Paper-fold Physics: Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
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Teachers Institute of Philadelphia
I can name three unique problems that limit a teacher’s overall effectiveness.

Problem #1 (Compartmentalized vs. Interdisciplinary Approach)

Elementary teachers are often mandated to teach each subject in isolation. There are the usual daily 90 minutes Math block, 120 minutes ELA block and the leftover time is for Science, Social Studies, and everything else like nutrition, moral and career education. In Pennsylvania, elementary teachers (from 3rd to 8th Grades) are held accountable for how their students perform in the Math and ELA standardized tests. 4th Grade and 8th Grade teachers are responsible for the Science test scores. For young children, this compartmentalized approach in separating each subject in different time blocks has more negative than positive impacts on how students view, evaluate and connect knowledge to the real world. It also underestimates the potentials of the human brain to develop and make complex connections based on unifying concepts. While teachers are getting an increased amount of curriculum responsibilities year after year, the school hours stay the same, forcing teachers to have to do more with less time. One effective solution is the word “integration.”

I believe origami can be a unique engine to integrate the teaching of science, technology, reading & writing, engineering, art, and math (STREAM) to save time as well as to blend these interdisciplinary subjects to better serve student learning. I agreed that no one but maybe a handful of people on Earth are good at everything. However, I also believe our educational system at the elementary levels can nurture children to acquire multiple intelligences by exposing them to as many transferrable skills as possible. Furthermore, the more I can connect my students with as many subjects in their learning, the more creative I become and the more creative they become. When I am teaching science and math, I also teach reading, writing, speaking and listening. It’s time to break down these “subject siloes.”

In recent years, Finland, often considered as a global education leader, has shifted from the “traditional teaching by subjects” system to focus on “teaching by topics or themes.” Some called it “phenomenon” teaching. Because lessons in Science are revisited and reinforced by activities in Math, ELA and Art, students have more opportunities to be able to comprehend, retain, and assimilate difficult concepts. In higher education, online websites like Coursera is working with the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in offering courses to explore Art & Idea with themes like Places & Spaces, Art & Identity, Transforming Everyday Objects, and Art & Society. In addition, e-learning, emerging technology and the virtual classrooms are moving education to embrace the benefits of ubiquitous learning (learning anywhere, anytime and everywhere) which supports active knowledge making and differentiated learning. The massive number of origami tutorial videos can show anyone who wants to learn how to fold any objects from the basic crane to complex sculptures like dragons and phoenixes. Can a piece of paper and the act of folding also achieve these impacts of e-Learning? You can manage to find a piece of paper almost anywhere and anytime.

I believe students in this new framework of ubiquitous learning would be more involved in planning and assessing their own learning which in turn, encourages students to take ownership and set more lofty yet achievable goals. I think origami can bridge ubiquitous learning from different disciplines demanded of our students on a daily basis. Teachers can cultivate the Modern Renaissance Child, the universal learner, the polymath inside their students at an early age. Our collective goals in the elementary schools need to change to the philosophy of “learn more through integration” rather than “learn one standard at a time.” In addition, teachers are challenged to remain curious themselves as they learn new knowledge and new methods to solve problems in our ever-changing world. This framework will not water down the demands of standards, but rather approach these standards with layers of complexities.

Problem #2 (Left v. Right Brain)

From my own teaching experience, each year I would have a group of students who claimed themselves as artists and a different group of students who claimed themselves as good in math. I believe students have been conditioned to think of themselves to be good at one thing but not the other. Recent neuroscience studies are debunking the “neuromyth” that learners are either more left-brain or right-brain dominant. It’s silly to think that each of us only use half of our brains more often than the other half. This phenomenon may also have been the result of traditional schools tend to focus on the left-brain modes of thinking with emphasis on objective, sequential, logical, analytic and rational academic subjects. On the other hand, our education system downplays the right-brain ways of thinking by justifying “true learning” cannot be subjective, intuitive, illogical, synthesizing and holistic. Who has time to promote illogical thinking? If a lesson is not timed and written down with clear objectives, it cannot be a good lesson. Or can it?

