VITAMIN A: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews
Learn more about VITAMIN A uses, effectiveness, possible side effects, interactions, dosage, user ratings and products that contain VITAMIN A.
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Abba, K., Sudarsanam, T. D., Grobler, L., and Volmink, J. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(4):CD006086. View abstract.

Acosta, C. J., Galindo, C. M., Schellenberg, D., Aponte, J. J., Kahigwa, E., Urassa, H., Schellenberg, J. R., Masanja, H., Hayes, R., Kitua, A. Y., Lwilla, F., Mshinda, H., Menendez, C., Tanner, M., and Alonso, P. L. Evaluation of the SPf66 vaccine for malaria control when delivered through the EPI scheme in Tanzania. Trop.Med Int Health 1999;4(5):368-376. View abstract.

Agarwal DK, Pandey CM, and Agarwal KN. Vitamin A administration and preschool child mortality. Nutrition Research 1995;15(5):669-680.

Agarwal KN, Agarwal DK, and Pandey CM. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity pattern in rural pre-school children. Indian J Prev Soc Med 1998;29:14-24.

Agte, V. and Tarwadi, K. The importance of nutrition in the prevention of ocular disease with special reference to cataract. Ophthalmic Res 2010;44(3):166-172. View abstract.

Aguayo, V. M., Kahn, S., Ismael, C., and Meershoek, S. Vitamin A deficiency and child mortality in Mozambique. Public Health Nutr 2005;8(1):29-31. View abstract.

Ajans, Z. A., Sarrif, A., and Husbands, M. Inluence of vitamin A on human colostrum and early milk. Am J Clin Nutr 1965;17(3):139-142. View abstract.

Alarcon, K., Kolsteren, P. W., Prada, A. M., Chian, A. M., Velarde, R. E., Pecho, I. L., and Hoeree, T. F. Effects of separate delivery of zinc or zinc and vitamin A on hemoglobin response, growth, and diarrhea in young Peruvian children receiving iron therapy for anemia. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1276-1282. View abstract.

Albrecht, L., Bourcier, M., Ashkenas, J., Papp, K., Shear, N., Toole, J., Vender, R., and Wasel, N. Topical psoriasis therapy in the age of biologics: evidence-based treatment recommendations. J Cutan.Med.Surg. 2011;15(6):309-321. View abstract.

Allen, S., Britton, J. R., and Leonardi-Bee, J. A. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcome measures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2009;64(7):610-619. View abstract.

Allsup, S. J., Shenkin, A., Gosney, M. A., Taylor, S., Taylor, W., Hammond, M., and Zambon, M. C. Can a short period of micronutrient supplementation in older institutionalized people improve response to influenza vaccine? A randomized, controlled trial. J Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2004;52(1):20-24. View abstract.

Alonso, P. L., Sacarlal, J., Aponte, J. J., Leach, A., Macete, E., Milman, J., Mandomando, I., Spiessens, B., Guinovart, C., Espasa, M., Bassat, Q., Aide, P., Ofori-Anyinam, O., Navia, M. M., Corachan, S., Ceuppens, M., Dubois, M. C., Demoitie, M. A., Dubovsky, F., Menendez, C., Tornieporth, N., Ballou, W. R., Thompson, R., and Cohen, J. Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 10-16-2004;364(9443):1411-1420. View abstract.

Alonso, P. L., Smith, T., Schellenberg, J. R., Masanja, H., Mwankusye, S., Urassa, H., Bastos, de Azevedo, I, Chongela, J., Kobero, S., Menendez, C., and . Randomised trial of efficacy of SPf66 vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in southern Tanzania. Lancet 10-29-1994;344(8931):1175-1181. View abstract.

Ambalavanan, N., Wu, T. J., Tyson, J. E., Kennedy, K. A., Roane, C., and Carlo, W. A. A comparison of three vitamin A dosing regimens in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 2003;142(6):656-661. View abstract.

