Index Mf
Rulers

Index Mf-Mn

Mfume

Mfume, Kweisi, original name Frizzell Gray (b. Oct. 24, 1948, Baltimore, Md.), U.S. politician. By his own account, he had a vision of a golden cloud of light on a street corner in West Baltimore in 1972, which helped him turn his previously desperate life around; for his new self he adopted the name Kweisi Mfume, an African name said to mean "conquering son of kings." In 1979 he was elected to the Baltimore City Council, and in 1986 to the U.S. House of Representatives where - as a member of the Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs committee - he was active in housing, welfare reform, and environmental legislation. He became chairman of the influential Congressional Black Caucus in 1992. Mfume left his congressional seat in February 1996 to become chief executive of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The post had been vacant for two years following the dismissal of Benjamin Chavis. Mfume pledged to restore strict financial controls to the organization, to improve its management and fundraising operations, and to reverse the decline in membership. He succeeded in bringing the NAACP out of a $3.2 million debt and restoring its reputation. Under his leadership, the organization began pushing for more minority representation at the top levels of the sports, entertainment, and media industries. He announced his resignation on Nov. 30, 2004 (effective Jan. 1, 2005). In 2006 he sought the Democratic nomination for senator from Maryland, but lost to Ben Cardin. He was elected to the House again in a special election in 2020 following the death of Rep. Elijah Cummings.

Mfumukeko, Libérat (b. 1964, Bujumbura, Burundi), secretary-general of the East African Community (2016-21).

Mgaloblishvili, German (Andreyevich) (d. 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Georgian S.S.R. (1931-37).

Grigol Mgaloblishvili

Mgaloblishvili, Grigol (Zurab dze), byname Gega Mgaloblishvili (b. Oct. 7, 1973, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of Georgia (2008-09). He was ambassador to Turkey in 2004-08.

Mgeladze, Akaki (Ivanovich) (b. 1910, Melekeduri, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. 1980), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian S.S.R. (1952-53). He was also first secretary of the party committees of the Abkhaz A.S.S.R. (1943-51) and Kutaisi oblast (1951-52).

Mgimwa, William (Augustao) (b. Jan. 20, 1950, Kalenga, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania] - d. Jan. 1, 2014, Pretoria, South Africa), finance minister of Tanzania (2012-14).

M'Hammedi, Driss (b. March 30, 1912, Fès, Morocco - d. March 9, 1969, Paris, France), interior minister (1956-58, 1958-60) and foreign minister (1960-61) of Morocco. He was also director-general of the royal cabinet (1965-69).

M'hedhbi, Béchir (b. Feb. 24, 1912, Hajeb El Ayoun, Tunisia - d. ...), defense minister of Tunisia (1971-72). He was also ambassador to Lebanon (1966-70), Jordan (1967-70), the United Kingdom (1972-74), and Morocco (1974-76).

M'henni, Hédi (b. Dec. 24, 1942, Sayada, Tunisia - d. July 9, 2024), interior minister (2002-04) and defense minister (2004-05) of Tunisia. He was also minister of public health (1992-2001) and social affairs (2001-02).

Mhindi, Abdou Mohamed, also spelled Mindhi, prime minister of Anjouan (1998).

Mhinga

Mhinga, Edward (Percy Piet) (b. Dec. 5, 1927 - d. Sept. 2, 2017, Polokwane, South Africa), acting chief minister of Gazankulu (1993). He was speaker of parliament (1973-78) and education minister (1979-94) of Gazankulu.

Mhlaba

Mhlaba, Raymond (M. Phakamisa) (b. Feb. 12, 1920, Kwamazoka village, Fort Beaufort district, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa - d. Feb. 20, 2005, Port Elizabeth [now Gqeberha], Eastern Cape), premier of Eastern Cape (1994-97). In 1943, he joined the Communist Party, which was banned in 1950. He also joined the African National Congress in 1944. After the ANC was banned in 1960, he fled to China for military training. He returned to South Africa in 1962 and became commander of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the military wing of the ANC. He was arrested in a sweep by security forces on the ANC's underground headquarters at a farm in Rivonia in northern Johannesburg in 1963. Nelson Mandela, Mhlaba, and six others including Govan Mbeki, the father of future president Thabo Mbeki, stood trial for sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government. In June 1964 they were sentenced to life in prison and sent to Robben Island, the notorious prison on a remote island near Cape Town. Together with other Rivonia defendants, Mhlaba was released in 1989. When the ANC swept to power in the first democratic multiracial elections in 1994, "Oom Ray," as he was widely known, became premier of the newly created province of the Eastern Cape. He resigned in 1997 for health reasons and subsequently was high commissioner to Uganda and ambassador to Rwanda and Burundi until 2001.

Mhlanga

Mhlanga, Vincent (d. Dec. 24, 2020), acting prime minister of Eswatini (2018). He was also regional administrator of Shiselweni (2018-20).

Mhleko, Joel Musa (b. April 2, 1948), acting foreign minister of Eswatini (2018). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-10) and ambassador to Belgium (2010-17).

Mhura, Necton (Darlington) (b. Feb. 6, 1957 - d. Feb. 19, 2018, New Jersey), Malawian diplomat. He was ambassador to the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and The Bahamas (2015-16) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-18).

Mi Zhenbiao (b. 1860, Qingjian, Shaanxi, China - d. July 20, 1929), governor of Rehe (1924). He was a general of the Yi Jun (Army of Perseverance, led by Jiang Guiti) in Rehe region. He was a vice-governor of Rehe after the founding of the republic. After Jiang Guiti's death in 1922, he turned to Duan Qirui but later switched to Cao Kun, and then in 1924 to Feng Yuxiang, who named him vice-governor of Henan (under Hu Jingyi).

Mia, (Mohammed) Sidik (b. 1965, Makande, Chikwawa district, Malawi - d. Jan. 12, 2021), defense minister of Malawi (2009-10). He was also minister of irrigation and water development (2005-09) and transport and public works (2010-14, 2020-21).

Miadana, Victor (b. July 21, 1920, Ambodimandresy, Madagascar), finance minister (1963-72) and a vice president (1970-72) of Madagascar.

Miaja Menant, José (b. April 20, 1878, Oviedo, Spain - d. Jan. 13, 1958, Mexico City, Mexico), war minister (1936) and president of the National Council of Defense (1939) of Spain.

Miákits, Ferenc (b. April 7, 1876, Érd, Hungary - d. May 17, 1924, Budapest, Hungary), finance minister of Hungary (1919).

Miaoulis, Andreas (Dimitriou) (b. 1869 - d. 1935), Greek politician; son of Dimitrios Miaoulis. He was minister of marine (1910).

Miaoulis, Athanasios (Andreou) (b. 1815, Hydra, Ottoman Empire [now in Greece] - d. May 1867, Paris, France), prime minister of Greece (1857-62). He was also minister of marine (1855-62) and ecclesiastical affairs and public education (provisional, 1855).

Miaoulis, Athanasios (Nikolaou) (b. 1868 - d. 1932), Greek politician; nephew of Dimitrios Miaoulis. He was minister of marine (1909, 1914-15, 1915, 1919-20, 1924-25).

Miaoulis, Dimitrios (Dimitriou) (b. 1836 - d. 1899), Greek politician; nephew of Athanasios (Andreou) Miaoulis. He was minister of marine (1886, 1898-99).

Mibenge, Benjamin (Ndabila) (b. June 22, 1942 - d. Dec. 8, 2020), foreign minister of Zambia (1990-91). He was also high commissioner to Canada (1981-85).

Micallef, Daniel (b. June 8, 1928, Rabat, Malta - d. Dec. 9, 2022, Rabat), Maltese politician. He was speaker of the House of Representatives (1982-86), minister of education and environment (1986-87), and ambassador to the Vatican (1997-99).

Miceli, Felisa (Josefina) (b. Sept. 26, 1952, Luján, Buenos Aires province, Argentina), economy minister of Argentina (2005-07). She was president of the state-owned Banco de la Nación, Argentina's largest bank, in 2003-05. She resigned as minister in 2007 as prosecutors stepped up an investigation into a bag of cash found in her ministry offices. She said the funds (over $60,000) were a loan from her brother for a personal real estate transaction.

Micha Ondo Bile, Pastor (b. Dec. 2, 1952, Nsinik-Esawong, Spanish Guinea [now Equatorial Guinea]), foreign minister of Equatorial Guinea (2003-12). He has also been permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-2000), ambassador to the United States (1995-2000) and Spain (2000-03), and minister of trade and the promotion of small and medium-sized businesses (2018- ).

A. Michael

Michael, Alun (b. Aug. 22, 1943, Bryngwran, Ynys Môn, Wales), first secretary of Wales (1999-2000). He was a Cardiff city councillor from 1973 to 1989. As Labour MP for Cardiff South and Penarth from 1987, he was opposition whip (1987-88) and opposition spokesperson on Welsh affairs (1987-92) and home affairs (1992-97). He was appointed deputy to the home secretary in 1997 and secretary of state for Wales in 1998. When the Welsh National Assembly was created in 1999, he became the first First Secretary.

Michael, Ken(neth Comninos) (b. 1938, Perth, Western Australia), governor of Western Australia (2006-11).

Michaelis

Michaelis, Georg (b. Sept. 8, 1857, Haynau, Prussia - d. July 24, 1936, Bad Saarow-Pieskow, Germany), chancellor of Germany (1917). He joined the Prussian administrative service in 1879 and in 1885-89 taught in the school of German law at Tokyo, Japan. Returning to Prussia, he was public prosecutor before reentering the administrative service in 1892. He became undersecretary of state in the Finance Ministry in 1909, director of the wartime department for cereals in 1915, and Prussian state commissioner for food supply in early 1917. When Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg resigned in the summer of 1917, the military high command, headed by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, Germany's actual rulers, secured the appointment of the colourless Michaelis as his successor. He was totally unqualified for the chancellorship and could maintain himself only with the backing of the army. When the majority in the Reichstag called for his assent to its peace resolution of July 19 (indicating that Germany desired no annexations), he evasively agreed to it "as I understand it," thus not committing himself further than the military might decide. In September, when he acknowledged Pope Benedictus XV's peace proposals of August 16, he likewise avoided any specific statement of Germany's territorial aims. When he supported allegations that the leaders of the Independent Social Democratic Party were to blame for a mutiny in the navy, he lost the favour of the Reichstag and so became useless to Ludendorff, and he was forced to resign on October 31. In 1918-19 he was head of the administration (Oberpräsident) of the Prussian province of Pommern.

Michail, Maria (b. Oct. 14, 1973, Nicosia, Cyprus), Cypriot diplomat. She has been high commissioner to India (2012-15), ambassador to Austria and Slovenia (2022-23), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2023- ).

Michailidis, Alekos (English Alecos Michaelides), byname of Alexandros Michailidis (b. Aug. 13, 1933, Milikouri, Cyprus - d. Jan. 6, 2008, Paphos, Cyprus), foreign minister of Cyprus (1993-97). He was president of the House of Representatives in 1977-81.

Michailidis, Ntinos (English Dinos Michaelides), byname of Konstantinos Michailidis (b. 1937, Limassol, Cyprus - d. April 6, 2020, Athens, Greece), interior minister of Cyprus (1985-88, 1993-97, 1998-99). He joined the diplomatic service in 1961. Before his first period as interior minister, he served as minister to the presidency. In 1991 he became an MP and two years later, Pres. Glafkos Kliridis appointed him again interior minister. In 1997 he withdrew from the government following a decision by the Democratic Party (DIKO) to leave its partner in government, but he returned to the post four months later. In 1999 he resigned shortly after being cleared of corruption allegations by the cabinet. The cabinet had absolved him despite an independent report which questioned the judgement of town planning authorities in changing building zones in an area where the minister later built a luxury house. The town planning department came under Michailidis' authority. Michailidis briefly quit in the midst of the row in late 1998 but then withdrew his resignation when Kliridis refused to accept it. He repeatedly denied any wrongdoing. His 1999 resignation came a day after the shock resignation of government spokesman Christos Stylianidis, who strongly disagreed with the cabinet decision to absolve Michailidis.

Michal, Kristen (b. July 12, 1975, Tallinn, Estonian S.S.R.), justice minister (2011-12) and prime minister (2024- ) of Estonia. He was also minister of economic affairs and infrastructure (2015-16).

