What is Indie Music: History, Importance, Artists & Songs
Noah Bennett
Learn about what is Indie music, its meaning and importance, and discover top indie artists and songs that have shaped this influential and diverse genre.
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What is indie music?

Indie music is short for independent music, produced and distributed independently from major commercial record labels and their subsidiaries. Independent artists, or those on independent labels, often have more creative freedom and control over their music than mainstream artists.

So, what does indie mean in music? The term “indie” can apply to various genres, and indie artists may create music that ranges from alternative rock and folk to electronic and hip-hop.

History and evolution of indie music

Origins (Late 1970s – Early 1980s)

The roots of indie music trace back to the late 1970s and early 1980s, marked by punk rock’s rebels. Bands like The Ramones and The Sex Pistols revolutionized music and instigated a movement that sought to break away from the constraints of the mainstream music industry. This era laid the groundwork for a DIY ethos, where musicians were inspired to create and distribute their music independently, outside the influence of major record labels.

Post-punk and new wave (Late 1970s – Early 1980s)

Building upon the raw energy of punk, the post-punk movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a diversification of sounds and styles. Independent labels like Factory Records in the UK and SST Records in the US provided a platform for these experimental and non-mainstream artists. This period saw the birth of a vibrant underground scene, with artists exploring new sound territories and challenging the conventions of traditional music.

Rise of independent labels (1980s)

The 1980s marked a significant shift as independent labels began to rise, becoming a stepping stone in the indie music landscape. Labels like Sub Pop in Seattle and Dischord Records in Washington, DC, became crucial hubs for nurturing local sets and supporting emerging talent. This era laid the foundation for a more decentralized music industry, where artists could explore their creativity beyond the confines of major record labels.

Alternative rock and grunge (Late 1980s – Early 1990s)

The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed the coining of the term “alternative,” another one of the non-mainstream genres. Bands like REM and Sonic Youth achieved success outside the traditional major label system, signaling a shift in the music industry. The emergence of the grunge movement in Seattle, led by iconic bands like Nirvana and Soundgarden, marked a proud moment as indie music became a mainstream genre.

The Internet Age (Late 1990s – 2000s)

As the late 1990s unfolded, indie music underwent a revolutionary transformation with the birth of the internet. Artists now could promote their music globally through online platforms. The rise of MP3s, file-sharing, and, later, streaming services altered how someone consumed music, providing indie musicians exceptional opportunities for exposure and direct connection with their audience.

Indie pop and electronica (Late 1990s – 2000s)

The late 1990s and early 2000s saw indie music expanding its horizons with the rise of indie pop bands like Belle and Sebastian and the electronic sounds of acts like The Postal Service. Labels such as Domino and Merge Records continued to play a crucial role in supporting a diverse range of indie genres. This period showcased the genre-fluid nature of indie music, highlighting its ability to evolve and embrace new influences.

DIY and bedroom pop (2010s – Present)

The 2010s witnessed a revival of the DIY ethos, with many artists embracing the ability to produce music from the comfort of their bedrooms. Independent platforms like Bandcamp and SoundCloud became instrumental in providing accessible means for artists to release and share their music directly with fans. This era opened music production and distribution boundaries, allowing indie musicians to maintain creative control over their work.

Genre diversity and globalization (2010s – Present)

The 2010s brought about an era of exceptional genre diversity within the indie music scene. From folk and shoegaze to indie rock and hip-hop, indie artists explored various sounds. The globalization of music scenes allowed indie artists worldwide to connect, collaborate, and share their unique perspectives, contributing to indie music’s richness and global impact.

Streaming dominance and challenges (2010s – Present)

The 2010s marked the dominance of streaming services such as Spotify and Apple Music, reshaping the revenue model for indie musicians. While these platforms offered greater accessibility, challenges persisted, including concerns about fair compensation and visibility for indie artists in an increasingly crowded digital world. The era underlined the need for new models and strategies for indie musicians to navigate the evolving music industry.

Continued evolution (2020s – Present)

As we enter the 2020s, indie music has become dynamic and ever-evolving. Artists are pushing boundaries, challenging industry norms, and exploring innovative ways to connect with audiences. The impact of social media, influencers, and online communities remains profound, shaping how indie music is discovered, consumed, and shared in the contemporary musical land. The story of indie music is one of resilience, creativity, and a relentless pursuit of artistic independence.

