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dOVT. COLLEGE, llBtimY ■ KOTA (Raj.) Students can retain library books only for two weeks at the most. THE EUROPA YEAR BOOK 1972 A WORLD SURVEY First Published 1926 © EUROPA PUBLICATIONS LIMITED 1972 All nghts reserved, ISBN 0 900 36247 2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 59-2942 AVSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND James Bennett (CoUaroy) Pty. Ltd., CoUaroy, N.S.W., Anstralia INDIA XJBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd., P.O.B. 1882, 5 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi 6 JAPAN Maruzen Co. Ltd., 6 Tori-Nichome, Nihonbashi, Tokyo 103 Printed 2nd bound in England by STAPLES PRINTERS LIMITED (U The Stanhope Press. Rochester. Kent, establishmmt: Foreword Although the first edition of The Europa Year Book appeared in 1926, this is the thirteenth annual edition as a two-volume world survey, and it is larger than ever. In Volume II new chapters have been added for Bahrain, Bangladesh, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, while other chapters have changed their names. Cambodia has now become the Khmer Republic, while the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) has become Zaire and the United Arab Republic has reverted to the former name of Egypt. The work of compiling the information contained in The Europa Year Book would be impossible without the continued generous co-operation of many individuals and organizations throughout the world, especially statistical offices, departments of information and diplomatic missions. The editors would also like to thank the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 18 Adam Street, London, WC2N 6AL, for permission to use data on defence manpower and finance from The Military Balance 1971 - 1972 . COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Page Afghanistan I Algeria II Antarctica 23 Argentina 25 Australia 47 Australian External Territories: Papua and New Guinea 86 Christmas Island 92 Norfolk Island ,92 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 93 Other Territories 93 Bahrain 94 Bangladesh 100 Barbados 107 Bhutan 113 Bolivia 117 Botswana 129 Brazil 138 British Colonial Territories: 169 The Bahaihas 170 Bermuda ' 175 British Antarctic Territory 179 British Honduras • 180 British Virgin Islands 184 Cayman Islands 186 Falkland Islands 187 Falldand Islands’ Dependencies 188 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 189 Hong Kong 191 Montserrat 204 Pitcairn Islands 205 St. Helena 206 Ascension / 207 Tristan da Cunha 207 Seychelles 208 British Indian Ocean Territory 209 Turks and Caicos Islands ■ 210 Page Western Pacific High Commission 211 British Solomon Islands 211 Brunei 214 Burma 219 Burundi 231 Cambodia {see Khmer Republic) 830 Cameroon 339 Canada 249 CentR/U, African Republic 298 Ceylon 305 CH.rVD 324 Chile 331 China, People’s Republic of 350 Colombia 371 Congo, People’s Republic of , (Brazzaville) 390 Congo, Democratic Republic of (Kinshasa) {see Zaire) 1734 Costa Rica 400 Cuba 410 Dahomey 421 Dominican Republic 427 Ecuador 438 Egypt , . 453 El Salvador 476 Equatorial Guinea 487 Ethiopia , 491 Fiji . 504 French Overseas Possessions: Overseas Departments: 509 Guadeloupe ’ French Guiana , 311 Martinique 512 Reunion • 514 VJl COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Page French Overseas Possessions {continued): Overseas Territories; Comoro Islands 5 ^^ New Caledonia 5^7 French Polynesia 5^9 French Territory of the Afar and Issa Peoples — ^French Somaliland (Djibouti) 521 Saint-Pierre et Miquelon 5^3 WaUis and Futuna Islands 5^3 French Austral Lands 524 Gabon 525 Gambia, The 530 Ghana 536 Guatemala 553 Guinea 567 Guyana 575 Haiti 584 Honduras 59^ India 602 Sikkim 647 Indonesia 650 Iran 671 Iraq 690 Israel 706 Ivory Coast 735 Jamaica 746 Japan 757 Jordan 800 Kenya 813 Khmer Republic 830 Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of 838 Korea, Republic of 847 KxnvAiT 862 Laos 874 Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar (Malagasy Republic) Malawi Malaysia Maldives, The Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Mongolian People’s Republic Morocco Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles (and Surinam) Surinam New Hebrides Condominium New Zealand New Zealand’s External Territories; Cook Islands Niue Tokelau Islands Ross Dependency Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Panama Canal Zone Paraguay Peru Philippines, The viii Page 882 898 905 913 923 933 947 973 975 982 989 997 1023 1036 1051 1053 1062 1070 1076 1078 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1113 1120 1141 1143 1167 1178 1180 1189 1205 COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES page Portuguese Overseas Provinces: Angola (Portuguese West Africa) 1226 Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa) 1237 Cape Verde Islands 1244 Portuguese Guinea 1246 Sao Tom^ and Principe Islands 1248 l^Iacao 1249 Portuguese Timor 1251 Puerto Rico 1252 Qatar 1264 Rhodesia 1268 Rwanda 1292 Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) 1297 Saudi Arabia 1301 Senegal 1313 Sierra Leone 1322 Singapore 1332 Somalia i 349 South Africa 1357 South-West Africa (Namibia) i 395 Spanish Africa; Spanish Sahara 1400 Ceuta 1401 MeliUa 1401 Other Territories 1401 Sudan 1402 Surinam {see Netherlands Antilles) 1070 Swaziland 1417 Syria 1424 Taiwan (Republic of China) 1437 Tanzania 1450 Page Thailand 1467 Togo i486 Tonga 1492 Trinidad and Tobago 1494 Tunisia 1504 Uganda 1516 United Arab Emirates 1529 United States of America 1535 United States External Territories: American Samoa 1634 Guam 1635 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1637 United States Virgin Islands 1640 Upper Volta 1643 Uruguay 1650 Venezuela 1664 Viet-Nam, Democratic Republic of 1683 Viet-Nam, Republic of 1689 West Indies Associated States 1704 Antigua and Barbuda 1707 Dominica 17°^ Grenada 17^0 St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 1711 St. Lucia 17^3 St. Vincent 17^5 Western Samoa 17^7 Yemen, Arab Republic 1720 Yemen, People’s Democratic Republic 1726 Zaire ^734 Zambia ^747 Index of Territories 1761 ABBREVIATIONS A.B. .. abbrcv. Acad. . . accred. . . ADB . . A.D.C Adm. adm., admin. . . AIDS . . ag., ags. A.G. . . a.i. ALALC.. Alia A.M amalg. . . A.M.N approx. A.R.A. . . A/S ASEAN ASPAC.. asscn. . . assocd. , . asst. A.T.E.C. A.T.r. .. A.U.A. . . Aug. auth. Av. Avda. . . Aw. Bachelor of Arts abbreviation Academician, Academy accredited Asian Development Bank Aide-dc-Camp Admiral administration African Development Bank agency(ies) joint stock company (German) ad interim Asociacidn Latinoamcricana de Libre Comercio Royal Jordanian Airlines Master of Arts amalgamated Ahli Mangku Negara (Member of the Most Distinguished Order of the Defender of the Realm) approximately Associate of the Royal Academy joint stock comp.any (Norwegian) ■ Association of South East Asian Nations Asian and Pacific Council association associated assistant Agence Transdquatorialc des Com- munications Association of Technical Institutions Austrian Airlines August authorized Avenue Avenida (Avenue) Awocato B.A. . . B.A.I. .. B.A.O B.Ch.. B.Chir. . . B.C.L. . . B.Comm. B.D. . . Bd., Blv., Blvd., Bid. B.D.S B.E b.e.a. . . . . Benelux Biol. BIS b.l. ■. B.Litt. . B.Mus. . B.O.A.C. br.(s) Bng. B.s: B.S., B.Sc. Bt. Bachelor, of Arts Baccalaurius in Arte Ingoniaria (Bachelor of Engineering) Bachelor of Obstetrics Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Civil Law Bachelor of Commerce Bachelor of Divinity Boulevard Bachelor of Dental Surgery Bachelor of Engineering; Bachelcir’ of Education ' British European Airways Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg Union Biology, Biological Bank for International Settlements Bachelor of Law . ' Bachelor of Letters Bachelor of Music British Overseas Airways Corporation branch (es) . Brigadier Bachelor of Surgery ' Bachelor of Science . Baronet C., cen. . . c, ca. C.A. . . CACM .. cap. CAP .. Capt. CARIFTA Cav. C.B.E. .. CCCE .. CENTO CEPT .. CERN .. CETS .. CFA .. C.H Chair. . . Ch.B. . . Chr.Dem. Chr.Soc. C.I. CIAP .. c.i.f. C.I.M. .. C.-in-C. CINS . . CIOMS . . circ. C.I.V. .. Cmd. Cmdr. CMEA .. C.M.G. .. Co. Col. COMECON Comm. . . Commr. Confed. Cons.-Gen. corresp. COSPAR . C.R. C.S.A. .. ettee. cu. curr. curt. i . . central . circa Chartered Accountant Central American Common Market capital Common Agricultural Policy Captain Caribbean Free Trade Association Cavaliere Commander of the (Order of the) British Empire Caisse Centralc de Co-opdration Eco- nomiquo Central Treaty Organization Confdrence Europdenne des Administra- tions des Postes ct des Tdldcom- munications Organisation Europdenne pour la Recherche Nucldaire (European Or- ganisation for Nuclear Research) • Confdrence Europdenne des Tdldcom- munications par Satellites Communautd Financidre Africaine ■ Companion of Honour Chairman Bachelor of Surgery Christian Democrat Christian Socialist Channel Islands Inter-American Committee for the Alliance for Progress cost, insurance and freight International Convention Concerning the Transport of Goods by Rail Commnnder-in-Chief CENTO Institute of Nuclear Science Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences circulation ■ International Convention Concerning the Transport of Passengers and Baggage • Command Commander Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Companion of • (the Order of) St. Michael and St. George Company, County Colonel Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Commendatoro ‘ Commissioner Confederation Consul-General corresponding- ^ Committee on Space Research Community of the Resurrection Czechoslovak Airlines Committee cubic current : ■ ■ ■ hundredweight D.Agr D.C D.C.L. . . Doctor of Agriculture District of Columbia Doctor of Civil Law ABBREVIATIONS D.C.O D. de VUniv. . . D.D., D.Dr. . . D.D.R Dec. D.Econ. Dem. . . D.Eng. . . •dep depos. . , Dept. . . D.lng Dipl. Dir. Div. D.J.M.K. D.Lit(t). D.M. . . D.K. . . D.Mus. . . Dott. D.P.A. . . D.Phil. . . D.M,N. . . D.M.P.J. D.P.M.K. D.P.M.P. D.P.M.S. D.P.M.T. Dr., Doc. Dr. Jur. . . Dr.rer.Nat. dr.(e) . . Dr.Sc.Pol. D.Sc. . . D.Sc.(Eiig.) D.Tech.Chem. d.w.t. . . Diploma of the College of Optics Doyen de rUniversite Doctor of Divinity Deutsche Demokratische Republik December Doctor of Economics Democratic Doctor of Engineering deposits depositary Department Doctor of Engineering Diploma Director Divisional Date Paduka Jiwa Mahkota Kelantan (Al-Ismaili II) Doctor of Letters; Doctor of Literature Doctor of Medicine (Oxford) ; Deutsche Mark Darjah Kerabat Johore and Darjah Kerabat Yang Amat Di-Hormati (Al-Yunusi) Kelantan and Darjah Kerabat Johore and Class and Darjah Kerabat Selangor Doctor of Music Dottore Diploma of Public Administration Doctor of Philosophy Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (The Most Exalted Order of the Crown) Dato Paduka Mahkota Johore Dato Paduka Mahkota Kelantan (Ai- Muhammadi II) Dato Paduka Mahkota Perlis/Perak/ Penang Dato Paduka Mahkota Selangor Dato Paduka Mahkota Trengganu Doctor Doctor of Laws Doctor of Natural Science . drachma(e) Doctor of Political Sciences . Doctor of Science . Doctor of Science (Engineering) . Doctor of Technical Chemistry . dead weight tons E. E.A.A. .. EAC .. EACSO.. EAGGF EBU .. EGA .. ECAFE ECE .. ECLA .. ECMT .. Econ. . . ECOSOC ECSC .. Ed. Ed.B. . . EDF .. . East, Eastern . East African Airways . East African Community . East African Common Services Organi- zation . European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund . European Broadcasting Union . Economic Commission for Africa . . Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East . . Economic Commission for Europe . . Economic Commission for Latin America . . European Conference of Ministers of Transport . . Economist, Economics . . Economic and Social Council (UN) . . European Coal and Steel Community • . Editor • . Bachelor of Education - . European Development Fund EEC . . EFTA . . e.g cKv ELDO . . EMA . . cMv. ENEA . . Eng Esc. ESRO . . est. EURATOM ! EUROCHEMIC EUROCONTROL EUROSPACE . . excl. exec. European Economic Community European Free Trade Association exempli gratia (for example) electron kilovolt European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organisation European Monetary Agreement electron megavolt European Nuclear Energy Agency Engineer, Engineering Escuela, Escudos European Space Research Organisation established, estimate, estimated etcetera European Atomic Energy Community Socidtd europdenne pour le traitement chimique des combustibles irradids; (European Company for the Chemical Processing of Irradiated Fuels) European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation Groupement Industriel Europ6en d'Etudes Spatiales excluding executive f. FAC .. FAO .. F.D.G.B. Feb. . . Fed. . . FFHC .. FIDES . . F.M. . . fmrly. . . f.o.b. . . F.R. . . Fr. ft. founded Fonds d'Aide et de Co-op&ation Food and Agriculture Organization Free German Trade Union February Federation Freedom from Hunger Campaign Fonds d’lnvestissement et de D^velop- pement Economique et Social Frequency Modulation formerly free on board Federal Republic Franc foot (feet) GAB .. GATT .. G.B.E. .. G.C.B. .. G.C.M.G. G.C.V.O. GDP .. G.D.R. . . Gen. GoV .. G.m.b.H. GNP .. Gr. Gr. Cr. gr.t. . . Gr.Ufi. .. GVTh . . General Arrangements to Borrow General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Knight (or Dame) Grand Cross of (the Order of) the British Empire Knight Grand Cross of (the Order of) the Bath ' Knight Grand Cross of (the Order of) St. Michael and St. George Knight Grand Cross of the (Royal) Victorian Order Gross Domestic Product German Democratic Republic General Giga electron volts company with limited liability (German) Gross National Product Gran Grande Croix gross registered tons Grand Ufficiale (Grand Officer) Gigawatt hours ha. h.c. H.E. . . h.l. H.M. . . Hon. . . xii hectare honoris causa His Eminence, His Excellency hectolitre His (or Her) Majesty Honorary (or honourable) ABBREVIATIONS H.R.H. H. S.H. . . lACB . . IAEA .. lA-ECOSOC lANEC.. lATA .. lAU .. IBE .. IBEC . . IBRD .. ICA .. ICAO . . ICC ICEM .. ICFTU . . I. C.S. . . ICSU .. IDA .. IDB .. IFBWVV IFC .. IFCTU . . IFPCW. . ILO .. IMCO IMF I.M.S. .. in. (ins.) Inc.,Incorp., incl. Ing. Insp. Int. INTAL . . INTELSAT INTERPOL Ing. lOE .. IPI IPPF . . IPU Is. ISIC . . ISLWF ISVS . . ITF . . His (or Her) Royal Highness . . His Serene Highness . . Inter-Agency Consultative Board . . International Atomic Energy Agency . . Inter-American Economic and Social Council . . Inter-American Nuclear Energy Com- mission . . International Air Transport Associa- tion . . International Association of Universi- ties . . International Bureau of Education . . International Bank for Economic Co- operation . . International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) . . International Co-operative Alliance . . International Civil A\dation Organiza- tion . . International Chamber of Commerce . . Inter-govcmmental Committee for European Migration . . International Confederation of Free Trade Unions . . Indian Civil Service . , International Council of Scientific Unions . . International Development Association . . Inter-American Development Bank . . International Federation of Building and Woodworkers . . International Finance Corporation . . International Federation of Christian Trade Unions • . International Federation of Petroleum and Chemical Workers . . International Labour Organisation . . Intcr-Govemmental Maritime Consul- tative Organization . . International Monetary Fund; Inter- national Metalworkers’ Federation . . Indian Medical Service . . inch (inches) ined. Incorporated . . including . . Engineer . . Inspector . . International . . Instituto para la Integracidn America Latina . . International Telecommunications Sat- telite Consortium . . International Criminal Police Investi- gation . . Engineer . . International Organisation of Em- ployers . . International Press Institute . . International Planned Parenthood Federation . . Inter-Parliamentary Union . . Islands . . International Standard Industrial Classification . . International Shoe and Leather Wor- kers’ Federation . . International Secretariat for Volunteer Service . . International Transport Workers’ Fed- eration xiii ITGWF ITU .. lUF .. J.A.L. Jan. J.A.T. J.M.K. J.M.N. Jnr. J.P. Jr- J.S.N. K.B.E. . . K.C.B. K.C.M.G. Kg- K.G. kHz K.L.M. . . km. K.M.N. . . K.O.M. . . K. S.V. .. kWh. . . kW.(s) .. LAFTA lb. L. is L. . . Litt.D. . . LL.B. .. LL.D. LL.M. .. LOT .. L.P.G. .. Lt., Lieut. Ltd. m. M.A. . . malEv Man. March. . . Maths. M.B. . . M.B.E. . . m.b.H. . . M.Ch. . . M.Com. Meys M.D. . . M.E.A. . . M.Ed. mem. MoV .. mfrs. . • Mgr. .. MHz .. Mil. International Textile and Garment Workers’ Federation International Telecommunication Union International Union of Food and Allied Workers’ Associations Japan Airlines January Yugoslav Air Transport Setia Jiwa Mahkota Kelantan (Al- Ismaili III) Johan Mangku Negara (Commander cf the Most Distinguished Order of The Defender of the Realm) Junior Justice of the Peace Jonkheer (Netherlands) Johan Setia Negara Knight Commander of (the Order of) the British Empire Knight Commander of (the Order of) the Bath Knight Commander of (the Order of) St. Michael and St. George Ivilogramme Knight of (the Order of) the Garter; Kommandit Gcsellschaft IGlohertz Royal Dutch Airlines kilometre Kesatria Mangku Negara Kedah Order of Merit Kedah Star of Valour kilowatt hours kilowatt(s) Latin American Free Trade Association pounds Licencie ks lettres Doctor of Letters Bachelor of Laws Doctor of Laws Master of Laws Polish Airlines Liquified petroleum gas Lieutenant Limited million Master of Arts Hungarian Airlines Manager, managing Marchese Mathematics Bachelor of Medicine Member of (the Order of) the British Empire rvith Umited liability (German) Master of Surgery Master of Commerce megacycles per second Doctor of Medicine Middle East Airlines Master of Education member Mega electron volts manufacturers Monseigneur; Monsignor Megahertz Military ABBREVIATIONS Mile. . . . . Mademoiselle M.M. . . . . Military Medal Mme. . . . . Madame M.P. . . . . Member of Parliament M.Sc. . . . , Master of Science M.Sc.Tech. . . Master of Technical Science MSS .. . . Manuscripts m.t. . . metric tons M.Th. .. . . Master of Theology Mus.B. . . . . Bachelor of Music Mus.D. . . . . Doctor of Music M.V.Sc... . . Master of Veterinary Science •MW . . . . mega'watt(s) N. . . North, Northern n.a. . . not available NATO .. . . North Atlantic Treaty Organization n.e.s. . . not elsewhere specified NGO .. . . Non-govemmental organization No. . . number NORDITA . . Nordic Institute for Theoretic Atomic Physics Nov. . , November nr. . . near n.r.t. . . . . net registered tons N.V. . . . . Naamloze Vennootschap (Limited Com- pany) N.Z. .. . , New Zealand OAMPI.. . . Office Africain et Malgache de la Propridtd Industrielle OAS .. . . Organization of American States OAU .. . . Organization of African Unity O.B.E. . . . . Officer of (the Order of) the British Empire OCAM .. . . Organisation Commune Africaine Mal- gache et Mauricienne Oct. . . October ODECA , . Organizacidn de Estados Centfoameri- canos OECD .. . . Organisation for Economic Co-opera- tion and Development OEEC .. . . Organisation for European Economic Co-operation OECE .. . . Organisation Europ^enne de Co-opera- tion Economique OERS ., . . Organisation des Etats Riverains du Senegal OIRT .. . . International , Radio and Tele'rision Organisation On. . . Onorevole (Honourable) OPEC .. . . Organization of the Petroleum Export- ing Countries p.a. . . per annum P.C. . . . . Privy Counsellor per. . . passage, street (Russian) Ph.D. . . . . Doctor of Philosophy Philos. . . . . Philosophy; Philosophical Phys. . . . . Phvsics P.l.A. .. . Pakistan International Airlines P.J.K. P.K pi P.-M.K.lTan Sri) P.O. Box polit. Wes. Prof. . . Pangat Jasa Kebatian (N.S. Pk., Perils, Trenggann, Pahang and Selan- gor) Post Box (Turkish) platz. place, ploshchad (square) Panglima Mangku Negara (Knight of the Most Distinguished Order of the ’ Defender of tlie Rcaim) Post Office Box political President Professor Propr. . . Prov. . . PSI . . P. S.N. . . PTT .. p. n. publ. Q. C. .. .’ q. v. .. . R. A. . . Rag. (Comm.) . R.C.D. .. R.E. . . Ref. reg., regd. Rep. rep. reorg. . . res. retd. Rev. R.I. Rp. .. R.S.F.S.R. R. S.R. .. Rt. Hon. Rt. S. S.A. . . S.A.A. . . SAS . . Sat. SCAR . . SCOR .. Sc.D. . . SDRs . . SEATO.. Sec. Sen. Sept. S.E.R. .. Sig. SITC . . S.J.M.K. S.M.J. .. S.M.K. .. S.M.N.(Tun) S.M.S. .. Soc. S.P. S.p.A. . . S.P.M.J. S.P.M.K:. S.P.M.P. Proprietor Provisional, Provinciale (Dutch) Public Services International Panglima Setia Negara Posts, Telegraph, Telephones paid up publication Queen’s Ckjunsel quod vide Royal Academician; Royal Academy Ragioniere (Commerciale) Regional Co-operation for Develop- ment • Royal Engineers Reference register, registered Republic representative reorganized reserve retired Reverend Rhode Island: Royal Institution Rupees Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania Right Honourable Right South, Southern, San. Societd Anonyme, Sociedad Andnima South African Ainvays Scandinavian Airlines System Saturday Scandinavian Council for Applied Research; Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Scientific Committee on Oceanic Re- search Doctor of Science Special Dravdng Rights South-East Asia Treaty Organization Secretary . , Senior September Sua Eccellenza Reverendissima (His Eminence) Signore Standard International Trade Classi- fication , Seri Paduka Jhva Mahkota Kelantan , (Al-Ismaili I) Setia Mahkota Johore Setia Mahkota Kelantan (Al-Muham- madilll) Seri Maharajah Mangku Negara (Grand Knight of the Most Distinguished Order of the Defender of the Realm) Setia Mahkota Selangor Socialist Seri Pahlawan Gagah Persaka (Supreme Gallantry Decorations) Societi per Azioni (Joint Stock Com- pany) ■ Dato/Sen Paduka Mahkota Johore Seri Paduka Makkota Kelantan fAl- Ismaili I) . Seri Padulra , Mahkota Pcrlis/Perak/ Penang ' ‘ XIV ABBREVIATIONS S.P.M.S. S.P.JI.T. sq. 5.5. N. .. 5.5. R. .. St. S.T.D, .. STRC .. stds. Ste. subs. Supt. T.A.P. .. TAROM TASS .. T.D. . . techn. . . T.H.Y. . . Tit. Trcas. T.U. . . T.V. . . T.W.A. . . u/a UAMPT U.A.R. . . UCAS .. UDEAC UDEAO UEAC .. Ufi. UFI .. Ul. (ul.) UN UNCTAD UNCURK Seri Paduka JIahkota Selangor Seri Paduka Mahkota Trengganu square Seri Setia Mangku Negara Soviet Socialist Republic Saint; Street Sacrae Thcologiae Doctor (Doctor of Sacred Theolog)’) Scientific, Technical and Research Commission standards (timber measurement) Saintc subscriptions Superintendent Transportes Adroos Portugueses (Portu- guese Air Transport) Romanian Air Transport Tclcgrafnoyc Agenstvo Sovictskogo Soyuza (Soviet News Agency) Territorial Decoration technical Turkish Airlines Titular Treasurer Trade Union Television Trans World Airways unit of account (European Monetary Agreement) Union Africaine ct Malgachc des Postes et Tdldcommunications. United Arab Republic Union of Central African States Union Douaniirc Economique de TAfriquo Centrale Union Douanidre des Etats de I’Afrique do rOuest Union des Etats de I’Afrique Centrale Ufficiale (Official, Officer) Union of International Fairs Street United Nations United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNDP . . . . United Nations Development Pro- gramme UNEF .. . . United Nations Emergency Force UNESCO . . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNFICYP . . United Nations Peace-Keeping Force in Cyprus UNHCR . . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF . . United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO . . UnitcdNationsIndustrialDevelopment Organization . . United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNITAR UNMEM . , United Nations Middle East Mission UNMOGIP . . United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNRISD . . United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRWA . . United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTSO . . United Nations Truce Supervision Organization U.K. . . . . United Kingdom U.P. . . . . United Press UPU .. . . Universal Postal Union U.S.A. (U.S.) United States of America (United States) . . Union of Soviet Socialist Republics U.S.S.R. U.T.A. .. . . Union des Transports Adriens VAT .. , . Value-Added Tax VEB .. . . public company (German) VHF .. . . Very High Frequency viz. . . videlicet vol.