Michalakopoulos, Andreas (Spiliou) (b. May 29 [May 17, O.S.], 1875, Patras, Greece - d. March 27, 1938, Athens, Greece), finance minister (1924), prime minister (1924-25), military minister (1924-25), and foreign minister (1925, 1926-28, 1929-32, 1932, 1933) of Greece. He was also minister of national economy (1912-15, 1915), public properties and internal colonization (Thessaloniki government, 1916-17), agriculture and public properties (1917-19), a minister without portfolio (1919-20), and a deputy prime minister (1929-32, 1932).

Michalowski, Czeslaw (Pawel) (b. Jan. 15, 1885, Plock, Poland - d. June 1941, Minsk, Belorussian S.S.R.), justice minister of Poland (1930-36).

Michalowski, Jerzy (b. May 26, 1909, Kiev, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. March 30, 1993, Warsaw, Poland), Polish diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1956-60) and ambassador to the United States (1967-71).

Michalowski, Stanislaw (b. May 3, 1881, Tarnopol, Austria [now Ternopil, Ukraine] - d. af. 1939), acting governor of Bialostockie województwo (1934).

Michalski, Jerzy (Jakub) (b. March 18, 1870, Jaroslaw, Austria [now in Poland] - d. Nov. 24, 1956, Kraków, Poland), finance minister of Poland (1921-22).

Michaudel, Maurice Marie Auguste (b. April 6, 1901 - d. April 13, 1975), interim commissioner of Laos (1947-48).

Michaux, Antoine Léonce (b. Nov. 6, 1822, Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe - d. Jan. 20, 1893), commandant of the French Settlements in Oceania (1876-77).

Michaux-Chevry, Lucette (b. March 5, 1929, Saint-Claude, Guadeloupe - d. Sept. 9, 2021, Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe), president of the General Council (1982-85) and of the Regional Council (1992-2004) of Guadeloupe. She was also mayor of Basse-Terre (1995-2001, 2008-14).

Michavila Núñez, José María (b. March 28, 1960, Madrid, Spain), justice minister of Spain (2002-04).

C. Michel

Michel, Charles (Y.J.Gh.) (b. Dec. 21, 1975, Namur, Belgium), prime minister of Belgium (2014-19) and president of the European Council (2019- ); son of Louis Michel. He was minister of development cooperation in 2007-11. At 38, he became Belgium's youngest head of government in over 170 years.

James Michel

L. Michel

Michel, James (Alix) (b. Aug. 16, 1944, Anse Boileau district, Mahé island, Seychelles), finance minister (1989-2006), defense minister (1993-97, 2004-16), vice president (1996-2004), president (2004-16), interior minister (2004-07), and foreign minister (2009-10) of Seychelles. He was secretary-general of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (1994-2009) and then became president of its successor, the People's Party (2009- ).

Michel, Joseph (b. Oct. 25, 1925, Saint-Mard, Luxembourg province, Belgium - d. June 3, 2016, Arlon, Luxembourg province), interior minister of Belgium (1974-77, 1986-88). He was also minister of education (1977-79) and chairman of the Chamber of Representatives (1980-81).

Michel, Louis (Omer Hortense Charles) (b. Sept. 2, 1947, Tienen [Tirlemont], Belgium), foreign minister and a deputy prime minister of Belgium (1999-2004). He was also Belgium's EU commissioner, responsible for research (2004) and development and humanitarian aid (2004-09).

Michel, Marc (Albert Augustin) (b. May 25, 1892, Malakoff, Seine [now in Hauts-de-Seine], France - d. April 5, 1971, Paris, France), interim governor of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (1925-26).

Michel, (Georges Jean-Jacques) Smarck (b. March 29, 1937, Saint-Marc, Haiti - d. Sept. 1, 2012, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), prime minister of Haiti (1994-95). He was also minister of trade and industry (1991).

Michel, Victor (Léonard) (b. Jan. 8, 1851, Ghent, Belgium - d. Dec. 5, 1918, Ixelles [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium), war minister of Belgium (1912).

Michelet, Carl Johan (b. July 25, 1826, Urskog [now part of Aurskog-Høland municipality], Aggershuus amt [now Akershus fylke], Norway - d. Jan. 30, 1902, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway), governor of Jarlsberg og Larvik amt (1882-1902). He was also mayor of Christiania (1866-68).

Michelet, Christian Fredrik (b. June 23, 1863, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. July 25, 1927, Bærum, Akershus, Norway), foreign minister (1920-21, 1923-24) and acting prime minister (1923) of Norway.

Michelet, Edmond (Charles Octave) (b. Oct. 8, 1899, Paris, France - d. Oct. 9, 1970, Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze, France), French army minister (1945-46). He was also minister of veterans and war victims (1958-59), justice (1959-61), civil service (1967-68), and cultural affairs (1969-70), minister of state (1968), and general secretary of the Union of Republicans of Social Action (1958).

Micheletti

Michelotti

Micheletti (Baín), Roberto (b. Aug. 13, 1948, El Progreso, Yoro department, Honduras), president of Honduras (2009-10). He was also president of the National Congress (2006-09).

Michell, Harry Denis (b. Oct. 29, 1923 - d. Jan. 1, 1971), British political officer in the Trucial States (1950-51).

Michelotti, Maria Domenica (b. Oct. 8, 1952, Bourg St. Maurice, France), captain-regent of San Marino (2000).

Michelsen (Mantilla), Alfredo (b. April 14, 1898, Bogotá, Colombia - d. ...), acting foreign minister of Colombia (1934). He was also chargé d'affaires in the United Kingdom (c. 1930) and minister to Japan (1939-41) and the Soviet Union (1943-46).

C. Michelsen

Michelsen, (Peter) Christian (Hersleb Kjerschow) (b. March 15, 1857, Bergen, Norway - d. June 28, 1925, Fjøsanger, near Bergen), prime minister of Norway (1905-07). He was first elected to the Storting (parliament) from Bergen in 1891, adhering to the "Pure" Left Party. In 1894 he returned to business and municipal affairs but he reappeared in 1903, when he was again elected to the Storting for Bergen, now as a member of the Coalition Party (conservatives and moderate liberals). Almost immediately he joined Georg Francis Hagerup's coalition government, first as a member of the Norwegian Council of State Division in Stockholm, then in 1904 becoming finance minister, but he abandoned the government in February 1905 in protest against Hagerup's extremely moderate policy in the growing conflict with Sweden. In March he was appointed prime minister in a new coalition; thenceforth he was the unquestioned leader of the Norwegians in the conflict that led to the dissolution of the union with Sweden. After the king of Sweden vetoed a law for separate consular representation, the Storting declared the union dissolved on June 7. On August 13, Michelsen called for a plebiscite, which overwhelmingly favoured independence. He met with some opposition, however, because of his willingness to compromise with the Swedes in the Karlstad negotiations in September and because of his definite stand for monarchy against republicanism. Haakon VII, a member of the Danish royal house, was chosen as king of Norway. Trying to preserve the unity of the coalition, Michelsen remained in office until 1907, when he retired because of illness. In 1909 he took part in the organization of the moderately conservative Liberal Left Party, but refused to be its leader; after 1910 he retired from political life.

P. Michelsen

Michelsen, Poul (Johan Sundberg) (b. July 22, 1944), foreign minister of the Faeroe Islands (2015-19). He was at the same time minister of industry and trade. In 1981-92 he was mayor of Tórshavn.

Michener

Michener, (Daniel) Roland (b. April 19, 1900, Lacombe, Alberta - d. Aug. 6, 1991, Toronto, Ontario), governor general of Canada (1967-74). A Conservative, he was elected to the Ontario legislature in 1945 and represented Toronto-St. Paul's in the federal House of Commons from 1953 to 1962; he was speaker in 1957-62. He retired from politics after losing a reelection bid in 1962 but served as Canada's representative at various international conferences. He was serving (1964-67) as Canada's high commissioner to India when he was recalled to take the post of governor general. During his tenure he presided over the opening of Expo 67, Montreal's international exhibition, and he was required to sign the War Measures Act into law during the 1970 October Crisis, when members of the FLQ (Front de Libération du Québec) kidnapped a British trade commissioner and Quebec's labour minister from their Montreal homes. Michener, who maintained a high profile, made frequent state visits abroad and abolished some ceremonial rituals, including the curtsy.

Michuki, John (Njoroge) (b. 1931, Kenya - d. Feb. 21, 2012, Nairobi, Kenya), acting finance minister of Kenya (2008-09). He was also minister of transport (2003-05), provincial administration and national security (2005-08), roads and public works (2008), and environment and mineral resources (2008-12).

Micic

G.S. Mickelson

Micic, Natasa, née Jovanovic (b. Nov. 8, 1965, Titovo Uzice [now Uzice], Serbia), acting president of Serbia (2002-04). She was president of the National Assembly (2001-04) and president of the Civic Alliance of Serbia (2004-07).

Mickelson, George S(peaker) (b. Jan. 31, 1941, Mobridge, S.D. - d. [plane crash] April 19, 1993, near Zwingle, Iowa), governor of South Dakota (1987-93); son of George T. Mickelson.

Mickelson, George T(heodore) (b. July 23, 1903, Selby, S.D. - d. Feb. 28, 1965, Sioux Falls, S.D.), governor of South Dakota (1947-51).

Mickey, John Hopwood (b. Sept. 30, 1845, near Burlington, Iowa - d. June 2, 1910, Osceola, Neb.), governor of Nebraska (1903-07).

Mickiewicz, Mieczyslaw (b. Feb. 26, 1879, Kamenets-Podolsky, Russia [now Kamyanets-Podilskyi, Ukraine] - d. bf. 1939), governor of Wolynskie województwo (1922-23). He was also Ukrainian minister of Polish affairs (1918).

Mickoski, Hristijan (b. Sept. 29, 1977, Skopje, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), prime minister of North Macedonia (2024- ).

Micombero, Michel (b. 1940 - d. July 16, 1983, Mogadishu, Somalia), president of Burundi (1966-76). A member of the politically dominant Tutsi tribe, he helped foil a coup by members of the more numerous Hutu after his appointment as minister of defense in 1965, then became involved in moves to replace the king, Mwambutsa IV, by his son. When the new king took power, he made Micombero prime minister, but Micombero deposed him in November 1966 and made himself president. Temporarily he also was foreign minister (1967) and interior minister (1973). He pursued a conciliatory policy up to 1969, releasing political prisoners and trying to gain support from the Hutu. In October 1969, however, he announced the discovery of a plot led by Hutu officers, many of whom were executed. In 1972 the Hutu rebelled, killing some 2,000 Tutsi. The Tutsi reacted with a savage repression of the Hutu, in which an estimated 100,000 died. The government's role in this, and that of the army, remained obscure, but the division between the two peoples was now irreconcilable. In 1976 he was overthrown by Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza and remained quietly in exile in Somalia.

Miculescu, Angelo (Romeo Constantin) (b. Dec. 4, 1929, Constanta, Romania - d. Feb. 9, 1999, Slobozia, Ialomita county, Romania), a deputy prime minister of Romania (1975-81). He was also minister of agriculture and forestry (1969-71), agriculture, food industry, and water (1972-75), and agriculture and food industry (1975-81) and ambassador to China (1983-90) and Burma/Myanmar (1987-90).

Miculescu, Simona-Mirela (b. July 4, 1959, Satu Mare, Romania), Romanian diplomat. She has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2008-15), representative of the UN secretary-general and head of the UN office in Belgrade (2015- ), and acting Kosovo administrator (2015).

Midaoui, Ahmed (El) (b. June 18, 1948, Oulad Amrane, Taounate province, Morocco), interior minister of Morocco (1999-2001). He was also governor of Mohammedia-Zenata (1987-92) and Tanger (1992-93).

Middelburg, Duco Gerrit Eduard (b. Sept. 15, 1907, The Hague, Netherlands - d. 1974), Dutch diplomat. He was ambassador to Poland (1959-62), Chile (1963-67), and Portugal (1970-72) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1967-70).

Middelkoop, Eimert van (b. Feb. 14, 1949, Berkel en Rodenrijs [now part of Lansingerland], Zuid-Holland, Netherlands), defense minister of the Netherlands (2007-10). He was also minister without portfolio (housing, city quarters, and integration) (2010).

Middlemore, George (d. Nov. 18, 1850, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England), lieutenant governor of Grenada (1833-35) and governor of Saint Helena (1836-42).