Another neuromyth related phenomenon manifests itself in my students’ handwriting. Because fine motor skills are not being reinforced and handwriting is not being taught explicitly in elementary school, each year I have at least three 5th grade students whose handwriting is completely illegible, another three students who print letters as big as those of a kindergartener, and another three students who write so tiny that it makes me ponder if their handwriting is an indicator of low self-esteem as well as the uncertainty of their own unique voice and identity. In addition, another three students lack the fine motor skills to draw and cut straight lines. That’s an estimated total of at least 12 out of the usual 30 students, or approximately 40% of the class, who have not taken advantages of learning by doing. Writing by hand is becoming less important since the introduction of laptops, chromebooks and iPads in my classroom. With the release of iPhones in 2007, almost all of my upcoming students (the Generation Z) have texted messages using their two thumbs, but these same students have never been taught how to write in cursives and use handwriting as an art form (calligraphy) for self-expression.

Possible Solution

Paper-folding can teach students how to use their hands to manipulate concepts, in turn, giving all children but especially the tactile-inclined and spatial-gifted students a fun and creative opportunity to shine. At the same time, I believe origami can improve mindfulness, focus and concentration in all children including those who are labeled hyperactive or too difficult to teach. What happens when we test the cliché “thinking outside the box” or “thinking outside of a square” by manipulating paper inside a square? My curriculum unit advocates a more whole-brained mode of learning. I hope to set a precedent to erase the neuro-myth of left and right brains learning in my own classroom.

Problem #3 (Ineffective Math Instructions)

Each year about 75% of my entering 5th grade students struggle with how to add and subtract fractions, and about 50% expressed that because math is getting more and more complicated, they don’t really like it anymore. From personal experiences, children love origami while most adults are skeptical of its value. When I tell adults that I use paper-folding to teach fractions, there are two typical responses: 1) “Really? That’s so cute and adorable.” 2) “Origami? That’s too difficult for me.” In my opinion, the first response is a nice, (most likely unintentional) backhanded compliment suggesting origami is a bit childish, and the second response is an admission that origami can be challenging and it demands discipline. Recently origami has become less a child play activity as more . There is an emerge of prominent origami experts a background in math, science, engineering, technology, and/or architecture. They value creativity as much as they value the hidden rules of folding. If there are rules to origami, then anyone who can follow these rules can also master origami.

In contrast, whenever I introduce origami to children of any age (say from ages 5 to 14), nine out of ten times, their eyes would widen, their hands start moving, and their voices echo these words: “Teach me! Teach me!” I have found that students who use origami to learn math have good number sense and often perform better in the standardized tests. Paper-folding is an untapped resource for supplementing math instruction; it may even improve math instruction by increasing student engagement. Can paper-folding boost memory and help students to master their conceptual understanding of math ideas as well as other subjects? I think origami is a great engine to support “schematic learning” with repeated failures and successes.

Below are photos of my former 5th grade students (FY 2017-2018) arranging their origami gift boxes to prepare for an oral presentation. On May 23, 2018, four of my students accompanied me to the Need in Deed Shout Out Celebration at the University of the Arts. Need in Deed is a Philadelphia-based service learning program designed to promote student’s voice. My students created 3 distinct boxes and send heartfelt messages to address the social issue of Kids Home Alone: 1) a cube with the message “You are not alone!” on an origami ring; 2) a rectangular prism with the message “Show love to someone who might need it today” on an origami heart 3) a tetrahedron with the messages “FREE” and “BEE yourself” on a yellow origami bee.

General Inquiries and Possible Solutions:

1) How can origami transforms the teaching of math? A folded model is composed of geometric properties and math relationships. A crane unfolded provides a crease pattern filled with concepts of fractions and equations. Origami can also be used to teach perimeter, area, volume, and other number relationships. Origami models set a tangible stage for students to discuss geometric properties. Student can identify math relationships in a given origami model by using addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to problem-solve.

2) How can origami develop scientific thinking in students? Action origami can deepen the understanding of Newton’s Laws of Motion in many fun and creative ways. Teachers had written lessons using origami animals like jumping frogs to demonstrate the laws of physics. A spider origami model can illustrate how its anatomy is divided into 2 regions called cephalothorax and abdomen for a unit on Ecosystem. Origami written instructions and tutorial videos are great venues for students to practice their abilities as they follow the instruction step by step through visual representations.

3) How can origami engineering sparks creative play leading to innovation? Art is a great platform for free thinking and aesthetic pleasures. Creativity is often a messy process of failed attempts. Origami can be used to structure lessons to allow a wide range of freedom with a razor-focus goal to innovate designs that is functional as well as elegant. Students can be challenged to identify global problems by creating origami inventions.