Importance of indie music in today’s society

Diversity of expression

Indie music is like a safe place for artists of all kinds to express themselves. Independent artists often explore unconventional sounds, experimental genres, and thought-provoking lyrics that may not conform to mainstream expectations.

Cultural authenticity

Independent musicians often have more creative control over their work, allowing them to express their unique perspectives and cultural influences authentically. This authenticity resonates with audiences seeking music that reflects genuine human experiences and emotions.

A platform for emerging talent

Indie music offers a platform for emerging talent to showcase their skills and gain recognition. With the democratization of music production and distribution through digital media, artists can independently release their work, reaching global audiences without big label backing.

Community building

The indie music culture fosters a sense of community among artists and fans. Local sets, independent labels, and DIY ethos create a supportive environment where artists collaborate, share resources, and build connections.

A challenge to mainstream norms

Indie music has historically challenged mainstream norms, pushing boundaries and introducing new ideas. By resisting commercial forces and trends, indie artists contribute to the evolution of music, influencing mainstream culture and inspiring change.

Cultural reflection and commentary

Indie musicians often serve as cultural commentators, addressing social issues, personal struggles, and contemporary challenges. Their music becomes a mirror reflecting the sentiments and concerns of society, providing listeners with a soundtrack that resonates with real-life experiences.

Innovation and experimentation

The indie music world is a hotbed of innovation and experimentation. Independent artists are more inclined to take creative risks, exploring new sounds, production techniques, and collaborative ventures. This spirit of innovation contributes to the overall dynamism of the music industry.

Empowerment of DIY culture

Indie music celebrates the DIY culture, empowering artists to take control of their careers. From self-production to independent releases and promotion, artists can maintain autonomy and make decisions that align with their artistic vision rather than commercial interests.

Connection with niche audiences

Indie music often appeals to niche audiences with specific tastes and preferences. Artists can connect deeply with their fan base, fostering a sense of intimacy and loyalty.

Adaptation to changing industry dynamics

In an era of rapid technological and industry changes, indie music exemplifies adaptability. Independent artists have been at the forefront of navigating digital landscapes, utilizing social media, streaming platforms, and crowdfunding to sustain their careers in an ever-evolving music industry.

Characteristics of indie music

DIY ethos

Indie music is synonymous with a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) ethos, a foundational characteristic distinguishing it from mainstream genres. This philosophy holds that artists may develop, produce, and distribute their music without major record labels.

Musicians often take on multiple roles, including songwriting, recording, production, and marketing. This method allows the artists to express their creativity without outside pressure. DIY is both practical and philosophical, emphasizing independence, resourcefulness, and direct artist-audience interaction.

Eclectic influences

One of the defining characteristics of indie music is its openness to eclectic influences spanning diverse genres and styles. Indie artists often draw inspiration from various music styles, mixing elements from rock, folk, electronic, hip-hop, and beyond. This willingness to experiment with different sounds contributes to the genre-fluid nature of indie music. The absence of rigid genre boundaries allows for innovation and the creation of music that defies easy categorization. This eclecticism reflects the diverse tastes of indie musicians and contributes to the rich fashion of indie music.

Authentic lyrical expression

Authenticity is a cornerstone of indie music, particularly its lyrical expression. Indie artists often use their music as a platform for genuine, heartfelt storytelling. Lyrics delve into personal experiences, social commentary, and emotional scenes, creating a sense of intimacy between the artist and the listener.

Unlike some commercial pop music that may prioritize catchy hooks over substantive content, indie lyrics often explore complex themes with sincerity and depth. This authenticity resonates with audiences seeking music that feels sincere and honest expression of the artist’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences.

Emphasis on songwriting

Indie music strongly emphasizes the art of songwriting. While production values are essential, indie music’s core is creating compelling and memorable songs. This focus on songwriting is evident in the careful attention given to lyrics, melody, and structure.

Indie artists often prioritize the storytelling aspect of their music, using lyrics to convey messages, emotions, and melodies that are both innovative and accessible. Whether it’s acoustic verses or intricate jingles, the strength of the songwriting is a critical factor in the success and impact of indie music.