(s) .. , . volume(s) W. . . West. Western wee . . . . World Council of Churches WCL . . . . World Confederation of Labour WEU .. . . Western European Union WFP .. . . World Food Program WFTU . . World Federation of Trade Unions WFUNA . . World Federation of United Nation Associations WHO .. . . World Health Organization WMO .. . . World Meteorological Organization yr. . . year XV THAILAND — (The Constitution) Articles 91-98. Life of the House to be four years; the King may dissolve the House and order new elections within 90 days; other provisions relate to termination of membership of the House, by-elections, functions of Senators and members of the House of Bepresentativcs (they are representatives of the Thai people and not bound by any imperative mandate). Articles 99-116. General procedure of each House; appointment and duties of President and Vice-Prcsidcnt{s) of each House; presence of not less than one-third of the total membership of each House constitutes a quorum; except in specified cases, majority voting shall prevail, each member having one vote and the presiding officer casting an additional casting vote in the event of a tie; parliamentary privileges; each House to sit simultaneously with the other; one or more ordinary sessions to be held each year, such sessions may be prolonged by the King, who may also call extraordinary sessions. Articles 117-122. Introduction, approval, rejection of amendment of Bills: A Bill may be initiated only by the Council of Ministers, a Senator, or a member of the House of Representatives; Money Bills initiated by members of either House must be endorsed by tlie President of the Council of Ministers. A Bill of the Council of Ministers and a Bill of the House of Representatives shall be submitted to the House of Representatives, a Bill of a member of the Senate to the Senate; thence the Bill goes to the other House for ap- proval, rejection or amendment; if certain technical pro- visions relating to the reading of a Bill are not met, the Bill will be deemed to have been read. Amendments are considered by a Joint Committee of both Houses, which returns the BiU with a report; a rejected BiU of the Senate lapses, while a rejected Bill of the House of Representatives may be re-examined by that House after one year (or in the case of a Money Bill, forthwith) and it will be passed automaticaUy in the event of a majority vote of over half the total members of the House. Articles 123-124. If the annual budget is not passed by Parliament, the budget of the preceding year shall remain in force; additional State expenditure must be sanctioned by Parliament. Articles 125-129. Supervisory role of Senate and House of Representatives in regard to administration of State affairs: Members of each House may question Ministers of State and each House may convene a general debate on the administration; in both cases, the subject may be sup- pressed in the vital interests of the State, and in the case of the general debate no resolution may be taken on the subject matter of .the debate. Joint meetings of both Houses may hold a general debate to vote non-confidence in Ministers individuaUy or coUectively; the vote not to be taken on the same day as the debate. The Council of Ministers may convene a general debate of both Houses, but no voting is to be taken. Articles 130-133. Sittings of both Houses generally open to the public, but each House may in certain circum- stances sit in camera: rules of .procedure of ordinary and special committees of each House; each. House has power to make its own rules of procedure. Legislative Power; Part 4: Joint Sitting of Parliament ' Articles 134-136. Occasions include the approval of the Regent or the succession to the Throne, generM debates of no-confidence, discussion of BUls not approved by the King, declaration of war and ratification of treaties, amendment and interpretation of the Constitution; rules of procedure of the Senate shall apply. Chapter 7 The Executive Articles 137-139. The Council of Ministers is appointed by the King and is composed of a President and between 15 and 30 Ministers of State, who must not be members of either House of Parliament. Articles 140-142. Ministers are entitled to attend and speak at meetings of either House but not to vote; on assuming office, the Council of Ministers must state its policies before Parliament, but a vote of confidence may not then be taken; Ministers are individually and col- lectively responsible to Parh'ament. Articles 143-145. Provisions relating to removal or resignation of Council as a whole or of individual Ministers: e.g., on a vote of no-confidence in Parliament, at fhe expiry or dissolution of the House of Representatives, on the resignation of the President of the Council of Ministers. Articles 146-147. Emergency Decrees of the King to have provisional force of law, but such Decrees must be pre- sented to Parliament as soon as possible and must be lapsed if Parliament does not ratify them; emergency fiscal laws may also be promulgated by the King, but the same restriction on their continued operation shall apply where practicable. Articles 148-156. The Exercise of the King’s Prerogative; e.g., declaration of martial law, which may ^so be declared locally in an . emergency by the military authorities; declaration of war, with the previous consent of Parlia- ment; conclusion of Treaties; granting of pardon; issuance of Royal decrees that are not in conflict with the law; the appointment and dismissal of military and civic officials, . . Chapter 8 Judicial Power Articles 157-160. Judicial power vested in the Courts e.xclusively and exercised by the Courts in accordance with the law and in the name of the King; Courts may be established only by an Act; no new Court may' be estab- lished to try any special case or action, nor may a law.be promulgated which changes or modifies the existing con- stitution or law of procedure of the Courts for the purpose of applying it. to try such a case or action. .. •• ' Articles 161-163. Judges are independent; . the King appoints, transfers and dismisses judges, followng their approval by the Judicial Commission. ' ' Chapter 9 - - ' The Constitutional Tribunal Articles i'64-168. Membership: President of the Senate (who is President, of the Tribunal); President of the House of Representatives; President of the Dika Court; Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal; Director-General of the Public Prosecution Department; four members, qualified in the law,' appointed by each new Parliament (such members may be re-appointed). Chapter 10 . ' . . Amendment of the Constitution Article 169. Rules and procedures: motion for amend- ment may be introduced by the Council of Ministers, members of the Senate , and House of Representatives jointly .or .members of either House numbering no less than one-fifth of tire total membership of both Houses; passage of the motion requires three readings, and the first and third readings must be approved by a majoiity vote of not less' than trvo-thirds ■ of the total membership of , both Houses. • ' 1476 THAILAND— (The Constitution, The Government) Articles 170-172. Should the King consider the amend- ment to be prejudicial to the State or the people, he may call a plebiscite, whose majority vote will decide whether or not the amendment shall be put into effect. Chapter 11 Final Provisions Article 173. Power to interpret the Constitution vested in Parliament, so far as this interpretation relates to matters within the scope of Parliament’s authority; no less than one-half total membership of both Houses needed to form a quorum to interpret the Constitution. Articles 174-175. Any provisions of law which are con- trary to or inconsistent with the Constitution are un- enforceable; the Constitutional Tribunal decides whether a law is contrary to or inconsistent with the Constitution. Article 176. During a state of war or serious emergency. Parliament shall resolve to let the King provisionally exercise the legislative power through the Council of hlinisters; Parliament may resolve to abolish this resolu- tion at any time; the King shall assume these powers in such a situation if Parliament is in dissolution or cannot be convened in time. Transitory Provisions Articles 177-183. One hundred and twenty members of the Senate to be appointed ivithin 15 days of date of enforcement of the Constitution, and the number to be increased or decreased after election of the House of Representatives: Senate shall be charged with duties of Parliament until the full Parliament meets; elections of members of House of Representatives to be completed within 240 days from date of enforcement of Constitution; the present Council of Ministers to remain in office until full Parliament assumes functions under the Constitution; transitional membership of Constitutional Tribunal. Electoral Law As the acting legislative body, the Senate passed an Electoral Bill in October 1968, containing the following provisions; Elections to the National Assembly to be held on the basis of constituencies bounded by provincial administrative borders, the number of seats being in proportion to the population; the minimum educational qualifications for candidates for election is Pathom IV (graduation from primary school); candidates may seek election independently, i.e., without being members of political parties. ♦ Abolished November 17th, 1971 {see below National Executive Council). A new Constitution is to be drafted which will provide for a unicameral legislature comprising elected and nominated members. THE GOVERNMENT* HEAD OF THE STATE King Bhumibol Adulvadej (King Rama IX), bom 5 December 1927; succeeded to the throne on the death of his brother King Ananda Manidol, on 9 June 1946. The Heir-Apparent is Prince Vachiralongkorn, bom 28 July 1952. PRIVY COUNCII. H.H. Prince Dhani Nivat Kromamun Bidyalahu (Presi- dent), Gen. Luang Kampanart Sanyakorn. Phya Boriraks Vejjakarn. Gen. Luang Suranarong. Sri Sena Sajipatasiri. Phya Manavarat Sevi. Chao Phya Sri Dhamathibet. M. L. Dej Snitwongsa. NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COUNCIL (formed December 9th, 1971) Chairman and in charge of Foreign Affairs, Justice and the Office of Prime Minister: Field-Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn. Deputy Chairman and in charge of Defence and the Interior: Gen. Prapass Charusathien. Economic, Finance and Industrial Affairs: Pote Sarasin. National Development, Agriculture and Communications: Air Chief Marshal Dawee Chullasapya. Education and Public Health; Pol. Gen. Prasert Ruciiira- WONGSE. Secretary-General of N.E.C.: Gen. Kris Sivara. * The Prime Slinistcr seized full power on November 17th, i97^’ abolished the Constitution, dismissed the Cab'nct, dissolved- Parliament and proclaimed martial law. THAILAND — (Diplomatic Representation, . Parliament) DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION embassies accredited to THAILAND (Bangkok unless otherwise stated) Afghanistan: Islamabad, Paldstan. Argentina: 6th Floor, Vongsvanij Bldg., 116/1 Silom Rd.; Ambassador: Rufino Laspiur (also accred. to Republic of Vict-Nam). Australia; Anglo-Thai Bldg., 64 Silom Rd.; Ambassador: Thomas Kingston Critchley. Austria: Maneeya Bldg. (3rd Floor), 518 Plocnchit Rd., P.O.B. 27: Ambassador: Dr. Werner Sautter (also accred. to Republic of Viet-Nam and Malaysia). Bangladesh: Chargd d‘ Affaires a.i. Belgium: 44 Soi Phya Phipat; Ambassador: J. Veriviishen (also accred. to Laos). Brazil; Maneeya Bldg., 518 Ploenchit Rd.; Ambassador: (vacant) (also accred. to Republic of Viet-Nam). Burma: 132 Sathom Nua Rd.; Ambassador: U Tun Win. Canada: Thai Farmers Bank Bldg., 142 Silom Rd., P.O.B. 2090; Ambassador: Gordon E. Cox. Ceylon: 28 Soi Asoke; Ambassador: (vacant). China, Republic of: ii26NewPhetchburiRd.;./4»i6assado>'; Dr. Shen Chang-Huan. Cuba: Tokyo, Japan. Denmark: 10 Soi Attakam Prasit Sathorn Tai Rd.; Ambassador: Albert Konigsfeldt (also accred. to Republic of Viet-Nam, Philippines and Laos). Egypt: 49 Ruam Rudee Rd.; Ambassador: Gamal Man- sour. Finland: New Delhi ii. France: Custom House Lane; Ambassador: Roger Lescot. Germany: 64 Phetchburi Rd.; Ambassador: Ulrich ScHESKE (also accred. to Laos). Greece: Asoka Hotel (Room 123), New Delhi. India: 139 Pan Rd.; Ambassador: Dr. P. K. Banerjee. Indonesia: 600-602 Phetchburi Rd.; Ambassador: Maj.