Additional Rationale as to Why Use Origami to Teach: Science materials can be costly. Physicist Manu Prakash and his team remarkably created a 50-cent microscope made of paper that is easy to made and easy to use; he believes this invention can revolutionize healthcare in developing countries. So what if you can conduct a series of low-cost experiments to test the theories of forces and motion with only paper? In Ancient China and Japan, paper was scarce and reserved only for the elites and religious reasons. For centuries, Japan has used recyclable, renewable and natural materials like paper, leaves, bamboo and grass for packaging everyday items like eggs and fruits. Today paper is easily accessible and comes in a variety of dimension, thickness, color and decorative designs. As people become more environmental friendly, paper is now recycled, remade and reused. One day in the future, paper may once again become a rarity, because computer will eventually replace textbooks, and deforestation will destroy more trees than we can plant new replacements.

Because origami tends to lead to minimalistic designs that are clear, simple and aesthetic pleasing to the eyes, it inherently follows many characteristics of good design. According to Dieter Rams (a German industrial design and retired academic), good design is innovative, aesthetic, unobtrusive, honest, long-lasting, environmentally friendly, thorough down to the last detail, makes a product useful and understandable. Lastly, good design “involves as little design as possible.” Dieter Rams’ ten principals of good design and the characteristics of origami favor a “less is better” philosophy. Folding a blank piece of paper is “creating something out of nothing” and the sky is the limits.

Riddle: “Open, it stretches; closed, it rolls up. It can be contracted or expanded; hidden away or displayed.” – Fu Xian 傅咸 (239–294), zi Changyu 長虞 Answer: Paper

“To most, the real beauty of origami lies in its simplicity, allowing everyone to create their interpretation of the world in paper.”– Vanessa Gould, director, Between the Folds

“Even DNA is folded—you and I are born from folding.”– Paul Jackson, origami artist.

My Personal Experiences: As a child growing up in Hong Kong (the then British controlled-colony), paper folding was a shared hobby for all elementary classmates. I immigrated to the United States at the age of eleven (in 1977), folding paper cranes, cameras, gift boxes and other playful objects was one of my favorite pastimes. 折纸 Zhézhǐ (Chinese Mandarin pinyin) or zip3zi2 (Chinese Cantonese jyutping), the art of paperfolding was a healthy recreational obsession as well as a dexterous-gymnastics mind game of my childhood. As a child, I was unaware that the Japanese term origami (ori = to fold and kami = paper) was the more popular name known to the world until I was an adult, a college student majoring in art and architecture. Suddenly, origami is not just child play; it harbors and anchors an educational importance in exploring innovative ideas in art and architecture. Ever since my college years (1985 to 1989), I have continued to learn about origami through personal research with reading of theories and practices. The provocative 1994 book titled “Origami from Angelfish to Zen” by Peter Engel (a writer and an architect) introduces me to how origami can be linked uniquely with mathematics, history, art as well as the theories and practices of Japan’s legendary masters such as Akira Yoshizawa.

Brief History of Paper and Origami: Paper was invented in China around 105 A.D and was used mainly for religious ceremonies as a luxury item. Monks brought paper to Japan in the 6th century and later during the Edo period (1603 to 1886) origami became recreational as well as ceremonial. Europe also has a tradition of paper folding dated back to the 12th century with the Moors introduced the mathematical aspects of paper-folding to Spain.

Back to Basics: In general, an origami folder begins with a single uncut square piece of paper that can be creased. Origami paper (kami) comes in various sizes; most standard sizes are 3-inch, 6-inch and 10-inch squares and can be brought in most art & craft stores. Most origami products come with simple instructions and diagrams of basic folds like valley vs. mountain, pleats and reverse folds. There are also intermediate stages like bird base, fish base, water-bomb base, and frog base. The crane is one of the most recognizable origami designs partly popularized by the story of Sadako Sasaki (佐々木 禎子, January 7, 1943 – October 25, 1955) and the folding of a 1000 cranes. Origami representations include animate objects (example: a crane), inanimate objects (example: a camera), and abstract objects (example: a polyhedron).

Modern Origami Inspires Cutting-Edge Technology and Design: Today the word “origami” is used to include all types of folding, regardless of country of origin. As an artist, I’m thrilled when art and culture transform science and math. What I find intriguing is how advanced technology and modern math theories have recently made the “odd pairing” of origami and engineering a reality with real life applications. Scientists have developed a self-folding technology called aeroMorph. NASA is designing foldable solar arrays in a single rocket launch to harvest solar power to be wirelessly transmitted back to Earth. Origami is revolutionizing medical procedures to become less costly, less invasive and more efficient. Classic origami chompers have been turned into miniature forceps resulting in the design of super small surgical robotic tools. Here the traditional art form of origami is informing advanced engineering. What an exciting phenomena!

