Unionpedia, the concept map
A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century. 854 relations.
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Aadorf

Aadorf is a municipality in the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

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Aaron of Lincoln

Aaron of Lincoln (born at Lincoln, England, about 1125, died 1186) was an English Jewish financier.

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Abbess

In Christianity, an abbess (Latin abbatissa, feminine form of abbas, abbot) is the female superior of a community of nuns, which is often an abbey.

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Abbey

An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess.

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Abbey Dore

Abbey Dore is a village and civil parish in Herefordshire, England, known for Dore Abbey, a 12th-century Cistercian abbey, expanded in the 13th century.

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Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani

The Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani is a monastery near Bardstown, Kentucky, in Nelson County, a part of the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), better known as the Trappists.

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Abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa

The abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa is a Benedictine abbey located in the territory of the commune of Codalet, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département, in southwestern France.

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Abbeycwmhir

Abbeycwmhir or Abbey Cwmhir (Abaty Cwm Hir, "Abbey in the Long Valley") is a village and community.

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Abbeydorney

Abbeydorney is a village in County Kerry, Ireland.

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Abbeydorney Abbey

Abbeydorney Abbey, also known as Kyrie Eleison Abbey or Odorney was founded by the O Torna, chieftain of the region, in 1154 for the Cistercians from Monasteranenagh.

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Abbeylara

Abbeylara is a village in the easternmost portion of County Longford, Ireland, located about three kilometers east of Granard on the R396 regional road.

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Abbeyleix

Abbeyleix is a town in County Laois, Ireland, located around south of the county town of Portlaoise.

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Abbeystead

Abbeystead is a small, picturesque hamlet located in the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in Lancashire, England.

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Abbeytown

Abbeytown, also known as Holme Abbey, is a village and civil parish in Cumbria, England.

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Abbot

Abbot, meaning father, is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various traditions, including Christianity.

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Aberarth

Aberarth, Ceredigion, Wales is a small seaside village situated towards the southern end of Cardigan Bay between Aberystwyth and Cardigan.

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Aberconwy Abbey

Aberconwy Abbey was a Cistercian foundation at Conwy, later transferred to Maenan near Llanrwst, and in the 13th century was the most important abbey in the north of Wales.

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Absalon

Absalon or Axel (21 March 1201) was a Danish archbishop and statesman, who was the Bishop of Roskilde from 1158 to 1192 and Archbishop of Lund from 1178 until his death.

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Aby with Greenfield

Aby with Greenfield is a civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.

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Achstetten

Achstetten is the northernmost municipality in the district of Biberach, in the region of Upper Swabia in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Acton, Cheshire

Acton is a small village and civil parish lying immediately west of the town of Nantwich in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

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Adam de la Halle

Adam de la Halle, also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback) (1245–50 – 1285–88?, or after 1306) was a French-born trouvère, poet and musician.

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Adam of Ebrach

Adam of Ebrach (late 11th century – 23 November 1161) was the first abbot of Ebrach Abbey in the area of Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany.

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Adam of Perseigne

Adam of Perseigne (1145 – 1221) was a French Cistercian, abbot of Perseigne Abbey in the Diocese of Le Mans.

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Adel, Leeds

Adel is a suburb in North Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

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Adolf of Germany

Adolf (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) was Count of Nassau from about 1276 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298.

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Adolf of Osnabrück

Adolf of Osnabrück, O.Cist (also known as Adolphus, Adolph, Adolf of Tecklenburg), was born in Tecklenburg about 1185, a member of the family of the Counts of Tecklenburg in the Duchy of Westphalia.

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Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Adolf of the Rhine (Adolf der Redliche von der Pfalz) (27 September 1300, Wolfratshausen – 29 January 1327, Neustadt) from the house of Wittelsbach was formally Count Palatine of the Rhine in 1319–1327.

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Advocatus

During the Middle Ages, the Latin word advocatus (in English, advocate; in French avoué; in German, Vogt) was a general term for any person called (ad vocatus) to defend another, such as a lawyer or an advocatus ecclesiae, usually a lay lord charged with the protecting a particular church.

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Aelred of Rievaulx

Aelred of Rievaulx (Aelredus Riaevallensis); also Ailred, Ælred, and Æthelred; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English Cistercian monk, abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death, and known as a writer.

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Aesop's Fables

Aesop's Fables, or the Aesopica, is a collection of fables credited to Aesop, a slave and storyteller believed to have lived in ancient Greece between 620 and 564 BCE.

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Afonso I of Portugal

Afonso IOr also Affonso (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence.

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Agnes of Babenberg

Not to be confused with Agnes of Brandenburg Agnes of Babenberg (Agnes von Babenberg, Agnieszka Babenberg; b. ca. 1108/13 – d. 24/25 January 1163), was a German noblewoman, a scion of the Franconian House of Babenberg and by marriage High Duchess of Poland and Duchess of Silesia.

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Agnes of Bohemia

Agnes of Bohemia, O.S.C., (Svatá Anežka Česká, 20 June 1211 – 2 March 1282), also known as Agnes of Prague, was a medieval Bohemian princess who opted for a life of charity, mortification of the flesh and piety over a life of luxury and comfort.

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Agnolo Gaddi

Agnolo Gaddi (c.1350&ndash;1396) was an Italian painter.

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Ahrensburg

Ahrensburg is a town in the district of Stormarn, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

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Airdrie, North Lanarkshire

Airdrie (An t-Àrd Ruigh) is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.

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Alan of Galloway

Alan of Galloway (born before 1199; died 1234), also known as Alan fitz Roland, was a leading thirteenth-century Scottish magnate.

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Alberic of Cîteaux

Alberic of Cîteaux, O.Cist. (died January 26, 1109), sometimes known as Aubrey of Cîteaux, was a French monk and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order.

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Alberich Mazak

Alberich Mazak, also Alberik Mazák (1609 – 9 May 1661) was a 17th-century Czech-Austrian composer.

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Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade or the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, in southern France.

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Albino, Lombardy

Albino is a comune in the province of Bergamo, in Lombardy, northern Italy.

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Alcácer do Sal

Alcácer do Sal is a municipality in Portugal, located in Setúbal District.

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Alcobaça, Portugal

Alcobaça is a city and a municipality in Oeste Subregion, region Centro in Portugal, formerly included in the Estremadura Province.

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Alfonso II of Aragon

Alfonso II (1–25 March 1157Benito Vicente de Cuéllar (1995),, p. 630-631; in Hidalguía. XLIII (252) pp. 619–632."Alfonso II el Casto, hijo de Petronila y Ramón Berenguer IV, nació en Huesca en 1157;". Cfr. Josefina Mateu Ibars, María Dolores Mateu Ibars (1980).. Universitat Barcelona, p. 546.,.Antonio Ubieto Arteta (1987).. Zaragoza: Anúbar, § "El nacimiento y nombre de Alfonso II de Aragón".. – 25 April 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and, as Alfons I, the Count of Barcelona from 1164 until his death.

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Alfonso the Battler

Alfonso I (1073/10747 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (el Batallador), was the king of Aragon and Pamplona from 1104 until his death in 1134.

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Alfonso VII of León and Castile

Alfonso VII (1 March 110521 August 1157), called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126.

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Allegheny Mountains

The Allegheny Mountain Range, informally the Alleghenies and also spelled Alleghany and Allegany, is part of the vast Appalachian Mountain Range of the eastern United States and Canada and posed a significant barrier to land travel in less technologically advanced eras.

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Aller

The Aller is a long river in the states of Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony in Germany.

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Alphorn

The alphorn or alpenhorn or alpine horn is a labrophone, consisting of a straight several-meter-long wooden natural horn of conical bore, with a wooden cup-shaped mouthpiece.

