? (Le Puy-en-Velay, 1987). [not seen by me]

Liber Mirac. S. Fidis = A. Bouillet, Liber Miraculorum Sancte Fidis (Paris, 1897).

Lot (1891) = Ferdinand Lot, Les derniers Carolingiens (Paris, 1891).

Lot (1903) = Ferdinand Lot, Études sur le règne de Hugues Capet et la fin du Xe siècle (Paris, 1903).

Mabille (1871) = Émile Mabille, Introduction au Chroniques des Comtes d'Anjou (Société de l'Histoire de France, vol. 155, Paris, 1871).

Manteyer (1908) = Georges de Manteyer, La Provence du premier au douzième siècle (Paris, 1908).

Marchegay & Mabille (1869) = Paul Marchegay & Émile Mabille, eds., Chroniques des églises d'Anjou (Société de l'Histoire de France, Paris, 1869).

MGH SS = Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores series.

OV = Augustus le Prevost, ed. Orderici Vitalis Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ, 5 vols. (Paris, 1838-55); also available in Marjorie Chibnall, ed. & trans., The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1969-80). As I do not have easy access to all volumes of Chibnall's edition, citations here are given from Prevost's edition.

Pfister (1885) = Christian Pfister, Étude sur le règne de Robert le Pieux (996-1031) (Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, 64, Paris, 1885).

Poly (1976) = Jean-Pierre Poly, La Provence et la société féodale (879-1166), Contribution à l'étude des structures dite féodales dans le Midi (Paris, 1976).

Poupardin (1900) = René Poupardin, "Généalogies angevines du XIe siècle", Mélanges d'Archéologie et d'Histoire (Paris, Rome) 20 (1900): 199-208.

Poupardin (1907) = René Poupardin, Le royaume de Bourgogne (888-1038) - Étude sur les origines du royaume d'Arles (Paris, 1907).

RHF = Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France.

Richard (1903) = Alfred Richard, Histoire des comtes de Poitou 778-1204, 2 vols. (Paris, 1903).

Richer, Historia = G. H. Pertz, ed., & J. Guadet, trans. (French), Richer, Histoire de son temps, 2 vols. (Paris, 1845).

Settipani (1997) = Christian Settipani, "Les comtes d'Anjou et leur alliances aux Xe et XIe siècles", in K. S. B. Keats-Rohan, ed., Family Trees and the Roots of Politics (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1997): 211-267.

Settipani (2004) = Christian Settipani, La Noblesse du Midi Carolingien (Prosopographia et Genealogica 5, 2004).

Stasser (1993) = Thierry Stasser, "La maison vicomtale de Narbonne aux Xe et XIe siècles", Annales du Midi 105 (1993): 489-507.

Stasser (1997) = Thierry Stasser, "Adélaïde d'Anjou, sa famille, ses unions, sa descendance - Etat de las question", Le Moyen Age 103 (1997): 9-52.

Stewart (2002) = Peter Stewart, "Adelais d'Anjou question", posting to the newsgroup soc.genealogy.medieval, 18 June 2002.

Vajay (1980) = Szabolcs de Vajay, "Comtesses d'origine occitane dans la Marche d'Espagne aux 10e et 11e siècles", Hidalguia 28 (1980): 585-616, 755-788.

Zimmermann (1982) = M. Zimmermann, Papsturkunden 896-1046, 3 vols. (Vienne, 1982). [Not seen by me]

Compiled by Stewart Baldwin. This page owes much to detailed discussions of Adélaïde's marriages by Peter Stewart on the internet newsgroup soc.genealogy.medieval, whom I would also like to thank for sending copies of some sources.

First uploaded 27 February 2011.

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