Countries F
Contents of this page:

Faeroe Islands - Falkland Islands - Fiji - Finland - France - French Guiana - French Polynesia - French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Faeroe Islands

1380 part of Denmark 1655 Danish king gives the islands as a feudal estate to the von Gabel family 1709 Danish crown again takes possession 1720 administered as part of Iceland 1776 administered as part of Sjælland county 1816 Faeroe Islands become separate county 12 Apr 1940 - 1945 British occupation 1 Apr 1948 self-government Governor 1671 - 21 Jun 1708 Frederik von Gabel (b. 16... - d. 1708) 1709 - 1720 Committee - Jørgen Kristian Klein (to 1715) - Didrik Markussen (from 1715) - Rasmus Juel - Samuel Pedersen Prefects of Sjælland 1776 - 1787 Henrik Adam Brockenhuus (b. 1720 - d. 1803) 1787 - 1790 Gregers Kristian von Haxthausen (b. 1732 - d. 1802) 1790 - 1802 Johan Heinrich Knuth (b. 1746 - d. 1802) 1802 - 1810 Frederik Hauch (b. 1754 - d. 1839) 1810 - 1816 Verner Jasper Andreas Moltke (b. 1755 - d. 1835) Prefects 1816 - 1825 Emilius Marius Georgius Løbner (b. 1766 - d. 1849) 1825 - 1830 Christian Ludvig Tillisch (b. 1797 - d. 1844) 1830 - 1837 Frederik Ferdinand Tillisch (b. 1801 - d. 1889) 1837 - 1849 Christian Pløyen (b. 1803 - d. 1867) 1849 - 1862 Carl Emil Dahlerup (b. 1813 - d. 1890) 1862 - 1871 Peter Holten (b. 1816 - d. 1892) 1871 - 1885 Hannes Christian Steingrim Finsen (b. 1828 - d. 1892) 1885 - 1897 Lorens Høyer Buchwaldt (b. 1841 - d. 1933) 1897 - 1911 Christian Bærentsen (b. 1862 - d. 1944) 1911 - 1918 Svenning Rytter (b. 1875 - d. 1957) 1918 - 1920 Victor Stahlschmidth (b. 1884 - d. 1920) 1920 - 1929 Elias Olrik (b. 1885 - d. 1975) 1929 - 1936 Hjalmar Ringberg (b. 1889 - d. 1978) 1936 - 1945 Carl Aage Hilbert (b. 1899 - d. 1953) 1945 - 1948 Cai A. Vagn-Hansen (b. 1911 - d. 1990) High commissioners 1948 - 1954 Cai A. Vagn-Hansen (s.a.) 1954 - 1961 Niels Elkær-Hansen (b. 1915 - d. 2007) 1961 - 1972 Mogens Wahl (b. 1918 - d. 1986) 1972 - 1981 Leif