- Gen. H. R. Dharsono. Iran: Silom Bldg. (7th Floor), 197/1 Silom Rd.; Ambas- sador: Abdul Hossain Aamzavt (also accred. to Malaysia). Iraq: Karachi, Pakistan. Israel: 31 Soi Lang Suan, Ploenchit Rd.; Ambassador: Abraham Darom (also accred. to Laos). Italy: 92 Sathom Nua Rd.; Ambassador: Dr. Eugenio Rubin o. Japan: 61 Wireless Rd.; Ambassador: Torao Ushiroku. Khmer Republic: Rajdamri Rd.; Ambassador: (vacant). Korea, Republic of: 349 Silom Rd.; Ambassador: Pyo W ooK Han (also accred. to The Maldives). . Laos: 193 Sathom Tai Rd.; Ambassador: H.R.H; Tiao Khamhing (also accred. to Philippines, ■ Burma, Pakistan and hlalaysia). Lebanon: 23/48 Panch Sheel Marg., Chanakya Puri, New Delhi 21, India. Malaysia: 35 Sathom Tai Rd.; Ambassador: Gen. Tan Sri Abdul Hamid, p.s.m. Nepal: 209 Sukhumvit 21, Soi Asoke; Ambassador: Gyanendra Bahadur ICarki. Netherlands: ro6 Wireless Rd.; Ambassador: Wadim Thorn Leeson (also accred. to Laos). New Zealand: Anglo-Thai Bldg., 64 Silom ’Rd.; Ambassador: ' Hon. E. J. Halstead, t.d. (also accred. to Laos). Norway: 16 Surasak Rd.; Ambassador: Olaf Teilefsen. Pakistan: 31 Soi Nana Nua, Sukhumvit Rd.; Ambassador: (vacant) (also accred. to Laos). Philippines: 760 Sukhumvit Rd.; Ambassador: Mauro S. Calingo. Portugal: 26 Bush Lane; Charge d' Affaires: Dr. Manuel SA Nogueira. Saudi Arabia: 2nd Floor, 385 Silom Rd.; Ambassador: Abdulrahman Al-Omran. Singapore: 90 Sathom Nua Rd.; Ambassador: R. H. Ho. Spain: 104 Wireless Rd.; Ambassador: Marques de V iLLADARiAS (also accred. to Republic of Viet-Nam). Sweden: 97 Silom Rd.; Ambassador: Eric Virgin (also accred. to Repubh'c of Viet-Nam and Laos). Switzerland: 35 North Wireless Rd.; Ambassador: Rudolf Hartmann. Turkey: 352 Phaholothm Rd.; Ambassador: TOrgut Ilkan (also accred. to Republic of Viet-Nam, Singapore and Laos). U.S.S.R.; 108 Sathom Nua Rd.; Ambassador: Anatole A. Rozanov. United Kingdom: Ploenchit Rd.; Ambassador: Sir Arthur DE LA Mare, k.c.m.g. U.S.A.: 95 Wireless Rd.; Ambassador: Leonard Unger. Viet-Nam, Republic of: 78 Wat Samphya Lane, Samsen Rd. Yugoslavia: Rangoon, Burma. PARLIAMENT* SENATE 164 members appointed by the Bang. President: Col. Vorakarn Bancha. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Speaker: Maj.-Gen. Siri Sirthiniyo. First Vice-Speaker: Supan Poonpat. Second Vice-Speaker: Nom Upramai. General Election, 10 February 1969 Party Seats United Thai People’s Party 75 Independents • . . . . . . 72 Democratic Party ..... 57 Democratic Front Party .... 7 Economist United Front Party . 4 People’s Party ...... a Joint Aid to Farmers Party I Free Democratic Party .... I Total 219 Dissolved November 17th, 1971. Under a proposed new constitution Parliament is expected to become unicameral. U78 THAILAND— (Political Parties, Judicial System, Religion) POLITICAL PARTIES* Saha-Pracha'Thai (United Thai People’s Party): “Suan Amphavan”, 1/226, Sri Ayudhya. Dusit, Bangkok; the party set up by the former military government: policies include development of a democratic society, promotion of national unity, suppression of communism, inter- national and regional unity, maintenance of the free enterprise system and the planned development of a diversified economy; initial membership: 1,022; 75 seats in House of Representatives: Chair. Field Marshal Thanom Kitiikachorn; Vice-Chair. Gen. Prapass Ruchirawong, Pote Sarasin; Sec.-Gen. Air Chief Marshal Pa wee CHOLLASApyA. Prachaiipat Party (Democratic Party)-. Mansion 6, Raj- damnem Ave., Bangkok; revival of an old party, active before the advent of military rule in 1958: 57 seats in House of Representatives; Acting Leader Momrajwong (Prince) Seni Pramoj. Pak Naev/ Prachathipatai (The Democratic Front Parly — DFP): House of Representatives, Bangkok; f. 29 October 1968; about 100,000 active mems., seven seats in the House of Representatives; aims: development of Thai political and economic independence through co-operation with all countries, promotion of industrial- ization, social justice; Party Chief Dr. Paitoon Cruagao Na Lumpoon, ph.d.; Deputy Chief Boonyen W oRTHONG, M.P.A.; Deputy Chief and Acting Chief Sec. Major Smarn Thongaram, m.a. Naevv Ruam Sethakorn (Economist United Front Party): House of Representatives, Bangkok; socialist party, particularly strong in North-East Thailand: 4 seats in House of Representatives; Leader Thep Jotinuchit. Prachachon (People's Party): House of Representatives, Bangkok; neutralist party; 2 seats in House of Repre- sentatives; Leader Liang Jayakarn. Chao Nah Chao Rai (Joint Aid to Farmers Parly): House of Representatives, Bangkok; r seat in House of Repre- sentatives. Free Democratic Party; House of Representatives, Bang- kok; I seat in House of Representatives. ♦ All political parties have been dissolved with the inauguration of military rule. JUDICIAL COURTS OF FIRST INSTANCE Magistrates’ Courts (Sarn Kwaeng): Function is to dispose of small cases with minimum formality and expense. Judges sit singly. Civil Court (Sarn Paeng): Court of general original juris- diction in civil and bankruptcy cases in Bangkok and Thonburi. Two judges form a quorum. Criminal Court (Sarn Aya): Court of general original jurisdiction in criminal cases in Bangkok and Thon- buri. Two judges form a quorum. Provincial Courts (Sarn Changvad): Exercise unlimited original jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters, including bankruptcy, within its own district which is generally the province itself. Two judges form a quorum. At each of the five Provincial Courts in the South of Thailand where the majority of the population are muslims (i.e., Pattani, Yala, Betong, Satun, and Nara- thiwat), there are two Path Yutithura or Kadis (muslim judges). A Kadi sits with two trial judges in SYSTEM order to administer Islamic laws and usages in civil cases involving family and inheritance where all parties concerned are muslims. Questions on Islamic laws and usages which are interpreted by a Kadi are final. COURT OF APPEALS . , 8nrn Uthorn; Appeliate jurisdiction in all civil, bank- ruptcy and criminal matters: appeals from all of the ■Courts of First Instance throughout the country come to this Court. Two judges form a quorum. SUPREME COURT 8nrn Dika: The final court of appeal in all civil, bankruptcy and criminal cases. The quorum in the Supreme Court consists of three judges. The Court sits in plenary session occasionally to determine cases of exceptional importance and cases where there are reasons for re- consideration or overruling of its o\yn precedents. The quorum for the full Court is half the total number of judges in the Supreme Court. RELIGION Buddhism is'tbe prevailing religion. Besides Buddhists, there are some Muslim Malays. Most of the immigrant Chinese are Ancestor Worshippers or Confucianists. Christianity was first preached in the 16th century by Portuguese missionaries and later on by French Roman Catholics. Christians are found mainly in Bangkok and Northern Thailand and number about 149,655, of whom il6,on are Roman Catholics. BUDDHISTS Supreme Palriarch of Thailand: His Holiness Somdej Phra Ariyawongsakuttayarn Phra Sangharaja. The Buddhist Association of Thailand: 41 Phra Aditya St.. Bangkok; under royal patronage; f. 1934: 3,879 mems.; Pres. H.E. Sanya Dharmasaicti. ROMAN CATHOLICS angkok: Archbishop: Most Rev. Joseph KhiamsunNix- tayo. 217-1 Sathorn Rd. hard and Nonseng; Archbishop; Most Rev. Michel Kibn Samophithak. PROTESTANT he Church of Christ in Thailand: 14 Pramuan Rd., Bang- kok- f 1914; communicant mems. 24.000; Moderator Rev. CHAi^ooN W.cHAiD.sx; Gen. Sec. W.chean Watakeecharoen; affiliated mission mems.: United Presbyterian (U.S.A-), Disciples of Christ ^f'ssion American Baptist, German Lutheran (Marburger), Presbyterian Church of Korea, Church of South India, United Church of Christ in Japan, Member of the World Presbyterian Alliance, East Asia Christian Conference and W.C.C. 1479 THAILAND — (The Press) THE (Bangkok, unless otherwise stated) DAILIES Thai Language Arnachakr Thai : 436/4-5 Sriyan Theatre Lane, Sam Seu. Chao Thai; Thai Samaki Co. Ltd., 555 Chakrapatpong Rd., Siyaek jMaensrie; f. 1947; Editor Chalerm Wurni- kosit; circ. 12,000. Daily News; 423 Siph5fa Rd.; Editor Praean Hetrakul. Khao Panich (Commercial Nows): Ministry of Economic Affairs, Memorial Bridge; Editor Nai Charas Chaturas; f. 1950; circ. 4,000. Lak Muang: 95/8 Nakomsawan Rd. Kiatti Sakdi: 297 Hao Mak Rd.; Editor Charn Sinsook. Phine Thai: Din Daeng Rd.; Editor Mana Phreaphan; circ. 28,000. Pracha Thipatai: 161/4 Soi Mahadlekluang 3, Rajadamri; Editor Sawai Phrommi; circ. 5.000. Siam Nikorn: Din Daeng Rd.; Editor Charn Sinsook; circ. 6,000. Siam Rath: Mansion 6, Rajdamnern Avc.; Editor Pra choab Thongurai; circ. 25.000. Siam News (Khao Siam): 35 P3’athai Rd.; Editor Sanong Mongkol; circ. 10.000. Thai Rath; i Super Highway Rd. English Language Bangkok Post: Post Publishing Co. Ltd.. Mansion 4, Rajdamnern Ave.; Editor Michael J. Gorman; circ. over 17,000. Bangkok World: 522 Phrasumeru Rd.; f. 1957: Editor Denis E. Horgan; circ. 13,000. The Nation: Pracha Chang Co. Ltd., Charoenktung Rd. Chinese Language Chia Pao (Tang Nam) : 1017 Siphya Rd. Siang Sian Yit Pao; Siang Thai Wan Pao: 177-185 Charoen Krung Rd., Samyod; Editor Kienghung Sae-Yieng; circ. 50,000. Sakol: 21/1 New Rd.; Editor Eienglieak Sae-Thea; circ. 10,000. Tong Hua: 877-9 New Rd.; Editor Soon Sae-Tung; circ. 15,000. Siri Nakorn: 984-8 New Rd.; Editor Prasit Vareeves; circ. 40,000. WEEKLIES Thai Language Arthit (The Sun) : 58 Soi 36, Sukum\'it Rd. Bangkok: 33-9 Lan Luang Rd.; Editor Vichit Rojana- prabha. Bangkok Time: 37 Bamrung Muang Rd.; Editor Charoon Kuvanondh. Daily Mail Wan Chan: Siphya Rd.; Editor Mrs. Boon Youy Hetrakul. Dara Thai: 9 Soi Dampen, Tung Mahamek; Editor Surat Pukaves. Darunee (Lady): 7/2 Soi Watanawonge. Rajprarope Rd.; f. 1953; magazine for ladies; Principal Officer Chit Kanpai; Editor Weerawan Suw'anvipath; circ. 100,000. Khun Ying (Women’s Magazine): 215 Soi Saynamthip, Svkumvit Rd. PRESS Mae Sri Ruen: 13/22 Prachatipok Rd.; Editor Mrs. Nantra Ratanakom. Movie Stars and TV Magazine: 95/3 Nakom Sawan Rd.; Editor Kaorop Busayakorn. Nakorn Thai: 13-22 Soi Wat Hivanruchees Prachatipok Rd. PhadungSilp: 163 Soi Thesa, Rajbopit Rd.; Editor Aksorn Chuapanya. Phim Thai Lang Khao: i Din Daeng Rd. Ploen Chitr: Siyaek Lam Luang Rd.; Editor Benjmas U-DOMSILPA. The Ring: Din Daeng Rd.; Editor Samathchai Charubha. Sakul Thai: 58 Soi 36, Sukumvit Rd.; Editor Prayoon SONGSERM-SWASDI. Satri Sarn {Women’s Magazine): 83-36 Arkamtrithosthep 2, Prachathipatai Rd.; f. 1948. See Ros: 612 Luke Luang Rd.; Editor Mani Chindanondh. Siam Rath Weekly Review: klansion 6, Rajadamnem Ave.; Editor Samruey Singhadet. Sri Sapadah: Soi Sii Yan i, Nakom Cbaisri Rd,; Editor M. L. Y. Chitti Nopawongse. T.V. Movies Weekly: 323/2 Ram Butri Rd., Banglampoo; Editor Anand Khon Jan art. English Language Financial Post: Mansion 4, Rajdamnern Ave., Bangkok. Siam Rath Weekly: Rajdamnern Ave., Bid. 6; Editor, M. R. Kukrit Pramoj. FORTNIGHTLIES Catholic Association Newsletter: 12 Convent St. Chaiya-Phruksa: 599 Maitrichit Rd.; f. 1953; Editor Anuj Apapirom. Mae Barnkarn Ruan: 612 Luke Luang Rd.; Editor ^Iis. Thong Muan Chindanondh. Nakorn Thai: 13/3 Prachatinok Rd.; Editor Sakdi Ratanakom. Pharp Khao Taksin: 226 Samsen Rd.; Editor Luan Viraphat. Saen Sook: 553/9 Sriayuthya Rd.; Editor Suchati Amonkul. Sena Sarn: Army Auditorium. Ministry of Defence; Editor Lt.-Col. Fuen Disyavong. Standard Yawachon: 77 Rama V Rd.; Editor Princess NGARilCHITR PREM PuRACHATRA. MONTHLIES Bangkok Chamber ot Commerce: 150 Rajbopit Rd.; Editor Sant Srong-prapha. Chaiyapruek: Maitri Chit Rd.; Editor Pluang Na-Nakorn. Chang Akhas {Thai Engineers’ Digest): Air Force Engineer- ing Dept., Sapan Daeng; Editor Wing-Commdr. Prasit Prapasanobol. Chao Krung: Mansion 6, Rajadamnem Ave.; Editor Mr. Nop-phorn Bunyarit. The Dharmacakshu {Dharmd-vision): Foundation of Mahamakut Rajavidyaffiya, Wat Bovafam'ves, Bahg- lumpoo, Bangkok 2; f. 1894; Buddhism and ^related subjects; Editor Group Capt. Megh Amphaicharit; circ. 5,000. 1480 THAILAND— (The The Investor: Siam Publications Ltd., P.O.B. 1946, Bangkok; f. Dec. 1968; business, industry, finance and economics in Thailand; Editor Dr. Asinuav Viravan; Man. Dir. Alan Darby; circ. 6.000. Kasikorn: Dept, of Agriculture, Rajdamnern Ave.; Editor Roem Buranaruek. Kosana Sarn: Public Relations Dept., Rajadamnem Ave.; f. 1948; radio and TV magazine. Editor Mrs. Cha-oom Yamngarm. The Lady: 77 Rama V Rd.; Editor Princess Kgarmchitr Prem Purachatra. Navikasart: Royal Thai Navy, Thonburi; Editor Com- modore Yong-Yut Anchavakom. Satawa Liang: 689 Wang Burapa Rd.; Editor Thamrong- SAK Srichand. Thai T,V. Mirror: Thai T.V. Co. Ltd., 73-75 Sow Ching Cha Square; f. 1954; Editor Archin Phnjaphan; circ. 20,000. Thailaad Iliustrated: Public Relations Dept., Rajadamnem Ave.; Thai and English; Editor Dr. Witt Siwasaiu- YANON. Varasarn Kru: 107 Tanee Rd., Banglampoo; Editor Mrs. Charas Aungchrit. Villa Wina Magazine: 3rd Floor, Chalerm Ketr Theatre Bldg.; Editor Bhongsakdi Piamlap. Peess, Publishers) Vithayu Sueksa: Ministry of Education, Rajdamnern Ave.; Editor Pluang Na-Nakorn. EVERY TWO MONTHS 8ilpakon {Fine Arts); Records Section, National Archives Division, Fine Arts Dept,, Na Pra That Rd.; f. 1957; all arts, including traditional art and architecture, plastic arts, literature, history, archaeology, music and theatre; Editor Prapat Trinarong; circ. 1,000, PRESS AGENCIES Foreign Bureaux Agenco France-Prosse: P.O.B. 1367, Bangkok; Corres- pondent Jacques J. Abelous. AP; 103 Pat Pong Rd., Bangkok; Correspondent Peter O’Loughlin. Central Nows Agency of China: 17 Soi II, St. Louis Lane, Sathom Rd., Bangkok; Correspondent D. K. Cheng. Antara, The Jiji Press and Reuters also have bureaux in Bangkok. PRESS ASSOCIATION Press Association of Thailand: 299 Nakom Rassima North Rd., Bangkok. PUBLISHERS Aksorn Charoen Tasna Ltd.: Bammng Muang Road 195, Bangkok. Chalermnii Press: 108 Sukumvit Soi 53, Bangkok; f. i957: dictionaries, history, literature, guides to Thai lan- guage, books on Thailand; Mans. Brig.