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Alps

The Alps (Alpes; Alpen; Alpi; Alps; Alpe) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,The Caucasus Mountains are higher, and the Urals longer, but both lie partly in Asia.

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Alvastra

Alvastra is a small village in Ödeshög Municipality in eastern Sweden.

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Amelia, Umbria

Amelia is a town and comune of the province of Terni, in the Umbria region of central Italy.

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Ancient See of Aarhus

The Ancient See of Aarhus (Latin: Arusia, Arusiensis) was a pre-reformation Catholic diocese in Denmark.

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André Vingt-Trois

André Armand Vingt-Trois (born 7 November 1942) is a French cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Anglo-Normans

The Anglo-Normans were the medieval ruling class in England, composed mainly of a combination of ethnic Anglo-Saxons, Normans and French, following the Norman conquest.

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Annales Cambriae

Annales Cambriae (Latin for The Annals of Wales) is the name given to a complex of Cambro-Latin chronicles compiled or derived from diverse sources at St David's in Dyfed, Wales.

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Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (1501 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII.

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António, Prior of Crato

António, Prior of Crato (153126 August 1595; sometimes called The Determined, The Fighter or The Independentist), was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal and claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 dynastic crisis.

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Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics or opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy and its adherents.

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Antiphonary

An Antiphonary is one of the liturgical books intended for use in choro (i. e. in the liturgical choir), and originally characterized, as its name implies, by the assignment to it principally of the antiphons used in various parts of the Roman liturgy. In current usage Antiphoner refers more narrowly to books containing the chants for the Divine Office in distinction to the Gradual (Graduale or more rarely antiphonarium Missarum), which contains the antiphons used for the Mass. The discussion below is almost entirely drawn from the 1908 article in the Catholic Encyclopedia. Subsequent developments have been the replacement of the Ratisbon editions with the Vatican edition of 1912 and the publication of the Antiphonale monasticum (1934) produced by the Benedictines of Solesmes, In 1971 the Office was substantially revised and renamed the Liturgy of the Hours (Liturgia Horarum) and new books appeared: the Psalterium monasticum (1981) and the Liber hymnarius (1982).

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Archbishopric of Bremen

The Archdiocese of Bremen (also Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen, Erzbistum Bremen, not to be confused with the modern Archdiocese of Hamburg, founded in 1994) is a historical Roman Catholic diocese (787–1566/1648) and formed from 1180 to 1648 an ecclesiastical state (continued under other names until 1823), named Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (Erzstift Bremen) within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Archdiocese of Uppsala

The Archdiocese of Uppsala (Uppsala ärkestift) is one of the thirteen dioceses of the Church of Sweden and the only one having the status of an archdiocese.

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Architecture of cathedrals and great churches

The architecture of cathedrals, basilicas and abbey churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that all ultimately derive from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in the Constantinian period.

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Archpoet

The Archpoet (1130 – c. 1165), or Archipoeta (in Latin and German),Jeep 2001: 21.

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Ards Peninsula

The Ards Peninsula is a peninsula in County Down, Northern Ireland, that separates Strangford Lough from the North Channel of the Irish Sea on the north-east coast of Ireland.

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Ariosophy

Armanism and Ariosophy are the names of ideological systems of an esoteric nature, pioneered by Guido von List and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels respectively, in Austria between 1890 and 1930.

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Arlon

Arlon (Arel,; Aarlen,; Arel; Årlon) is a Walloon municipality of Belgium located in and capital of the province of Luxembourg.

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Arrouaise Abbey

The Abbey of Arrouaise was the centre of a form of the canonical life known as the Arrouaisian Order, which was popular among the founders of canonries during the decade of the 1130s.

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Askrigg

Askrigg is a small village and civil parish in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

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Assarting

Assarting is the act of clearing forested lands for use in agriculture or other purposes.

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Assen

Assen is a municipality and a city in the northeastern Netherlands, and is the capital of the province of Drenthe.

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Augustinians

The term Augustinians, named after Augustine of Hippo (354–430), applies to two distinct types of Catholic religious orders, dating back to the first millennium but formally created in the 13th century, and some Anglican religious orders, created in the 19th century, though technically there is no "Order of St.

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Aunay-sur-Odon

Aunay-sur-Odon is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

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Aunis

Aunis is a historical province of France, situated in the north-west of the department of Charente-Maritime.

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Aylesby

Aylesby is a village and civil parish in North East Lincolnshire, England.

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Époisses de Bourgogne

Époisses de Bourgogne is a legally demarcated cheese made in the village Époisses and its environs, in the département of Côte-d'Or, about halfway between Dijon and Auxerre, in the former duchy of Burgundy, France, from agricultural processes and resources traditionally found in that region.

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Ústí nad Orlicí

Ústí nad Orlicí (Wildenschwert) is a city in the Ústí nad Orlicí District, Pardubice Region in Eastern Bohemia in the Czech Republic.

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Überlingen

Überlingen is a German city on the northern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee).

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Łęczyca

Łęczyca (in full The Royal Town of Łęczyca; Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; לונטשיץ) is a town of 14,362 inhabitants in central Poland.

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Żarnowiec

Żarnowiec (Żarnówc, German Zarnowitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krokowa, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.

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Babylon 5

Babylon 5 is an American science fiction television series created by writer and producer J. Michael Straczynski, under the Babylonian Productions label, in association with Straczynski's Synthetic Worlds Ltd.

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Bad Doberan

Bad Doberan is a town in the district of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Bad Doberan (district)

Bad Doberan is a former district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Baddiley

Baddiley is a scattered settlement and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.

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Baldwin II of Jerusalem

Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq or Bourg (Baudouin; died 21 August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death.

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Baldwin of Forde

Baldwin of Forde or FordSharpe Handlist of Latin Writers pp.

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Barbery, Calvados

Barbery is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region of north-western France.

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Bardo, Poland

Bardo (Wartha) is a town in Ząbkowice Śląskie County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Barnoldswick

Barnoldswick is a town and civil parish in Lancashire, England, near the county border with North Yorkshire, just outside the Yorkshire Dales National Park and the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

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Baroness Mary Vetsera

Baroness Marie Alexandrine von Vetsera (19 March 1871 &ndash; 30 January 1889) was a member of Austrian "second society" (new nobility) and one of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria's mistresses.

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Barrow-in-Furness

Barrow-in-Furness, commonly known as Barrow, is a town and borough in Cumbria, England.

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Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers

The Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (German: Basilika Vierzehnheiligen) is a church located near the town of Bad Staffelstein near Bamberg, in Bavaria, southern Germany.

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Basingwerk Abbey

Basingwerk Abbey (Abaty Dinas Basing) is a Grade I listed ruined abbey near Holywell, Flintshire, Wales.

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Battle of Ourique

The Battle of Ourique (25 July 1139: St. James Day) saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques (of the House of Burgundy) defeat the Almoravid led by Ali ibn Yusuf.

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Béla III of Hungary

Béla III (III., Bela III, Belo III; 114823 April 1196) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1172 and 1196.

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Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.

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Bélapátfalva

Bélapátfalva is a town in Heves county, in Hungary, located north of the city of Eger.

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Beaulieu Abbey

Beaulieu Abbey,, was a Cistercian abbey located in Hampshire, England.

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Benedict Joseph Labre

Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, T.O.S.F., (Benoît-Joseph Labre) (25 March 1748 – 16 April 1783) was a French mendicant, Franciscan tertiary, and Catholic saint.

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Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153) was a French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism that caused the formation of the Cistercian order.

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Bernardines

Bernardines may refer to.

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Bernardino of Siena

Bernardino of Siena, (also known as Bernardine; 8 September 138020 May 1444) was an Italian priest and Franciscan missionary.

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Berthold Schwarz

Berthold Schwarz (sometimes spelled Schwartz), also known as Berthold the Black and der Schwartzer, was a legendary German (or in some accounts Danish or Greek) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th- through 19th-century European literature.