Andreano, J. M., Bergfeld, W. F., and Medendorp, S. V. Tretinoin emollient cream 0.01% for the treatment of photoaged skin. Cleve.Clin J Med 1993;60(1):49-55. View abstract.

Andreone, P., Fiorino, S., Cursaro, C., Gramenzi, A., Margotti, M., Di, Giammarino L., Biselli, M., Miniero, R., Gasbarrini, G., and Bernardi, M. Vitamin E as treatment for chronic hepatitis B: results of a randomized controlled pilot trial. Antiviral Res 2001;49(2):75-81. View abstract.

Aponte, J. J., Aide, P., Renom, M., Mandomando, I., Bassat, Q., Sacarlal, J., Manaca, M. N., Lafuente, S., Barbosa, A., Leach, A., Lievens, M., Vekemans, J., Sigauque, B., Dubois, M. C., Demoitie, M. A., Sillman, M., Savarese, B., McNeil, J. G., Macete, E., Ballou, W. R., Cohen, J., and Alonso, P. L. Safety of the RTS,S/AS02D candidate malaria vaccine in infants living in a highly endemic area of Mozambique: a double blind randomised controlled phase I/IIb trial. Lancet 11-3-2007;370(9598):1543-1551. View abstract.

Arifeen S. Multiple micronutrient supplementation of women during pregnancy. UNICEF Workshop Report 2006;

Armijos, R. X., Weigel, M. M., Chacon, R., Flores, L., and Campos, A. Adjunctive micronutrient supplementation for pulmonary tuberculosis. Salud Publica Mex. 2010;52(3):185-189. View abstract.

Arrieta, O., Gonzalez-De la Rosa CH, Arechaga-Ocampo, E., Villanueva-Rodriguez, G., Ceron-Lizarraga, T. L., Martinez-Barrera, L., Vazquez-Manriquez, M. E., Rios-Trejo, M. A., Alvarez-Avitia, M. A., Hernandez-Pedro, N., Rojas-Marin, C., and De la Garza, J. Randomized phase II trial of All-trans-retinoic acid with chemotherapy based on paclitaxel and cisplatin as first-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 7-20-2010;28(21):3463-3471. View abstract.

Arthur, P., Kirkwood, B., Ross, D., Morris, S., Gyapong, J., Tomkins, A., and Addy, H. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood morbidity in northern Ghana. Lancet 2-8-1992;339(8789):361-362. View abstract.

Assantachai, P. and Lekhakula, S. Epidemiological survey of vitamin deficiencies in older Thai adults: implications for national policy planning. Public Health Nutr 2007;10(1):65-70. View abstract.

Aune, D., Chan, D. S., Vieira, A. R., Navarro Rosenblatt, D. A., Vieira, R., Greenwood, D. C., and Norat, T. Dietary compared with blood concentrations of carotenoids and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96(2):356-373. View abstract.

Avenell, A., Campbell, M. K., Cook, J. A., Hannaford, P. C., Kilonzo, M. M., McNeill, G., Milne, A. C., Ramsay, C. R., Seymour, D. G., Stephen, A. I., and Vale, L. D. Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplements on morbidity from infections in older people (MAVIS trial): pragmatic, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 8-6-2005;331(7512):324-329. View abstract.

Awasthi S, Peto R Bundy D et al. Six-monthly vitamin A supplementation from 1 to 6 years of age. Abstract of talk at ILSI Micronutrient Forum, Istanbul 2007;

Ayah, R. A., Mwaniki, D. L., Magnussen, P., Tedstone, A. E., Marshall, T., Alusala, D., Luoba, A., Kaestel, P., Michaelsen, K. F., and Friis, H. The effects of maternal and infant vitamin A supplementation on vitamin A status: a randomised trial in Kenya. Br J Nutr 2007;98(2):422-430. View abstract.

Baer, T. Capacitor modification to the Schenck and Metcalf N(2) laser. Appl.Opt. 12-1-1976;15(12) View abstract.