-Gen. M. L. M. JUMSAK and Mrs. Jumsai. Post Publishing Co. Ltd.: Mansion 4, Rajdamnern Ave., Bangkok: f. 1964; publishers of The Bangkok Post and The Financial Post; Chair. Prasit Lulitanon; Man. Dir. Mich-Ael Gorman. Pra Cha Chang & Co. Ltd.: Talad Noi 861-3, New Rd., Bangkok. ' . Prae Pittaya Ltd.: P.O.B. 914, 718 Wang Burapa Rd., Bangkok; publishers, stationers, ■ booksellers and general distributors. Pramuansarn Publishing House: 703/15-16 Petchaburi Road, Bangkok; f. 1955; general books, fiction and non- fiction, paperbacks, guidebooks, children’s books; Man. Lime Taechatada. Ruamsarn: Wang Burapha, Bangkok. , Siam Directory: Mansion 2, Rajdamnern Ave. 96, Bangkok; history, politics, economics, industry, directories. 8ie Kan Ka Co. Ltd.: Prayurawong Mansion 198, Mansion I, Thonburi. Social Science Association Press: Chula Soi 2, Phya Thai Rd., Bangkok; f. 1961; scholarly books, quarterly mag- azine; Man. and Editor Sulak Sivaraksa. Suekanka Ltd.: Practatipok Road 198, Thonburi. Suksapan Pnnit {Business Organisation of Teachers’ Insti- tute): Mansion 9, Rajdamnern Ave., Bangkok; f. 1950.' textbooks, children’s books, pocketbooks; Man. Kam- thon Sathirakul. Suriwongs Book Centre: P.O.B. 44, Chiengraai; br. oflices: 79-81 Chang Klan St., 33 Rajdamnern Rd.; f. 19541 textbooks and general books in Thai; wholesalers^ and retailers of Thai and foreign books; Man. Propnetor Chai Jittiuecharaks. Thai Commercial Printing Press: Bangkok; law, administra- tion, politics, economics, industry. Thai Inc.: Mansion 96, Rajadamnem Ave. 2, Bangkok. Thai Vatnapanis: Maitrijit Road 599, Bangkok; children s books, picture books. 1481 THAILAND — (Radio and Television, Finance) RADIO AND . RADIO Thai National Broadcasting Station: Public Relations Dept., Rajdamnern Ave., Bangkok; f. 1938; under full Government control, Dir.-Gen. Kricha Punnakanta; services in Thai, English, French, Vietnamese, Chinese, Malay, Laotian and Cambodian. Ministry of Education Broadcasting Service: Division of Educational Information, Ministry of Education, Bangkok; f. 1954; Dir. of Division Mom Luang Chintana Navawongs; evening programmes for general public; daytime programmes for schools in- cluding music, social studies and English. Pituksuntiradso Radio Stations: Two at Paruksakavun Palace and Bangkhen, Bangkok, tavo at Nakom, Rajsima and one at Chiengmai; Dir.-Gen. Suchart P. Sakorn; programmes in Thai. Radio Station HSUS: Bang-Sue, Bangkok; controlled by Government, permits advertising; Dir.-Gen. K. Ken- GRADOMYING. TELEVISION Voice of Free Asia: Ayutthaya Province; established 1968; 1,000 kW. broadcasting station; operated to broadcast programmes for the Royal Thai and U.S. Governments in Thai, English and several other languages used in the . . area. In 1971 there were 2,800,000 radio sets. TELEVISION Thai Television Co. Ltd.: Mansion B., Rajdamnern Ave., Bangkok; transmissions from 1955, commercial pro- grammes 4.45-12.00 p.m. daily, 10.00 a.m.-i2.oo p.m. weekends; Man. Dir. Dr. Witt Siwasariyanon. Royal Thai Army : Pahol-yodhin St., Sanam Pao, Bangkok; transmissions over a 75 mile radius since Jan. 1958; daily 18.00-23.00 hours; Sundays 09.00-12.00 and 17.00-23.00 hours; Dir.-Gen. P. Cheunbonn. In 1971 there were about 230,000 TV receivers in use. FINANCE (cap. =capital; p.u.=paid up; dep.=deposit 3 ; m.omillion; res.=rescrv'es; amounts in baht). BANKING Central Bank Bank of Thailand; 273 Bang Khunprom, P.O.B. 154, Bangkok; f. 1942; Government-owned; cap. 20m.; dep. (Government and banks) baht 7,453m. (Dec., 1970); Gov. Dr. PuEY Ungphakorn. Banks Incorporated in Thailand Asia Trust Bank Ltd,; 80-82 Anuwongse Rd., P.O.B. 195, Bangkok; f. 1965; cap. p.u. 40m.; dep. 1,025m.; Chair. Princess Chumbhot of Nagor Svarga; Deputy Chair, and Pres. Wallob Tarnvanichkul. Bangkok Bank Ltd., The: 9 Suapa Rd., Bangkok; f. 1944; cap. 500m.; dep. 11,151.6m. (June 1971); Pres. Chin' SOPHONPANICH. Bangkok Bank of Commerce Ltd,; 171 Surawongse Rd., Bangkok; f. 1944: cap. p.u. 50m.; dep. 1,710m. (Dec. 1970) ; Chair. Boonrub Pinij Chonkadi; Vice-Chair. Kukrit Pramoj; Man. Dir. Ajavadis Diskul. Bangkok metropolitan Bank Ltd.: 84-96 Rajawongse Rd., Bangkok; f. 1950; cap. lom.; dep. 2,045m. (June 1971) ; Man. Dir. Udane Tejapaibul; 26 brs. Bank of Asia for Industry and Commerce Ltd.: 601 Charoen I&ung Rd., Bangkok, P.O.B. 112; f. 1939; cap. 45m.; dep. 887m. (Dec. 1970); Chair. Charoon Euarchu- KiATi; Man. Sathien Tejapaibul. Bank of Ayudhya Ltd.; P.O.B. 491, Bangkok; f. 1945; cap. p.u. 15.0m.; res. 79.4m.; dep. 2,403m. (June 1971): Chair. Pol. Gen. Prasert Rujiravongs; Man. Dir. Chuah Ratanaraks. Government Savings Bank of Thailand; 470 Phaholyotin Rd., Bangkok 4; f. 1913: dep. 6,8oom. (Dec. 1970); 364 brs.; Chair. Air Chief Marshal Boonchoo Chandru- beska; Dir.-Gen. Thongtang Thongtaem; pubis. Savings Bank Journal (bi-monthly). Annual Report. Krung Thai Bank Ltd. {Stale Commercial Bank of Thailand) : 260 Yawaraj Rd., Bangkok i; f. 1966; cap. p.u. 250m.; dep. 8,168m. (June 1971); Dir.-Gen. Man. Chamras Chaturabatara; 102 brs. Laem Thong Bank Ltd.: P.O.B. 131, 289/9 Suriwongse Rd., Bangkok; f. 1948; cap. 12m.; dep. 611.9m. (June 1971); Man. Dir. Baisal Nandhabiwat; Chair. Phya Prichanusat. Siam City Bank Limited; 13 Anuwongse Rd., Bangkok; f. 1941; cap. p.u. 4m.; dep. 1,772m. (Dec. 1969); Chair. Chalerm Cheo-Sakul; Man. Dir. Visidtha Srisom- boon. Siam Commercial Bank Ltd., The; 1060 New Bheirburi Rd., P.O.B. 15, Bangkok; f. 1906; cap. p.u. 3;3m.; dep. 2,539.1m. (Dec. 1971); Chair. .Nai Leng Srisomwongse; Gen. Man. Abhorn ICrishnamra. Thai Danu Bank Ltd.: 943 Mahachai Rd., Bangkok;!. 1949: cap. p.u. 20m.; dep. 642m. (June 1971); Chair H.S.H. Prince Upalisan Jumbala; Gen.;, Man. Chalerji Prachuabmoh. Thai Development Bank Ltd.: 276-278 Rajawongse Rd., Bangkok; Cable address: Patanabank; cap. loom.; 47 brs. throughout Thailand; Acting Man. Dir. Seri Supchareon. ' Thai Farmers’ Bank Ltd.: 142 Silom Rd., Bangkok; f. 1945: cap. p.u. 50m.; dep. 2,237m. (Dec. 1970); Pres. Bancha Lamsam; Chair. Phra Nitikarn-Prasom. Thai Militaty Bank Ltd .: Mansion 2, Rajdamnern Ave., Bangkok; f. 1957; cap. p.u. lom.; dep. i,o8im. (June 1970); Chair. Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn; Pres. SuKUM Navapan. Union Bank of Bangkok Ltd.: 624 Jawarad Rd., Bangkok; f. 1949; cap. p.u. 50m.; dep. 941m. (June 1971): Chair. Gen. Kricha Punnakanta; Man. Dir. Banjurd Cholvijarn. Wang Lee Chan Bank Ltd.: 1128 Chiengmai-Rd., Wat Wat Thong Thammachat, Thonburi; f. 1933; cap. p.u. 0.25m.; dep. iim. (Dec. 1970); Chair, and Man. Dir. Tan Siew Ting. 1482 THAILAND — (Finance, Trade and Industry) Foreign Banks ivith Branches in Bangkok Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association: San Francisco; 297 Surawongse Rd., P.O.B. 158, Bangkok 5; Man. J. M. Ahrens. Bank of Canton Ltd.: 270-274 Yawarad Rd., Bangkok; Man. W. L. Tsang. Bank of China: Taipei; 95 Suapa Rd., Bangkok; Man. L. Y. Rung. Bank of Tokyo Ltd.: 62 Tbaniya Bldg., Siiom Rd., Bang- kok; Man. Hisanobu Yamasaki. Banque de I’Indochino S.A.: Paris; 57 oriental Ave., P.O.B. 303, Bangkok; Man. RENk Gaillard. Chartered Bank, The: London; Rama IV Rd., Saladaeng Circle, Bangkok; Man. W. T. Watson. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.: New York; 1153 New Rd., P.O.B. 525, Bangkok; Second Yice-Pres. and Man. John C, Richey. Four Seas Communications Bank Ltd.: 231 Rajawongse Rd., Bangkok; Man. Tan Puay Liang. Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Tho: Hong Kong; P.O.B. 57, 2 Bush Lane, Siphya, Bangkok; Man. A. R. Petrie. Indian Overseas Bank: Madras; 221 Rajawongse Rd. Bangkok; Man. T. M. U. Menon. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co.; Bangkok. Mercantile Bank Ltd.: Hongkong; P.O.B. 45, Siiom Rd., Bangkok; Man. W. G. G. Mckerron. Mitsui Bank, The: Tokyo; 4-6 Nava Bldg., New Rd., Bangkok: Man. T, Asanuma. United Malayan Banking Corpn. Ltd.: Kuala Lumpur; 147-151 Suapa Rd., Bangkok; Man. John C. Ling, INDUSTRIAL FINANCE ORGANIZATIONS Industrial Finance Corporation of Thailand (I.F.C.T.): loi Naret Rd., Bangkok; f. 1959 to assist industrial estab- lishment, expansion, modernization and financing; a national private financial institution; makes medium- and long-term loans, underwriting shares and securities and guaranteeing loans; cap. p.u. baht loom. (Dec. 1970); loans approved 65gm. on 169 projects .(Dec. (1970): Chair. Renoo Sovarnsit; Gen. Man. Sommai Hoontrakool. Board of Investment:' 88’ Mansion 2, Rajdamnem Ave., Bangkok; Sec.-Gen. Somporn Punyagupta. STOCK EXCHANGE Bangkok Stock Exchange: 6th Floor, Siiom Bldg., 197/1 Siiom Rd., Bangkok: f. 1963: 50 registered mems.; Chair. Isaac Djsaac Dsemae; Pres. Subin Osathanu- grah; Sec. P. D. Howard. INSURANCE Bangkok Insurance Co. Ltd.; The Bangkok Insurance Bldg., 302 Siiom Rd., Bangkok; f. 1947; non-life insurance; Chair. Chin Sophonpanich; Man. Dir. Chumpon Rungsopinkul. Borisat Arkanay Prakan Pai Jamkat (Somh-Easi Instirance Co. Ltd.)-. South East Bldg., 315 Siiom Rd., Bangkok; f. 1946; Chair, and Exec. Dir. Luang Damrong Duritarekh; Exec. Dirs. R. S. Jotikasthira, P. Srikarnchana, V. Vathanakul; cap. p.u. 7m.; life, marine, accident, fire, etc. International Assurance Co, Ltd., The: 291-293 Rajawongse Rd.. Bangkok: f. 1952; Chair. Gen. P. Boribhandh Yuddhakich; Man. Dir. V. S. Saman; cap. p.u. 2.5m.; fire, marine, general. International Life Assurance (Thailand) Ltd., The: 52/4-5-6 Surawongse Rd., Bangkok; f. 1951: Chair. Gen. Kris Srivara; Gen. Man. Suriyon Raiwa; cap. baht 15m.; life. Ocean Insurance Company Ltd.: 1666 Krung Kasem Rd., Bangkok; Man. Dir, Phdngsak Assakul; accident, fire, life, marine, motor car. Sinswad Assurance & Development Corporation Ltd.; 49.2/ 494 Mahachai Rd., P.O.B. 186, Bangkok; 1 . 194&: Chair. J. Tanpairod; Gen. Man. T. W. Young; cap. p.u. 501.; fire, motor car, accident, marine. Thai Insurance Co.' Ltd.: 933 Maha Chai Rd., Bangkok; est, 1939; Man. Dir. Chalor Thongsuphan. Thai Life Insurance Co. Ltd,: Mansion 8, Rajdamnem Ave,, Bangkok; f. 1942; Man. Dir. Smit Yamasmit. Thoresen & Co. (Bangkok) Ltd.: P.O.B. 1587, Bangkok; f. iQ'37; shipping agents, shipbrokers and forwardi^ Man. Dir. T. A. Stewart; Man. A. K. Andersen. TRADE AND INDUSTRY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Thai Chamber of CommerceM5o Rajbopit Rd., Bangkok; f. 1946; 520 mems.; Pres. Nai Charoon Sibunruang: Vice-Pres. Nai Ob Vasuratna,' Nai Preecha Tan- PRASERT, Dr. SoMPHOB SussANGKARN; Hon. Sec. Gen. Nai Dej Boon-Long; Asst. Hon. Sec. Gen. Nai Photipong-Lamsam; pubis. T/iai Chamber of Commerce ' Journal (monthly), Thai Chamber of Commerce Directory. INDUSTRIAL AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS The Association of Thai Industries: "Sarasin” Bldg., 6th Floor, 14 Surasakdi Rd., Bangkok 5;' f. Nov. 1967, serving as a grouping of operators of all types of in- dustries in Thailand; centre for mems. in the exchange of ideas contributory to industrial efforts; building and promoting fellowship among industrial operators; con- ducting research, publicity, promotion and training of modem technical know-how Pertaining to m^sriial manufacture and commerce to enha.nce tte prog^^ ot industry and commerce in Thailand in °rder to comp with foreign products; bringing about solidanty among mems. for the purpose of protectag, a ^ promoting the stability of all mdustnes in encouramns the graduation of young mdustnalists and the liftiag^of their efficiency standards; j^rfomung charity work; engaging in- other industries thariwOTld promXe the prosperity of domesfac 220 public industries: Pres. Maj.