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Bertran de Born

Bertran de Born (1140s &ndash; by 1215) was a baron from the Limousin in France, and one of the major Occitan troubadours of the twelfth century.

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Biddlesden

Biddlesden is a village and civil parish in Aylesbury Vale district in north-west Buckinghamshire, England on the boundary with Northamptonshire.

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Birchgrove, Swansea

Birchgrove (Y Gellifedw) is a community and large village in the City and County of Swansea, Wales.

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Bishop of Bangor

The Bishop of Bangor is the ordinary of the Church in Wales Diocese of Bangor.

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Bishop of Clogher

The Bishop of Clogher is an episcopal title which takes its name after the village of Clogher in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

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Bishop of Exeter

The Bishop of Exeter is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Exeter in the Province of Canterbury.

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Bishop of Norwich

The Bishop of Norwich is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Norwich in the Province of Canterbury.

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Bishop of St Asaph

The Bishop of St Asaph heads the Church in Wales diocese of St Asaph.

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Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek

The Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (Saare-Lääne piiskopkond; Bistum Ösel–Wiek; Low German: Bisdom Ösel–Wiek; contemporary Ecclesia Osiliensis) was a Roman Catholic diocese and semi-independent prince-bishopric (parto of Terra Mariana, i.e. Livonia) in the Holy Roman Empire, covering what are now Saare, Hiiu and Lääne counties of Estonia.

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Bishopric of Dorpat

The Bishopric of Dorpat (Tartu piiskopkond; Bisdom Dorpat; Ecclesia Tarbatensis) was a medieval prince-bishopric, i;e; both a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church and a temporal principality ruled by the bishop of the diocese.

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Bjälbo

Bjälbo is a small village in Mjölby Municipality, Östergötland, Sweden.

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Black

Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light.

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Blackdown Hills

The Blackdown Hills are a range of hills along the Somerset-Devon border in south-western England, which were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1991.

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Blanche of Navarre, Countess of Champagne

Blanche of Navarre (?–1229) was Countess of Champagne, then Regent of Champagne, and finally also regent of her native kingdom of Navarre.

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Blast furnace

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper.

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Bogoriowie

Jarosław z Bogorii i Skotnik The Bogoriowie was a family of Polish knights.

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Bombarral

Bombarral is a Portuguese municipality in the Oeste Subregion, region Centro.

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Boniface of Savoy (bishop)

Boniface of Savoy (c. 1217 – 18 July 1270) was a medieval Bishop of Belley in France and Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

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Bonnes Mares

Bonnes Mares is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety.

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Book of Deer

The Book of Deer (Leabhar Dhèir in Gaelic) (Cambridge University Library, MS. Ii.6.32) is a 10th-century Latin Gospel Book with early 12th-century additions in Latin, Old Irish and Scottish Gaelic.

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Bordesley Abbey

Bordesley Abbey was a 12th-century Cistercian abbey near the town of Redditch, in Worcestershire, England.

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Borough of Waverley

The Borough of Waverley is a local government district with borough status in Surrey, England.

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Boyle, County Roscommon

Boyle is a town in County Roscommon, Ireland.

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Braunschweig

Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek), also called Brunswick in English, is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers.

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Brick Gothic

Brick Gothic (Backsteingotik, Gotyk ceglany, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northwest and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock, but in many places a lot of glacial boulders.

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Bridget of Sweden

Bridget of Sweden (1303 – 23 July 1373); born as Birgitta Birgersdotter, also Birgitta of Vadstena, or Saint Birgitta (heliga Birgitta), was a mystic and saint, and founder of the Bridgettines nuns and monks after the death of her husband of twenty years.

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Bruern

Bruern or Bruern Abbey is a hamlet and civil parish on the River Evenlode about north of Burford in West Oxfordshire.

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Bruno of Cologne

Bruno of Cologne (c. 1030 – 6 October 1101) was the founder of the Carthusian Order, he personally founded the order's first two communities.

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Buckfast Abbey

Buckfast Abbey forms part of an active Benedictine monastery at Buckfast, near Buckfastleigh, Devon, England.

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Buckfastleigh

Buckfastleigh is a small market town and civil parish in Devon, England situated beside the Devon Expressway (A38) at the edge of the Dartmoor National Park.

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Buildwas Abbey

Buildwas Abbey is located along the banks of the River Severn in Buildwas, Shropshire, England, about two miles west of Ironbridge.

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Burgundy wine

Burgundy wine (Bourgogne or vin de Bourgogne) is wine made in the Burgundy region in eastern France, in the valleys and slopes west of the Saône, a tributary of the Rhône.

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Burstock

Burstock is a village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, south of Crewkerne.

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Burtscheid Abbey

Burtscheid Abbey (Abtei Burtscheid) was a house of the Benedictine Order, after 1220 a Cistercian nunnery, located at Burtscheid, near Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany.

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Bygdøy

Bygdøy or Bygdø is a peninsula situated on the western side of Oslo, Norway.

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Byland Abbey

Byland Abbey is a ruined abbey and a small village in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England, in the North York Moors National Park.

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Cadwgan of Llandyfai

Cadwgan also known as Cadwgan of Llandyfái or Martin (died 11 April 1241) was a Welsh cleric who was Bishop of Bangor from 1215 to 1236.

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Caesarius of Heisterbach

Caesarius of Heisterbach (ca. 1180 – ca. 1240) (sometimes erroneously called in English Caesar of Heisterbach) was the prior of the former Cistercian monastery Heisterbach Abbey, in the Siebengebirge near the little town of Oberdollendorf, Germany.

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Calatrava, Romblon

, officially the, (formerly Andagao), is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.

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Caldey Island

Caldey (Welsh:Ynys Bŷr) is a small island off the southwest coast of mainland Wales, near Tenby in Pembrokeshire. With a recorded history going back over 1,500 years, it is known as one of the holy islands of Britain. A number of traditions inherited from Celtic times are observed by the Cistercian monks, who are the chief inhabitants and owners of the island today. At its closest point, Caldey lies south of the mainland, though the usual access to the island is by small boat from the town of Tenby, some to the north. The island's population consists of 40 permanent residents and a varying number of Cistercian monks, known as Trappists. The monks' predecessors migrated there from Belgium in the early 20th century, taking over from Anglican Benedictines who had bought the island in 1906 and built the extant monastery and abbey but later got into financial difficulties. Today, the monks of Caldey Abbey farm the island, chiefly raising dairy cattle, and make a range of items including cheese, shortbread, perfumes, chocolate and toiletries. In the spring and summer, visitors are ferried to Caldey, not only to visit the sacred sanctuary but also to view the island's rich wildlife.

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Caldey Lighthouse

Caldey Lighthouse is located on the south end of Caldey Island, three miles (5 km) off the south Pembrokeshire, Wales coastline, a small island inhabited by a Cistercian monastery.

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Camargue

The Camargue (Provençal Camarga) is a natural region located south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Sea and the two arms of the Rhône delta.

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Canons regular

Canons regular are priests in the Western Church living in community under a rule ("regula" in Latin), and sharing their property in common.

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Canton of Bern

The canton of Bern (Bern, canton de Berne) is the second largest of the 26 Swiss cantons by both surface area and population.

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Capital of Wales

The current capital of Wales is Cardiff, which was first referred to as such in 1955, when Gwilym Lloyd-George, then Minister for Welsh Affairs commented in a Parliamentary written answer that "no formal measures are necessary to give effect to this decision".

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Carcastillo

Carcastillo is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, in the north of Spain.

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Carlisle Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, otherwise called Carlisle Cathedral, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Carlisle.

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Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati

Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati ("Imbonatus") was a Cistercian scholar who was active during the last half of the 17th century.