Baeten, J. M., McClelland, R. S., Overbaugh, J., Richardson, B. A., Emery, S., Lavreys, L., Mandaliya, K., Bankson, D. D., Ndinya-Achola, J. O., Bwayo, J. J., and Kreiss, J. K. Vitamin A supplementation and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 shedding in women: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Infect.Dis 4-15-2002;185(8):1187-1191. View abstract.

Bahl, R., Bhandari, N., Taneja, S., and Bhan, M. K. The impact of vitamin A supplementation on physical growth of children is dependent on season. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51(1):26-29. View abstract.

Bai XC, Ma Y Song GQ. The Combination treatment of arsenic trioxide and Alltrans-retinoic acid in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ning Xia Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2007;29:502-504.

Bailey, E. E., Ference, E. H., Alikhan, A., Hession, M. T., and Armstrong, A. W. Combination treatments for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch.Dermatol. 2012;148(4):511-522. View abstract.

Banerjee S, Jeyaseelan S Guleria R. Trial of lycopene to prevent pre-eclampsia in healthy primigravidas: results show some adverse effects. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2009;35:477-482.

Baqui, A. H., de, Francisco A., Arifeen, S. E., Siddique, A. K., and Sack, R. B. Bulging fontanelle after supplementation with 25,000 IU of vitamin A in infancy using immunization contacts. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84(8):863-866. View abstract.

Barclay, A. J., Foster, A., and Sommer, A. Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1-31-1987;294(6567):294-296. View abstract.

Barel AO, Delune M, Clarys P, and Gabard B. Treatment of photodamaged facial skin with topical tretinoin: a blinded, vehiclecontrolled half-side study. Nouvelles Dermatologiques 1995;14:585-591.

Barreto, M. L., Santos, L. M., Assis, A. M., Araujo, M. P., Farenzena, G. G., Santos, P. A., and Fiaccone, R. L. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. Lancet 7-23-1994;344(8917):228-231. View abstract.

Bath-Hextall, F., Leonardi-Bee, J., Somchand, N., Webster, A., Delitt, J., and Perkins, W. Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(4):CD005414. View abstract.

Bavinck, J. N., Tieben, L. M., Van der Woude, F. J., Tegzess, A. M., Hermans, J., ter, Schegget J., and Vermeer, B. J. Prevention of skin cancer and reduction of keratotic skin lesions during acitretin therapy in renal transplant recipients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13(8):1933-1938. View abstract.

Beaton GH, Martorell R, Aronson KA, Edmonston B, McCabe G, and Ross AC. La suplementaciÃ³n con vitamina A y la morbilidad y mortalidad infantil en los paÃ­ses en desarrollo. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1994;117:506-518.

Bedri, A., Gudetta, B., Isehak, A., Kumbi, S., Lulseged, S., Mengistu, Y., Bhore, A. V., Bhosale, R., Varadhrajan, V., Gupte, N., Sastry, J., Suryavanshi, N., Tripathy, S., Mmiro, F., Mubiru, M., Onyango, C., Taylor, A., Musoke, P., Nakabiito, C., Abashawl, A., Adamu, R., Antelman, G., Bollinger, R. C., Bright, P., Chaudhary, M. A., Coberly, J., Guay, L., Fowler, M. G., Gupta, A., Hassen, E., Jackson, J. B., Moulton, L. H., Nayak, U., Omer, S. B., Propper, L., Ram, M., Rexroad, V., Ruff, A. J., Shankar, A., and Zwerski, S. Extended-dose nevirapine to 6 weeks of age for infants to prevent HIV transmission via breastfeeding in Ethiopia, India, and Uganda: an analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet 7-26-2008;372(9635):300-313. View abstract.

Bejon, P., Mwacharo, J., Kai, O., Mwangi, T., Milligan, P., Todryk, S., Keating, S., Lang, T., Lowe, B., Gikonyo, C., Molyneux, C., Fegan, G., Gilbert, S. C., Peshu, N., Marsh, K., and Hill, A. V. A phase 2b randomised trial of the candidate malaria vaccines FP9 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP among children in Kenya. PLoS.Clin Trials 2006;1(6):e29. View abstract.