Groth (b. 1930 - d. 2009) 1981 - 1988 Niels Bentsen (b. 1936 - d. 2017) 1988 - 1995 Bent Klinte (b. 1939 - d. 2021) 1995 - 1 Nov 2001 Vibeke Larsen (f) (b. 1944) 1 Nov 2001 - 1 Aug 2005 Birgit Kleis (f) (b. 1956) 1 Aug 2005 - 1 Jan 2008 Søren Christensen (b. 1940) 1 Jan 2008 - 15 May 2017 Dan M. Knudsen (b. 1962) 15 May 2017 - Lene Moyell Johansen (f) (b. 1968) (acting to 1 Aug 2017) Løgmenn 1679 - 1706 Jóhan Hendrik Weyhe 1706 - 1755 Sámal Pætursson (b. ... - d. 1755) 1755 - 1769 Hanus Jákupsson Debes (b. 1723 - d. 1769) 1769 - 1772 Thorkild Fieldsted 1772 - 1786 Jacob Hveding 1786 - 1805 Johan Michael Lund (b. 1753 - d. 1824) 1805 - 1816 Jørgen Frants Hammershaimb (b. 1767 - d. 1820) Prime ministers 12 May 1948 - 15 Dec 1950 Andrass Samuelsen (b. 1873 - d. 1954) 15 Dec 1950 - 9 Jan 1959 Kristian Djurhuus (1st time) (b. 1895 - d. 1984) 9 Jan 1959 - 4 Jan 1963 Peter Mohr Dam (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1968) 4 Jan 1963 - 12 Jan 1967 Hákun Djurhuus (b. 1908 - d. 1987) 12 Jan 1967 - 19 Nov 1968 Peter Mohr Dam (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Nov 1968 - 12 Dec 1970 Kristian Djurhuus (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Dec 1970 - 5 Jan 1981 Atli P. Dam (1st time) (b. 1932 - d. 2005) 5 Jan 1981 - 10 Jan 1985 Pauli Ellefsen (b. 1936 - d. 2012) 10 Jan 1985 - 18 Jan 1989 Atli P. Dam (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jan 1989 - 15 Jan 1991 Jógvan Sundstein (b. 1933 - d. 2024) 15 Jan 1991 - 18 Jan 1993 Atli P. Dam (3rd time) (s.a.) 18 Jan 1993 - 15 Sep 1994 Marita Petersen (f) (b. 1940 - d. 2001) 15 Sep 1994 - 15 May 1998 Edmund Joensen (b. 1944) 15 May 1998 - 3 Feb 2004 Anfinn Kallsberg (b. 1947 - d. 2024) 3 Feb 2004 - 26 Sep 2008 Jóannes Eidesgaard (b. 1951) 26 Sep 2008 - 15 Sep 2015 Kaj Leo Johannesen (b. 1964) 15 Sep 2015 - 16 Sep 2019 Aksel V. Johannesen (1st time) (b. 1972) 16 Sep 2019 - 22 Dec 2022 Bárdur á Steig Nielsen (b. 1972) 22 Dec 2022 - Aksel V. Johannesen (2nd time) (s.a.)