-Gen. Pramarn Adireksarn- Vice-Pres. Bunjerd CHOtvicnARN, Yongsiep Ruangsook. Gen. Boonyong Vongvarij; Office Man. Sumt Ratanakul. Ic Association of Thailand: 335 New Rd., Bangkok. noral Industry Association of Thailand; 26 Bangkok Rd., 1483 THAILAND — (Trade and Industry, Power, Transport and Tourism) Thai Maize and Produce Exporters Association: 52/17-18 Pharmaceutical Association of Thailand: 150 Rajbopit Rd., Bangkok. Rice Mill Association of Thailand: 233 SouUi Sathorn Rd., Bangkok. Rico Traders Association of Thailand: 120 Sathom Rd., Bangkok. Rubber Trade Association of Thailand: 150 Rajbopit Rd., Bangkok. Sawmill Association of Siam: 258/1 Visutliykasat Rd., Bangkok. The Tapioca Association of Thailand: 291-293 Rajawongsc Rd., Bangkok. Surawongse Rd.. Bangkok. Thai Silk Association: c/o Industrial Promotion Dept., Ministry of Industry, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok. Thailand Lac Association: 66 Chaleamkatt 1, Bangkok. Timber Exporters Association: 119/1 Nr. Huachang Bridge, P.O.B. 240, Phaya Thai Rd., Bangkok. The Union Textile Merchants Association of Thailand: 121/1 Rajawongse Rd., Bangkok. TRADE UNIONS All trade unions were abolished in November 1958 and workers are forbidden to organize new ones. In 1958 tliere were 136 registered unions vrith 25,000 members. POWER CENTRAL AUTHORITY National Energy Authority: Pibultham Villa, Kasatsuk Bridge, Bangkok 5: Sec.-Gcn. Nitipat Jalichan. MAJOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES Yanhee Electricity Authority (YEA): Rama VI Bridge Bangkruay, Nondhaburi. North East Electricity Authority (NEEA); Rama I Rd., Yodso, Bangkok 5. Lignite Authority (LA) : Samsen Rd., Bangkok. Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA): 121 Chalaapet Rd., Bangkok, Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA): 200 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Bang Khen, Bangkok 9. ATOMIC ENERGY Office of Atomic Energy for Peace: Srirubsook Rd., Bang IChen, Bangkok 9: Chair. H. E. Field-Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn; Sec.-Gen. Dr. Svasti Srisukh. The National Energy Authority maintains ' a pilot nuclear plant. Chulalongkorn University, Kasetsart University and the University of Medical Sciences have atomic energy labora- tories and are involved in nuclear activities. TRANSPORT AND TOURISM TRANSPORT RAILWAYS Thailand State Railways: Yosse, Bangkok; f. 1S91; made autonomous 1951: 21,918 permanent employees, 13,776 temporary (Sept. 1970); 3,765 km. of open lines, 3,885 km. of running track and 557 km. of siding track; gauge I metre; Chair. Gen. Kruen Suddhanindra; Gen. Man. Ahna Kamyananda; Sec. Prayoon KASEM smvAN; publ. Railway Monthly Magazine (Thai). ROADS Total length of primary and secondary roads at the end of 1970, was about 10,250 miles, of which about one-half were paved. SHIPPING Port Authority of Thailand: Bangkok; 6 vessels; Chair. Admiral Luang Chamnarn Adhavudha; Man. Dir. Lt.-Gen. Prachuab Suntrangkoon. Thai Maritime Navigation Co. Ltd.; c/o Ministry of Com- munications, 59 Yanawa, Bangkok; services from Bangkok to Far Eastern ports; 4 vessels; Chair. Air Chief Marshal Dawee Chulasapya (Minister of Com- munications); Dir.-Gcn. Nai Charoon Vathanak'orn. Thai Mercantile Marino Ltd.: Bangkok Bank Bldg., 4th Floor, P.O.B. 905, 300 Silom Rd., Bangkok; f. 1967; four dry cargo vessels on liner service between Japan . and Thailand; Chair. H. E. Thanat Khoman; Vice- Chair. Chin Sophonpanich. CIVIL AVIATION Thai Airways Co. Ltd.; Thai Airway Building, 6Larn Luang Rd., Bangkok; f. 1951 through the amalgamation oi Siamese Ainvays Co. Ltd. and Pacific Overseas Air- lines (Siam) Ltd.; Government controlled through the Ministry oi Communications; external services to Vientiane (Laos), Penang (Malaysia) from Bangkok airport; Chair. Board of Dirs. Air Chief Marshal Boonchoo Chandrubeksa; Man. Dir. Air Marshal Perm Limpisvasti; fleet of 6 HS 748, 5 DC-3. Thai Airways International Ltd.: CMMC Bldg., 1043 Phaholyothin Rd., Bangkok; • f. i960; Chair, and Acting Man. Dir. Air Chief Marshal BpONCHOO Chandrubeksa; Deputy Man. Dir.' K. A. Kristiansen; fleet of I DC-9-41, 5 DC-8-33. Air-Siam {Air-Siam Air Co. Ltd.)-. P.O.B. 4-155 Rajprasong Trade Centre, Bangkok; f. 1966; i DC-8 on lease; 3 DC-4 freighters; principal routes: Bangkok-Hong Kong-Tokyo-Honolulu-Lns Angeles, freighters opera- ting Bangkok-Hong Kong; Chair, and Chief Exec. H. H. Prince Varanand; Exec. Vice-Pres. Capt. W. McIntosh. Bangkok is also served by the following airlines: Air France, Air India, Air New Zealand, Air Viet-Nam, Alitalia, B.O.A.C., ^thay Pacific Airways (C.P.A.), China Airlines, Civil Air Transport (C.A.T.), Garuda Indonesian Airways, Japan Air Lines Co. (J.A.L.), K.L.M., Lufthansa, Malaysia-Singapore Airlines, Northwest Orient Airlines (N.W.A.), Pan American World Airways (P.A.A.), Philip- 1484 THAILAND — (Transport and Tourism, Universities) pine Air Lines (P.A.L.)i Qantas, Royal Air Cambodgo, Royal Air Lao, Scandinavian Airlines System (S.A.S.), Swissair, Trans World Airlines (T.W.A.), Union de Trans- ports Adriens, Union oi Burma Ainvays Board (U.B.A.), United Arab Airlines. TOURISM The Tourist Organization of Thailand (TOT): Head Office, Mansion 2, Ratchadamnoen Ave., Bangkok 2; f. tg6o; Dir.-Gen. Lt.-Gcn. Chalermchai Ciiaruvastr; Deputy Dir.-Gen. Col. Sirisak Suntarovat, Col. Somchai Hiranyakit; pubis. Thailand Travel Talk (monthly, English), Holiday Time in Thailand (quarterly, English), TOT's Magazine (monthly, Thai), Ncwsleiter (English) ; overseas offices in New "Y ork and Los Angeles, North Thailand Tourist Promotion Asscn.: Chuang Mai; Pres. Prof. Momluang Tui Xumsai. CULTURAL AFFAIRS One of the main aspects of the Thai cultural background and development has been the Buddhist religion of the majority of the inhabitants. The tolerance shown by Buddhists allowed complete freedom of religion in Thai- land; Islam was introduced to the southern part of the county between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries, Christianity came in the sixteenth century and the many Chinese immigrants brought their own religions of ancestor worship and Confucianism. These various religions, and to a certain extent their cultural traditions, have existed peaceably side by side and the tolerance shown to religions also shows itself towards foreign contacts. Trade contacts began in the middle of the thirteenth century and Europeans established trade contacts early in the sixteenth century. The Thai people have shown a remarkable ability to assimi- late other nationalities — especially Chinese, of which Thailand has a large, integrated section — and yet preserve their own nationality, in spite of varying external pressures. The written language has been influenced by, and in turn has influenced, Mon and Khmer. The influence of Buddhism on Thai life is also seen in the development of the literature of the country, a large proportion of early literary works being Buddhist-inspired. Verse was the general medium of literary expression until the last century, and one of the richest fields is the folk literature, which was passed on only by word of mouth. Thai theatre has many traditional faces. The most ancient forms are the Hun and the Nang; Hun is a type of elaborate marionette theatre, with tlie story sung or recited by a singer, with chorus and musical accompani- ment; Nang is a shadow drama, again with singer and chorus. Both of these have popular forms, with less elabor- ate figures and more modern stories. Classical drama originally came to Thailand from India. There are two main categories, tlie Khon and the Lakhon. The Khon was originally an epic religious manifestation, but it has been adapted to a certain extent; the characters, all men, wear masks and the story is told by a reciter, though a singing chorus is sometimes introduced. The Lakhon characters, men or women, but not acting together, do not wear masks, except when portraying demons, animals, etc.; the action is sung by a chorus, with a leader. Tradi- tional music is closely bound up with Thai drama, with stylized, unvarying “action" and "singing” tunes played by a traditional orchestra of at least five players. Popular festivals and ceremonies still held today have been a common manifestation of Tliai culture lor many centuries; the majority are of a religious nature, connected •with the various phases of the life of Buddha. Fins Arts Dopartmont: Na-Pradbat Rd., Bangkok; promotes all sectors of the fine arts; Dir.-Gen. Chua Sariman. UNIVERSITIES Chiengmai University: Chiengmai; f. 1963; 508 teachers; 6,082 students. ChulalongRorn University: Phya Thai Rd., Bangkok; 1,042 teachers, 9,444 students. ' ■ . ■ Kasetsart University: Bangkhen, Bangkok; 433 teachers, 3,747 students. Khonkaen University: IChonkaen; f. 1966: 57 teachers, 300 students. Mahidol University: Siriraj Hospital, Thonburi, Bangkok; 871 teachers, 4,320 students. Silpakorn University: Na Pra Dhat Rd.; 661 students. Thammasat University: Bangkok; 651 teachers. 15,762 students. 1485 REPUBLIC OF TOGO INTRODUCTORY SURVEY Location, Climato, Language, Religion, Flag, Capital The Republic of Togo lies on the coast of West Africi^ forming a narrow strip stretching north to Upper Volt^ with Ghana to the west and Dahomey to the east. This climate is hot and humid, temperatures averaging 80% (27°c) on the coast and g7°F (3o°c) in the drier north. Th^ ofiScial language is French and there are a number o{ native tontnies. The majority of the population follovv animist beliefs; there are about 300,000 Christians an(J 75,000 Muslims. The flag consists of five stripes of alternate green and yellow, with a red section in the upper hoist charged with a white star. The capital is Lom6. Recent History Formerly a United Nations Trust Territory administereij by France, Togo became an autonomous republic withitj the French Union in 1956 and achieved independence in jpfin- The leading political figure and first President of Togo, Sylvanus Olympio, was assassinated by military insurgent^ early in 1963 and Nicolas Grunitzky returned from exile tc, become President. In May 1963 a popular referendun\ approved his appointment and elected a new National Assembly from a single list of candidates. Togo is s. member of the United Nations, the Organization for Afri-. can Unity, OCAM and the Consoil do I’Entente. An army coup d'dtat took place in January 1967. A now governmenf; under Colonel Dadjo was appointed after the voluntary withdrawal from ofiice of President Nicolas Grunitzky, In April 1967 Lt.-Gen. Etienne Eyadoma took over thij Presidency. In November 1969 a new party, the Togolesij People’s Rally, was founded with Gen. Eyadema a^ President. This party called for a referendum for th^ President of the Republic and this, held in January 1972, produced an overwhelming vote in favour of Gen, Eyadema. A Government reshuffle followed refiecting; Gen. Eyadema’s efforts to maintain stability. Government Following the army coup d’dtat of January 1967, th^ constitution was suspended. Executive power is in th^ hands of a President and a Cabinet, and elections to a new Parliament were promised as soon as possible. Th^ country is divided into four Regions each administered by an Inspector assisted by an elected council. Defence Togo’s Armed Forces total about 2,000, including an Infantry Battalion and a small naval force. Under military agreements TOth France, Togo is helped with training and equipment. Economic Affairs Togo’s considerable natural resources are still largely undeveloped. The economy is agricultural, the chief crop^ being manioc, palm kernels, coffee, groundnuts, cocoa and. cotton. Many of the forests and mineral reserves still have to be surveyed, but phosphates are being mined in increas- ing quantities and now form the country’s principal export. In 1967 major iron ore deposits were discovered in the North-Central region. It is intended to set up industries, mainly for food processing. Transport and Communications There arc 498 km. of railways, including three lines running inland from Lomd and a coastal line which joins with the Dahomey system. There are 7,125 km. of roads, of which about 1,300 km. are all-weather roads. There are several airfields in Togo, and an international airport at Lomd served by Air Togo, Air Afrique and U.T. A. Social Welfare Medical services are provided by the Government and there }s a Geserat JIaspJtaJ and 13 anrdhary hospitals. Education About half the schools provide free education and there are places for 40 per cent of children of school age. Mssion schools are important and educate about half of the pupils. Scholarships are available to French universities. • • • Tourism Big game hunting and fishing are the main attractions. There are a number of picturesque waterfalls. Visas are not required to visit Togo by nationals of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo People’s Republic, Dahomey, France, Gabon, Federal Republic of Germany, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Mada- gascar, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Upper Volta and Zaire. Sport There is little organized sport but football and lawn tennis are popular. Public Holidays 1972 : May 1 (Labour Day), May ii (Ascension Day), May 22 (Whit Monday), August 15 (Assumption), Novem- ber I (Memorial Day), December 25 (Christmas). ' . 