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Carmagnola

Carmagnola is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located south of Turin.

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Carmyle

Carmyle (An Càrn Maol) is a suburb in the east end of Glasgow, north of the River Clyde.

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Cashel, County Tipperary

Cashel is a town in County Tipperary in Ireland.

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Catharism

Catharism (from the Greek: καθαροί, katharoi, "the pure ") was a Christian dualist or Gnostic revival movement that thrived in some areas of Southern Europe, particularly northern Italy and what is now southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.

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Catholic Church in Australia

The Catholic Church in Australia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual and administrative leadership of the Holy See.

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Catholic Church in Sweden

The Catholic Church in Sweden was established by Archbishop Ansgar in Birka in 829, and further developed by the Christianization of Sweden in the 9th century.

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Catholic religious order

Catholic religious order is a religious order of the Catholic Church.

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Cârța Monastery

The Cârța Monastery is a former Cistercian (Benedictine) monastery in the Țara Făgărașului region in southern Transylvania in Romania, currently a Lutheran Evangelical church belonging to the local Saxon community.

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Cîteaux Abbey

Cîteaux Abbey (French: Abbaye de Cîteaux) is a Roman Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France.

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Côte de Nuits

The Côte de Nuits is a French wine region located in the northern part of the Côte d'Or, the limestone ridge that is at the heart of the Burgundy wine region.

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Côte-d'Or

Côte-d'Or (literally, "golden slope") is a department in the eastern part of France.

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Cedynia

Cedynia (Zehden) is a small town in Poland, the administrative seat of Gmina Cedynia in Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

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Celestines

The Celestines were a Roman Catholic monastic order, a branch of the Benedictines, founded in 1244.

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Centering prayer

Centering Prayer is a method of meditation used by Christians placing a strong emphasis on interior silence.

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Central heating

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

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Cestui que

Cestui que (also cestuy que, "cestui a que") is a shortened version of cestui a que use le feoffment fuit fait, literally, "The person for whose use the feoffment was made." It is a Law French phrase of medieval English invention, which appears in the legal phrases cestui que trust, cestui que use, or cestui que vie.

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Chablis wine

The Chablis region is the northernmost wine district of the Burgundy region in France.

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Chalford

Chalford is a large village in the Frome Valley of the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire, England.

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Cham, Switzerland

Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

See Cistercians and Cham, Switzerland

Chanel No. 5

Chanel No.

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Chardonnay

Chardonnay is a green-skinned grape variety used in the production of white wine.

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Charles de Foucauld

Charles Eugene Vicomte de Foucauld de Pontbriand (15 September 1858 – 1 December 1916) was a French Catholic religious and priest living among the Tuareg in the Sahara in Algeria.

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Charles Plumier

Charles Plumier (20 April 1646 – 20 November 1704) was a French botanist, after whom the Frangipani genus Plumeria is named.

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Charwelton

Charwelton is a village and civil parish about south of Daventry in Northamptonshire, England.

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Cheadle, Staffordshire

Cheadle is a small market town near Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England, with a population of 12,165.

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Chiddingfold

Chiddingfold is a village and civil parish in the Weald in the Waverley district of Surrey, England.

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Choszczno

Choszczno (Arnswalde) is a town (population around 16,173) in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Christian humanism

Christian humanism is a philosophy that combines Christian ethics and humanist principles.

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Christian mission

A Christian mission is an organized effort to spread Christianity.

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Christian monasticism

Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship.

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Christian of Oliva

Christian of Oliva (Christian z Oliwy), also Christian of Prussia (Christian von Preußen) (died 4 December(?) 1245) was the first missionary bishop of Prussia.

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Christian vegetarianism

Christian vegetarianism is a Christian practice based on effecting the compassionate teachings of Jesus, the twelve apostles, and the early church to all sentient or living beings through vegetarianism or, ideally, veganism.

See Cistercians and Christian vegetarianism

Christianity

ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.

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Christianity in Medieval Scotland

Christianity in Medieval Scotland includes all aspects of Christianity in the modern borders of Scotland in the Middle Ages.

See Cistercians and Christianity in Medieval Scotland

Christmas tree

A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce, pine, or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas.

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Cistercian architecture

Cistercian architecture is a style of architecture associated with the churches, monasteries and abbeys of the Roman Catholic Cistercian Order.

See Cistercians and Cistercian architecture

Cistercian Preparatory School

Cistercian Preparatory School is a Roman Catholic school for young men located in Irving, Texas, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas.

See Cistercians and Cistercian Preparatory School

Clairvaux Abbey

Clairvaux Abbey (Latin: Clara Vallis) is a Cistercian monastery in Ville-sous-la-Ferté, 15 km from Bar-sur-Aube, in the Aube department in northeastern France.

See Cistercians and Clairvaux Abbey

Claude Fleury

Claude Fleury (6 December 1640, Paris – 14 July 1723, Paris), was a French ecclesiastical historian.

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Clos de Vougeot

Clos de Vougeot, also known as Clos Vougeot, is a wall-enclosed vineyard, a clos, in the Burgundy wine region, and an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for red wine from this vineyard.

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Cluniac Reforms

The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

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Cluny Abbey

Cluny Abbey (formerly also Cluni, or Clugny) is a former Benedictine monastery in Cluny, Saône-et-Loire, France.

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Coatbridge

Coatbridge (Cotbrig or Coatbrig, Drochaid a' Chòta) is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland, about east of Glasgow city centre, set in the central Lowlands.

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Codex Gigas

The Codex Gigas (Giant Book) is the largest extant medieval illuminated manuscript in the world, at long.

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Codex Runicus

The Codex Runicus is a codex of 202 pages written in medieval runes around the year 1300 which includes the oldest preserved Nordic provincial law, Scanian Law (Skånske lov) pertaining to the Danish land Scania (Skåneland).

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Coggeshall

Coggeshall is a small town of 4,727 residents (in 2011) in Essex, England, between Colchester and Braintree on the Roman road of Stane Street, and intersected by the River Blackwater.

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Collegiate church

In Christianity, a collegiate church is a church where the daily office of worship is maintained by a college of canons; a non-monastic or "secular" community of clergy, organised as a self-governing corporate body, which may be presided over by a dean or provost.

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Collon

Collon is a village and townland in the south west corner of County Louth, Ireland, on the N2 national primary road.

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Comber

Comber is a small town in County Down, Northern Ireland.

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Como

Como (Lombard: Còmm, Cómm or Cùmm; Novum Comum) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy.

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Conception of Our Lady

Conception of Our Lady is an order of nuns founded in Portugal in 1484.

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Congregation (Catholic)

In the Roman Catholic Church, the term "congregation" is used not only in the senses that it has in other contexts (to indicate, for instance, a gathering for worship or some other purpose), but also to mean specifically either a type of department of the Roman Curia, or a type of religious institute, or certain organized groups of Augustinian, Benedictine, and Cistercian houses.

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Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

The Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (Congregatio pro Institutis Vitae Consecratae et Societatibus Vitae Apostolicae) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for everything which concerns Institutes of Consecrated Life (orders and religious congregations, both of men and of women, as well as secular institutes) and Societies of Apostolic Life, regarding their government, discipline, studies, goods, rights, and privileges.

See Cistercians and Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life

Congregation of the Immaculate Conception

There are a number of Roman Catholic religious orders or congregations with Immaculate Conception in their name.

See Cistercians and Congregation of the Immaculate Conception

Connections (TV series)

Connections is a 10-episode documentary television series and 1978 book (Connections, based on the series) created, written, and presented by science historian James Burke.

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Consecrated life

Consecrated life, in the canon law of the Catholic Church, is a stable form of Christian living by those faithful who are called to follow Jesus Christ in a more exacting way recognized by the Church.