Sub-genres of indie music

Indie rock

Characteristics: Indie rock is a broad sub-genre characterized by its independence from major labels, diverse guitar-driven sounds, and an emphasis on authenticity. It often features raw and unpolished production, mixed instrumentation, and a DIY aesthetic.

Influences: Roots in alternative rock and post-punk movements- garage rock, punk, and folk are common.

Notable artists: Arcade Fire, Arctic Monkeys, The Strokes.

Indie pop

Characteristics: Indie pop is known for its catchy melodies, often incorporating elements of jangle pop, twee pop, and lo-fi aesthetics. It strongly emphasizes songwriting, simplicity, and a DIY approach to production.

Influences: Draws from pop sensibilities while maintaining an indie spirit in classic pop, new wave, and alternative pop.

Notable artists: Vampire Weekend, Tegan and Sara, Belle and Sebastian.

Shoegaze

Characteristics: Shoegaze is characterized by its ethereal and atmospheric sound, often achieved through heavy use of reverb, delay, and other effects. The name “shoegaze” reflects the tendency of musicians to gaze at their shoes while performing due to the focus on effects pedals.

Influences: Emerged from the alternative and indie rock scenes. Influences from noise pop and dream pop.

Notable artists: My Bloody Valentine, Ride, Slowdive.

Indietronica

Characteristics: Indietronica (or indie electronic) blends indie rock or pop with electronic music elements. It often features synthesizers, electronic beats, and production techniques while maintaining an indie sensibility.

Influences: Fusion of indie and electronic genres such as synth-pop, dance, and electronic experimentation.

Notable artists: LCD Soundsystem, MGMT, Chvrches.

Dream Pop

Characteristics: Dream pop creates a dreamy, atmospheric soundscape with vocals blending into the instrumentation.

Influences: Rooted in post-punk and alternative rock with influences from ambient music, psychedelia, and shoegaze.

Notable Artists: Beach House, Cocteau Twins, Beach Fossils.

Indie rap / Indie hip hop

Characteristics: Indie rap or hip-hop maintains a DIY ethos and often features socially conscious lyrics, unique production styles, and a rejection of mainstream hip-hop norms.

Influences: Underground hip-hop, alternative rap, and conscious hip-hop.

Notable artists: MF Doom, Aesop Rock, Atmosphere.

Indie Folk

Characteristics: Indie folk emphasizes acoustic instrumentation, heartfelt lyrics, and a connection to folk traditions. It often features storytelling through songwriting and a stripped-down, organic sound.

Influences: Rooted in traditional folk music with influences from Americana, country, and singer-songwriter traditions.

Notable artists: Fleet Foxes, The Tallest Man on Earth, Iron & Wine.

The indie music production process.

Recording and mixing techniques

DIY approach: Indie musicians often take a DIY approach to recording, utilizing home studios or affordable recording spaces. This hands-on approach allows for creative freedom and flexibility.

Budget considerations: Due to limited budgets, indie artists may need to be resourceful, relying on affordable recording equipment and software. However, technological advancements have opened up access to high-quality recording tools.

Emphasis on authenticity: Indie music production often prioritizes authenticity over polished perfection. Raw and unpolished sounds preserve the genuine character of the music.

Collaboration: Collaborations with independent producers or engineers are common. These professionals may share the indie ethos and work closely with artists to capture the desired tunes.

Independent labels vs. Major labels

Artistic freedom: Indie labels are known for providing artists with more artistic freedom. Musicians retain creative control over their work, including the choice of musical direction, album art, and promotional strategies.

Personalized support: Independent labels typically offer more personalized support. While major labels have larger resources, indie labels may focus on specific genres or niche markets, providing explicit assistance to their artists.

Financial considerations: Major labels often offer substantial financial backing, but this comes with contractual obligations and a loss of control. Indie labels may offer more flexible terms, allowing artists to maintain music ownership.

Promotion strategies: Independent labels may rely heavily on grassroots promotion, social media, and community engagement. Major labels have access to broader distribution channels and extensive marketing resources.