Origami artists are pushing origami to the extreme. There are computer programs like TreeMakers and Origamizer that have cracked the code with algorithms that could determine how to fold a piece of paper into any conceivable 3-D shapes. Scientists at the University of Twente in the Netherlands have created flat objects that morph into shapes that open and close like a blossoming flower after a drop of water. This is a cross between 4-D printing (self-assembling objects) and the craft of origami.

In Spring 2018, I took a seminar titled “Origami Engineering” with University of Pennsylvania Professor Cynthia Sung. This seminar broadens my knowledge of origami with topics such as kirigami, flat folding of maps, letterlocking, “fold and one cut”, tessellations and auxetics, treemaker vs. origamizer, modular origami, polyhedron folding, kinetic (action) origami, foldable and responsive soft meta-materials. I find it necessary to gather a partial list of modern origami experts. Please note: After each description, there is a website or a video link for additional information.

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

While students may know what Newton’s laws say, many do not understand or simply do not believe what these laws mean. Misconceptions of these basic laws hinder future learning of physics. Origami can be used to help students to unlearn these misconceptions.

Brief descriptions of Newton’s Three Laws of Motion:

1st Law: Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion, unless, acted on by a force applied from the outside. Therefore, both situations (objects at rest and object in motion) have the tendency to remain as balanced forces.

2nd Law: Change of motion is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts. The equation F = ma illustrating that unbalanced forces has an acceleration that depends directly on the net force applied to the object, and depends inversely on object’s mass.

3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Therefore, forces always come in pairs like two pears. For example, when your foot pushing on the ground (ACTION), an equal and opposite force (REACTION) of the ground is pushing on your foot. Another common example is the Newton’s Cradle with pendulum balls.

Brief Biography of Sir Isaac Newton

Famous Quotes of Newton: We build too many walls and not enough bridges.

I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.

If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was an English physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosophers and author. He is still considered by many as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in modern scientific revolution.

Besides his work on gravity, Newton developed the three laws of motion (the basic principles of modern physics). His discovery of calculus led the way to more powerful methods of solving math problems. His work in optics included the study of white light and the discovery of the color spectrum. Many of Newton’s experiments and discoveries were accomplished at a young age, but most were documented only in his notebooks. It was not until he was 42 years of age that he began writing and published his first book, Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) which is often accepted as the greatest scientific book ever written.

Newton was a man of great ego, arrogance and temper. He had few close friends. His dispute with German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz over the invention of calculus is legendary. Fellow scientists like John Flamsteed, Robert Hooke, and Henry Oldenberg were also his rivals. In February 1676 Newton wrote to Hooke “if I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.” This famous quote was intended as an insult to Hooke, who was hunchbacked and may have suffered dwarfism, and definitely not a sign of Newton’s great humility.

Unlike many intellectuals of his times, Newton was good with his hands. He could work with metal, wood and glass to construct things like his own telescopes. In his old age, Newton confided to his friend John Conduitt that he made his own tools because “if I had stayed for other people to make my tools and things for me, I would have never made anything of [my theories].”

Glossary for Force and Motion

acceleration: the rate at which velocity changes over time; an object accelerates if its speed, direction, or both change

balanced forces: two forces acting on an object in opposite directions and of equal sizes.

unbalanced forces cause an object to move, stop, change speed, or change direction.

center of gravity: an imaginary point in a body of matter where the total mass of the body may be thought to be concentrated. The concept is sometimes useful in designing static structures (e.g., buildings and bridges) or in predicting the behavior of a moving body when it is acted on by gravity.

force: a push or pull exerted on an object in order to change the motion of the object; force has size and direction.

net force: combination of all forces acting on an object

free fall: the motion of an object when only the force of gravity is acting on it

friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact

gravity: a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses

inertia: the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction until an outside force acts on the object

motion: an object’s change in position relative to a reference point

mass: a measure of the amount of matter/inertial property in an object.

weight: a measure of the gravity on an object, or the force needed to support it. The pull of gravity on the earth gives an object a downward acceleration of about 9.8 m/s2.

projectile motion: the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected

speed: the distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel

velocity: the speed of an object in a particular direction

Appendix P.1.1 (Page 1)

The Egg Container Paper Design Project

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

Goal: Design and construct a paper container to protect the egg from a fall of over 3 meters (9 feet) from the ground.