1973 : January i (New Year’s Day), January 13 (Libera- tion Day), April 23 (Easter Monday), April 27 (Indepen- dence Day). Weights and Measures The Metric System is in force. Currency and Exchange Rates The currency unit is the Franc CFA. Coins: 5, 10, 25 Francs CFA Notes: 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000 Francs CFA Exchange Rate: 661 Francs CFA = £1 Sterling 254 Francs CFA = U.S. $i 1486 TOGO — (Statisticai. Survey) STATISTICAL SURVEY Area: 56,600 square km. Population (1970 census provisional results); 1.956,000; Lom6 (capital) 100.000, Sokod6 14,700, Palimd 11,900, Andcho 10,400, Atakpamd 9,200, Tsevie 9,200, Bassari 9,200, Mango 7,800, Taligbo 5.900, Bafilo 5,400 (1970 estimates). Main Tribes; Ewe 185,000, Ouatchi 152,000, Kabro 236,000. Employment: Agriculture 741.000; Commerce 78,000; Industry 31,200 (1966 estimates). Land Use ('000 hectares); Cultivated 2,300, Forests 500, Land capable of Cultivation 1,300, Waste Land 1,500. Agriculture: (metric tons) (1965); Manioc 840,141, Maize 90,392, Millet and Sorghum 152,892, Rice 18,529, Beans 13.428, Sweet Potato 8.067; (1967-68): Copra 420, Kapok 500, Karitd 1,760, Groundnuts 5,700; (1968-69); Coffee 17,200, Palm Oil 16,000; (1970-71): Cocoa 28,000, Cotton 6,500. Livestock (1969 Estimate): Cattle 180,000, Sheep and Goats 1,320,000, Pigs 275,000, Poultry 2,000,000. Animal Produce (1965) (tons): Reel 1,007, Mutton and Goatsmeat 147, Pork 53. Fisheries (1969); Sea 8,000 metric tons, Kiver 2,000 metric tons. Forestry (cubic metres): Firewood 28,060, Timber 6,700, Sawn lengths 4,000. Mining (1970); The Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bdnin_ produced 1,517,059 metric tons of Phosphate (Bauxite, Iron and Lime deposits are unexploited). Electricity: Total produced: (1969) 19.3 million kWh.; (1970) 22.5 million kWh. Currency: 1 franc CFA=o.o2 French francs; 1,000 francs CFA=;£i.5i sterling=U.S. $3.93. Recurrent Budget (1970) : Balanced at 7,980 million francs CFA; (1971): Balanced at 10,000 million. francs CFA; (1972); Balanced at 12,283 million francs CFA. Capital Budget (1971): 1.355 million francs CFA, of which Communications 426.2 million; Administration 222.2 million; Rural Development 220.4 million; Health, Education, Information. Sport, etc. 330.5 million; Industry 155.7 million. DEVELOPMENT FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN. 1966-70 (million francs CFA) Expenditure Public Private Total Transport and Communications . Town Planning, Housing Rural Economy .... Industry and Commerce Education ..... Health ...... Other Social and Cultural . Administration ..... 8,206 1.734 5.^41 1,416 1,336 1,195 184 840 2,100 2,800 800 2,400 300 140 10,306 4,534 5,941 3,816 1,636 1,335 184 840 Total .... 20,052 8,540 28,592 Second Five-Year Plan, 1971-75: Investments of 75,890 million francs CFA are planned, mostly in agriculture and infrastructure. 1487 - ALGERIA— (Introductory Survey, Statistical Survey) Visas are not required to visit Algeria by nationals of tbe following countries: Andorra, Bahrain, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France and the French overseas territories, Guinea, Guyana, Iraq, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Mauritius, Morocco, Norway, Oman, San Marino, Spain, Spanish Sahara, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen and Yugoslavia. Sport Football is the most popular sport. Algeria also takes part in many athletic events, and sports of all lands are being encouraged. Public Holidays 1972: May i (Labour Day), June ig (Anniversary of the overthrow of Ben Bella), July 5 (Independence Day), November 1 (Anniversarj' of the Revolution), November 8 (Id ulFitr). 1973 ; January i, January 15 (Id ul Adha), February 5 (Muslim New Year), February 14 (Ashoura). Note: The European community observes the usual Christian holidays. Weights and Measures The Metric System is in force. Currency and Exchange Rates The Dinar is the monetary unit; it was kept in parity with the French Franc until the French devaluation of August 1969. Notes: 5, 10, 50 and 100 Dinars. Coins: i, 2, 5, 20, 50 centimes and i Dinar. Exchange rate: 11.70 Dinars = Is. sterling 4.50 Dinars = $i U.S. STATISTICAL SURVEY AREA AND POPULATION (1966) Area (sq. km.) Population Total Area Arable Pasture Vineyards Fruit Forests Scrub Total Population 2,381,743 62,000 96,000 3,700 2,000 35.000 383,750 i2,ioi,994* • Includes European population estimated at 80,000; omits an estimated 500,000 Algerians abroad. POPULATION BY DEPARTMENTS (1966 Census) Algiers . . 1,648,200 Oran Annaba . • 950,000 Saida Aurfcs 765,000 Saoura . Constantine • 1.513,100 S6tif El Asnam . 789.600 Tiaret Mddda . 870,200 Tizi-Ouzou Mostaganem 778,800 Tlcmcen . Oasis 505,500 CHIEF TOWNS Population (1966 Census) Algiers (capital) 942,769 Skikda . Oran 324,481 Mostaganem Constantino 254.744 El Asnam Annaba . . 168,744 Eatna Sidi Bel Abbds . 105.000* Bejaia SSUf 98,384 Biskra Tlemccn . . 96.072 M6d6a . Blida . 93,000* Tizi Ouzou 958,460 236,900 211.000 t.237.900 362.000 830,800 444,100 88,000* 74,876 69,580 68,856 65,012 59,052 53,951 53,291 * Estimates. 12 ALGERIA — (Statistical Survey) AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (’ooo metric tons) 1963 1964 1965 1966 ^Vhcat ...... 1,495 1,798 1,330 700 Barley ...... 690 790 377 n.a. Wine* ...... 1,228 1,248 1,048 1,200 Olive Oil ..... 15 17 18 28 Citrus Fruit ..... 366 410 405 n.a. Fresh Vegetables (’000 quintals) 3.987 2,841 2,830 n.a. • Wine production (hectolitres) 1967; 6,666,768; 1968; 10,046,767. LIVESTOCK (1966 — ’000) Sheep .... 13,000 Goats .... 7,000 Cattle. 3,000 Horses, Asses, Mules 1,500 Chickens 10,000 MINING (metric ton.s) 19G3 1964 1965 1966 Iron Ore . 1,976,900 2,739.000 3,132,000 1,762,000 Coal 38,000 34,800 45,000 n.a. Lead 11,763 13,600 14,900 6,300 Zinc 55.923 64,200 63,000 24,600 Iron P)rritcs 37.750 61,000 56,876 49,000 Phosphates 348,100 72,000 86,000 93,900 Fuller’s earth . 81,608 49,200 59,890 n.a. Magnesium Sulphate. n.a. 20,400 16,410 n.a. Barium Sulphate 33,000 31,400 42.770 n.a. Crude Oil Natural Gas (million 23.646,353 26,487,778 26,480,788 33.253.000 cu. metres) . 400 699 1,754 n.a. Crude oil (1967) 39,078,000 tons; (1968) 43,000,000 tons; ( 19 ^ 9 ) 46,000,000 tons. Iron ore; (1967) 2,428,000 tons; (1968) 2,962,000 tons. FINANCE I Algerian Dinar = 100 centimes. 11.70 Algerian Dinars=;£i sterling; 4.50 Algerian Dinars=U.S. Ji.oo. 100 Algerian Dinars = £^- 5 ^ sterling = U.S. $22.22. The Algerian Dinar replaced the Algerian franc, of the same value, in 1964. BUDGET CURRENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE (million dinars) i 1964 1965 1966 1967 , 1968 1969 Budget (balanced, except in 1965, when 222m. dinar deficit) . 2,632 2,831 3,200 3,332 3,539 3,890 13 ALGERIA— (Statistical Survey) INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE 1970 1971 Agriculture .... 793 X.OIO Industry .... 3,100 3.100 Infrastructure .... 494 1,543 Education .... 784 S25 Housing and Health 238 220 Others ..... 714 390 Total .... 6,507 7,088 Add Current Expenditure 4,447 4,915 Total Expenditure 10,954 12,003 FOUR-YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1970-73 Unit 1969 Production (Estimate) 1973 ^ (Target) Crude Petroleum . . million tons 46 65 Natural Gas . , million cu. metres 2,500 6,500 Liquefied Natural Gas . t ! ft ft 2,000 5,500 Iron Ore '000 tons 3,500 3,700 Zinc Concentrates . tons 43,000 127,000 Phosphates tf 520,000 1,470,000 Electricity milhon kWh. 1,500 2,800 Crude Steel tons — 430,000 Sulphuric Acid ft 61,000 100,000 Manufactured fertilizers . tf 220,000 700,000 Refined Sugar . ft — 160,000 Cement .... ft 950,000 1,800,000 Paper Pulp . ... . ft 17,000 70,000 Cotton, Sjmthetic and wool Fabncs . million sq. metres 53-4 1 X0 EXTERNAL TRADE (million Algerian Dinars) 1965 1 1966 1967 1968 1969 Imports Exports 3,314 3,145 3,154 3,070 3.155 3,572 3.486 3.816 4,830 4.494 COMMODITIES {’000 Dinars) Imports 1967 1968 Food ..... 775,082 662,531 Machinery, Non-Electrical 381,314 799,942 Chemicals .... 312,599 4X5,400 Textiles and Textile Articles 285,530 368,285 Transport Equipment . . | 247,930 331,389 Hon and Steel and articles thereof 230,248 405,293 Elecbical Machinery , , j Paper, Paperboard and articles 117,871 161,116 thereof .... 74.223 72,008 Exports 1967 1968 Petroleum, Crude . Wines ..... Edible Fruits and Nuts, Peel of 2,479,476 268,699 2,811,619 368.058 Melons or Citrus Fruit Natural Gas Petroleum Products Preparations of Fruit and 150,781 140,709 126,585 138,625 147,614 97,060 Vegetables Metallic Ores and Slags . of which iron ore . 33.419 21,067 8.293 39,947 127,151 105,161 14 ALGERIA — (Statistical Survey, The Constitution) COUNTRIES Imports j Exports 1967 1968 1969 1967 1968 1969 France ..... EEC, excluding France . Eastern Europe .... United States .... 1,877.6 278.5 262.3 251-5 1,989.0 533-0 192.3 303-4 2,138.3 1,094.8 332.9 434-0 2,118.0 731-6 T05.5 67.9 2,075.6 887.6 202.9 21.7 2,458.7 961.1 384.2 9-0 TRANSPORT Railways (1967): Passenger-km. 713m., Freight ton-km. 984m, Roads (1966): Cars 90,000, Buses, Lorries and Commercial Vehicles 76,000 current licences. Shipping (1968): Vessels entered 5,980; Freight entered 5,025,000 tons; Freight cleared 20,720,000 tons. Civil Aviation (1968): Passenger arrivals 286,035; Passen- ger departures 311,733. TOURISM Hotil Beds (1968): 8,000, EDUCATION (1968-69) Boys Girls Total Primary , . | 976,110 575,379 1,551.489 Secondarj' 85,994 35,407 124.401 Technical 29,848 9,750 39,598 Teacher-Training Colleges 4.137 1,601 2,398 5,738 Higher . 8,283 io,68r Source: Direction Gdndrale du Plan et des Etudes Economiques, Ministfcre de I’Economie Nationale, Algiers. THE CONSTITUTION {Approved by popular referendum, September 1963) Preamble History of the Front for National Liberation (FLN). Fundamental objectives of the Republic. Need for single- party rule. Articles 1-11; Main Aims and Principles Algeria is a Democratic and Popular Republic. It forms part of the Arab Maghreb, the Arab World and of Africa. Islam is the official religion, but the State guarantees freedom of opinion and belief and free expression of religion. Arabic is the official language of the State. The <^pital of Algeria is Algiers, headquarters of the National Assembly and the Government. The National Popular Army ensures the defence of territory and takes pari in the country’s social and economic activities. The basic administrative unit of the Republic is the Commune. _ The main aims of the Republic are to safeguard national mdependence, territorial integrity and national unity; to exercise power by the people; to build a socialist democracy; to guarantee the right to work and to free education; to eliminate the vestiges of colonialism; to defend individual freedoms; to fight discrimination, in particular that based ^ race or religion; to strive for peace in the world. The Republic conforms to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. Articles 12-22; Fundamental Rights All citizens of both sexes have the same rights and the same duties. All citizens over 19 years have the right to Vote. The domicile cannot be violated and secrecy of Correspondence is guaranteed to all citizens. No one can be arrested or tried except for legal offences and according to legal procedure. All have a right to a decent life and a fair share of the national income. The Family, main unit of society, is under State protection. Education is com- pulsory and is offered to all. The Republic guarantees freedom of the Press and other means of information, freedom of association, freedom of speech and public discourse and freedom to hold meetings. Trade unionism, the right to strike, and the participation of workers in the administration of business will be upheld within the frame- work of the relevant laws. The Republic guarantees political asylum to all who fight for freedom. The rights and freedoms referred to may not be used to hinder national independence, or to affect temtonal integrity, national unity, the institution of the Repubuc, the socialist aims of the people or the principle of unity of the F.L.N. irlicles 23-26; The National Liberation Front (F.L.N.) The F.L.N. is the only avant-garde party in Algena. it ratlines policy and controls the activity of the National Assembly and the Government. It reflects the deep ^pira- ;ions of the masses. It educates and leads them. It achieves he objectives of the revolution and establishes socialism n Algeria. irlicles 