Middleton, Sir George Humphrey (b. Jan. 21, 1910 - d. Feb. 12, 1998), political resident in the Persian Gulf (1958-61); knighted 1958. He was also British chargé d'affaires in Iran (1951, 1952) and ambassador to Lebanon (1956-58), Argentina (1961-64), and Egypt (1964-65).

Middleton, Henry (b. Sept. 28, 1770, London, England - d. June 14, 1846, Charleston, S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1810-12). He was also U.S. minister to Russia (1821-30).

Middleton, Sir John (b. July 1870, Stow, Scotland - d. Nov. 5, 1954, Bath, England), acting governor of Mauritius (1914, 1916, 1919) and governor of the Falkland Islands (1920-27), Gambia (1927-28), and Newfoundland (1928-32); knighted 1924.

Midfai, Jamil (Bey) al-, Arabic Jamil (Bay) al-Midfa`i (b. 1890, Mosul, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. Oct. 26, 1958), prime minister of Iraq (1933-34, 1935, 1937-38, 1941, 1953). He was also minister of interior (1930, 1934, 1948) and defense (1934-35, 1937-38) and president of the Senate (1943-45, 1955-58).

Midhat Pasha, (Ahmed Sefik), original name Ahmed Sefik (b. October/November 1822, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey] - d. [killed in prison] May 7/8, 1884, Taif, Ottoman Empire [now in Saudi Arabia]), grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1872, 1876-77). He was also governor of Nis (1861-64), Danube (1864-68), Baghdad (1869-72), Salonika (1873-74), Syria (1878-80), and Aydin (1880-81), head of the Council of State (1868-69, 1876), and justice minister (1873, 1875).

Midilev, Petur (Ivanov) (b. Oct. 27, 1875, Sliven, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. March 22, 1939), interior minister of Bulgaria (1934-35). He was also acting justice minister (1934).

Midkiff, Frank Elbert (b. Nov. 15, 1887, Anna, Ill. - d. Aug. 7, 1983), high commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1953-54).

Midleton, (William) St. John (Fremantle) Brodrick, (1st) Earl of (b. Dec. 14, 1856, London, England - d. Feb. 13, 1942, Peper Harow, Surrey, England), British secretary of state for war (1900-03) and India (1903-05). He succeeded as (9th) Viscount Midleton in 1907 and was created Viscount Dunsford and Earl of Midleton in 1920.

Midzi, Amos (Bernard Muvengwa) (b. July 4, 1952, Majanga village, Chiweshe, Mashonaland Central, Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe] - d. June 9, 2015, Beatrice, near Harare, Zimbabwe), Zimbabwean politician. He was ambassador to Cuba (1987-93) and the United States (1993-99) and minister of energy and power development (2002-04) and mines and mining development (2004-09).

Miedzinski, Boguslaw (b. March 22, 1891, Miastków, Poland - d. May 8, 1972, London, England), Polish politician. He was minister of posts and telegraphs (1927-29) and marshal of the Senate (1938-39).

Mielke, Erich (b. Dec. 28, 1907, Berlin, Germany - d. May 21, 2000, Berlin), minister of state security of East Germany (1957-89). He joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1927 and was an active street agitator. Having been at the scene of the murder of two police officers who were killed in retaliation for the killing of a young Communist, he fled to the U.S.S.R. in 1931, taking the name Paul Bach. In 1936-39 he fought in the Spanish civil war under the name Fritz Leissner. He spent most of World War II in France, at times interned, before getting to the Soviet occupation zone of Germany in 1945, where the Soviets fostered his career. He helped build the agency he came to head in 1957, commonly called Stasi, which scrutinized every aspect of East German domestic life, persecuted suspected dissidents, and suppressed dissent through a network of tens of thousands of official operatives as well as civilian informants, often reporting on their families and friends. He became a candidate member (1971) and full member (1976) of the Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party. He maintained his position until the collapse of the regime in 1989, when he made a feeble defense of himself before parliament ("I love everyone"). He was deemed physically unfit to stand trial for his actions as Stasi chief, but was imprisoned (1993-95) for the 1931 murders.

Mier (Revilla), Adolfo, interior and justice minister of Bolivia (1926).

Mierlo

Mierlo, Hans van, byname of Henricus Antonius Franciscus Maria Oliva van Mierlo (b. Aug. 18, 1931, Breda, Netherlands - d. March 11, 2010, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Dutch politician. He set up the centrist D66 party in September 1966 with the aim of shaking up the political system and was its leader in 1966-73 and 1986-98. He led the new party to a spectacular success in February 1967, when they gained almost 5% of the national vote in their first parliamentary elections. He served two separate terms as party leader in parliament (1967-73, 1986-94); he was defense minister in 1981-82. His return as elder statesman in 1986 culminated in D66's inclusion in the coalition with Labour and the right-wing Liberals in 1994. He got the foreign affairs portfolio, which he had long coveted. He stepped down as D66 leader in February 1998. Elections in May 1998 returned the ruling coalition of Labour, Liberals, and D66 strengthened overall, but delivered a blow to D66. The junior partner lost 10 of its 24 seats and agreed to surrender one of its three ministerial posts. Mierlo said he would not return in the new cabinet nor would he take a seat in the new parliament.

Miettinen, Mauri (Kalevi) (b. Oct. 2, 1941, Joutseno [now part of Lappeenranta], Finland), governor of Kymi (1993-97). He was also Finnish minister of social affairs and health (1990-91).

Miettunen

Mifsud

Miettunen, Martti (Juhani) (b. April 17, 1907, Simo, Lapland, Finland - d. Jan. 19, 2002, Kauniainen, near Helsinki, Finland), prime minister of Finland (1961-62, 1975-77). He was a lawmaker in the Agrarian Party from 1945 to 1958 and served as minister of public works and transport (1950-51, 1954-56), agriculture (1951-53, 1956-57, 1958, 1968-70), and finance (1957). He was governor of Lapland in 1958-73.

Mifflin, Thomas (b. Jan. 10, 1744, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - d. Jan. 20, 1800, Lancaster, Pa.), president of the Supreme Executive Council (1788-90) and governor (1790-99) of Pennsylvania.

Mifsud, Sir Ugo Pasquale (b. Sept. 12, 1889, Valletta, Malta - d. Feb. 11, 1942), prime minister of Malta (1924-27, 1932-33); knighted 1927. He was also minister of industry and commerce (1921-24, 1932-33), posts (1921-22, 1923-24), agriculture and fisheries (1921-22, 1923-24), finance (1924-26), and justice (1926-27, 1932-33).

Mifsud Bonnici, Carm(elo) (b. Feb. 17, 1960, Floriana, Malta), home affairs minister (2008-12) and justice minister (2008-12) of Malta; son of Ugo Mifsud Bonnici.

Carmelo Mifsud B.

Mifsud Bonnici, Carmelo, Maltese spelling Karmenu (b. July 17, 1933, Cospicua, Malta - d. Nov. 5, 2022), prime minister and home affairs minister of Malta (1984-87); cousin of Ugo Mifsud Bonnici. He was elected deputy leader of the Labour Party in 1980 and designate leader to succeed Dom Mintoff in 1982. The following year, upon the resignation of a government member, he was co-opted as a member of parliament by the House of Representatives and held the portfolios first of labour and social services (May-September 1983) and then of education (1983-86) and rising to the premiership on Dec. 22, 1984, succeeding Mintoff in that office and also as party leader. He had yet to contest a general election. Under his leadership the ruling Labour government did not change any of its hardline policies, although he adopted a somewhat different approach. He continued his predecessor's intransigent attitude toward the opposition Nationalist Party but endeavoured to woo the hostile private commercial and industrial sector and to mend Malta's fences with Western Europe, the U.S., and the Commonwealth. At the same time, he maintained Malta's strong ties with Communist countries and strengthened relations with Libya. The Nationalists won the 1987 election, and after another defeat in 1992 he resigned as Labour leader.

U. Mifsud Bonnici

Mifsud Bonnici, Ugo (b. Nov. 8, 1932, Cospicua, Malta), Maltese politician. He contested the general elections of 1966 for the Nationalist Party. He was elected from the 2nd District which comprised Cospicua, Vittoriosa, Senglea, Kalkara, and Fgura. He was reelected in all subsequent general elections. For fifteen years (1972-87) he was the Nationalist Party's spokesman for education. In 1977 he was also elected president of the party's General and Administrative Councils. In 1987 the Nationalist Party was elected to government and Mifsud Bonnici was appointed to the cabinet as minister of education. His portfolio included Education, Environment, Broadcasting, Culture, Youth, Museums, and Sport. In 1990 he became minister of education and the interior. Following the 1992 elections Mifsud Bonnici was appointed minister of Education and Human Resources. As a member of parliament, he took an active interest in the updating of Malta's legislation. He was a member of numerous Select Committees including the Committee set up to draft the constitutional changes that declared Malta a republic. As a minister, he worked on the drafting of important legislation such as the Education Act, the Environment Act, the National Archives Act, and the Occupational Health and Safety Promotion Act. In 1994-99 he was president of Malta.

Migiro

Migiro, Asha-Rose (Mtengeti) (b. July 9, 1956, Songea, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania]), foreign minister of Tanzania (2006-07). She was also minister of community development, gender, and children (2000-06) and justice (2014-15), UN deputy secretary-general (2007-12), and ambassador to the United Kingdom (2016-23).

Miglietti, Vincenzo (Maria) (b. May 25, 1809, Moncalieri, France [now in Torino metropolitan city, Italy] - d. July 14, 1864, Nichelino, Torino province [now Torino metropolitan city], Italy), justice minister of Sardinia (1859) and Italy (1861-62).

Migliore, Celestino (b. July 1, 1952, Cuneo, Italy), Vatican diplomat. He has been permanent observer to the United Nations (2002-10) and apostolic nuncio to Poland (2010-16), Russia (2016-20), and France (2020- ).

Migliuolo, Giovanni (b. Dec. 8, 1927, Naples, Italy - d. Sept. 21, 1989, New York City), Italian diplomat. He was ambassador to the Soviet Union (1981-85) and Egypt (1985-88) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-89).

Migolet, Jean-Stanislas (b. Aug. 1, 1920, Koula-Moutou, Gabon - d. July 6, 1987, Libreville, Gabon), interior minister (1957-58, 1960-61, 1964, 1968-69, 1973-75, 1978-80) and deputy prime minister (1975-80) of Gabon. He was also minister of labour and social security (1958-60, 1969-73, 1976-78), national security (1960-61), public works, transport, and posts and telecommunications (1964-66, 1968), health and population (1966-68), and parliamentary relations (1967-80).

Miguel Gil, José María de (b. April 15, 1950, Logroño, Spain), president of La Rioja (1983-87).

Miguet, Robert (Félix) (b. Dec. 30, 1929, Toulouse, France - d. Sept. 3, 2019, Toulouse), prefect of Guadeloupe (1982-84). He was also prefect of the French départements of Pyrénées-Orientales (1984-86) and Gard (1986-87).

Miguil, Hassan Farah (b. 1954, Djibouti, French Somaliland [now Djibouti]), Djiboutian politician. He was minister of justice (1996-97), public works, urban planning, and housing (1997-99), and youth, sports, leisure, and tourism (2005-08) and ombudsman (1999-2005).

Mihai I

Mihai I, English Michael I (b. Oct. 25, 1921, Sinaia, Romania - d. Dec. 5, 2017, Aubonne, Vaud, Switzerland), king of Romania (1927-30, 1940-47). The son of the future king Carol II, he first succeeded to the throne (under a regency) on the death of his grandfather Ferdinand I, his father having renounced his own claims in 1925. In 1930 he was supplanted by Carol, but he was again made king in 1940 when the Germans gained control of Romania. In 1944 he played a considerable part in the overthrow of the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu. He announced the acceptance of the Allied peace terms, and declared war on Germany. His attempts after the war to establish a broader system of government were foiled by the progressive Communist domination. In 1947 he was forced to abdicate and since lived in exile, first in Britain and from 1956 in Switzerland. Following the overthrow of the Communist government, he tried to return to Romania in December 1990, but was expelled. In 1992 he made his first successful visit. In 1994 he was again barred from entering, on the grounds that his planned visit challenged the republican constitution. In 2007 his family palace was restored to him and he was allowed to return. In 2011 he marked his 90th birthday by addressing a joint session of parliament.