Objective: SWBAT to design and build an origami paper container that will protect a fragile egg from cracking under stressful landing and accident conditions IOT understand how energy is converted from potential to kinetic energy, and the amount of work done on the container versus the work done on the egg.

Essential Question: Based on the fragility of an egg, what design concepts need to be considered to protect an egg during a drop from over 3 meters (9 feet) high?

Questions to be remindful of as you design your container:

Should your container be made rigid; or is it better if the paper collapses?

Should the egg be able to move, or should it be held immobile?

What types of structures will absorb the shock of an impact?

How can it be designed to withstand multiple drops from successively greater heights?

Background Information: To reduce the effect of impacts due to accidents (primary in the automobile industry), engineers and scientists have been using origami to design foldable airbags and collapsing steering wheels. Preparation: Watch YouTube videos to learn how to make simple origami boxes of different shapes and designs.

Construction Rules:

The final container must be an original design.

Required Material: PAPER ONLY, any sizes and any thickness can be used. NO tape or the design will be disqualified.

The design must be able to fit within a 12″ cube. Once the device is released, it may take any shape or size. There will be no physical contact with the device once it has been released.

The egg must be put into the design on the day of the competition. The design must allow for easy opening and inspection of the egg. Opening and closing of the packages will be accomplished in the same period of time (2 minutes).

Be prepared to clean up any mess, if necessary

Remember to figure out the followings:

Mass of container plus egg (in kg)

Acceleration of container during its fall (in m/s2)

Time of fall (in s)

Force of impact (in N

Appendix P.1.1 (Page 2)

Egg Container Brainstorm Ideas (20 points)

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

Brainstorm, Sketch and Label 4 possible Egg Container Designs

Points Earned (Max. 20 points):_____________________

Appendix P.1.2

The Egg Container Paper Design: Lab Report Assignment

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

AFTER THE DROP

In 3 to 5 paragraphs discuss the following (you may handwrite or type):

Summarize how you decided upon your final design. (10 points)

How did your research influence your design?

Explain how you built your container.

Discuss any issues you came upon as you were building it.

Did you do any practice drops before drop day in the classroom?

Conclusion (10 points):

What happened on drop day for your container?

Why do you think your container has this result?

If you could do this project again, what would you change and why?

Scientific Research (10 points):

Discuss the physics behind how your egg freefall.

Explain how concepts such as force, motion, inertia, center of gravity, mass, acceleration, action and reaction, etc.

Report should explain how Newton’s Three Laws of Motion relate to the project.

Take you time explaining the physics and do a quality job to earn the most points.

Sketch and label your final design (10 points).

Appendix P.1.3

Egg Container Grading Sheet/Rubric

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

Appendix P.2.1: Superhero Assignment

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

Create a Greek or Latin Prefix, Root and/or Suffix Superhero

Rationale: 97% of the words that students will encounter are made up of 30 prefixes, 30 roots, and 30 suffixes. 70% of these words can be defined using word parts and 30% can be defined using context clues. If you know the meanings of these prefixes, roots and suffixes, you will likely to have the ability to determine the meaning of unknown words you encounter while reading. Determining the meaning of phrases is a critical skill with implications for all later grades and disciplines.

Assignment: In this project assignment you will use the prefix, root and suffix of your choice to inspire the creation of a superhero. Your costume should reveal clues to which these word parts represent. For example, a crown of pencils might reveal the root “graph”, a cape with the map of the world might reveal the root “geo”, a mask of moons and stars might reveal the root “ast”. Be creative!

Requirement: Use either Erik Demaine’s “Fold and One Cut” technique or

Jo Nakashima’s folding technique to make an origami-inspired letter emblem for your your superhero cosutme. http://erikdemaine.org/fonts/simplefoldcut/

http://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/fold-cut-theorem-cut-any-shape-from-only-one-cut

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkT6dKXuIr8&list=PL0FAA790A9E1EFEFB

Superhero Name:_______________________________________

Superhero Power(s) based on the meaning of prefix, root and/or suffix:

My Superhero has the superpowers to_________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Design a Costume (You must include at least one of the 6 options)

____Mask ___Hat ____Gloves ____Cape ____Top ____Pants/Shirts

List at least 10 words using your chosen prefixes, roots and/or suffixes:

1._____________2._____________3._____________4.____________5.____________

6._____________7._____________8._____________9.____________10.___________

Speech: Write a monologue (one paragraph) for your Superhero. Use many of the words you listed to explain how you acquired your powers and a time when you saved the day using these superpowers. Bonus points: Come to school dress as your character or bring your costume in a bag so you can easily change into it for your monologue.