Falkland Islands

1764 French settlement on East Falkland 1766 British settlement on West Falkland 1 Apr 1767 French transfer their settlement to Spain 1774 British withdraw, but claim sovereignty over all Falklands Feb 1811 Spanish withdraw 1820 Argentina claims sovereignty 1826 Argentine settlement founded 3 Jan 1833 British occupation 1892 British colony 2 Apr 1982 - 14 Jun 1982 Argentine occupation Governors (to 1774 of East Falkland only) 5 Apr 1764 - 1 Apr 1767 Louis Antoine de Bougainville (b. 1729 - d. 1811) 2 Apr 1767 - 23 Jan 1773 Felipe Ruíz Puente 23 Jan 1773 - 5 Jan 1774 Domingo Chauri (interim) (b. 1722 - d. ...) 5 Jan 1774 - 1 Feb 1777 Francisco Gil de Taboada y Lemos (b. 1736 - d. 1809) 1 Feb 1777 - 22 Nov 1779 Ramón de Carassa (interim) 22 Nov 1779 - 26 Feb 1781 Salvador de Medina 26 Feb 1781 - 1 Apr 1783 Jacinto de Altolaguirre (b. 1754 - d. 1787) 1 Apr 1783 - 28 Jun 1784 Fulgencio Montemayor 28 Jun 1784 - 15 May 1785 Agustín Figueroa 15 May 1785 - 25 May 1786 Ramón Clairac (1st time) 25 May 1786 - 15 May 1787 Pedro de Mesa y Castro (1st time) 15 May 1787 - 10 Apr 1788 Ramón Clairac (2nd time) 10 Apr 1788 - 16 May 1789 Pedro de Mesa y Castro (2nd time) 16 May 1789 - 30 Jun 1790 Ramón Clairac (3rd time) 30 Jun 1790 - 1 Mar 1791 Juan José de Elizalde (1st time) 1 Mar 1791 - 1 Mar 1792 Pedro Pablo Sanguineto (1st time) 1 Mar 1792 - 1 Feb 1793 Juan José de Elizalde (2nd time) 1 Feb 1793 - Apr 1794 Pedro Pablo Sanguineto (2nd time) Apr 1794 - 15 Jun 1795 José de Aldana y Ortega (1st time) 15 Jun 1795 - 15 Mar 1796 Pedro Pablo Sanguineto (3rd time) 15 Mar 1796 - 20 Feb 1797 José de Aldana y Ortega (2nd time) 20 Feb 1797 - 17 Mar 1798 Luis de Medina y Torres (1st time) 17 Mar 1798 - Apr 1799 Francisco Xavier de Viana (1st time) (b. 1764 - d. 1820) Apr 1799 - 15 Mar 1800 Luis de Medina y Torres (2nd time) 15 Mar 1800 - 31 Mar 1801 Francisco Xavier de Viana (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Mar 1801 - 17 Mar 1802 Ramón Fernández de Villegas 17 Mar 1802 - Feb 1803 Bernardo Bonavía (1st time) Feb 1803 - 21 Mar 1804 Antonio Leal de Ibarra (1st time) 21 Mar 1804 - 21 Mar 1805 Bernardo Bonavía (2nd time) 21 Mar 1805 - 20 Mar 1806 Antonio Leal de Ibarra (2nd time) 20 Mar 1806 - Aug 1808 Bernardo Bonavía (3rd time) Aug 1808 - Jan 1810 Gerardo Bordas Jan 1810 - 13 Feb 1811 Pablo Guillén Argentine representatives 6 Nov 1820 - Apr 1821 David Jewett May 1821 - Jun 1821 Guillermo Mason 2 Feb 1824 - Aug 1824 Pablo Areguati Governors 30 Aug 1829 - 10 Sep 1832 Luis Vernet (b. 1791 - d. 1871) Nov 1832 - 30 Nov 1832 Juan Esteban Francisco Mestivier (b. ... - d. 1832) 1832 - 3 Jan 1833 José María Pinedo (b. 1795 - d. 1885) Naval officers-in-charge 3 Jan 1833 - 1838 Henry Smith 1838 - 1839 Robert Lowcay 1839 - 1841 John Tyssen Governors 1841 - 1848 Richard Clement Moody (b. 1813 - d. 1887) (lieutenant governor to 1843) 1848 - 1855 George Rennie (b. 1802 - d. 1860) 1855 - 1862 Thomas Edward Laws Moore (b. 1819 - d. 1872) 1862 - 1866 James George Mackenzie (b. 1810 - d. 1879) 1866 - 1870 William Cleaver Francis Robinson (b. 1834 - d. 1897) 1870 - 1876 George Abbas