Mihail, original name Metodij Gogov (b. March 20, 1912, Novo Selo, near Strumica, Ottoman Empire [now in North Macedonia] - d. July 6, 1999, Skopje, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), archbishop of Ohrid, head of the Macedonian Orthodox Church (1993-99). He went to a seminary at the age of 15. Nine years later he graduated with top honours from the theological faculty of Belgrade University. It seemed his vocation would be teaching. However, World War II disrupted these plans, and he returned to Macedonia, advocating independence and working for the restoration of the archbishopric of Ohrid, a symbol of the independence movement. In 1945 he was one of the prime movers in gathering 300 clergy to debate the issue, and was instrumental in persuading them to vote unanimously for independence. Soon afterwards, at a time when Yugoslavia pursued a stronger anti-religious policy than it did in President Tito's later years, Mihail was imprisoned for six months. He was jailed again in 1948-53. After 13 years back in Skopje, he began a kind of exile in Australia, establishing in Melbourne the first Macedonian (as opposed to Serbian) Orthodox parish outside Yugoslavia. The Macedonian Orthodox Church proclaimed autocephaly (independence) unilaterally in 1967, to the universal condemnation of all other Orthodox churches. After that declaration of autocephaly, only possible in a domestic climate which was less severe on religion, he became assistant to the Macedonian "Bishop of Australia, America and Canada." At this time, he won the nickname of the flying Macedonian priest as he lectured tirelessly around the world, including London in 1969. He was consecrated as bishop of Vardar in 1988. This was possible only because his wife had died, enabling him, according to Orthodox tradition, to take monastic orders and thus be eligible for a bishopric. He was translated to the metropolitan see of Ohrid in 1993.

Mihailo Obrenovic III (b. Sept. 16 [Sept. 4, O.S.], 1823, Kragujevac, Serbia - d. June 10 [May 29, O.S.], 1868, Kosutnjak, near Belgrade, Serbia), prince of Serbia (1840-42, 1860-68); son of Milos Obrenovic I; brother of Milan Obrenovic II.

Mihailov (Popov), Ivan (b. Feb. 22, 1897, Ferdinand [now Montana], Bulgaria - d. May 16, 1982), defense minister of Bulgaria (1958-62). He was also a deputy premier (1950-71) and minister of transport and communications (1957-58).

Mihailov (Mirchev), Stoyan (b. Oct. 6, 1930, Skravena, Bulgaria - d. Oct. 22, 2020, Skravena), a deputy premier of Bulgaria (1989-90).

Mihailov-Moraru, Veronica (b. Sept. 29, 1982, Kishinev, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Chisinau, Moldova]), justice minister of Moldova (2023- ).

Mihailova, Nadezhda: see Neynski, Nadezhda.

D. Mihailovic

Mihailovic, Draza, byname of Dragoljub Mihailovic, Mihailovic also spelled Mihajlovic (b. March 27, 1893, Ivanjica, Serbia - d. July 17, 1946, Belgrade, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia]), Yugoslav resistance leader. He fought in the Balkan Wars (1912-13) and in World War I. When, on April 6, 1941, Germany attacked Yugoslavia, he was a colonel and chief of staff of a motorized unit in Bosnia. After the swift conquest and partition of Yugoslavia, he organized underground bands of resistance (Chetniks), mainly in Serbia, to act in conjunction with King Petar's government-in-exile and the Allies. He was appointed general in December 1941 and minister of war in January 1942 by the government-in-exile. Another underground organization, the Communist-dominated Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito, was operating mainly in Bosnia and Montenegro. In the autumn of 1941 the Chetniks and Partisans fought the Germans together, but their divergent political aims led to distrust and by the end of the year they were fighting each other. Mihailovic, fearful of brutal reprisals against Serbians, came to favour a cautious strategy against the Germans and Italians and there were reports of his collaboration with them against the Partisans. Favouring the more aggressive policy of Tito, the Allies withdrew their support from Mihailovic in 1944. After the war he went into hiding, but was captured on March 13, 1946, and charged by the Yugoslav government with treason and collaboration with the Germans. He was sentenced to death and was shot in Belgrade. Throughout the trial he denied any collaboration with the Germans and a U.S. commission of inquiry later cleared him and those under his immediate command of the charge.

Mihailovic, Vojislav (b. Sept. 3, 1951, Belgrade, Yugoslavia), acting president of Serbia (2004); grandson of Draza Mihailovic. He was mayor of Belgrade in 1999-2000 and Yugoslav presidential candidate in 2000 for the Serbian Renewal Movement, winning 2.9% of the vote.

Mihajlovic, Dusan (b. Sept. 27, 1948, Valjevo, Serbia), interior minister and a deputy prime minister of Serbia (2001-04).

S. Mihajlovic

Mihajlovic, Svetozar (b. 1949), co-prime minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1999-2000). He was a member of the Western-backed Bosnian Serb Sloga coalition.

Mihajlovic, Zorana (Z.) (b. May 5, 1970, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina), a deputy prime minister of Serbia (2014-22). She was also minister of energy, development, and environment (2012-14), transportation, construction, and infrastructure (2014-20), and energy and mining (2020-22).

Mihál, Jozef (b. March 18, 1965, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), Slovak politician. He was a deputy prime minister and minister of labour, social affairs, and family (2010-12).

Mihalache, Ion (b. Feb. 18, 1882, Topoloveni, Romania - d. March 5/6, 1963, Rîmnicu Sarat [now Râmnicu Sarat], Romania), interior minister of Romania (1930-31, 1932-33). He was also minister of agriculture and domains (1919-20, 1928-30).

Mihali, Qirjako (b. May 13, 1929, Korçë, Albania), finance minister of Albania (1982-84). He was also a deputy premier (1977-82, 1984-87) and director of the State Bank (1989-90).

Mihályfi, Ernö (b. Sept. 3, 1898, Bér, Hungary - d. Nov. 20, 1972, Budapest, Hungary), foreign minister of Hungary (1947). He was also information minister (1947).

Mihanovic, Nedjeljko (b. Feb. 16, 1930, Sitno Donje, Dalmatia, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. Jan. 27, 2022, Zagreb, Croatia), president of the Sabor of Croatia (1994-95).

Mihara, Asao (b. Aug. 20, 1909, Onga, Fukuoka prefecture, Japan - d. March 7, 2001, Fukuoka prefecture), Japanese politician. He was minister of education (1974), minister of state, director-general of the Defense Agency (1976-77), and minister of state, director-general of the Prime Minister's Office and the Okinawa Development Agency (1978-79).

Mihov, Nikola (Mihailov) (b. Nov. 29, 1891, Turnovo [now Veliko Turnovo], Bulgaria - d. [executed] Feb. 2, 1945, Sofia, Bulgaria), member of the Regency Council of Bulgaria (1943-44).

Mijalkov, Jordan (b. Dec. 11, 1932, Novo Selo, near Stip, Yugoslavia [now in North Macedonia] - d. [road accident] Dec. 19, 1991, Vranje, Serbia), interior minister of Macedonia (1991).

Mijares Palencia, José (b. March 1, 1895, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico - d. 1965, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Puebla (1933).

Mijatovic, Cedomilj (b. Oct. 18 [Oct. 6, O.S.], 1842, Belgrade, Serbia - d. May 14, 1932, London, England), finance minister (1873-75, 1881-83) and foreign minister (1880-81, 1888-89) of Serbia. He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1895-1900, 1903) and the Ottoman Empire (1900).

Mikaelsson, Maggi, byname of Margareta Kristina Maria Mikaelsson, née Sahlin (b. Nov. 4, 1946), governor of Jämtland (2002-08).

Mikanagu, Patrice (Abraham Haruna) (b. March 29, 1944), Burundian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1976-77).

Mikanba, Vladimir (Tachevich) (b. Sept. 23, 1931, Novy Afon, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R. - d. February 2010), defense minister of Abkhazia (1996-2002).

Mikasinovic, Branko (b. Nov. 6, 1938, Belisce, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia]), foreign minister of Serbia (1991).

Mikati

Mikati, Najib, Arabic in full Najib `Azmi Miqati (b. Nov. 24, 1955, Tripoli, northern Lebanon), prime minister of Lebanon (2005, 2011-14, 2021- ). A billionaire telecom tycoon, he also served as public works and transport minister (1998-2004).

Mikazuki, Akira (b. June 20, 1921, Hamada, Shimane, Japan - d. Nov. 14, 2010), justice minister of Japan (1993-94).

Mikazuki, Taizo (b. May 24, 1971), governor of Shiga (2014- ).

Mikecz, Ödön (b. May 27, 1894, Budapest, Hungary - d. Jan. 21, 1965, Budapest), justice minister of Hungary (1938).

Mikeladze, Jemal (Pridonovich) (b. Aug. 20, 1936, Kulashi, Georgian S.S.R. - d. 2014), first secretary of the Communist Party of the Georgian S.S.R. (1991).

Mikelic, Borislav (b. Sept. 13, 1939, Dobrljin, near Novi Grad, Yugoslavia [now in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina] - d. May 12, 2018, Belgrade, Serbia), prime minister of Krajina (1994-95).

Mikerevic

Mikerevic, Dragan (b. Feb. 12, 1955, Doboj [now in Republika Srpska], Bosnia and Herzegovina), prime minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2002) and of the Republika Srpska (2003-05).

Mikhail, secular name Matvey (Mikhailovich) Desnitsky (b. Nov. 19 [Nov. 8, O.S.], 1761, Toporkovo, Moscow province, Russia - d. April 5 [March 24, O.S.], 1821, St. Petersburg, Russia), metropolitan of St. Petersburg (1818-21). He was also bishop of Staraya Russa (1802-03), bishop (1803-06) and archbishop (1806-18) of Chernigov, and Locum Tenens of Pskov (1815-16).

Mikhail (Nikolayevich), Veliky Knyaz (Grand Duke) (b. Oct. 25 [Oct. 13, O.S.], 1832, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Dec. 18, 1909, Cannes, France), viceroy of the Caucasus (1862-81); brother of Aleksandr II and Veliky Knyaz Konstantin (1827-1892); son of Nikolay I. He was also chairman of the Imperial State Council (1881-1905).

Mikhail III, secular name Vasily (Fyodorovich) Yermakov (b. Aug. 12 [July 31, O.S.], 1862 - d. March 30, 1929, Kiev, Ukrainian S.S.R.), Locum Tenens (1921-24) and metropolitan (1924-29) of Kiev. He was also bishop of Novgorod-Seversky (1899), Kovno (1899-1903), and Omsk (1903-05) and bishop (1905-12) and archbishop (1912-24) of Grodno and Brest.

Mikhailov, Aleksandr (Nikolayevich) (b. Sept. 15, 1951, Shchigrovsky district, Kursk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 4, 2020, Kursk, Russia), head of the administration of Kursk oblast (2000-18).

Mikhailov, Anany (Mikhailovich) (b. Oct. 4 [Sept. 22, O.S.], 1898, Bolshiye Yaushi, Kazan province [now in Chuvashia republic], Russia - d. 1942), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Chuvash A.S.S.R. (1927-30).

Mikhailov, Batyr (Chimidovich) (b. March 28, 1941), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kalmyk A.S.S.R./Kalmykia (1989-92).

Mikhailov, Gavriil (Mikhailovich) (b. Jan. 30 [Jan. 18, O.S.], 1895, Salagayevo, Kazan province, Russia - d. May 15, 1967, Karmaskaly, Bashkir A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Chuvash autonomous oblast (1922). He was also people's commissar of education of the Chuvash A.S.S.R. (1926).

Mikhailov, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. Oct. 10 [Sept. 27, O.S.], 1906, Moscow, Russia - d. May 25, 1982, Moscow), Soviet politician. He was chief editor of Komsomolskaya Pravda (1937-38), first secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol (1938-52), first secretary of the party committee of Moscow oblast (1953-54), ambassador to Poland (1954-55) and Indonesia (1960-65), and culture minister (1955-60).

Mikhailov, Stepan (Andreyevich), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Kabardino-Balkar autonomous oblast (1923-24).

Mikhailov, Viktor (Grigoryevich) (b. April 1, 1936, Kuvandyk, Orenburg oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Nov. 30, 2023), chairman of the Executive Committee (1990-91) and head of the administration (1991-96) of Magadan oblast.

Mikhailov, Yevgeny (Eduardovich) (b. March 17, 1963), head of the administration of Pskov oblast (1996-2004).

Mikhalchuk

Mikhalchuk, Ilya (Filipovich) (b. Jan. 2, 1957, Kuybyshev, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Samara, Russia]), governor of Arkhangelsk oblast (2008-12). He was mayor of Yakutsk in 1998-2007.