Appendix P.2.2: Superhero Grading Sheet/Rubric

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

Superhero Assignment Points Possible Points Points Received Brainstorm Ideas

Prefix:______________

Root:_______________

Suffix:______________

12 Superhero Name 10 Superhero Power 10 Costume 20 10 words with prefix, root and/or suffix 10 Letter Origami Emblem 20 Monologue

(also a writing grade)

20 Bonus Points

(Wear costume)

10 Violations

(late, no emblem, etc.)

-10 Total (of 100):

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

Appendix P.2.3:

List of 30 Prefixes, 39 Roots and 24 Suffixes

<td”>Prefixes<td”><td”>cred<td”>break, burstvid, visSee

Suffixes a, ab,abs dis, dif, di in ob Se -able, -ible -dom -ive -acy ad, a, ac, af, ag, an, ar, at, as epi inter omni Sub -er, -or -sion, -tion -logue,

-log

-ance,

-ence

bi, bis equi mal, male preter Super -fy -ness -ish -al circum ex, e mis pro Trans -ism -ship -ate -ity, -ty com, con hyper mono re un, uni -ist -tude -ize, -ize -esque de hypo non retro un (uhn) -less -ful -ment -ious, -ous Roots meaning Roots Meaning Roots Meaning Brainstorm Your Superhero Characteristics Based on Your Selected Prefixes, Roots and Suffixes bas low fac, fact make, do spec, spect See cap, capt take, seize graph Write Tact Touch believe log word, study of Ten Hold dict speak mort die, death Therm Heat duc, duct lead scrib, script Write Ver True ast star ped Foot Phon Soung audi, aud hear struct Build Luc Light auto self cycl Circle Port Carry aqu water vit, viv Alive Bio Life mater mother bene Good Mal Bad chrono time meter Measure Photo Light grad, gress step rupt jur, jus law geo Earth Tele far off Source

https://www.rtsd.org/cms/lib/PA01000218/Centricity/Domain/933/30-15-10_list-prefix-root-words-suffix.pdf

Appendix L1: First Law Questions and Recording Sheet (Page 1)

Date Due:_______________ Group #_______________

Student Names:

1)______________________2) _____________________3)______________________

4) _____________________ 5)_____________________ 6)______________________

Experiment Title: _________________________________________________________

Video Website: ___________________________________________________________

List of Materials: _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Steps of the Procedures:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Observation: _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Explain how this experiment is related to Newton’s Law of Motion.

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Appendix L1:

First Law Questions and Recording Sheet (Page 2)

https://www.nwasco.k12.or.us/cms/lib04/OR01001464/Centricity/Domain/97/Newton_s%20laws%20worksheet.pdf

Student’s Name:_________________________________ Date Due:_______________

What does Newton’s 1st Law of Motion say?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Put Newton’s 1st Law of Motion in your own words.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Newton’s first law of motion is also known as the Law of ___________________.

Complete the sentence below:

Newton’s First Law of Motion says that an object that IS NOT MOVING, or is at

________________, will stay at ___________________, AND an object that IS MOVING

will keep moving with constant___________________, which means at the same

___________________ and in the same__________________, UNLESS an

__________________________ force acts on that object.

What is inertia?_____________________________________________________

What property of an object determines how much inertia it has?

__________________________________________________________________

Which of the following has the most inertia? Circle one.

bowling ball tennis ball hammer feather

Appendix L2:

Second Law Questions and Recording Sheet (Page 3)

Date Due:_______________ Group #_______________

Student Names:

1)______________________2) _____________________3)______________________

4) _____________________ 5)_____________________ 6)______________________

Experiment Title: _________________________________________________________

Video Website: ___________________________________________________________

List of Materials: _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Steps of the Procedures:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Observation: _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Explain how this experiment is related to Newton’s Law of Motion.

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Appendix L2:

Second Law Questions and Recording Sheet (Page 4)

https://www.nwasco.k12.or.us/cms/lib04/OR01001464/Centricity/Domain/97/Newton_s%20laws%20worksheet.pdf

What does Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion say?

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Put Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion in your own words.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Newton’s second law of motion is also known as the Law of ___________________.