Kooli D'Arcy (b. 1818? - d. 1885) 1876 - 1880 Jeremiah Thomas Fitzgerald Callaghan (b. 1827 - d. 1881) 6 Apr 1880 - 24 Jun 1880 Robert C. Packe (acting) 1880 - 1891 Thomas Kerr (b. 1818 - d. 1907) 28 Mar 1891 - 13 Apr 1891 Frederick Shedden Sanguinetti (b. 1847 - d. 1906) (acting) 1891 - 1897 Sir Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy (b. 1839 - d. 1900) 17 Apr 1897 - 20 Oct 1897 Fred Craigie Halkett (acting) (b. 1852 - d. 1899) 1897 - 1904 William Grey-Wilson (b. 1852 - d. 1926) 22 Jun 1904 - 1 Sep 1904 William Hart Bennett (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1918) 1904 - 2 Apr 1915 William Lamond Allardyce (b. 1861 - d. 1930) 2 Apr 1915 - 15 May 1915 Claude Forlong Condell (acting) (b. 1865 - d. 1945) 1915 - 1920 Douglas Young (from 27 Jun 1919, Sir Douglas Young) (b. 1859 - d. 1943) 1920 - 1927 John Middleton (from 3 Jun 1924, Sir John Middleton) (b. 1870 - d. 1954) 1927 - 1931 Arnold Wienholt Hodson (b. 1881 - d. 1944) 1931 - 10 Dec 1934 Sir James O'Grady (b. 1866 - d. 1934) 1935 - 1941 Herbert Henniker Heaton (from 1 Feb 1937, Sir Herbert Henniker Heaton) (b. 1880 - d. 1961) 1941 - 1946 Allan Wolsey Cardinall (from 1 Jan 1943, Sir Allan Wolsey Cardinall) (b. 1887 - d. 1956) 1946 - 1954 Miles Clifford (from 9 Jun 1949, Sir Miles Clifford) (b. 1897 - d. 1986) 1954 - 1957 Raynor Arthur (from 1 Jan 1957, Sir Raynor Arthur) (b. 1905 - d. 1973) 1957 - 1964 Edwin Arrowsmith (from 13 Jun 1959, Sir Edwin Arrowsmith) (b. 1909 - d. 1992) 1964 - 27 Sep 1970 Cosmo Haskard (from 1 Jan 1965, Sir Cosmo Haskard) (b. 1916 - d. 2017) 27 Sep 1970 - 8 Jan 1971 John Ashley Jones (acting) (b. 1921 - d. 2016) 8 Jan 1971 - 1975 Ernest Gordon Lewis (b. 1918 - d. 2006) 1975 - Jan 1977 Neville Arthur Irwin French (b. 1920 - d. 1996) Jan 1977 - 1980 James Roland Walter Parker (b. 1919 - d. 2009) Feb 1980 - 2 Apr 1982 Rex Hunt (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2012) 3 Apr 1982 - 14 Jun 1982 Mario Benjamín Menéndez (b. 1930 - d. 2015) (Argentine military governor) 14 Jun 1982 - 25 Jun 1982 Jeremy Moore (b. 1928 - d. 2007) (commander of British forces) 25 Jun 1982 - 16 Oct 1985 Rex Hunt (from 11 Oct 1982, Sir Rex Hunt) (2nd time) (s.a.) (civil commissioner) 16 Oct 1985 - 1988 Gordon Wesley Jewkes (b. 1931) Nov 1988 - 1992 William H. Fullerton (b. 1939) Aug 1992 - Dec 1995 David E. Tatham (b. 1939) 8 Jan 1996 - 1999 Richard Ralph (b. 1946) 12 May 1999 - 23 Nov 2002 Donald Lamont (b. 1947) 23 Nov 2002 - 3 Dec 2002 Russ Jarvis (acting) (b. 1947) 3 Dec 2002 - 5 Aug 2006 Howard Pearce (b. 1949) 5 Aug 2006 - 28 Aug 2006 Harriet Hall (f) (acting) (b. 1969) 28 Aug 2006 - 18 Sep 2010 Alan Huckle (b. 1948) 18 Sep 2010 - 16 Oct 2010 Ric Nye (acting) (b. 1964) 16 Oct 2010 - 25 Feb 2014 Nigel Haywood (b. 1955) 25 Feb 2014 - 27 Feb 2014 Sandra Tyler-Haywood (f) (acting) (b. 1957) 27 Feb 2014 - Apr 2014 John Duncan (acting) (b. 1958) 29 Apr 2014 - 18 Jul 2017 Colin Roberts (b. 1959) 18 Jul 2017 - 12 Sep 2017 Alex Mitham (acting) (b. 1975) 12 Sep 2017 - 1 Jul 2022 Nigel Phillips (b. 1963) 1 Jul 2022 - 23 Jul 2022 Dave Morgan (acting) 23 Jul 2022 - Alison Blake (f)