See Cistercians and Consecrated life

Conwy Castle

Conwy Castle (Castell Conwy, Conway Castle) is a medieval fortification in Conwy, on the north coast of Wales.

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Corpus Christi (feast)

The Feast of Corpus Christi (Latin for "Body of Christ") is a Catholic liturgical solemnity celebrating the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, in the Eucharist—known as transubstantiation.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648).

See Cistercians and Counter-Reformation

County Kilkenny

County Kilkenny (Contae Chill Chainnigh) is a county in Ireland.

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County Laois

County Laois (Contae Laoise) is a county in Ireland.

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County Longford

County Longford (Contae an Longfoirt) is a county in Ireland.

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County of Loon

The County of Loon was a province of the ancien regime Holy Roman Empire, which by 1190 came under the overlordship of the Prince-bishop of Liège.

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Coupar Angus

Coupar Angus (Gaelic: Cùbar Aonghais) is a town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, situated four miles south of Blairgowrie.

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Cowl

The cowl (from the Latin cuculla, meaning "a hood") is an item of clothing consisting of a long, hooded garment with wide sleeves.

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Cristóbal de Castillejo

Cristóbal de Castillejo (1491 &ndash; June 12, 1556) was a Spanish poet, a contemporary of Garcilaso de la Vega and Juan Boscán, who championed the use of traditional forms of Spanish poetry and criticized the use of Italianate forms such as the sonnet.

See Cistercians and Cristóbal de Castillejo

Crowfield, Northamptonshire

Crowfield is a hamlet of some two dozen houses in the civil parish of Syresham in that part of the English county of Northamptonshire popularly known as Banburyshire.

See Cistercians and Crowfield, Northamptonshire

Croxden

Croxden is a village in the county of Staffordshire, England, south of Alton and north of Uttoxeter.

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Croxden Abbey

Croxden Abbey, also known as "Abbey of the Vale of St.

See Cistercians and Croxden Abbey

Culdees

The Culdees (Céilí Dé, "Companions of God") were members of ascetic Christian monastic and eremitical communities of Ireland, Scotland, and England in the Middle Ages.

See Cistercians and Culdees

Culross

Culross (/ˈkurəs/) (Gaelic: Cuileann Ros) is a village and former royal burgh, and parish, in Fife, Scotland.

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Culross Abbey

Culross Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey in Culross, Scotland, headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Culross.

See Cistercians and Culross Abbey

Cwmbran

Cwmbran (Cwmbrân, also in use as an alternative spelling in English) is a new town in Wales.

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Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd

Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (– 1203) was Prince of Gwynedd from 1170 to 1195.

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Dafydd ap Gwilym

Dafydd ap Gwilym (c. 1315/1320 – c. 1350/1370) is regarded as one of the leading Welsh poets and amongst the great poets of Europe in the Middle Ages.

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Dallas

Dallas is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.

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Daniel Dolan

Daniel Lytle Dolan (born May 28, 1951) is a sedevacantist Traditionalist Catholic bishop.

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Daphni Monastery

Daphni or Dafni (Modern Greek: Δαφνί; Katharevousa: Δαφνίον, Daphnion) is an eleventh-century Byzantine monastery northwest of central Athens in the suburb of Chaidari, south of Athinon Avenue (GR-8A).

See Cistercians and Daphni Monastery

David I of Scotland

David I or Dauíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians from 1113 to 1124 and later King of the Scots from 1124 to 1153.

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Découvertes Gallimard

Découvertes Gallimard (literally in English “Discoveries Gallimard”; in United Kingdom: New Horizons, in United States: Abrams Discoveries) is an encyclopaedic of illustrated, pocket-sized books on a variety of subjects, aimed at adults and teenagers.

See Cistercians and Découvertes Gallimard

Dąbie, Szczecin

Dąbie (or Stettin-Altdamm) is a municipal neighbourhood of the city of Szczecin in Poland, situated on the Płonia river, on the south coast of Dąbie Lake, on the right bank of Oder river, east of the Szczecin Old Town and Middle Town.

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Definitor

A definitor is, in Latin, he who defines.

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Derrynaflan Chalice

The Derrynaflan Chalice is an 8th- or 9th-century chalice, that was found as part of the Derrynaflan Hoard of five liturgical vessels.

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Dervorguilla of Galloway

Dervorguilla of Galloway (c. 1210 – 28 January 1290) was a 'lady of substance' in 13th century Scotland, the wife from 1223 of John, 5th Baron de Balliol, and mother of John I, a future king of Scotland.

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Diarmait Mac Murchada

Diarmait Mac Murchada (Modern Irish: Diarmaid Mac Murchadha), anglicised as Dermot MacMurrough, Dermod MacMurrough, Dermot MacMorrogh or Dermot MacMorrow (c. 1110c. 1 May 1171), was a King of Leinster in Ireland.

See Cistercians and Diarmait Mac Murchada

Differdange

Differdange (Déifferdeng, Differdingen) is a commune with town status in south-western Luxembourg, west from the country's capital.

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Diocese of Blackburn

The Diocese of Blackburn is a Church of England diocese, covering much of Lancashire, created on 12 November 1926 from part of the Diocese of Manchester.

See Cistercians and Diocese of Blackburn

Diocese of Linköping

The Diocese of Linköping (Linköpings stift) is a diocese within the Church of Sweden administering the Östergötland County, the north eastern part of Jönköping County and the northern part of Kalmar County.

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Diocese of Skara

The Diocese of Skara (Skara stift) is the oldest existing diocese in Sweden, originally a Latin bishopric of the Roman Catholic church, and since Protestant reformation a Lutheran diocese of the Church of Sweden (the former state church of Sweden), with its seat at Skara in Västergötland (Skara Cathedral).

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Diocese of St Asaph

The Diocese of Saint Asaph is a diocese of the Church in Wales in north-east Wales, named after Saint Asaph, its second bishop.

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Diocese of Strängnäs

The Diocese of Strängnäs (Strängnäs stift) is a part of the Lutheran Church of Sweden and has its seat in Strängnäs Cathedral in Strängnäs, south of Lake Mälaren.

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Diocese of Västerås

The Diocese of Västerås (Västerås stift) is a division of the Church of Sweden.

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Dissolution of the Monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the set of administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England and Wales and Ireland, appropriated their income, disposed of their assets, and provided for their former personnel and functions.

See Cistercians and Dissolution of the Monasteries

Divine Mercy image

The Divine Mercy image is a depiction of Jesus based on the devotion initiated by Saint Faustina Kowalska.

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Doberlug-Kirchhain

Doberlug-Kirchhain is a town in the district of Elbe-Elster, Brandenburg, Germany.

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Doctor of the Church

Doctor of the Church (Latin doctor "teacher") is a title given by the Catholic Church to saints whom they recognize as having been of particular importance, particularly regarding their contribution to theology or doctrine.

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Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick

Donnchadh (Latin: Duncanus; English: Duncan) was a Gall-Gaidhil prince and Scottish magnate in what is now south-western Scotland, whose career stretched from the last quarter of the 12th century until his death in 1250.

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Dore Abbey

Dore Abbey is a former Cistercian abbey in the village of Abbey Dore in the Golden Valley, Herefordshire, England.

See Cistercians and Dore Abbey

Dorset

Dorset (archaically: Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast.

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Douro DOC

Douro is a Portuguese wine region centered on the Douro River in the Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro region.

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Downpatrick

Downpatrick is a small-sized town about south of Belfast in County Down, Northern Ireland.

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Dromore, County Tyrone

Dromore (Irish: An Droim Mor (the large ridge)) is a village, townland and civil parish in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

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Drostan

Saint Drostan (d. early 7th century), also Drustan, was the founder and abbot of the monastery of Old Deer in Aberdeenshire.