Mikhelson, Ivan (Ivanovich) (b. May 3 [April 22, O.S.], 1740, Reval, Russia [now Tallinn, Estonia] - d. Aug. 17 [Aug. 5, O.S.], 1807, Bucharest, Walachia [now in Romania]), military governor of Vitebsk and Mogilyov (1803-06).

Mikheyev, Aleksandr (Stepanovich) (b. Sept. 1, 1853 - d. Dec. 17, 1914), governor of Terek oblast (1908-12).

Miki

Miki, Takeo (b. March 17, 1907, Donari, Japan - d. Nov. 13, 1988, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1974-76). He was elected to the Diet in 1937. He publicly opposed the drift toward war with the United States, and thus his political career was not hindered by the postwar American occupation. At various times he occupied 10 cabinet posts, including communications (1947-48), transport (1954-55), international trade and industry (1965-66), and foreign affairs (1966-68). He was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (1961-62) and director of the Environmental Agency (1972-74) while also serving as deputy prime minister (1972-74). After the ruling Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) suffered severe losses in the June 1974 elections, Miki resigned from the cabinet in July in protest at the heavily financed electoral campaign directed by Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and at rumours about Tanaka's financial irregularities. This was the first of a chain of events that ultimately led to the resignation of Tanaka in December 1974. Party faction leaders then agreed on the irreproachable Miki as the compromise choice for the party presidency and the prime ministry. He adopted the policy of limiting defense spending to no more than 1% of gross national product. His plans to reform the LDP foundered on the developing scandal over Tanaka's acceptance of large bribes paid to him by high executives of the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. He demanded a full inquiry into the affair, but Tanaka's indictment in August 1976 still deeply hurt the LDP in the general election of December 1976, when the LDP lost its majority (though not control of the government). Miki, accepting responsibility for the setback, resigned but remained a powerful leader within the party.

Mikichura

Mikl-Leitner

Mikichura, Gennady (Ivanovich) (b. 1951), prime minister of Adygeya (2003).

Mikkelsen, Brian (Arthur) (b. Jan. 31, 1966, Copenhagen, Denmark), justice minister of Denmark (2008-10). He was also minister of culture (2001-08) and economic and business affairs (2010-11).

Mikl-Leitner, Johanna, née Leitner (b. Feb. 9, 1964, Hollabrunn, Niederösterreich, Austria), interior minister of Austria (2011-16) and Landeshauptfrau of Niederösterreich (2017- ).

Miklas

Miklas, Wilhelm (b. Oct. 15, 1872, Krems, Austria - d. March 20, 1956, Vienna, Austria), president of Austria (1928-38). A member of the Christian Social Party, he sat in the imperial parliament, the Reichsrat, from 1907 to the end of the empire in 1918, and was a member of the Council of State and of the Provisional National Assembly (1918-19), of the Constituent National Assembly (1919-20), and then of the National Council (1920-28) of the new Austrian republic. He was president of the National Council in 1923-28, presiding over stormy sessions with philosophic calm and impartiality. With this reputation he was elected to the federal presidency. But despite the increased powers granted the president by the constitutional revision of 1929, he kept consistently in the background, drifting with the rightward, anti-democratic current of Austrian politics after 1930 without protest. In 1938, however, he refused Adolf Hitler's ultimatum to cancel a plebiscite on national independence, and another ultimatum to form a Nazi government. At Germany's threat to invade, Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg resigned (March 11) to make way for Hitler's appointee, Arthur von Seyss-Inquart, but Miklas still refused to appoint the latter, only giving way early on March 12, hours before the German invasion. On March 13 Miklas refused to sign the law uniting Austria with Nazi Germany, declaring that he was incapacitated from exercising his authority to "certify that the act in question had been constitutionally adopted." He then retired from public life. After World War II he explicitly declared that he had not resigned in 1938; indeed the constitution had no provision for vacating the presidential office by resignation.

Miklashevsky, Mikhail (Pavlovich) (b. 1756 - d. Aug. 26, 1847), governor of Volyn (1797), Novorossiya (1801-02), and Yekaterinoslav (1802-04).

Miklos, Ivan (b. June 2, 1960, Svidník, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), a deputy prime minister (1998-2006, 2010-12) and finance minister (2002-06, 2010-12) of Slovakia. He was also minister of privatization (1991-92) and economy (acting, 2005).

Miklosko, Jozef (b. March 31, 1939, Nitra, Slovakia), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1990-92). He was also Slovak ambassador to Italy (2000-05).

Miklushevsky

Miklushevsky, Vladimir (Vladimirovich) (b. Sept. 15, 1967, Sverdlovsk, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Yekaterinburg, Russia]), governor of Primorsky kray (2012-17).

Mikolaj, Ján (b. Oct. 19, 1953, Zilina, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), a deputy prime minister of Slovakia (2006-10). He was also minister of education (2006-10), environment (acting, 2009), and construction and regional development (acting, 2010).

Mikolajczyk

Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw (b. July 18, 1901, Holsterhausen [now part of Dorsten, Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Dec. 13, 1966, Chevy Chase, Md.), Polish anti-Communist leader. He was born in Westphalia where his father had gone as a migrant worker, but he was still a young boy when the family returned to its native province of Poznan (Posen), which was then part of Germany but was given to Poland after World War I. He fought in the Polish-Russian war of 1920 and became involved in the People's (or Peasant) Party. A disciple of Wincenty Witos, he was in the Sejm (parliament) by 1930. By 1937 he was head of the party. After the outbreak of World War II, he became president of the Polish National Council, which had been formed to replace the Sejm for the duration of the war. In the Polish government-in-exile in London he became deputy prime minister and interior minister in 1941 and after the death of Wladyslaw Sikorski in 1943 succeeded him as prime minister. In 1944 he was persuaded by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to join Poland's postwar cabinet as a political counterweight to the Soviet-backed Communist takeover, and he returned to Poland in 1945 to become a deputy premier and minister of agriculture. His Polish People's Party gained widespread public support, but the Communist regime arrested and intimidated its activists, manipulated elections, and accused him of being a British spy. In fear of his life, he fled to Britain aboard a British cargo ship in October 1947 and then in 1948 to the United States. He got involved in exile politics and published a book entitled The Rape of Poland. But many Polish émigrés never forgave him for joining a Communist-led government. He was reburied in a cemetery of honour in the city of Poznan in June 2000, 34 years after his death.

Mikov, Mihail (Raikov) (b. June 16, 1960, Kula, Bulgaria), interior minister of Bulgaria (2008-09). He was also president of the National Assembly (2013-14) and leader of the Socialist Party (2014-16).

Mikoyan

Mikoyan, Anastas (Ivanovich), Armenian Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (b. Nov. 25 [Nov. 13, O.S.], 1895, Sanain, Tiflis province, Russia [now Sanahin, Armenia] - d. Oct. 21, 1978, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet statesman. He joined the Bolshevik party in 1915 and became one of the leaders of the revolutionary movement in the Caucasus. He remained in Baku during the British occupation that started in July 1918, but in September, when Germans and Turks entered the city, he left by sea for Astrakhan with a group of comrades. A gunboat under British command intercepted them and escorted their ship to Krasnovodsk, and 26 commissars were shot. Mikoyan was held in Ashkhabad prison until February 1919 when he returned to Baku. In 1922-23 he aligned himself with the forces supporting Iosif Stalin against Lev Trotsky. He entered the Central Committee of the party in 1923; in 1926 he became candidate member and in 1935 full member of the Politburo. He became people's commissar (from 1946, minister) of external and internal trade (1926-30), provision (1930-34), food industry (1934-38), external trade (1938-49), and trade (1953-55). From 1937 he was also a deputy premier (vice chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, then of the Council of Ministers). Although he was apparently in danger of losing Stalin's favour, Stalin died (1953) before he could purge him, and Mikoyan retained his membership in the party's Presidium (formerly the Politburo). He subsequently supported Nikita Khrushchev in his rise to power, and ultimately became Khrushchev's close adviser and a first deputy premier (1955-64). In 1964, months before Khrushchev's ouster, he was elected to the largely ceremonial position of chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state); he stepped down in 1965, citing ill health. He was excluded from the party's Presidium in April 1966 and left the Central Committee in March 1976.

Mikroutsikos, Athanasios, byname Thanos Mikroutsikos (b. April 13, 1947, Patras, Greece - d. Dec. 28, 2019, Athens, Greece), culture minister of Greece (1994-96). He was a prominent composer.

Mikser

Mikser, Sven (b. Nov. 8, 1973, Tartu, Estonian S.S.R.), defense minister (2002-03, 2014-15) and foreign minister (2016-19) of Estonia.

Mikuciauskas, Vladislovas, Russian Vladislovas (Kostovich) Mikuchiauskas (b. Jan. 3, 1934, Kursenai, Lithuania), foreign minister of the Lithuanian S.S.R. (1988-90). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Kaunas city (1975-83) and Vilnius city (1983-87) and Soviet/Russian ambassador to Sierra Leone (1990-92).

Mikulec, Roman (b. March 18, 1972, Bratislava, Slovakia), interior minister of Slovakia (2020-23).

Mikulic, Andjelko (b. Jan. 23, 1959, Kocerin village, near Grude [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]), premier of West Herzegovina (1999-2003).

Mikulic, Branko (b. June 10, 1928, Podgradje village, near Gornji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina - d. April 12, 1994, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), premier of Yugoslavia (1986-89). A Croat by nationality, he joined Tito's National Liberation Army in 1943 and in 1945 became a member of the Communist Party. In 1964 he became a member of the Central Committee in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which he served as secretary in 1969-78. He was also chairman of the Executive Council of the same republic (1967-69). From 1978 he was a member of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia; in 1978-79 he was its acting president. In 1982-83 he was president of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As chairman of the Organizing Committee of the XIV Olympic Winter Games, "Sarajevo-84," held in the Bosnian capital, he demonstrated strong organizational skills and acquired a reputation for being a tough and interventionist manager. In the same year, he was made a member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia. In 1986 he was appointed premier under the unique collective system of leadership that had existed since the death of Tito in 1980. The premier was responsible mainly for Yugoslavia's financial affairs, foreign policy, defense, and regional funds; political matters were handled almost entirely by the CCP. When Mikulic was elected, however, there were hopes that because he had been a member of the CCP, he would also be able to influence it when necessary to enable him to bring about badly needed economic and political reforms. Social tensions were being exacerbated by the country's poor economy. Solving economic problems was difficult because the constituent republics, with their often "nationalistic" leaders, had so much power. It soon became apparent that he lacked the power and perhaps the will to carry out the reforms that he stated in his inaugural speech were necessary.

Mikulowski Pomorski, Józef (Karol Mateusz), h. Rawicz (b. July 1, 1868, Malice, Sandomierz county, Poland - d. May 4, 1935, Warsaw, Poland), acting chairman of the Provisional Council of State of Poland (1917). He was also minister of agriculture (1917-18) and religious affairs and education (1922-23, 1926).

Mikvabia

Milam

Milan

Mikvabia, Artur (Artemovich) (b. May 2, 1949, Sukhumi, Abkhaz A.S.S.R., Georgian S.S.R.), prime minister of Abkhazia (2015-16).

Milam Tang, Ignacio (b. June 20, 1940, Evinayong, Spanish Guinea [now Equatorial Guinea]), prime minister of Equatorial Guinea (2008-12). He was also minister of justice and worship (1996-98) and youth and sports (1998-99), deputy prime minister for the civil service and administrative coordination (2001-03), minister of state and secretary-general of the presidency (2003-06), ambassador to Spain (2006-08), and first vice president (2012-16).

Milambo, Chola, Zambian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2022- ).

Milan I (b. Aug. 22 [Aug. 10, O.S.], 1854, Marasesti, Moldavia [now in Romania] - d. Feb. 11, 1901, Vienna, Austria), prince (1868-82, as Milan Obrenovic IV) and king (1882-89) of Serbia; cousin of Mihailo Obrenovic III.

Milan Obrenovic II (b. Oct. 21, 1819, Kragujevac, Serbia - d. July 8, 1839, Belgrade, Serbia), prince of Serbia (1839); son of Milos Obrenovic I.

Milanovic, Milan, Serbian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-21).

Z. Milanovic

Milanovic, Zoran (b. Oct. 30, 1966, Zagreb, Croatia), prime minister (2011-16) and president (2020- ) of Croatia.