West Falkland

Naval officers-in-charge 8 Jan 1766 - Jan 1767 John McBride (b. ... - d. 1800) Jan 1767 - May 1770 Anthony Hunt May 1770 - 10 Jun 1770 George Farmer 16 Apr 1771 - Sep 1771 John Scott Sep 1771 - Mar 1773 John Burr Mar 1773 - 20 May 1774 Samuel Wittewrong Clayton

Far-Eastern Republic: see under Russia. Farghana: see under Uzbekistan. Fezzan: see under Libya.

Fiji

1865 Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti (comprising Bau, Bua, Cakaudrove, Lakeba, Macuata, Naduri) 1867 split into Kingdom of Bau and Confederation of Lau (comprising Bua, Cakaudrove, Lau) 1871 Kingdom of Viti (Fiji) 10 Oct 1874 British colony 10 Oct 1970 independence 7 Oct 1987 Republic of Fiji declared (accepted by Britain 15 Oct 1987) 25 Jul 1990 Sovereign Democratic Republic of Fiji 27 Jul 1998 Republic of the Fiji Islands 18 Jan 2011 Republic of Fiji

Bau

Rulers (styled Vunivalu) 17.. - 1770 Naulatikau 1770 - Feb 1803 Banuve (b. ... - d. 1803) 21 Feb 1803 - 1829 Naulivou (b. ... - d. 1829) 1829 - 1832 Tanoa Visawaqa (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1852) 1832 - 1837 Navuaka Komainaqaranikula Tui Veikoso Aug 1837 - 8 Dec 1852 Tanoa Visawaqa (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Dec 1852 - 10 Oct 1874 Seru Cakobau (from 1857, Seru Epenisa Cakobau) (b. 1815 - d. 1883)

Bua

Rulers (styled Tui Bua) *1800* Rawaike 18.. - 1847 Ra Masima (b. ... - d. 1847) 1847 - 1848 Batinamu (b. ... - d. 1848) 1848 - 18.. Tamavunisa Peter 18.. - 10 Oct 1874 George Vakawalitabua, Ra Masima

Cakaudrove

Rulers (styled Tui Cakau) 1845 Lalabalavu Tui Kilakila (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1854) 1845 - 18.. Ralulu 18.. - 1854 Lalabalavu Tui Kilakila (2nd time) (s.a.) 1854 - 1862 Raivalita 1862 - 10 Oct 1874 Qoleanavanua (b. ... - d. 1879)

Lakeba

Rulers (styled Roko Sau and, after a year or more of rule, Tui Nayau) - Navuanirewa dynasty - ... - ... Niumataiwalu ... - ... Uluilakeba I ... - ... Lubati Lakeba ... - ... Rasolo ... - ... Dranivia ... - ... Matawalu ... - 1833 Malani (b. ... - d. 1833) 1833 - 18.. Taltai Tupou 18.. - 18.. Uluilakeba II 18.. - 10 Oct 1874 Eroni Loganimoce

Macuata

Rulers (styled Tui Macuata) ... - 1841 Mamaca (b. ... - d. 1841) 1841 Roqiqi (b. ... - d. 1841) 1841 Gigi (b. ... - d. 1841) 1841 - 1859 Bonaveidogo 1859 - 1861 Bete (b. ... - d. 1861) 1861 - 10 Oct 1874 Ritova (b. ... - d. 1875)

Rewa

Rulers (styled Tui Dreketi) 1825 - 1839 Roko Tabaivalu (b. ... - d. 1839) 1839 Koroitamana (b. ... - d. 1839) 1839 - 2 Oct 1839 Bativuaka (b. ... - d. 1839) 1839 Macanavai (b. ... - d. 1839) 1839 - 1841 Cokanauto (1st time) (b. c.1810 - d. 1851) jointly with 1839 - 1840 Qaraniqio (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1855) and jointly with 1839 - 1846 Banuve (b. ... - d. 1846) 1846 - 1851 Cokanauto (2nd time) (s.a.) 1851 - 26 Jan 1855 Qaraniqio (2nd time) (s.a.) 1855 - 18.. vacant 18.. - 10 Oct 1874 B.V. Rabici

Confederacy of Independent Kingdoms of Viti

President of the General Assembly 1865 - 1867 Seru Epenisa Cakobau (s.a.)