27-38; Sovereign Rights — The Natimal Assembly Sovereign rights belong to the people. They are exer- ■ised by representatives in the National Assembly, lominated by the F.L.N. and elected for five yearn bv lirect and secret ballot. The method of election, number of 15 ALGERIA — (The representatives, and conditions of eligibility are fixed by law and reviewed by a Commission. The Assembly meets within two weeks of election of its members and confers power on them. It then elects its President, Bureau, and Special Committees. The President of the National Assembly occupies the second highest position in the State. The President of the Republic and Members of the Assembly have the power to initiate laws. All members of the Government have the right to attend debates and to address the Assembly. Control over Government acts is exercised by: hearings of Ministers in Committees; written questions; oral questions with or wthout debate. Articles 39-59; The Executive The executive power lies with the Head of State, the ' President of the Republic. He is nominated by the Party, and is elected by universal direct and secret ballot, for a five-year term. Any Moslem of Algerian origin having all civil and political rights and being 36 years of age or older, may be elected President of the Republic. The President is sworn in by the National Assembly. Foreign diplomats are accredited to the President. The President, on the advice of the Minister for Foreign Afiairs, appoints Algeria's Ambassadors and Envoys. The President; signs, ratifies (in consultation %vith the Assembly), and ensures the execution of Treaties and other International Agreements; is Supreme Leader of the Armed Forces; declares war and draws up terms for peace, with the approval of the National Assembly; presides over the Higher Councils of Defence and the Law; exercises the right to grant a legal reprieve; nominates Ministers, of whom two-thirds must be members of the Assembly; has sole responsibilitv before the Assembly; defines and directs Government policies; proclaims and publishes Laws and ensures that they are executed; appoints all civil servants and defence personnel. The President must promulgate Laws within ten days of their formal transmission by the National Assembly. Within this time limit the President can ask the Assembly to deliberate a second time, and this request cannot be refused. The period of ten days can be reduced at the re- quest of the Assembly in matters of urgent necessity. If the President of the Republic does not proclaim the Laws • within the time limit, the President of the Assembly shall do so. A motion of censure may be tabled against the President if signed by one-third of tte members of the Assembly. A majority vote in the Assembly on such a motion shall entail the resignation of the President and the automatic dissolution of the Assembly! This vote by public ballot shall take place after five clear days have expired frotn the time of tabling the motion. In the case of resignation, death or incapacitation of the President, the President of the Assembly shall carry out the duties of President of the Republic with the assistance of the heads of permanent committees of the Assembly. He shall arrange %vithin two months elections for a new President, and if necessary for a new National Assembly. The President of the Republic may ask the Assembly to give him the power to make Laws by Decree for a limited period. Such Decrees shall be taken in the Council of Constitution) Ministers and submitted for ratification by the Assembly within three months. In the case of emergency, the President can take exceptional measures to safeguard national independence and the Institutions of the Republic. The National Assembly then has the full right to meet automatically. Articles 60-62; Justice Justice is done in the name of the Algerian People. The, right to defence before the law is recognised and guaranteed. Judges obey only the Law and the interests of the Socialist Revolution. Their independence is guaranteed by Law and by the existence of a Higher Council of Law. Articles 63-64: The Constitutional Council The Constitutional Council consists of the President of the Supreme Court, the Presidents of the Civil and Administrative Chambers of the Supreme Court, three nominated members of the National Assembly and a member nominated by the President of the Republic. The members of the Constitutional Council elect their own President, who has no casting vote. Either the President of the Republic or the President of the Assembly may ask the Constitutional Council to judge the validity of Laws and Decrees. Articles 65-70.- Higher Organisations The Higher Council of the Law consists of the President, the Minister of Justice, the President and Attorney General of the Supreme Court, a Lawyer of the Supreme Court, two Magistrates, one of whom is a judge, elected by their colleagues, and six Members of the Assembly elected by the permanent Committee of Justice. The Higher Council of Defence consists of the President, the Ministers of National Defence, the Interior, and Foreign Affairs, the President of the Assembly’s Commission for National Defence, and two Members nominated by the President of the Republic. The Higher Economic and Social Council consists of five Members of the Assembly, the Director of Economic Planning, the Governor of the Central Bank of Algeria, members of the national organizations and representatives of major national economic and social activities appointed by the President. It elects its own President. Articles 7J774 Constitutional Alterations The initiative for altering the Constitution lies jointly with the President of the Republic and the National Assembly. Two readings and two votes with absolute majority must be given at an interval of two months, to draft any bill. This draft shall then be submitted for approval to the People by referendum. A bill approved by the People shall be proclaimed Law within eight days of the referendum. Articles 75—78: Temporary Measures The national hymn is Kassamen until such time as an extra-constitutional law shall fix a new national hymn. The use of French in education shall continue only until the realisation of all-Arabic education becomes possible. After approval of the Constitution by popular referendum it shall be promulgated within eight days. The election of the President of the Republic shall take place within one month of the approval of the Constitution. ALGERIA — (The Government, Diplomatic Representation) THE GOVERNMENT REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL arrest of President Ben Bella. With Col. Houari the Council includes the following members: following the Boumedienne as its President Set up in June ig05 Moxn.Av Addelkader Ahmed Belhouchet Cherif Belkacem Mohammed Ben Ahmed Ahmed Bencherif Bouhadjar Benhaddou Cheddi Benjedid Abderrahman Ben Salem Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Draia Ahmed Kaid Tayebi Larbj Ahmed Medeghri Yahyaoui Mohammed Salah Salah Soufi COUNCIL OF MINISTERS (March i97~) Prime Minister and Minister of Defence: Col. Houari Boumedienne, Minister of Transport: Rabah Bitat. Minister of the Interior: Ahmed Medeghri. Minister of Justice: Boualem Ben Hamouda. Minister of Industry and Energy: Belaid Abdessalem. Minister of Foreign Affairs: Abdelaziz Bouteflika. Minister of Finance: Smail JIahroug. Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform: Tayebi Larbi. Minister of Primary and Secondary Education: Abdelkrim Ben Mahmoud. Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mohammed Ben Yahia. Minister of Health: Omar Boudjellab, Minister of Public Works: Abdelkader Zaibek. Minister of Posts and Telecommunications: Mohammed Kadi. Minister of Commerce: Layechi Yaker. Minister of Labour and Social Affairs: Mohand Said Mazouni. Minister of Youth and Sports: Abdallah Fadel. Minister of Tourism: Abdelaziz Maaoui. Minister for Hahous: Mouloud Kassem. Minister for Ex-Servicemen; Mahmoud Guennez. Minister of Information: Ahmed Taleb. Under-Secretary of State for Planning: IOvmel Abdullah Khodja. Under-Secretary of State; Abdullah Arbaoui. DIPLOMATIC representation embassies ACCREDITED TO ALGERIA (Algiers unless otherwise stated) Albania: 50 rue Oukil Mohammed, Birniandrcis; Ambassa - dor : Riza Taushani, Argentina: 7 rue Hamani; Ambassador : Mario Raul Pico. Austria: Citd Dar el Kef. rue Shakespeare, El Mouradia; Ambassador : Albert Filz, Belgium: 18 ave. Claude Debussy; Ambassador : Paul Denis. Brazil: 48 blvd. Mohammed V; Ambassador : Paulo Lead DE Moura. Bulgaria: 13 blvd. Bougara Mohammed: Ambassador : A. P. Pachev. Cameroon : 28 chemin Sheikh Bachir Brahimi ; A mbassador : Ferdinand Leopold Ayono. Canada: Ambassador : Christian Hardy. Chile: Ambassador : Eduardo Yazigi. China, People’s Republic: 34 blvd. des Martyrs; Ambassa - dor : Lin Ching. , Congo, People’s Republic (Brazzaville): 115 Abdelkader; Ambassador : D. Mountsaka. Cuba: 14 rue Claude Barndard, Le Golf; Ambassador . Raul Fornel Delgado. Czechoslovakia: Villa Malika, Parc Gattlif; Ambassador . Vaclav Plescot. Denmark: 23 blvd. Zirout Youcef; Ambassador : Diplev Gorgen Scheel. Egypt: chemin de la Madeleine, Hydra; Ambassador . Naguib H. EL Sadr. Finland- 2 blvd. Mohammed V; Ambassador : O . Saikky. ™ tab. Alik. Hydra. A..kW.r: (Sorma“n”otn.mr«tic EopuMlt: (address not available): Ambassador : Si ' EGFRVS'D Yaw Ghana: 62 me Parmenticr. Kubba; Ambassador . Yaw G re“8 - Suche Mourad; Dimitri Guir4TlT|ntrM SaMHamdiue, Hydra; .m... HunTarrr’i::uRy^^ — — lndfa??irVue Didouche Mourad; Ambassador : Pek I ndoneJarrue Etienne Baillac, Mouradia; Ambassador : Mourad; War: Diahakguir, Tafazoli. 17 ALGERIA — (Diplomatic Representation, National Assembly, etc.) Iraq: 4 rue Areski, Abri-Hydra; Ambassador: A. el Yassine. Italy: 37 cbemin Sheikh Bachir Brahimi; Ambassador: A. M. Saredo. Ivory Coast: Parc Paradou, Hydra; Ambassador: Ibrahima ■ foriRE. Japan: 3 rue du Lucien Reynard; Ambassador: Yukihisa Tamura. Jordan: 25 blvd. Colonel Amirouche; Ambassador: Dr. Attiyate Ahmed. Kenya: Cairo, Egy^pt. Korea, Democratic People’s Republic: 49 rue Salvandy; Ambassador: O Yong-Chin. Kuwait: rue Didouche Mourad; Ambassador: Nouri Abd- Al-Salam Shuwaib. Lebanon: 9 rue Kaid Ahmed el Biar; Ambassador: Khalil Aitani. Libya: 15 chemin Bachir Brahimi; Ambassador: Muham- MED Busairi. Madagascar: rue Abdelkadir Aonis; Ambassador: Besy Arthur. Mali: Paris, France. Mauritania: 33 rue Vercors Bouzariah; Ambassador: Saad Bouh I^ne. Mexico: Cairo, Egypt. Mongolia: rue Marcel Suites, Hydra; Ambassador: D. Charav. Morocco: 6 rue des Cfedres; Ambassador; Muhammed SlJlLMASSI. Nepal: Cairo, Egypt. Netherlands: 23 blvd. Zirout Youcef; Ambassador: G. J. Antonios Veling. Niger; Aiid>assador: Dodo Bodkari. Nigeria: 2 rue de I’Abrevoir; Chargi d' Affaires: Sokoya James. Norway: Rabat, Morocco. Pakistan: 14 ave. Souidani Boudjemaa; Ambassador: Mahmoud Shaeqat. Poland: 37 ave. Mustafa AliKhodja, El Bias; Ambassador Grzegorz Kopozynski. Romania; 24 rue Si Areski, Hydra; Ambassador: Mihat G. Stefan. Saudi Arabia: chemin des Glycines; Ambassador: Riad al Khatib. Senegal: 50 ave. Souidani Boudjemaa; Ambassador: Latyr Kamara. Spain: 10 rue Tirman; Ambassador: Carlos Iniesta Cano. Sudan; 27 me de Carthago, Hydra; Ambassador: Aboubakr Osman Muhammed Saleh. Sweden : 4 blvd. Mohammed V; Ambassador: Claes Konig. Switzerland: 27 blvd. Zirout Youcef; Ambassador: Jean- Denis Grandjan. Syria: chemin de la Madeleine, El Biar; Ambassador: Dr. M. K. Baas. Tunisia: ii rue du Bois de Boulogne, Hydra; Ambassador: Habib Shatty. Turkey: Villa dar el Guard, blvd. Colonel Bougara; Ambassador: Efdal Deringil. U.S.S.R.: chemin du Prince d'Annam, El Biar; Ambassador' Serge Grouzinov. United Kingdom: 7 chemin des Glycines; Ambassador: Ronald Burroughs. Vatican: (address not available); Apostolic Delegate: Mgr. Sante Portalupi. Viot-Nam, Democratic Republic (North Viet-Nam): me d« Chenoua, Hydra; Ambassador: Nguyen Doc Thieng, Yemen A.R.: 74 rue Mokhtar el Menaoud Bouraba; Ambassador; Abdallah Barakat. Yugoslavia: 7 rue d’ Anjou, Hydra; Ambassador: Osman Djickil. Algeria also recognizes Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Peru, Venezuela, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Viet-Nam. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY General Elections vrere held in September 1964 when a single list of candidates presented by the F.L.N. was returned unopposed. The Assembly has not met since 1966. In October 1969 President Boumedienne announced that a general election would be held during 1970; none was in fact held, an