Milas, Ivan (b. Oct. 18, 1939, Zmijavci, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. July 29, 2011, Zmijavci), justice minister of Croatia (1992). He was also a deputy prime minister (1992-93).

J. Milatovic

Milatovic, Jakov (b. Dec. 7, 1986, Titograd [now Podgorica], Montenegro), president of Montenegro (2023- ). He was also minister of economic development (2020-22).

Milatovic, Veljko (b. Dec. 5, 1921, Niksic, central Montenegro - d. Oct. 19, 2004, Herceg Novi, Montenegro), president of the People's Assembly (1967-69) and of the Presidency (1974-82) of Montenegro.

Milazzo, Silvio (b. Sept. 4, 1903, Caltagirone, Sicilia, Italy - d. Dec. 24, 1982), president of Sicilia (1958-60).

Milbergs, Gotfrids (b. Jan. 12, 1887, Aluksne parish, Russia [now in Jaunaluksne parish, Latvia] - d. [executed] June 17, 1942, Solikamsk, Molotov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Perm kray, Russia]), interior minister of Latvia (1933-34).

Milbradt

Milbradt, Georg (b. Feb. 23, 1945, Eslohe, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany), minister-president of Sachsen (2002-08).

Milczanowski, Andrzej (Stanislaw) (b. May 26, 1939, Równe, Poland [now Rivne, Ukraine] - d. July 23, 2024), interior minister of Poland (1992-95). He was also head of the State Protection Office (1990-92, 1992). In 1995 he accused Prime Minister Józef Oleksy of having been a Soviet, and subsequently Russian, agent since the 1980s. This caused Oleksy's resignation in 1996, though he was exonerated later that year. In 2002 Milczanowski was charged with revealing state secrets.

Milea, Vasile (b. Jan. 1, 1927, Leresti, Romania - d. Dec. 22, 1989, Bucharest, Romania), defense minister of Romania (1985-89). He was also chief of the General Staff (1980-85). During the 1989 revolution his suicide was reported; it was later alleged that he was shot after refusing to order troops to disperse the protesting crowds by force.

Milei

Milei (Luján), Javier (Gerardo) (b. Oct. 22, 1970, Buenos Aires, Argentina), president of Argentina (2023- ).

Miles, Sir Herbert (Scott Gould) (b. July 31, 1850 - d. May 6, 1926), governor of Gibraltar (1913-18); knighted 1908.

Miles, John E(sten) (b. July 28, 1884, Murfreesboro, Tenn. - d. Oct. 7, 1971, Santa Fe, N.M.), governor of New Mexico (1939-43).

Miles, (Richard) Oliver (b. March 6, 1936 - d. Nov. 10, 2019), acting British political officer in Abu Dhabi (1961). He was also ambassador to Libya (1984), Luxembourg (1985-88), and Greece (1993-96).

S. Miles

Miles, Steven (John) (b. Nov. 15, 1977, Brisbane, Qld.), premier of Queensland (2023- ).

Miletic, Slavko (b. 1869, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Austria-Hungary [now in Serbia] - d. 1934, Belgrade, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia]), president of the Great People's Council of Vojvodina (1918-19).

Milewski, Jerzy (b. March 27, 1935, Lopuchówko, Poland - d. Feb. 11, 1997, Warsaw, Poland), acting defense minister of Poland (1994-95). He was also head of the National Security Bureau (1991-94, 1996-97).

Milewski, Miroslaw (b. May 1, 1928, Lipsk, Poland - d. Feb. 23, 2008, Warsaw, Poland), interior minister of Poland (1980-81).

Mili, Mohamed Ezzedine, Arabic Muhammad `Izz ad-Din Mili (b. Dec. 4, 1917, Djemmal, Tunisia - d. Aug. 4, 2013, Geneva, Switzerland), secretary-general of the International Telecommunication Union (1967-82).

D. Miliband

Miliband, David (Wright) (b. July 15, 1965, London, England), British foreign secretary (2007-10). He was also minister of communities and local government (2005-06) and secretary of state for environment, food, and rural affairs (2006-07).

Miliband, Ed(ward Samuel) (b. Dec. 24, 1969, London, England), British Labour Party leader (2010-15); brother of David Miliband. He has also been chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (2007-08) and secretary of state for energy and climate change (2008-10) and energy security and Net Zero (2024- ).

Milinovic, Darko (b. April 25, 1963, Gospic, Croatia), a deputy prime minister of Croatia (2009-11). He was also minister of health and social welfare (2008-11).

Militaru, Nicolae (b. Nov. 10, 1925, Balesti, Gorj county, Romania - d. Dec. 27, 1996, Bucharest, Romania), defense minister of Romania (1989-90).

Miljanic, Nikola (b. Jan. 5, 1921, Livadjani, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. July 6, 1972, Zagreb, Croatia), a deputy premier of Yugoslavia (1969-70). He was also governor of the National Bank (1962-69).

Miljavac, Pavao (b. April 3, 1953, Maletici, Croatia - d. Dec. 5, 2022, Zagreb, Croatia), defense minister of Croatia (1998-2000). He was also chief of staff of the armed forces (1996-98).

Miljenic, Orsat (b. Sept. 15, 1968, Dubrovnik, Croatia), justice minister of Croatia (2011-16). He has also been head of the office of the president (2020- ).

Milkov

Milkov, Nikolay (Milkov) (b. Dec. 10, 1957, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (2022-23). He was also ambassador to Romania (2001-04), Canada (2013-17), and France (2021-22).

Milla (Pineda Arriaga), José Justo (b. 1794, Gracias, Lempira, Honduras - d. 1838, Mexico City, Mexico), superior political chief and intendant of Nicaragua (1824) and acting supreme chief of state of Honduras (1827); brother of José Santiago Milla.

Milla (Pineda Arriaga), José Santiago (b. 1783, Gracias, Lempira, Honduras - d. 18...), member of the Supreme Executive Power of Central America (1824-25).

Milla Bermúdez, Francisco (b. Oct. 4, 1915, Gracias, Lempira, Honduras - d. Aug. 12, 1984, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), Honduran politician. He was minister of natural resources (1957-59) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1959-63).

Milla Reyes, Jorge (Alberto) (b. Nov. 6, 1958, Erandique, Lempira, Honduras), Honduran diplomat. He has been ambassador to Ecuador (2002-05), Bolivia (2004-05), Nicaragua (2005-09), the United States (2014-16), Peru (2017-20), and Brazil (2020- ).

Millan, Bruce (b. Oct. 5, 1927, Dundee, Scotland - d. Feb. 21, 2013, Glasgow, Scotland), British politician. He was secretary of state for Scotland (1976-79) and European commissioner for regional policy (1989-95).

Millán

Millán Lizárraga, Juan S(igfrido) (b. June 15, 1943, El Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico), governor of Sinaloa (1999-2005). He was also secretary-general of Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (1995-97).

Millar, Caroline (Jane) (b. June 8, 1958, Melbourne, Vic.), Australian diplomat. She was acting permanent representative to the United Nations (2006). In 2021 she was appointed ambassador to Belgium.

Millar, Peter (b. June 20, 1942), administrator of the British Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus (1995-98).

Millard, Ezra (b. Feb. 3, 1833, Hamilton, Ont. - d. Aug. 20, 1886, Saratoga Springs, N.Y.), mayor of Omaha (1869-71).

Millard, Joseph H(opkins) (b. April 20, 1836, Hamilton, Ont. - d. Jan. 13, 1922, Omaha, Neb.), mayor of Omaha (1872-73); brother of Ezra Millard.

Millares (Ardaya), Edgar (Óscar) (b. March 9, 1960, Sucre, Bolivia), finance minister of Bolivia (1997-98).

Millares Rodríguez, Manuel (b. Jan. 9, 1934, Havana, Cuba - d. Oct. 28, 2012), finance minister of Cuba (1995-2003). He was also minister of light industry (1980-85).

Millas Correa, (José) Orlando (b. Dec. 14, 1918, Santiago, Chile - d. Dec. 26, 1991, Rotterdam, Netherlands), finance minister of Chile (1972-73). He was also minister of economy, development, and reconstruction (1972-73).

Milledge, John (b. 1757, Savannah, Georgia - d. Feb. 9, 1818, near Augusta, Ga.), governor of Georgia (1802-06).

Miller, Arnold R(ay) (b. April 25, 1923, Cabin Creek, W.Va. - d. July 12, 1985, Charleston, W.Va.), president of the United Mine Workers of America (1972-79).

Miller, Benjamin M(eek) (b. March 13, 1864, Oak Hill, Ala. - d. Feb. 6, 1944, Selma, Ala.), governor of Alabama (1931-35).

Billie Miller

Miller, Dame Billie (Antoinette) (b. Jan. 8, 1944, Barbados), Barbadian politician. Her father, Frederick Edward Miller, was himself a parliamentarian of distinction, holding the ministerial portfolios of health and social services in 1956-61. She began her political career in 1976 when she was elected member of parliament for the City of Bridgetown in a by-election. A few months later she fought and won her seat again in the general elections. She served as minister of health and national insurance in 1976-81 and was the first female to sit in the cabinet of Barbados. Reelected to parliament in 1981, she was appointed minister of education with the culture portfolio being added in 1985. Following the 1986 elections when the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) lost at the polls, she was appointed to the Senate where she served as leader of opposition business. She was again elected MP for the City of Bridgetown in the general elections of 1991, and served as deputy leader of the opposition from 1993 until 1994, when the BLP was returned to government. She was reelected as the member for the City of Bridgetown for the fourth time. She was appointed deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs, foreign trade, and international business on Sept. 7, 1994. She was also charged with the responsibility of leader of the house. In June 1995, her portfolio changed with tourism and international transport replacing foreign trade and international business. She was also, among other positions, chairperson of the Executive of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association and of the Inter-American Development Bank's Women in Development Unit and president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region. She was replaced as deputy prime minister in May 2003. Later that year she was knighted. She served as foreign minister until the BLP's defeat in the 2008 elections. In 2018 she was named ambassador at large.

Bob Miller

Miller, Bob, byname of Robert Joseph Miller (b. March 30, 1945, Chicago, Ill.), governor of Nevada (1989-99). A Democrat, he was elected district attorney in Las Vegas in 1978 and was reelected in 1982; he was elected lieutenant governor in 1986 and became governor after Richard Bryan was elected senator in 1988. He represented a second generation in Nevada public life - knowledgeable about the gaming industry, but utterly clean ethically - and was concerned about issues like education, workers' compensation reform, and welfare. With a rising population, Nevada was one state that needed to build new schools; Miller was proud of reducing class size. But he also held spending down and when he ran for reelection in 1994 boasted that Nevada was the third-lowest-taxed state, with a business climate rated near the top of the country (well ahead of California). He pressed for doubled penalties for crimes on school grounds and against the elderly and boot camps for non-violent offenders. He also tried to stop the nuclear waste depository in Yucca Mountain and opposed a federal gaming tax. He won reelection easily in 1990, but in 1994, despite the booming economy, he had serious opposition. In the primary he was attacked by Las Vegas Mayor Jan Laverty Jones for being too cozy with the gaming industry and not doing enough about crime. But she lost 63%-28%. In the general, Jim Gibbons, who upset Secretary of State Cheryl Lau 52%-32% in the Republican primary, pushed for his ballot measure to require a two-thirds vote in the legislature or a vote of the people to increase taxes. Gibbons was a rough-hewn candidate: his truck boasted a bumper sticker saying, "Fight crime - shoot back." But the strong economy and a big margin in Las Vegas and Clark County helped Miller win 53%-41%.

Miller, Charles R(obert) (b. Sept. 30, 1857, near West Chester, Pa. - d. Sept. 18, 1927, Berlin, N.J.), governor of Delaware (1913-17).

Miller, Cyrus C(hace) (b. Nov. 2, 1866, Claverack, N.Y. - d. Jan. 21, 1956, New York City), borough president of Bronx (1910-13).

Dan Miller

Miller, Dan, byname of Arthur Daniel Miller (b. Dec. 24, 1944), premier of British Columbia (1999-2000). He was a Prince Rupert city councillor before he was elected as an MLA in 1986, representing the riding of North Coast. He served as minister of employment and investment; minister of municipal affairs; minister of skills, training and labour; and minister of forests. He then was minister of energy and mines and minister responsible for northern development, and he retained those portfolios when he became premier. An intimidating debater known for his crankiness and salty language, Miller took over from Glen Clark, who resigned as premier following the release of a court document alleging he used his influence to help a friend get a lucrative casino license.