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Dryburgh Abbey

Dryburgh Abbey, near Dryburgh on the banks of the River Tweed in the Scottish Borders, was nominally founded on 10 November (Martinmas) 1150 in an agreement between Hugh de Morville, Constable of Scotland, and the Premonstratensian canons regular from Alnwick Abbey in Northumberland.

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Duklja

Duklja (Διοκλεία, Diokleia; Dioclea; Serbian Cyrillic: Дукља) was a medieval Serb state which roughly encompassed the territories of present-day southeastern Montenegro, from the Bay of Kotor in the west to the Bojana river in the east, and to the sources of the Zeta and Morača rivers in the north.

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Dunbrody Abbey

Dunbrody Abbey is a former Cistercian monastery in County Wexford, Ireland.

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Dundrennan Abbey

Dundrennan Abbey, in Dundrennan, Scotland, near to Kirkcudbright, was a Cistercian monastery in the Romanesque architectural style, established in 1142 by Fergus of Galloway, King David I of Scotland (1124–53), and monks from Rievaulx Abbey.

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Edmund of Abingdon

Edmund of Abingdon (circa 1174 – 1240) was a 13th-century Archbishop of Canterbury in England.

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Edward Bruce

Edward Bruce, Earl of Carrick (Norman French: Edward de Brus; Edubard a Briuis; Modern Scottish Gaelic: Eideard or Iomhair Bruis; – 14 October 1318), was a younger brother of Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.

See Cistercians and Edward Bruce

Eisleben

Eisleben is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress

Eleanor of Portugal (18 September 1434 – 3 September 1467) was Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Elizabeth Richeza of Poland

Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (Eliška-Rejčka; Ryksa-Elżbieta; 1 September 1288 &ndash; 19 October 1335), was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast and by her two marriages Queen consort of Bohemia, Poland and Duchess consort of Austria and Styria.

See Cistercians and Elizabeth Richeza of Poland

Eltville

Eltville am Rhein (from Alta Villa, Latin for "high estate, high town", corrupted to Eldeville, Elfeld and later Eltville) is a town in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany.

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Empress Matilda

Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 110210 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy.

See Cistercians and Empress Matilda

England in the Middle Ages

England in the Middle Ages concerns the history of England during the medieval period, from the end of the 5th century through to the start of the Early Modern period in 1485.

See Cistercians and England in the Middle Ages

English Benedictine Congregation

The English Benedictine Congregation (abbr. EBC) unites autonomous Roman Catholic Benedictine communities of monks and nuns and is technically the oldest of the 18 congregations that are affiliated in the Benedictine Confederation.

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Erfurt

Erfurt is the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia, central Germany.

See Cistercians and Erfurt

Eric IX of Sweden

Eric IX of Sweden, (Swedish: Erik Jedvardsson; Erik den helige; died 18 May 1160), also called Eric the Lawgiver, Erik the Saint, Eric the Holy, and, in Sweden, Sankt Erik, meaning Saint Eric, was a Swedish king c. 1156-60.

See Cistercians and Eric IX of Sweden

Ernest, Duke of Austria

Ernest the Iron (1377 &ndash; 10 June 1424), a member of the House of Habsburg, ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1406 until his death.

See Cistercians and Ernest, Duke of Austria

Eschweiler

Eschweiler is a municipality in the district of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany on the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier, and about east of Aachen and west of Cologne.

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Esholt

Esholt is a village between Shipley and Guiseley, in the metropolitan district of the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.

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Exbury

Exbury is a village in Hampshire, England.

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Farnham

Farnham is a town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley.

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Faxfleet Preceptory

The Faxfleet Preceptory is a former community of the Knights Templar located in what is now the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Fürstenfeldbruck (district)

Fürstenfeldbruck is a ''Landkreis'' (district) in Bavaria, Germany.

See Cistercians and Fürstenfeldbruck (district)

Ferdinand III of Castile

Ferdinand III (Spanish: Fernando III), 1199/1201 – 30 May 1252, called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231.

See Cistercians and Ferdinand III of Castile

Ferdinando Ughelli

Ferdinando Ughelli (21 March 1595 – 19 May 1670) was an Italian Cistercian monk and church historian.

See Cistercians and Ferdinando Ughelli

Fergus of Galloway

Fergus of Galloway (died 12 May 1161) was a twelfth-century Lord of Galloway.

See Cistercians and Fergus of Galloway

Fermoy

Fermoy is a town on the River Blackwater in east County Cork, Ireland.

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Fife

Fife (Fìobha) is a council area and historic county of Scotland.

See Cistercians and Fife

First Council of Lyon

The First Council of Lyon (Lyon I) was the thirteenth ecumenical council, as numbered by the Catholic Church, taking place in 1245.

See Cistercians and First Council of Lyon

Folquet de Marselha

Folquet de Marselha, alternatively Folquet de Marseille, Foulques de Toulouse, Fulk of Toulouse (c. 1150 &ndash; 25 December 1231) came from a Genoese merchant family who lived in Marseille.

See Cistercians and Folquet de Marselha

Fontfroide Abbey

Fontfroide Abbey (Abbaye Sainte-Marie de Fontfroide; Fons frigidus) is a former Cistercian monastery in France, situated 15 kilometers south-west of Narbonne near to the Spanish border.

See Cistercians and Fontfroide Abbey

Fountains Abbey

Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England.

See Cistercians and Fountains Abbey

Fourteen Holy Helpers

The Fourteen Holy Helpers are a group of saints venerated together in Roman Catholicism because their intercession is believed to be particularly effective, especially against various diseases.

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Franciscan Crown

The Franciscan Crown (or Seraphic Rosary) is a rosary consisting of seven decades in commemoration of the Seven Joys of the Virgin, namely, the Annunciation, the Visitation, the Nativity of Jesus, the Adoration of the Magi, the Finding in the Temple, the Resurrection of Jesus, and finally, either or both the Assumption of Mary and the Coronation of the Virgin.

See Cistercians and Franciscan Crown

Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.

See Cistercians and Franciscans

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250; Fidiricu, Federico, Friedrich) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.

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Frederick IV, Duke of Austria

Frederick IV (1382 – 24 June 1439), also known as Frederick of the Empty Pockets (Friedrich mit der leeren Tasche), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria from 1402 until his death.

See Cistercians and Frederick IV, Duke of Austria

Frederiksværk

Frederiksværk is a town with a population of 12,076 (1 January 2015) in Halsnæs Municipality on Zealand in Region Hovedstaden in Denmark.

See Cistercians and Frederiksværk

Freidank

Freidank (Vrîdanc) was a Middle High German didactic poet of the early 13th century.

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Fribourg

Fribourg (Fribôrg or Friboua) or Freiburg (German, or Freiburg im Üechtland, Swiss German pronunciation:; Friborgo or Friburgo; Friburg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district La Sarine.

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Frosinone

Frosinone (Ciociaro: Frusenone) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, the administrative seat of the province of Frosinone.

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Frosta

Frosta is the smallest municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway.

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Furness Abbey

Furness Abbey, or St.

See Cistercians and Furness Abbey

Galahad

Sir Galahad (sometime referred to as Galeas or Galath), in Arthurian legend, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail.

See Cistercians and Galahad

Góra Kalwaria

Góra Kalwaria is a town on the Vistula River in the Mazovian Voivodship, Poland, about southeast of Warsaw.

See Cistercians and Góra Kalwaria

Gdańsk

Gdańsk (Danzig) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast.

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Gdynia

Gdynia (Gdingen, Gdiniô) is a city in the Pomeranian Voivodeship of Poland and a seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea.

See Cistercians and Gdynia

Geoffrey of Villehardouin

Geoffroi de Villehardouin (c. 1150&ndash;c. 1213-1218) was a knight and historian who participated in and chronicled the Fourth Crusade.