Bello, S., Meremikwu, M. M., Ejemot-Nwadiaro, R. I., and Oduwole, O. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(4):CD007719. View abstract.

Bellos, F. and Mahlknecht, U. Valproic acid and all-trans retinoic acid: meta-analysis of a palliative treatment regimen in AML and MDS patients. Onkologie. 2008;31(11):629-633. View abstract.

Benn, C. S., Aaby, P., Bale, C., Olsen, J., Michaelsen, K. F., George, E., and Whittle, H. Randomised trial of effect of vitamin A supplementation on antibody response to measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau, west Africa. Lancet 7-12-1997;350(9071):101-105. View abstract.

Benn, C. S., Diness, B. R., Roth, A., Nante, E., Fisker, A. B., Lisse, I. M., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Whittle, H., Rodrigues, A., and Aaby, P. Effect of 50,000 IU vitamin A given with BCG vaccine on mortality in infants in Guinea-Bissau: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 6-21-2008;336(7658):1416-1420. View abstract.

Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. B., Napirna, B. M., Roth, A., Diness, B. R., Lausch, K. R., Ravn, H., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Rodrigues, A., Whittle, H., and Aaby, P. Vitamin A supplementation and BCG vaccination at birth in low birthweight neonates: two by two factorial randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c1101. View abstract.

Bental R.Y., Cooper PA, Cummins RR, Sandler DL, Wainer S, and Rotschild A. Vitamin A therapy - effects on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. S.Afr.J.Food Sci.Nutr 1994;6:141-145.

Berbis, P., Geiger, J. M., Vaisse, C., Rognin, C., and Privat, Y. Benefit of progressively increasing doses during the initial treatment with acitretin in psoriasis. Dermatologica 1989;178(2):88-92. View abstract.

Bernstein, C. N., Nugent, Z., Longobardi, T., and Blanchard, J. F. Isotretinoin is not associated with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(11):2774-2778. View abstract.

Bhandari, N., Bahl, R., and Taneja, S. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on linear growth of children. Br.J Nutr. 2001;85 Suppl 2:S131-S137. View abstract.

Bhandari, N., Bhan, M. K., and Sazawal, S. Impact of massive dose of vitamin A given to preschool children with acute diarrhoea on subsequent respiratory and diarrhoeal morbidity. BMJ 11-26-1994;309(6966):1404-1407. View abstract.

Bhaskaram P, Balakrishna N, Nair M, and Sivakumar B. Vitamin A deficiency in infants: effects of postnatal maternal vitamin A supplementation on the growth and vitamin A status. Nutrition Research 2000;20:769-778.

Bhaskaram, P. and Balakrishna, N. Effect of administration of 200,000 IU of vitamin A to women within 24 hrs after delivery on response to PPV administered to the newborn. Indian Pediatr 1998;35(3):217-222. View abstract.

Bhutta, Z. A., Ahmed, T., Black, R. E., Cousens, S., Dewey, K., Giugliani, E., Haider, B. A., Kirkwood, B., Morris, S. S., Sachdev, H. P., and Shekar, M. What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival. Lancet 2-2-2008;371(9610):417-440. View abstract.

Binka, F. N., Kubaje, A., Adjuik, M., Williams, L. A., Lengeler, C., Maude, G. H., Armah, G. E., Kajihara, B., Adiamah, J. H., and Smith, P. G. Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop.Med Int Health 1996;1(2):147-154. View abstract.

Biswas, R., Biswas, A. B., Manna, B., Bhattacharya, S. K., Dey, R., and Sarkar, S. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhoea and acute respiratory tract infection in children. A double blind placebo controlled trial in a Calcutta slum community. Eur J Epidemiol 1994;10(1):57-61. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., Bjelakovic, M., Nagorni, A., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for liver diseases. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2011;(3):CD007749. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Gluud, L. L., Nikolova, D., Bjelakovic, M., Nagorni, A., and Gluud, C. Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for liver diseases - the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;32(3):356-367. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;3:CD007176. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;(4):CD004183. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(3):CD004183. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Systematic review and meta-analysis: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 6-30-2008; View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Systematic review: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 9-15-2008;28(6):689-703. View abstract.

Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., and Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic efficacy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treat.Rev. 2007;33(5):407-418. View abstract.

Block, K. I., Koch, A. C., Mead, M. N., Tothy, P. K., Newman, R. A., and Gyllenhaal, C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation on chemotherapeutic toxicity: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Int.J Cancer 9-15-2008;123(6):1227-1239. View abstract.

Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., Egger, R. J., Speek, A. J., Schrijver, J., Saowakontha, S., and Schreurs, W. H. Iron metabolism and vitamin A deficiency in children in northeast Thailand. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1989;50(2):332-338. View abstract.

Bloem, M. W., Wedel, M., van Agtmaal, E. J., Speek, A. J., Saowakontha, S., and Schreurs, W. H. Vitamin A intervention: short-term effects of a single, oral, massive dose on iron metabolism. Am.J Clin.Nutr 1990;51(1):76-79. View abstract.

Blumenschein, G. R., Jr., Khuri, F. R., von, Pawel J., Gatzemeier, U., Miller, W. H., Jr., Jotte, R. M., Le, Treut J., Sun, S. L., Zhang, J. K., Dziewanowska, Z. E., and Negro-Vilar, A. Phase III trial comparing carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bexarotene with carboplatin and paclitaxel in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: SPIRIT II. J Clin.Oncol. 4-10-2008;26(11):1879-1885. View abstract.

Bodsworth, N. J., Bloch, M., Bower, M., Donnell, D., and Yocum, R. Phase III vehicle-controlled, multi-centered study of topical alitretinoin gel 0.1% in cutaneous AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2(2):77-87. View abstract.

Bohlke, K., Spiegelman, D., Trichopoulou, A., Katsouyanni, K., and Trichopoulos, D. Vitamins A, C and E and the risk of breast cancer: results from a case-control study in Greece. Br.J Cancer 1999;79(1):23-29. View abstract.

Bojang, K. A., Obaro, S. K., D'Alessandro, U., Bennett, S., Langerock, P., Targett, G. A., and Greenwood, B. M. An efficacy trial of the malaria vaccine SPf66 in Gambian infants--second year of follow-up. Vaccine 1998;16(1):62-67. View abstract.

Bonelli L, Camoriano A, Ravelli P, Missale G, Bruzzi P, and Aste H. Reduction of the incidence of metachronous adenomas of the large bowel by means of antioxidants. Proceedings of International Sele- nium Tellurium Development Association. Brussels, Bel- gium: Se-Te Press. 1998;91-94.

Bonifant, C. M., Shevill, E., and Chang, A. B. Vitamin A supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;8:CD006751. View abstract.

Bonilla-Fernandez, P., Lopez-Cervantes, M., Torres-Sanchez, L. E., Tortolero-Luna, G., and Lopez-Carrillo, L. Nutritional factors and breast cancer in Mexico. Nutr Cancer 2003;45(2):148-155. View abstract.

Borooah, S., Collins, C., Wright, A., and Dhillon, B. Late-onset retinal macular degeneration: clinical insights into an inherited retinal degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93(3):284-289. View abstract.

Borooah, S., Collins, C., Wright, A., and Dhillon, B. Late-onset retinal macular degeneration: clinical insights into an inherited retinal degeneration. Postgrad.Med J 2009;85(1007):495-500. View abstract.

Boulinguez, S. [News on psoriasis from the 2010 Dermatology Days in Paris]. Ann.Dermatol.Venereol. 2011;138(5 Suppl 1):H1-H5. View abstract.

Bowman, S., Gold, M., Nasir, A., and Vamvakias, G. Comparison of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin plus clindamycin, and the combination of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin plus clindamycin in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, blinded study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2005;4(5):611-618. View abstract.