Miller, David (b. Dec. 26, 1958, San Francisco, Calif.), mayor of Toronto (2003-10).

Miller, G(eorge) William (b. March 9, 1925, Sapulpa, Okla. - d. March 17, 2006, Washington, D.C.), U.S. treasury secretary (1979-81). In 1978 Pres. Jimmy Carter plucked Miller from the business world (he was chief executive officer of the Textron Inc. conglomerate) to replace Arthur F. Burns as chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. Miller was considered ineffectual as Fed chairman, serving one of the shortest tenures in Fed history. Already in 1979 Carter named Miller to replace the dismissed W. Michael Blumenthal as treasury secretary, making Miller the first person to have guided both the nation's central bank and the Treasury Department. He received mixed reviews as treasury secretary. While a capable manager of the department and the administration's point man on economic matters, he was not seen as a policy innovator or as a potent force against double-digit inflation. He directed the Chrysler Corp. bailout, with a $1.5 billion loan guarantee begun in 1980 that kept the automaker afloat. At first, he opposed providing more than $750 million in assistance, but Carter and Congress approved the deal despite fears that the government would be left to pay off private lenders if Chrysler slipped into bankruptcy. Chrysler recovered financially in the early 1980s and even paid off its debts seven years ahead of schedule.

Miller, James (b. April 25, 1776, Peterborough, N.H. - d. July 7, 1851, Temple, N.H.), governor of Arkansas (1819-25).

Miller, Jerzy (b. June 7, 1952, Kraków, Poland), governor of Malopolskie województwo (2007-09, 2011-15) and interior minister of Poland (2009-11).

Miller, John (b. Nov. 25, 1781, Berkeley county, Va. - d. March 18, 1846, Florissant, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1826-32).

Miller, John (b. Oct. 29, 1843, Dryden, N.Y. - d. Oct. 26, 1908, Duluth, Minn.), governor of North Dakota (1889-91).

Miller, Sir John Ontario (b. Aug. 7, 1857, Toronto, Canada West [now Ont.] - d. Jan. 19, 1943), chief commissioner of the Central Provinces (1905-07); knighted 1911.

Miller, Keith (Harvey) (b. March 1, 1925, Seattle, Wash. - d. March 2, 2019, Anchorage, Alaska), governor of Alaska (1969-70).

Miller, Laura (b. Nov. 18, 1958, Baltimore, Md.), mayor of Dallas (2002-07).

Miller, Leslie A(ndrew) (b. Jan. 29, 1886, Junction City, Kan. - d. Sept. 29, 1970, Cheyenne, Wyo.), governor of Wyoming (1933-39).

Leszek Miller

Miller, Leszek (Cezary) (b. July 3, 1946, Zyrardów, Poland), interior minister (1997) and prime minister (2001-04) of Poland. He was also first secretary of the party committee of Skierniewickie województwo (1986-89), minister of labour and social policy (1993-96), and leader of Social Democracy (1997-99), the Democratic Left Alliance (1999-2004, 2011-16), and the Polish Left (2008-10).

Miller, Nathan L(ewis) (b. Oct. 10, 1868, Solon, N.Y. - d. June 26, 1953, New York City), governor of New York (1921-23).

Miller, Rein (b. Aug. 2, 1938, Tallinn, Estonia - d. April 10, 2017), finance minister of Estonia (1990-92).

Miller, Stephen (b. Jan. 17, 1816, Carroll, Pa. - d. Aug. 18, 1881, Worthington, Minn.), governor of Minnesota (1864-66).

Miller, Stephen D(ecatur) (b. May 8, 1787, Waxhaw Settlement, Lancaster county, S.C. - d. March 8, 1838, Raymond, Miss.), governor of South Carolina (1828-30). He was also a U.S. representative (1817-19) and senator (1831-33) from South Carolina.

Miller, Thomas (b. July 21, 1876, near Grand Valley, Ont. - d. June 20, 1945, Regina, Sask.), lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan (1945).

Miller, Walter Dale (b. Oct. 5, 1925, Viewfield, S.D. - d. Sept. 28, 2015, Dallas, Texas), governor of South Dakota (1993-95).

Miller, William (b. 1770, Warren county, North Carolina - d. Sept. 10, 1825, Key West, Fla.), governor of North Carolina (1814-17).

Miller, William E(dward) (b. March 22, 1914, Lockport, N.Y. - d. June 24, 1983, Buffalo, N.Y.), U.S. politician. A seven-term (1951-65) conservative Republican congressman from upstate New York, he achieved fleeting fame when, in 1964, he became the vice-presidential running mate on Barry Goldwater's unsuccessful presidential ticket. From 1961 to 1964 Miller served as Republican national chairman and in this office gained a reputation for stinging partisan commentary. After his loss in the 1964 election, Miller retired from politics, but in 1975 he reemerged briefly in an American Express credit-card commercial posing the question, "Do you know me?"

Miller, William H(enry) H(arrison) (b. Sept. 6, 1840, Augusta, N.Y. - d. May 25, 1917, Indianapolis, Ind.), U.S. attorney general (1889-93).

Miller, William R(ead) (b. Nov. 23, 1823, Batesville, Ark. - d. Nov. 29, 1887, Little Rock, Ark.), governor of Arkansas (1877-81).

Z. Miller

Miller, Zell (Bryan) (b. Feb. 24, 1932, Young Harris, Ga. - d. March 23, 2018, Young Harris), governor of Georgia (1991-99). A Democrat, he was elected to the Georgia Senate in 1960, at 28; he worked for Lester Maddox in his last two years as governor, ran the state Democratic Party when Jimmy Carter was governor, was elected lieutenant governor in 1974 and held the office 16 years. In 1990 he finally ran for governor. In the Democratic primary he faced former Atlanta mayor, congressman, and UN ambassador Andrew Young; in this first statewide contest with a major black candidate, Miller won 62%-38%. In the general he beat Republican Johnny Isakson 53%-45%. He won by advocating a state lottery for increased education spending. He spoke in populist tones natural to him but, perhaps, was also inspired by - or helped inspire - consultant James Carville. In office Miller pushed through the lottery, appointed the first black woman to the state Supreme Court, strengthened drunk driving laws, and started boot camps for first-time offenders. He played a role in national politics as an early and effective Bill Clinton supporter. He got the Georgia primary rescheduled from Super Tuesday to a week earlier, on March 3; Clinton easily won, while Paul Tsongas and Bob Kerrey used up their resources. At the convention in New York, Miller delivered one of the keynotes, a riproaring "Give 'em Hell, Zell" effort; he worked Georgia hard for Clinton in the fall, and helped him win 13 unexpected electoral votes. Approaching 1994, Miller was in some trouble. He broke his earlier pledge to serve only one term, and he admitted his ties to Clinton hurt: "There is no doubt he has gone into areas that were not the highest priority for a lot of us." He finally won, by 51%-49%, over Republican Guy Millner. He later served as U.S. senator (2000-05).

Millerand

Millerand, (Étienne) Alexandre (b. Feb. 10, 1859, Paris, France - d. April 7, 1943, Versailles, France), president of France (1920-24). He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1885 and became the leader of the socialist left, but when he joined René Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet of "republican defense" as minister of commerce (1899-1902), he was bitterly denounced by many socialists as a traitor. When the various socialist factions united in 1905, Millerand dissociated himself from the party. He became minister of public works (1909-10) in Aristide Briand's first cabinet and helped suppress the railway strike of October 1910. He was minister of war (1912-13, 1914-15) under Raymond Poincaré and René Viviani. In 1919-20 he was general commissioner in Alsace-Lorraine. In January 1920 he became premier and foreign minister. His main activities were in regard to the application of the Treaty of Versailles; he also frustrated attempts to organize revolutionary strikes in May 1920 and supplied materiel to Poland during the Polish-Russian war. In September 1920 Pres. Paul Deschanel resigned, and Millerand, then head of the centre-right Bloc National, was elected his successor. During his candidature he expressed his wish to strengthen the power of the president by constitutional revision. This brought him into collision with the radical and socialist majority, which, under the name of the Cartel des Gauches, was successful in the elections of May 1924. Their press accused him of having exceeded his powers by intervening in the party struggle. Édouard Herriot, leader of the Cartel, when asked by Millerand to become premier, said he would do so only on Millerand's resignation. Millerand then invited Frédéric François-Marsal to form a cabinet, but this was immediately defeated, and Millerand resigned. He was a senator in 1925-27 and 1927-40.

Millet, René (Philippe) (b. Sept. 14, 1849, Paris, France - d. 1919), resident-general of Tunisia (1894-1900). He was also French minister to Serbia (1884-85) and Sweden (1888-94).

Millette, Robert E., Grenadian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1995-98).

Milliard, Victor (Édouard) (b. Dec. 19, 1844, Andelys, Eure, France - d. May 9, 1921, Paris, France), justice (and worship) minister of France (1897-98).

Milligan

Milligan, Keith (b. Feb. 8, 1950, Inverness, P.E.I.), premier of Prince Edward Island (1996).

Milliken, Carl E(lias) (b. July 13, 1877, Pittsfield, Maine - d. May 1, 1961, Springfield, Mass.), governor of Maine (1917-21).

Milliken, William G(rawn) (b. March 26, 1922, Traverse City, Mich. - d. Oct. 18, 2019, Traverse City), governor of Michigan (1969-83).

Millon, Charles (b. Nov. 12, 1945, Belley, Ain, France), French defense minister (1995-97).

Millot, Constant (b. Dec. 7, 1863, Lyon, France - d. 19...), commandant of Chad (1908-09).

Mills, Sir Charles (Piercy) (b. Oct. 4, 1914 - d. July 27, 2006), lieutenant governor of Guernsey (1969-74); knighted 1968.

Mills, David (b. March 18, 1831, Oxford Township, Upper Canada [now Ontario] - d. May 8, 1903, Ottawa, Ont.), interior minister of Canada (1876-78). He was also superintendent-general of Indian affairs (1876-78) and justice minister (1897-1902).

Mills, Donald (Owen) (b. July 23, 1921, Mandeville, Jamaica - d. March 16, 2015), Jamaican diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1973-81).

Mills, Janet (Trafton) (b. Dec. 30, 1947, Farmington, Maine), governor of Maine (2019- ).

Mills, Ogden L(ivingston) (b. Aug. 23, 1884, Newport, R.I. - d. Oct. 11, 1937, New York City), U.S. treasury secretary (1932-33).

Mills, Richard M(errill), Jr. (b. 1959, Louisiana), U.S. diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in Malta (2011-12), Canada (2019-20), and at the United Nations (2021) and ambassador to Armenia (2015-18).

Mills, Terry, byname of Terrance Kennedy Mills (b. Dec. 22, 1957, Geraldton, W.Aus.), chief minister of the Northern Territory (2012-13).

Mills, William J(oseph) (b. Jan. 11, 1849, Yazoo City, Miss. - d. Dec. 24, 1915, East Las Vegas, N.M.), governor of New Mexico (1910-12).

Milner, Aaron (Michael) (b. May 31, 1932, Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia [now Zimbabwe]), defense minister (1973) and home affairs minister (1973-77) of Zambia. He was also minister of transport, power, and works (1970) and provincial and local government (1971-73).

Milner, Alfred Milner, (1st) Viscount (b. March 23, 1854, Giessen, Hesse-Darmstadt [Germany] - d. May 13, 1925, Sturry Court, near Canterbury, Kent, England), British high commissioner for Southern Africa (1897-1905), governor of Cape Colony (1897-1901) and Transvaal and the Orange River Colony (1902-05), and secretary of state for war (1918-19) and colonies (1919-21); grandson of John Ready. He was knighted in 1895 and created baron in 1901 and viscount in 1902.

Milo

Milongo

Milo, Paskal (Koço) (b. Feb. 22, 1949, Himarë, Albania), foreign minister of Albania (1997-2001). He was also minister of European integration (2001-02).

Milojkovic, Radivoje (b. Dec. 27, 1832, Glogovac, Serbia - d. Dec. 16, 1888, Belgrade, Serbia), acting foreign minister (1868) and prime minister (1869-72) of Serbia. He was also interior minister (1868-72, 1876-79, 1880, 1887-88) and justice minister (1875).