See Cistercians and Geoffrey of Villehardouin

German wine

German wine is primarily produced in the west of Germany, along the river Rhine and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman era.

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Gertrude of Hackeborn

Gertrude of Hackeborn (1232–1292) was the abbess of the Benedictine convent of Helfta, near Eisleben in modern Germany.

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Gilbert of Sempringham

Gilbert of Sempringham, CRSA (c. 1083 – 4 February 1190), the founder of the Gilbertine Order, was the only Englishman to found a conventual order, mainly because the Abbot of Cîteaux declined his request to assist him in organising a group of women who wanted to live as nuns, living with lay brothers and sisters, in 1148.

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Gilbertine Order

The Gilbertine Order of Canons Regular was founded around 1130 by Saint Gilbert in Sempringham, Lincolnshire, where Gilbert was the parish priest.

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Gilles de Roye

Gilles de Roye (or Egidius de Roya) (died 1478) was a Flemish chronicler.

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Gisborough Priory

Gisborough Priory is a ruined Augustinian priory in Guisborough in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England.

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Giudicati

The giudicati (Italian; judicati in Latin; judicadus, logus or rennus in Sardinian), in English referred to as Sardinian Judgedoms or Judicatures, were independent states that took power in Sardinia in the Middle Ages, between the ninth and fifteenth centuries.

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Glamorgan

Glamorgan, or sometimes Glamorganshire, (Morgannwg or Sir Forgannwg) is one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales and a former administrative county of Wales.

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Glenluce

Glenluce (Clachan Ghlinn Lus) is a small village in the parish of Old Luce in Wigtownshire, Scotland.

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Glenluce Abbey

Glenluce Abbey, near to Glenluce, Scotland, was a Cistercian monastery called also Abbey of Luce or Vallis Lucis and founded around 1190 by Rolland or Lochlann, Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland.

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Golden Valley (Herefordshire)

The Golden Valley is the name given to the valley of the River Dore in western Herefordshire, England.

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Gotha

Gotha is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, located west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

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Gothic art

Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture.

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Graiguenamanagh

Graiguenamanagh or Graignamanagh is a town in County Kilkenny, Ireland.

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Grana Padano

Grana Padano is a hard, slow-ripened, semi-fat cheese from Italy, comparable to Parmigiano Reggiano ("Parmesan").

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Grandmontines

Grandmontines were the monks of the Order of Grandmont, a religious order founded by Saint Stephen of Thiers, towards the end of the 11th century.

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Gregorian chant

Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Gregory of Rimini

Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – November 1358), also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages.

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Greifswald

Greifswald, officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (German: Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald), is a city in northeastern Germany.

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Grey

Grey (British English) or gray (American English; see spelling differences) is an intermediate color between black and white.

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Greyabbey

Greyabbey or Grey Abbey is a small village, townland (of 208 acres) and civil parish located on the eastern shores of Strangford Lough, on the Ards Peninsula in County Down, Northern Ireland.

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Grodzisk Wielkopolski

Grodzisk Wielkopolski (Grätz) is a town in western Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship (Wielkopolskie), with a population of 13,703 (2006).

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Grove, Buckinghamshire

Grove is a tiny village in the parish of Slapton, Buckinghamshire, England.

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Gubbio

Gubbio is a town and comune in the far northeastern part of the Italian province of Perugia (Umbria).

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Gudhem

Gudhem is a locality situated in Falköping Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden.

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Guilden Morden

Guilden Morden, England, is a village and parish located in Cambridgeshire about south west of Cambridge and west of Royston in Hertfordshire.

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Guy II of Ponthieu

Guy II of Ponthieu (&ndash;25 December 1147) was the son of William III of Ponthieu and Helie of Burgundy.

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Hailes Abbey

Hailes Abbey is two miles northeast of Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England.

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Haldensleben

Haldensleben is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Hans Hermann Groër

Hans Hermann Wilhelm Groër OSB (13 October 1919 – 24 March 2003) was an Austrian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Haughmond Abbey

Haughmond Abbey is a ruined, medieval, Augustinian monastery a few miles from Shrewsbury, England.

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Haverholme Priory

Haverholme Priory was a monastery in Lincolnshire, England.

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Heart (symbol)

The heart shape is an ideograph used to express the idea of the "heart" in its metaphorical or symbolic sense as the center of emotion, including affection and love, especially romantic love.

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Hedd Wyn

Hedd Wyn (born Ellis Humphrey Evans, 13 January 188731 July 1917) was a Welsh-language poet who was killed on the first day of the Battle of Passchendaele during World War I. He was posthumously awarded the bard's chair at the 1917 National Eisteddfod.

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Hedwig of Silesia

Saint Hedwig of Silesia (Święta Jadwiga Śląska), also Saint Hedwig of Andechs (Heilige Hedwig von Andechs, Hedvigis; 1174 – 15 October 1243), a member of the Bavarian comital House of Andechs, was Duchess of Silesia from 1201 and of Greater Poland from 1231 as well as High Duchess consort of Poland from 1232 until 1238.

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Heiligenkreuz Abbey

Heiligenkreuz Abbey (Stift Heiligenkreuz; Holy Cross) is a Cistercian monastery in the village of Heiligenkreuz in the southern part of the Vienna woods, c. 13 km north-west of Baden in Lower Austria.

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Hekla

Hekla, or Hecla, is a stratovolcano in the south of Iceland with a height of.

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Helena (empress)

Helena, or Saint Helena (Greek: Ἁγία Ἑλένη, Hagía Helénē, Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta; –), was an Empress of the Roman Empire, and mother of Emperor Constantine the Great.

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Hendregadredd Manuscript

The Hendregadredd Manuscript (Llawysgrif Hendregadredd), is a medieval Welsh manuscript containing an anthology of the poetry of the "Poets of the Princes" (Gogynfeirdd); it was written between 1282 and 1350.

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Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon

Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon KG (4 March 1526 – 23 July 1596), was an English nobleman and courtier.

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Henry Murdac

Henry Murdac (died 1153) was abbot of Fountains Abbey and Archbishop of York in medieval England,.

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Henry X, Duke of Bavaria

Henry the Proud (Heinrich der Stolze) (– 20 October 1139), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria (as Henry X) from 1126 to 1138 and Duke of Saxony (as Henry II) as well as Margrave of Tuscany and Duke of Spoleto from 1137 until his death.

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Hermit

A hermit (adjectival form: eremitic or hermitic) is a person who lives in seclusion from society, usually for religious reasons.

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Heusden, Belgium

Heusden was a municipality located in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

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Hiddensee

Hiddensee is a car-free island in the Baltic Sea, located west of Germany's largest island, Rügen, on the German coast.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.

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Hillerød

Hillerød is a Danish town with a population of 32,689 (2018) located in the centre of North Zealand some 30 km to the north of Copenhagen, Denmark.

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Himmelpforten

Himmelpforten (Low Saxon: Himmelpoorten) is a municipality west of Hamburg (Germany) in the district of Stade in Lower Saxony.

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History of Australia (1788–1850)

The history of Australia from 1788–1850 covers the early colonial period of Australia's history, from the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Sydney, New South Wales, who established the penal colony, the scientific exploration of the continent and later, establishment of other Australian colonies and the beginnings of representative democratic government.

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History of Bedfordshire

Bedfordshire is an English shire county which lies between approximately 25 miles and 55 miles (or approximately 40 and 90 kilometres) north of central London.

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History of Bristol

Bristol is a city with a population of nearly half a million people in south west England, situated between Somerset and Gloucestershire on the tidal River Avon.

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History of Christianity

The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion, Christendom, and the Church with its various denominations, from the 1st century to the present.

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History of Gdańsk

Gdańsk (or;; Kashubian: Gduńsk; Danzig) is one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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History of Ireland (800–1169)

The history of Ireland 800–1169 covers the period in the history of Ireland from the first Viking raids to the Norman invasion.