Complete the sentence below:

Newton’s second law says that when an __________________ force is applied to a

________________, it causes it to _______________________. The greater the force

that is applied, the ________________ the acceleration. The lesser the force that is applied, the __________________ the acceleration. If the same force is applied to an object with a large mass, it will have a ______________ acceleration. If the same force is applied to an object with a small mass, it will have a ________________ acceleration.

The equation that is used to solve second law problems is F = ma. What do each of the variables mean? F = ______________ m = ___________ a = _________________

What unit of measurement must be used with each variable? F = _____________ m = _____________ a = ________________

Appendix L3.1:

Third Law Questions and Recording Sheet (Page 5)

Date Due:_______________ Group #_______________

Student Names:

1)______________________2) _____________________3)______________________

4) _____________________ 5)_____________________ 6)______________________

Experiment Title: _________________________________________________________

Video Website: ___________________________________________________________

List of Materials: _________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Steps of the Procedures:____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

Observation: _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

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Explain how this experiment is related to Newton’s Law of Motion.

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Appendix L3.1:

Third Law Questions and Recording Sheet (Page 6)

https://www.nwasco.k12.or.us/cms/lib04/OR01001464/Centricity/Domain/97/Newton_s%20laws%20worksheet.pdf

What does Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion say?

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Put Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion in your own words.

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Newton’s third law of motion is also known as the Law of ___________________.

Newton’s third law says that every time there is an __________________________ force, there is also a _______________________ force that is _____________________ in size and acts in the ____________________________ direction.

Newton’s third law states that forces must ALWAYS occur in ____________________.

Listed below are ACTION forces. Tell the REACTION force.

Your bottom pushing on your desk seat. Reaction:____________________

A bat hitting a baseball Reaction:_____________________

Your finger texting on your phone screen Reaction:_____________________

What is friction? ____________________________________________________

List the four types of friction.

1)_____________ 2)______________ 3)______________ 4)_______________

Appendix L3.2:

Third Law: Identify Action and Reaction (Page 7)

Direction: #1 and #2 are done for you as examples. Identify the action and reaction for each demonstration or situations. For #1 to #5, use the video “Science Experiments-Newton’s 3rd law examples with Bruce Yeany” to guide you.

Describe Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion before you complete the chart.

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Demo. Experiment Action Reaction #1 Scale A person standing (pushing down) on the scale The scale pushing up to the foot of the person #2 Balloon A person blows air into a balloon When release, the air push out of the balloon #3 Person Jumping on the Ground #4 Person Jumping on a Skateboard #5 Toy Car on Cardboard on Rolling Pencils #6 Person pushes against a wall #7 Rocket Launch #8

Why the book is at the state of equilibrium?

A book rests on a table. Equilibrium is a state in which opposing forces are balanced. #9 What happens to a person without a seatbelt during a car crash? #10 What happens to a person wearing a seatbelt during a car crash?

Appendix L5.1: Unit Assessment

Newton’s Laws of Motion Questions (Page 8)

Direction: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. Be sure to use Newton’s Laws of Motion in your answers.

What happens according to Sir Issac Newton if you let an untied balloon go?

Describe what happens if you are riding a skateboard and hit something (like a curb) with the front wheels.

Describe what happens if you push someone who is the same size as you. What happens if he or she pushes back?

Describe why an archer would hold the bow and arrow next to his or her body while shooting at a target.

What is another name for the first law of motion? Why is it given that name?

Why should we wear seatbelts – use one of Newton’s Laws in your answer?

Using Newton’s laws explain why heavier objects require more force than lighter objects to move or accelerate them?

How can Newton’s laws be used to explain how rockets are launched into space?

Explain how each of Newton’s laws affects a game of Tug of War.

How do Newton’s laws affect your daily life?

Answer Key: Appendix L5.1: Unit Assessment Source:https://www.shakopee.k12.mn.us/cms/lib07/MN01909221/Centricity/Domain/293/Laws%20of%20Motion%20Questions%20KEY.pdf

What happens according to Newton if you let an untied balloon go? Third Law: Air will rush out of the balloon forcing it to move through the air in the opposite direction, but equal in force.

Describe what happens if you are riding a skateboard and hit something (like a curb) with the front wheels. First Law: Your body will keep moving forward and fly off your skateboard since the curb only stops the board, not yourself.