Milongo, André (Ntsatouabantou) (b. Oct. 20, 1935, Mankondi, Pool region, Middle Congo [now Congo (Brazzaville)] - d. July 23, 2007, Paris, France), prime minister (1991-92) and president of the National Assembly (1993-97) of Congo (Brazzaville). He was a candidate in the 2002 presidential elections, but withdrew claiming irregularities.

Milono, R(aden) T(umenggung) A(rio) (b. March 31, 1896, Pekalongan, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Tengah, Indonesia] - d. Jan. 10, 1975, Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia), governor of Kalimantan (1953-57), Kalimantan Tengah (1957-58), and Jawa Timur (1958-59).

Miloradovich, Andrey (Stepanovich) (b. 1727 - d. June 13 [June 2, O.S.], 1796, Chernigov, Russia [now Chernihiv, Ukraine]), governor of Chernigov (1782-96).

Miloradovich, Graf Mikhail (Andreyevich) (b. Oct. 12 [Oct. 1, O.S.], 1771, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Dec. 27 [Dec. 15, O.S.], 1825, St. Petersburg), military governor of Kiev (1810-18) and military governor-general of St. Petersburg (1818-25); son of Andrey Miloradovich. He was made Graf (count) in 1813. He was shot during the Decembrist revolt.

Miloradovich, Grigory (Petrovich) (b. Jan. 19 [Jan. 8, O.S.], 1765, Novye Borovichi, Chernigov province, Russia [now Novi Borovychi, Chernihiv oblast, Ukraine] - d. May 31 [May 19, O.S.], 1828, Novye Borovichi), governor of Tavrida (1802-03); great-great-grandson of Pavlo Polubotok; nephew of Andrey Miloradovich.

Miloradovich, Leonid (Aleksandrovich) (b. Dec. 31 [Dec. 19, O.S.], 1841 - d. April 20 [April 7, O.S.], 1908, Moscow, Russia), governor of Podolia (1879-82); grandson of Grigory Miloradovich.

Milos Obrenovic I, original name Milos Teodorovic (b. March 18 [March 7, O.S.], 1780, Srednja Dobrinja, Serbia - d. Sept. 26 [Sept. 14, O.S.], 1860, Topcider, near Belgrade, Serbia), prince of Serbia (1815-39, 1858-60).

Milosavljevic, Milos (b. 1932), a deputy premier of Yugoslavia (1986-89).

Milosevic, Boris (b. Nov. 5, 1974, Sibenik, Croatia), a deputy prime minister of Croatia (2020-22).

Milosevic, Borislav (b. 1934, Niksic, Yugoslavia [now in Montenegro] - d. Jan. 29, 2013, Belgrade, Serbia), Yugoslav diplomat. He was ambassador to Algeria (1985-89) and Russia (1998-2001).

Milosevic, Domagoj Ivan (b. Jan. 5, 1970, Zagreb, Croatia), a deputy prime minister of Croatia (2009-11).

S. Milosevic

Milosevic, Slobodan (b. Aug. 20, 1941, Pozarevac, Serbia - d. March 11, 2006, The Hague, Netherlands), president of Serbia (1989-97) and of Yugoslavia (1997-2000); brother of Borislav Milosevic. He joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (from 1963, League of Communists of Yugoslavia) at age 18. In 1984 he became head of the Belgrade party organization. In 1986 he succeeded his mentor Ivan Stambolic as leader of the League of Communists of Serbia (LCS), and in 1989 the Serbian assembly elected him president. He reformed the LCS into the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS) and in the first popular presidential election in December 1990 he was returned by a huge majority. In May 1991 Serbia blocked the accession of a Croat to the chairmanship of Yugoslavia's collective presidency, prompting Croatia and Slovenia and later Macedonia and Bosnia to quit the federation, leaving only Serbia and Montenegro, who constituted a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in April 1992. He was reelected in December 1992. In 1997, he finessed his way around a law barring him from running again for president of Serbia by being elected president of Yugoslavia, turning the formerly figurehead post into the seat of real power. Armed conflict in Kosovo between the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Yugoslav military intensified in 1998, and when Milosevic defied demands that he withdraw his forces, NATO launched air strikes in March 1999. Significant parts of Yugoslavia's infrastructure were damaged or destroyed, while Milosevic's forces inflicted enormous suffering in Kosovo. The Yugoslav parliament accepted the terms of a peace settlement on June 9, and within a week Serb forces were withdrawing as NATO peacekeepers entered Kosovo. In the September 2000 presidential elections he was defeated by opposition leader Vojislav Kostunica. Milosevic was arrested on April 1, 2001, and handed over to the UN war crimes tribunal on June 28. He was found dead in his cell before the completion of his trial. His wife Mirjana Markovic (1942-2019) was also a politician, founding the Yugoslav Left party in 1994, which was allied with the SPS in 1996-2000.

Milososki

Milososki, Antonio (b. Jan. 29, 1976, Tetovo, Macedonia [now North Macedonia]), foreign minister of Macedonia (2006-11).

Milovanovic, Milovan (Dj.) (b. Feb. 17, 1863, Belgrade, Serbia - d. June 18, 1912, Belgrade), foreign minister (1908-12) and prime minister (1911-12) of Serbia. He was also minister of justice (1896-97), national economy (1901-02), and finance (1902) and minister to Romania (1900-01) and Italy (1903-07).

Milovic, Antun (b. Dec. 22, 1934, Vrpolje, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. Dec. 11, 2008, Slavonski Brod, Croatia), chairman of the Executive Council of Croatia (1986-90).

Milquet, Joëlle (F.G.M.) (b. Feb. 17, 1961, Montignies-sur-Sambre [now part of Charleroi], Belgium), a deputy prime minister of Belgium (2008-14). She was also minister of employment and equal opportunities (2008-11) and interior and equality (2011-14).

Miltenburg, Anouchka van (b. April 20, 1967, Utrecht, Netherlands), Dutch politician. She was chairman of the Second Chamber (2012-15).

Milton, Aristides Augusto (b. May 29, 1848, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil - d. Jan. 26, 1904, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Alagoas (1889).

Milton, John (b. April 20, 1807, Louisville, Ga. - d. [suicide] April 1, 1865, "Sylvania" plantation, outside Marianna, Fla.), governor of Florida (1861-65).

Milton, Sir William Henry (b. Dec. 3, 1854, Newbury, Berkshire, England - d. March 6, 1930, Cannes, France), administrator of Mashonaland (1897-1901) and Southern Rhodesia (1901-14); knighted 1903.

Milutinovic

Milutinovic, Milan (b. Dec. 19, 1942, Belgrade, Serbia - d. July 2, 2023, Belgrade), foreign minister of Yugoslavia (1995-98) and president of Serbia (1997-2002). He was also Yugoslav ambassador to Greece (1989-95). He surrendered to the international war crimes tribunal in The Hague on Jan. 20, 2003, to face trial on charges relating to the 1999 Kosovo conflict. He was acquitted on Feb. 26, 2009.

Milverton (of Lagos and of Clifton), Arthur Frederick Richards, (1st) Baron (b. Feb. 21, 1885 - d. Oct. 27, 1978), governor of North Borneo (1930-33), Gambia (1934-36), Fiji (1936-38), Jamaica (1938-43), and Nigeria (1943-47). He was knighted in 1935 and created a baron in 1947.

Milyayev, Dmitry (Vyacheslavovich) (b. Aug. 29, 1975, Kireyevsk, Tula oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), acting governor of Tula oblast (2024- ). He was also mayor of Tula (2019-22).

Milyukov

Milyukov, Pavel (Nikolayevich), Milyukov also spelled Miliukov (b. Jan. 27 [Jan. 15, O.S.], 1859, Moscow, Russia - d. March 3, 1943, Aix-les-Bains, France), foreign minister of Russia (1917). He was also chairman of the Central Committee of the Constitutional Democratic Party (1907-17).

Milyutin, Graf Aleksey (Dmitriyevich) (b. Nov. 23 [Nov. 11, O.S.], 1845 - d. Feb. 2 [Jan. 20, O.S.], 1904), governor of Kursk (1892-1902); son of Graf Dmitry Milyutin.

Milyutin, Graf Dmitry (Alekseyevich) (b. July 10 [June 28, O.S.], 1816, Moscow, Russia - d. Feb. 7 [Jan. 25, O.S.], 1912, Simeiz, near Yalta, Russia [now in Ukraine]), war minister of Russia (1861-81); nephew of Graf Pavel Kiselyov. He was made Graf (count) in 1878.

Mimica, Neven (b. Oct. 12, 1953, Split, Croatia), Croatian politician. He was minister of European integration (2001-03), a deputy prime minister (2011-13), and EU commissioner for consumer protection (2013-14) and international cooperation and development (2014-19).

Mimiko, Olusegun (Rahman) (b. Oct. 3, 1954, Ondo [now in Ondo state], Nigeria), governor of Ondo (2009-17).

Mimouni, Sofiane (b. 1957, Algiers, Algeria), Algerian diplomat. He has been ambassador to Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, and Vanuatu (1996-2004), Iran (2009-14), and Turkey (2021- ) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2019-21).

Mims, Livingston (b. January 1830, Edgefield, S.C. - d. March 5, 1906, Atlanta, Ga.), mayor of Atlanta (1901-02).

Mimura, Shingo (b. April 16, 1956), governor of Aomori (2003-23).

Min

Min Aung Hlaing (b. July 3, 1956, Tavoy, Burma [now Dawei, Myanmar]), chairman of the State Administrative Council (2021- ), prime minister (2021- ), and acting president (2024- ) of Myanmar. He has been commander-in-chief of the armed forces from 2011.

Mina

F. Minah

Mina, Oscar (b. Sept. 24, 1958, Serravalle, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2009, 2022).

Minah, Francis (Mishek) (b. Aug. 19, 1929, Sawula, near Pujehun, Sierra Leone - d. [executed] Oct. 7, 1989), foreign minister (1975-77), justice minister (1977-78, 1982-84, 1985-87), finance minister (1978-80), second vice president (1984-85), and first vice president (1985-87) of Sierra Leone. He was also minister of trade and industry (1973-75) and health (1980-82). Following an alleged coup plot in Freetown on March 23, 1987, he was arrested and charged for treason, with 15 others, on April 6, 1987. All were found guilty and sentenced to death.

Minah, Vandi Chidi (b. Feb. 17, 1965, London, England), Sierra Leonean politician. He was minister of transport and aviation (2010-13) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2013-16).

Minami, Hiroshi (b. Nov. 13 [Oct. 10, lunar calendar], 1869, Himi [now in Toyama prefecture], Japan - d. Feb. 8, 1946), governor-general of Taiwan (1932). He was also Japanese chief of the cabinet secretariat (1908, 1911-12), governor of Fukuoka (1913-14), and minister of communications (1932-34).

Minami, Jiro (b. Aug. 10, 1874, Oita prefecture, Japan - d. Dec. 6, 1955, Tokyo, Japan), war minister of Japan (1931) and governor-general of Kwantung (1934-36) and Korea (1936-42). He was also ambassador to Manchukuo (1934-36). He was sentenced to life imprisonment for war crimes in 1948 and released in 1954.

Miñano (Mendocilla), Carlos (Alfredo), war minister of Peru (1954-55). He was also minister of agriculture (1948-49).

Minasse Haile (b. Feb. 12, 1930, Harar, Ethiopia), foreign minister of Ethiopia (1971-74). He was also minister of state for information and tourism (1966-69) and ambassador to the United States (1969-71). He was arrested after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1974 but was released in 1975.

Minc, Hilary (b. Aug. 24, 1905, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland - d. Nov. 26, 1974, Warsaw, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1949-56). He was also minister of industry and trade (1945-49) and chairman of the Planning Commission (1949-54).

Minchin, Nick, byname of Nicholas Hugh Minchin (b. April 15, 1953, Sydney, N.S.W.), finance minister of Australia (2001-07). He was also minister of industry, science, and resources (1998-2001).

Mindaoudou

Mindaoudou (Souleymane), Aïchatou (b. Oct. 14, 1959, Birni-N'Konni, Niger), foreign minister of Niger (1999-2000, 2001-10). She was also minister of social development, population, and women's promotion (1995-96) and UN special representative for Côte d'Ivoire (2013-17).

Mindon Min1 (b. July 8, 1808, Amarapura, Kingdom of Awa [now Myanmar] - d. Oct. 1, 1878, Mandalay, Awa), king of Awa (1853-78). He was a brother of Pagan Min, who ruled during the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852. Mindon was the leader of the peace faction during the war. Wresting the throne from his brother, he sued for peace and b