Kingdom of Bau

King 2 May 1867 - 1869 Seru Epenisa Cakobau (s.a.)

Confederation of Lau

Chieftains Supreme 13 Feb 1867 - 1869 Qoleanavanua (b. ... - d. 1879) 1869 - 1871 Enele Ma'afu'otu'itoga (b. 1816 - d. 1881)

Kingdom of Viti

King 5 Jun 1871 - 10 Oct 1874 Seru Epenisa Cakobau (s.a.) Premiers Jun 1871 - May 1872 Sydney Charles Burt (b. 1826? - d. 1892) May 1872 - 23 Mar 1874 George Austin Woods (b. ... - d. 1905) 23 Mar 1874 - 10 Oct 1874 John Bates Thurston (acting) (b. 1836 - d. 1897)

Fiji from 1874

Governors (1877 - 3 Jul 1952 also high commissioners for the Western Pacific) 10 Oct 1874 - 1875 Sir Hercules Robinson (b. 1824 - d. 1897) Jun 1875 - 1880 Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912) Jan 1880 - 1886 William Des Voeux (from 24 May 1883, Sir William Des Voeux) (b. 1834 - d. 1909) Jan 1887 - 1888 Sir Charles Bullen Hugh Mitchell (b. 1836 - d. 1899) Feb 1888 - 7 Feb 1897 Sir John Bates Thurston (s.a.) Mar 1897 - 1901 Sir George Thomas Michael O'Brien (b. 1844 - d. 1906) 1901 - 1902 William Lamond Allardyce (acting) (b. 1861 - d. 1930) 10 Sep 1902 - 1904 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (b. 1849 - d. 1908) 11 Oct 1904 - 1910 Everard im Thurn (from 30 Jun 1905, Sir Everard im Thurn) (b. 1852 - d. 1932) 21 Feb 1911 - 1912 Sir Francis Henry May (b. 1860 - d. 1922) 25 Jul 1912 - 1918 Sir Bickham Sweet-Escott (b. 1857 - d. 1941) 10 Oct 1918 - 1925 Cecil Hunter-Rodwell (from 3 Jun 1919, Sir Cecil Hunter-Rodwell) (b. 1874 - d. 1953) 25 Apr 1925 - 1929 Sir Eyre Hutson (b. 1864 - d. 1936) 22 Nov 1929 - May 1936 Sir Murchison Fletcher (b. 1878 - d. 1954) 28 Nov 1936 - Aug 1938 Sir Arthur Frederick Richards (b. 1885 - d. 1978) 16 Sep 1938 - 1942 Sir Harry Charles Luke (b. 1884 - d. 1969) 21 Jul 1942 - 1944 Sir Philip Euen Mitchell (b. 1890 - d. 1964) 1 Jan 1945 - 1947 Alexander Grantham (from 14 Jun 1945, Sir Alexander Grantham) (b. 1899 - d. 1978) 20 Jan 1948 - 1952 Sir Brian Freeston (b. 1892 - d. 1958) 6 Oct 1952 - 1958 Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey (b. 1903 - d. 1991) 28 Oct 1958 - 1964 Sir Kenneth Maddocks (b. 1907 - d. 2001) 6 Jan 1964 - 1968 Sir Derek