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History of science

The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural and social sciences.

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History of Shropshire

Shropshire was established during the division of Saxon Mercia into shires in the 10th century.

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History of Wiltshire

Wiltshire is a historic county located in the South West England region.

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Horsforth

Horsforth is a suburb and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north west of Leeds city centre.

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Hovedøya

Hovedøya is one of several small islands off the coast of Oslo, Norway in the Oslofjord.

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Hugh, Count of Champagne

Seal Hugh (1074 – c.1125) was the Count of Champagne from 1093 until his death.

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Huntingdonshire

Huntingdonshire (abbreviated Hunts) is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire, as well as a historic county of England.

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Hutton Cranswick

Hutton Cranswick is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Ibstock

Ibstock is a village and civil parish about south of Coalville in North West Leicestershire, England.

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Ickleton

Ickleton is a village and civil parish about south of Cambridge in Cambridgeshire, England.

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Infant Jesus of Prague

The Infant Jesus of Prague or Child of Prague (Pražské Jezulátko; Niño Jesús de Praga) is a 16th-century Roman Catholic wax-coated wooden statue of child Jesus holding a globus cruciger, located in the Discalced Carmelite Church of Our Lady Victorious in Malá Strana, Prague, Czech Republic.

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International Congress on Medieval Studies

The International Congress on Medieval Studies is an annual academic conference held for scholars specializing in, or with an interest in, medieval studies.

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Into Great Silence

Into Great Silence (Die große Stille) is a documentary film directed by Philip Gröning that was released in 2005.

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Jacob of Juterbogk

Jacob of Juterbogk (c. 1381 – 30 April 1465) was a German monk and theologian.

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James K. Baxter

James Keir Baxter (29 June 1926 – 22 October 1972) was a poet, and is a celebrated figure in New Zealand society.

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Jan Piwnik

Jan Piwnik (1912–1944) was a Polish World War II soldier, a cichociemny and a notable leader of the Home Army in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains.

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Jarler

Jarler (Latin Jarlerius) was Archbishop of Sweden from 1236 to 1255.

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Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels

Adolf Josef Lanz a.k.a. Jörg Lanz, who called himself Lanz von Liebenfels (19 July 1874 – 22 April 1954), was an Austrian political and racial theorist and occultist, who was a pioneer of Ariosophy.

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Jüterbog

Jüterbog is a historic village in north-eastern Germany, in the Teltow-Fläming district of Brandenburg.

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Jędrzejów

Jędrzejów is a town in Poland, located in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about southwest of Kielce.

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Jean Wahl

Jean André Wahl (25 May 188819 June 1974) was a French philosopher.

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Jena

Jena is a German university city and the second largest city in Thuringia.

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Jervaulx Abbey

Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton near the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St. Mary in 1156.

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Joachim of Fiore

Joachim of Fiore, also known as Joachim of Flora and in Italian Gioacchino da Fiore (c. 1135 – 30 March 1202), was an Italian theologian and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore.

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Joan, Countess of Flanders

Joan, often called Joan of Constantinople (1200? – 5 December 1244), ruled as Countess of Flanders and Hainaut from 1205 until her death.

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John Abel

John Abel (1578/9 — January 1675) was an English carpenter and mason, granted the title of 'King's Carpenter', who was responsible for several notable structures in the ornamented Half-timbered construction typical of the West Midlands.

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John Almond (monk)

John Almond (1537 &ndash; 18 April 1585) was a Cistercian monk.

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John Cassian

John Cassian (–), John the Ascetic, or John Cassian the Roman (Ioannes Eremita Cassianus, Ioannus Cassianus, or Ioannes Massiliensis), was a Christian monk and theologian celebrated in both the Western and Eastern Churches for his mystical writings.

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John de Courcy

Sir John de Courcy (also Courci; 1150–1219) was an Anglo-Norman knight who arrived in Ireland in 1176.

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John Dobree Dalgairns

John Dobree Dalgairns (21 October 18186 April 1876), English Roman Catholic priest, was born in Guernsey.

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John Hooper (bishop)

John Hooper, Johan Hoper, (1 March 1495 &ndash; 9 February 1555) was an English churchman, Anglican Bishop of Gloucester, and Worcester, a Protestant reformer and a Protestant martyr.

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John Lexington

Sir John Lexington (or Lexinton or Lessington; also de Lexington) (died 1257) was a baron and royal official in 13th century England.

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John of Bohemia

John the Blind (Jang de Blannen; Johann der Blinde von Luxemburg; Jan Lucemburský; 10 August 1296 – 26 August 1346) was the Count of Luxembourg from 1309 and King of Bohemia from 1310 and titular King of Poland.

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John of Nepomuk

Saint John of Nepomuk (or John Nepomucene) (Jan Nepomucký; Johannes Nepomuk; Ioannes Nepomucenus) (1345 – March 20, 1393) is the saint of Bohemia (Czech Republic), who was drowned in the Vltava river at the behest of Wenceslaus, King of the Romans and King of Bohemia.

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Josceline de Bohon

Josceline de Bohon or Bohun (c. 1111–1184) was an Anglo-Norman religious leader.

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Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II (Joseph Benedikt Anton Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to his death.

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Joseph Vaz

Joseph Vaz, CO, (Konkani: Sant Zuze Vaz; Portuguese: São José Vaz; புனித யோசப் வாஸ் Punidha Yosap Vaz; ශාන්ත ජුසේ වාස් මුනිතුමා, ලංකා අපොස්තුළුවරයා Santha Juse Vaz Piyathuma, Lanka Aposthuluvaraya), (21 April 165116 January 1711) was an Oratorian priest and missionary in Sri Lanka, then known as Ceylon.

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Jouy-le-Moutier

Jouy-le-Moutier is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France.

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Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz

Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (Juan Caramuel de Lobkowitz, May 23, 1606 in Madrid — September 7 or 8, 1682 in Vigevano) was a Spanish Catholic scholastic philosopher, ecclesiastic, mathematician and writer.

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Juliana of Liège

Saint Juliana of Liège, O.Praem. (also called Juliana of Mount-Cornillon), (1192 or 1193 &ndash; 5 April 1258) was a medieval Norbertine canoness regular and mystic in what is now Belgium.

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Kabinett

Kabinett (literal meaning: cabinet), or sometimes Kabinettwein (literal meaning: a wine set aside in a cabinet), is a German language wine term for a wine which is made from fully ripened grapes of the main harvest, typically picked in September, and are usually made in a light style.

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Kamienna Góra

Kamienna Góra (Landeshut, Lanžhot, Kamenná Hora) is a town in south-western Poland with 21,440 inhabitants (2006).

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Kappel am Albis

Kappel am Albis is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

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Königswinter

Königswinter is a city and summer resort in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

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Keswick, Cumbria

Keswick is an English market town and civil parish, historically in Cumberland, and since 1974 in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria.

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Kilbeggan

Kilbeggan is the main town in Barony of Moycashel, County Westmeath, Ireland.

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Kilburn, North Yorkshire

Kilburn is a village in the civil parish of Kilburn High and Low, in the Hambleton district in the county of North Yorkshire, England.

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Kingdom of Albania (medieval)

The Kingdom of Albania (Regnum Albaniae) was established by Charles of Anjou in the Albanian territories he conquered from the Byzantine Empire in 1271.

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Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingswood, Stroud District

Kingswood is a village and civil parish within the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England.

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Kinloss

Kinloss (Gaelic: Cinn Lois) is a village in Moray, Scotland.

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Kinloss Abbey

Kinloss Abbey is a Cistercian abbey at Kinloss in the county of Moray, Scotland.

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Kirkburton

Kirkburton is a village, civil parish and local government ward in the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England, south east of Huddersfield, in the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees.

See 