Brabin, L. and Brabin, B. J. The cost of successful adolescent growth and development in girls in relation to iron and vitamin A status. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55(5):955-958. View abstract.

Brock, K. E., Berry, G., Mock, P. A., MacLennan, R., Truswell, A. S., and Brinton, L. A. Nutrients in diet and plasma and risk of in situ cervical cancer. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 6-15-1988;80(8):580-585. View abstract.

Brown, N. and Roberts, C. Vitamin A for acute respiratory infection in developing countries: a meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93(11):1437-1442. View abstract.

Buajeeb, W., Kraivaphan, P., and Pobrurksa, C. Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg.Oral Med.Oral Pathol.Oral Radiol.Endod. 1997;83(1):21-25. View abstract.

Butcher, G. P., Rhodes, J. M., Walker, R., Krasner, N., and Jackson, M. J. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on a serum marker of free radical activity and abnormal serum biochemistry in alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification. J Hepatol. 1993;19(1):105-109. View abstract.

Canter, P. H., Wider, B., and Ernst, E. The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2007;46(8):1223-1233. View abstract.

Carpenter, K. J., Roberts, S., and Sternberg, S. Nutrition and immune function: a 1992 report. Lancet 6-28-2003;361(9376):2247-2248. View abstract.

Cartmel, B., Moon, T. E., and Levine, N. Effects of long-term intake of retinol on selected clinical and laboratory indexes. Am J Clin.Nutr 1999;69(5):937-943. View abstract.

Challier, B., Perarnau, J. M., and Viel, J. F. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur.J Epidemiol. 1998;14(8):737-747. View abstract.

Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 11-7-1992;340(8828):1124-1127. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.

Chandramohan, D., Owusu-Agyei, S., Carneiro, I., Awine, T., Amponsa-Achiano, K., Mensah, N., Jaffar, S., Baiden, R., Hodgson, A., Binka, F., and Greenwood, B. Cluster randomised trial of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants in area of high, seasonal transmission in Ghana. BMJ 10-1-2005;331(7519):727-733. View abstract.

Chang, A. B., Torzillo, P. J., Boyce, N. C., White, A. V., Stewart, P. M., Wheaton, G. R., Purdie, D. M., Wakerman, J., and Valery, P. C. Zinc and vitamin A supplementation in Indigenous Australian children hospitalised with lower respiratory tract infection: a randomised controlled trial. Med J Aust 2-6-2006;184(3):107-112. View abstract.

Chawla, P. K. and Puri, R. Impact of nutritional supplements on hematological profile of pregnant women. Indian Pediatr. 1995;32(8):876-880. View abstract.

Chen, H., Zhuo, Q., Yuan, W., Wang, J., and Wu, T. Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD006090. View abstract.

Chintu, C., Bhat, G. J., Walker, A. S., Mulenga, V., Sinyinza, F., Lishimpi, K., Farrelly, L., Kaganson, N., Zumla, A., Gillespie, S. H., Nunn, A. J., and Gibb, D. M. Co-trimoxazole as prophylaxis against opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Zambian children (CHAP): a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 11-20-2004;364(9448):1865-1871. View abstract.

Cho, E., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Colditz, G. A., Feskanich, D., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Miller, A. B., Rohan, T. E., Sellers, T. A., Virtamo, J., Willett, W. C., and Smith-Warner, S. A. Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies. Int.J.Cancer 2-15-2006;118(4):970-978. View abstract.

Cho, E., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Chen, W. Y., Zhang, S. M., Colditz, G. A., and Willett, W. C. Premenopausal intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and carotenoids, and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(8):713-720. View abstract.

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Moorthy, V. S., Reed, Z., and Smith, P. G. Clinical trials to estimate the efficacy of preventive interventions against malaria in paediatric populations: a methodological review. Malar.J 2009;8:23. View abstract.

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MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):7-22. View abstract.

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