Jakeway (b. 1915 - d. 1993) Dec 1968 - 10 Oct 1970 Sir Robert Foster (b. 1913 - d. 2005) Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state) 10 Oct 1970 - 13 Jan 1973 Sir Robert Foster (s.a.) 13 Jan 1973 - 12 Feb 1983 Ratu Sir George Cakobau (b. 1912 - d. 1989) 12 Feb 1983 - 6 Oct 1987 Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau (b. 1918 - d. 1993) Head of the Interim Military Government 7 Oct 1987 - 5 Dec 1987 Sitiveni Rabuka (b. 1948) Presidents 5 Dec 1987 - 15 Dec 1993 Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau (s.a.) 16 Dec 1993 - 29 May 2000 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (b. 1920 - d. 2004) (acting to 18 Jan 1994) Head of the Interim Military Government 29 May 2000 - 18 Jul 2000 Voreqe Bainimarama (b. 1954) Presidents 18 Jul 2000 - Sep 2009 Ratu Josefa Iloilo (b. 1920 - d. 2011) (interim to 15 Mar 2001) 5 Dec 2006 - 4 Jan 2007 Voreqe Bainimarama (s.a.) (acting for Iloilo) 30 Jul 2009 - 12 Nov 2015 Ratu Epeli Nailatikau (b. 1941) (acting [for Iloilo to Sep 2009] to 5 Nov 2009) 12 Nov 2015 - 12 Nov 2021 Jioji Konrote (b. 1947) 12 Nov 2021 - Ratu Wiliame Katonivere (b. 1964) Chief minister Sep 1967 - 10 Oct 1970 Ratu Kamisese Mara (from 1 Jan 1969, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara) (s.a.) Prime ministers 10 Oct 1970 - 13 Apr 1987 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (1st time) (s.a.) 13 Apr 1987 - 14 May 1987 Timoci Bavadra (b. 1934 - d. 1989) 5 Dec 1987 - 2 Jun 1992 Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Jun 1992 - 19 May 1999 Sitiveni Rabuka (1st time) (s.a.) 19 May 1999 - 27 May 2000 Mahendra Chaudhry (b. 1942) 4 Jul 2000 - 14 Mar 2001 Laisenia Qarase (1st time) (b. 1941 - d. 2020) (interim) 14 Mar 2001 - 16 Mar 2001 Ratu Tevita Momoedonu (b. 1946 - d. 2020) 16 Mar 2001 - 5 Dec 2006 Laisenia Qarase (2nd time) (s.a.) (interim to 10 Sep 2001) 6 Dec 2006 - 5 Jan 2007 Jona Senilagakali (interim) (b. 1929 - d. 2011) 5 Jan 2007 - 9 Apr 2009 Voreqe Bainimarama (1st time) (s.a.) (interim) 11 Apr 2009 - 24 Dec 2022 Voreqe Bainimarama (2nd time) (s.a.) (interim to 22 Sep 2014) 24 Dec 2022 - Sitiveni Rabuka (2nd time) (s.a.)