Describe what happens if you push someone who has more mass than you. What happens if he or she pushes back? Second Law: If you put force on someone who has more mass than you, force will be put back on you. Because of the other person’s mass, you most likely will not have enough force to make him or her accelerate. If someone pushed you, you most likely would move in the direction of the force, since the other person has more mass.

Describe why an archer would hold the bow and arrow next to his or her body while shooting at a target. When the archer pull the bow and arrow apart, it forces the arrow out of the bow, but at the same time, the bow is forced in the opposite direction of the arrow (towards the archer). The arrcher’s shoulder is a new force that is introduced in order to keep your bow from flying away from him or her.

What is another name for the first law of motion? Why is it given that name? Law of inertia (First Law): It is given that name because inertia is the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion until an unbalanced force acts on it.

Why should we wear seatbelts – use one of Newton’s Laws in your answer? We should wear seatbelts so if we are in an accident our body doesn’t keep moving at the same speed and in the same direction that the car was going. A new force would be introduced to our bodies (the seatbelt) in order to keep our bodies in place.

Using Newton’s laws explain why heavier objects require more force than lighter objects to move or accelerate them? Second Law: Something with more mass moving at the same acceleration as a lighter object would require more force to change its speed or change its direction. Our formula F=m x a is derived from Newton’s second law.

How can Newton’s laws be used to explain how rockets are launched into space? Third law: when the rocket pushes out fire with a specific amount of force, the rocket will move in the opposite direction, but with the same amount of force, causing the rocket to shoot up into the air.

Explain how each of Newton’s laws affects a game of Tug of War. First Law: The rope will stay in the same place until the tugging starts (when a new force is introduced). Second Law: We could measure a team’s force that they can pull the rope based on their body masses and the acceleration that they are causing the rope to move at. Third Law: One team pulls the rope towards themselves with a certain amount of force and the opposing team is also putting force on the rope. The same amount of force is applied from the ground to the people as they are putting on the ground.

How do Newton’s laws affect your daily life? Answers will vary, but EVERYTHING that happens in our lives can be connected back to one of Newton’s 3 laws of motion since force is involved in everything.

Appendix L5.2: Individual Conferencing Record Sheet

Copyright © Cengage Learning

Date: Student’s Name & Grade: Purpose of Today’s Conference: Teacher’s Observations: Instructional Needs: Student’s Goals for Future:

Appendix L5.2: Individual Conferencing Record Sheet

Copyright © Cengage Learning

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Date: Student’s Name & Grade: Purpose of Today’s Conference: Teacher’s Observations: Instructional Needs: Student’s Goals for Future:

Appendix A6: Unit Assessment:

Oral Presentation Grading Sheet

Name: ______________________________________ Score: ________(out of 16 points)

Project:_____________________________________Subject:______________________

General Oral Presentation Rubric

4 Excellent 3 Good 2 Fair

1 Needs Improvement

Delivery Holds attention of entire audience with the use of direct eye contact, seldom looking at notes. Speaks with fluctuation in volume and inflection to maintain audience interest and emphasize key points Consistent use of direct eye contact with audience, but still returns to notes. Speaks with satisfactory variation of volume and inflection Displays minimal eye contact with audience, while reading mostly from the notes. Speaks in uneven volume with little or no inflection Holds no eye contact with audience, as entire report is read from notes. Speaks in low volume and/ or monotonous tone, which causes audience to disengage Content/ Organization Demonstrates full knowledge by answering all class questions w. explanations & elaboration. Provides clear purpose and subject; pertinent examples, facts, and/or statistics; supports conclusions/ideas with evidence Is at ease with expected answers to all questions, without elaboration. Has somewhat clear purpose and subject; some examples, facts, and/or statistics that support the subject; includes some data or evidence that supports conclusions Is uncomfortable with information and is able to answer only rudimentary questions. Attempts to define purpose and subject; provides weak examples, facts, and/ or statistics, which do not adequately support the subject; includes very thin data or evidence Does not have grasp of information and cannot answer questions about subject. Does not clearly define subject and purpose; provides weak or no support of subject; gives insufficient support for ideas or conclusions Enthusiasm/ Audience Awareness Demonstrates strong enthusiasm about topic during entire presentation. Significantly increases audience understanding and knowledge of topic; convinces an audience to recognize the validity and importance of the subject Shows some enthusiastic feelings about topic. Raises audience understanding and awareness of most points Shows little or mixed feelings about the topic being presented. Raises audience understanding and knowledge of some points Shows no interest in topic presented. Fails to increase audience understanding of knowledge of topic Comments