Promoting and distributing indie music

Digital platforms: Indie musicians leverage digital platforms such as Bandcamp, SoundCloud, and Spotify for music distribution. These platforms provide direct access to a global audience without physical distribution.

Social media and online presence: Building a rich online presence is crucial for indie artists. Social media platforms like Instagram, X, and Facebook facilitate promotion, connect with fans, and share updates on new releases and performances.

Live performances: Indie artists often rely on live performances to build a fan base and promote their music. Local gigs, indie festivals, and tours are essential for connecting with audiences and creating a tangible presence.

DIY promotion strategies: Indie musicians frequently engage in DIY promotion, which may involve creating promotional materials, reaching out to blogs and local media, and building relationships with influencers and fellow musicians.

Merchandising: Merchandising, such as selling T-shirts, vinyl records, and other branded items, is a common revenue stream for indie artists. Merchandise not only provides additional income but also serves as a tangible connection between artists and fans.

Tips to write indie songs

Start with lyrics and build from it.

To create compelling indie songs, prioritize authenticity by drawing from your genuine emotions and experiences. Craft lyrics that resonate with your truth, establishing a foundation of sincerity. Additionally, embrace storytelling, which forms a vital element of indie music. Narrate a compelling story through your lyrics, allowing your audience to connect deeply with the emotions and messages.

Give your track entrancing elements.

Elevate your indie music by venturing into distinctive sounds through unconventional instruments and experimental elements. Whether it’s unique percussion or unconventional instrumentation, aim for a captivating melody. Embrace complexity with layers and textures, combining acoustic and electronic elements to add depth and richness to your composition, providing an immersive listening experience.

Check your vibe before you head to the studio.

Establish a clear mood for your song before entering the studio. Whether it’s a thoughtful, upbeat, or somber atmosphere, this understanding will guide your musical and production choices. Prioritize pre-production planning by detailing arrangements, instrumentation, and overall production elements. This preparation ensures a seamless recording process that aligns with the intended vibe of your song.

Accept that not every piece you write has to be a hit.

Embrace experimentation and creative risks in your songwriting journey, knowing that not every song will unfold as anticipated. Each endeavor, even those that don’t meet expectations, contributes to your growth as a songwriter. Treat perceived failures as valuable learning experiences. Analyze both successes and shortcomings in your songwriting attempts, allowing this reflective process to refine your skills and propel your evolution as a songwriter.

Allow your song to evolve in the writing process.

Maintain flexibility as your song evolves, embracing unexpected turns that may lead to unique elements. Collaborate and seek feedback from fellow musicians or trusted peers to gain fresh perspectives and ideas that can enhance your song in ways you might not have imagined.

Top indie music songs.

“Neighborhood” by Arcade Fire

Album: “Funeral” (2004)

Significance: “Neighborhood” is a standout track from Arcade Fire’s debut album, renowned for its emotional depth and anthemic quality.

Musical elements:

Dynamic orchestration: The song features a dynamic orchestration with soaring strings and an energetic drum, creating urgency.

Evocative lyrics: The lyrics evoke nostalgia, reflection, and a sense of community, contributing to its universal appeal.

Impact: “Neighborhood” was pivotal in establishing Arcade Fire as a leading indie band. The emotional resonance and unique sound have made the song an enduring favorite among indie music enthusiasts.

“This Charming Man” by The Smiths

Album: Single (1983), later included in “The Smiths” (1984)

Significance: An outstanding track from The Smiths, “This Charming Man,” is celebrated for its metallic guitar work, Morrissey’s distinctive vocals, and its influence on indie and alternative music.

Musical elements:

Jangly guitars: The prominent use of loud guitars, particularly Johnny Marr’s intricate and melodic guitar lines, defines the song’s sound.

Witty lyrics: Morrissey’s witty and poetic lyrics add depth, addressing romance and social ambiguity themes.

Impact: The song’s unique blend of indie pop, post-punk, and alternative rock solidified The Smiths’ status as pioneers in indie music. Its timeless charm continues to captivate new audiences.

“Float On” by Modest Mouse

Album: “Good News for People Who Love Bad News” (2004)

Significance: “Float On” is a breakout hit for Modest Mouse, known for its infectious optimism, catchy melody, and Isaac Brock’s distinctive vocal delivery.

Musical elements:

Upbeat melody: The song features a lively and infectious melody, complemented by upbeat drumming and guitar riffs.

Positive lyrics: “Float On” is celebrated for its positive and uplifting verses, conveying a message of resilience and hope.

Impact: The song became a crossover hit, earning Modest Mouse mainstream success while maintaining indie credibility. Its success showcased the potential for indie bands to reach a broader audience without compromising artistic integrity.

“Lovefool” by The Cardigans

Album: “First Band on the Moon” (1996)

Significance: “Lovefool” is a defining track for The Cardigans, known for its pop sensibility, Nina Persson’s sultry vocals, and its contribution to the indie pop genre.

Musical elements:

Pop hooks: The song characterizes catchy pop hooks, a spirited rhythm, and a memorable chorus.

Persson’s vocals: Nina Persson’s alluring vocals add a distinct charm to the song, enhancing its romantic and playful atmosphere.

Impact: “Lovefool” threw The Cardigans into mainstream success, demonstrating the crossover potential of indie pop. Its inclusion in the “Romeo + Juliet” soundtrack further boosted its popularity.

“Count Five or Six” by Cornelius

Album: “Fantasma” (1997)

Significance: “Count Five or Six” is a standout track from Cornelius, showcasing the artist’s innovative approach to sampling, production, and genre-blurring.

Musical elements:

Experimental sampling: The song features intricate and experimental sampling, incorporating diverse sounds and textures.

Genre fusion: Cornelius seamlessly fuses elements of electronic, indie rock, and unconventional music, creating a unique sound terrain.

Impact: “Count Five or Six” exemplifies Cornelius’s influence on the experimental side of indie music. Its innovative production techniques and genre-blurring approach have inspired subsequent generations of artists exploring the intersection of electronic and indie genres.

Top indie music artists and bands

Arctic Monkeys

Genre and style: Indie Rock/Alternative Rock with elements of post-punk revival.

Musical evolution: They are known for their rapid growth, transitioning from garage rock influences in their debut to a more diverse sound with psychedelic elements and lounge in later albums.

Lyricism: Alex Turner’s witty and insightful lyrics contribute to the band’s distinctive style.

Critical and commercial success: Achieved critical acclaim and commercial success with albums like “Whatever People Say I Am, That’s What I’m Not” and “AM.”

Bon Iver

Genre and style: Indie Folk/Experimental with a strong emphasis on lush instrumentation and operatic vocals.

Unique soundscapes: Justin Vernon’s intricate use of harmonies, layered arrangements, and unconventional song structures contribute to Bon Iver’s distinctive sound.

Emotional resonance: Bon Iver’s music is known for its emotional depth, often exploring themes of introspection and nature.

Breakthrough album: “For Emma, Forever Ago” gained widespread acclaim and established Bon Iver as a leading force in indie folk.

The National

Genre and style: Indie Rock/Post-punk Revival with a focus on introspective lyrics and mystical soundscapes.

Lyricism: Matt Berninger’s low vocals and introspective, often melancholy lyrics contribute to the band’s emotional depth.

Consistency and growth: Known for consistent quality across albums, with a gradual evolution in sound and experimentation in later releases like “Sleep Well Beast.”

Critical acclaim: Received critical acclaim for albums such as “High Violet” and “Trouble Will Find Me.”

The Smiths

Genre and style: Jangle Pop/Indie Pop with influences from post-punk and alternative rock.

Distinctive sound: Johnny Marr’s jangly guitar work and Morrissey’s distinctive vocals create a unique and influential sound.

Lyricism: Morrissey’s witty and often melancholic lyrics explore themes of love, alienation, and social commentary.

Cultural impact: The Smiths are one of the most influential bands in indie music history, leaving a lasting effect on subsequent generations.

Arcade Fire

Genre and style: Indie Rock/Baroque Pop with a strong emphasis on anthemic arrangements and orchestral elements.

Conceptual albums: Known for creating conceptual albums that explore themes of suburban life, modernity, and identity.

Live performances: Renowned for energetic and theatrical performances focusing on audience engagement.

Critical acclaim: They have received numerous awards, including Grammy Awards for Album of the Year (for “The Suburbs”) and Best Album (for “Reflektor”).

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