Rotuma

13 May 1881 part of Fiji Head chiefs (styled fakpure) ... - ... Raho ... - ... Tokaniua ... - ... Fuge ... - ... Kaurfonua ... - ... Safoak ... - ... Savoiat ... - ... Olil ... - ... Fer ... - ... Tuipurotu ... - ... Tokaniua ... - ... Tuitafaga ... - ... Irava c.1829 Konao c.1838 Solovalu c.1839 Riamkau c.1852 Kausiliafe c.1858 Riamkau c.1862 Malafu Spiritual chiefs (styled mua) ... - ... Lapatemasui ... - ... Tuitupu ... - ... Saparere ... - ... Mameata ... - ... Muatoirere ... - ... Ipiuri ... - ... Ifituga ... - ... Fisaitu ... - ... Niua ... - ... Saurotuma ... - ... Tafaki ... - ... Muamea ... - ... Tukumasui Spiritual chiefs (styled sau) ... - ... Sauhani ... - ... Kaurifanua ... - ... Riamkau ... - ... Kaufose ... - ... Taio ... - ... Fonomanu ... - ... Varomua ... - ... Tiu ... - ... Marafu-Kauat ... - ... Irava ... - ... Tokoara ... - ... Asesekava ... - ... Mariseu ... - ... Sakanane ... - ... Tausia ... - ... Sautupuak ... - ... Paka ... - ... Ravak ... - ... Tokoniua ... - ... Titofag ... - ... Irava ... - ... Ravak ... - ... Tua-Oajo c.1820 Gagafag c.1825 Fatafesi c.1829 Fatenefau c.1833 Vuna c.1838 Fatafesi c.1838 Tamanava c.1839 Solovalu c.1839 Riamkau c.1839 Tirasoko c.1840 Otorovao c.1841 Ragafua c.1843 Vaurasi c.1843 Vavaoti c.1845 Ufat c.1845 Patipat vavahina c.1845 Furisefaua c.1845 Tirotorava c.1846 Marafu c.1846 Pogisemose c.1846 Tarupea c.1846 Sukamaso c.1847 Mua c.1847 Kausirafe c.1847 Toporotu c.1848 Tokaniua c.1849 Garagasau c.1850 Fakarufono c.1850 Matagatage c.1851 Manava c.1851 Sokagatau c.1851 Vavaoti c.1851 Tavao c.1852 Vaimanoko c.1852 Katoagatau c.1854 Kautane c.1855 Fonogarotoi c.1856 Tiporotu c.1857 Fonmanu c.1858 Tiu c.1858 Sarsartau c.1859 Taipo c.1859 Kauika c.1860 Faoriro c.1860 Farapapau c.1860 Saurorota c.1860 Ufamarata c.1862 Sarasortau c.1862 Teau c.1864 Ufagatau c.1865 Kavasakamua c.1865 Saurativa c.1865 Fotoafuru c.1865 Fonomanu c.1866 Jimi c.1866 Varea c.1866 Ravak c.1866 Maraa c.1867 Fonomanu c.1867 Vasea c.1867 Tavo c.1867 Sokagaitu c.1868 Ragafua c.1868 Irava c.1868 Hanifiro-Asoatemuri c.1868 Tuipenau c.1869 Tigarea c.1869 Vasea c.1869 Maraia c.1869 - 1870 Suakamasa

Finland

12.. part of Sweden 1581 Grand Duchy of Finland (subject to, and from 1772 in nominal personal union with, Sweden) 29 Mar 1809 personal union with Russia (transfer from Sweden to Russia ratified in peace treaty 17 Sep 1809) 6 Dec 1917 formal declaration of independence 17 Jul 1919 Republic of Finland Grand dukes (the emperors of Russia)¹ - Romanov (Holstein-Gottorp) dynasty - 29 Mar 1809 - 1 Dec 1825 Alexander I (b. 1777 - d. 1825) 1 Dec 1825 - 26 Dec 1825 Konstantin (b. 1779 - d. 1831) (proclaimed, but did not accept) 26 Dec 1825 - 2 Mar 1855 Nikolai I (b. 1796 - d. 1855) 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881 Alexander II (b. 1818 - d. 1881) 13 Mar 1881 - 1 Nov 1894 Alexander III (b. 1845 - d. 1894) 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917 Nikolai II (b. 1868 - d. 1918) 15 Mar 1917 - 7 Nov 1917 Russian provisional government exercising grand-ducal authority Governors-general¹ 1 Dec 1808 - 17 Jun 1809 Göran Magnus Sprengtporten (b. 1740 - d. 1819) 17 Jun 1809 - 1 Feb 1810 Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (b. 1761? - d. 1818) 3 Mar 1810 - 22 Mar 1824 Fabian Steinheil (b. 1762 - d. 1831) Sep 1812 - Apr 1813 Gustaf Mauritz greve Armfelt (b. 1757 - d. 1814) (acting for Steinheil) 28 Mar 1824 - 1 Dec 1831 Arsenij Andrejewitsch Zakrewsky (b. 1783 - d. 1865) 1 Dec 1831 - 8 Mar 1855 Alexander Sergejewitsch Menschikoff (b. 1787 - d. 1869) 24 Apr 1833 - 1846 Alexander Amatus Thesleff (b. 1778 - d. 1847) (acting intermittently for Menschikoff) 1848 - 1855 Platon Iwanowitsch Rokassowsky (b. 1800 - d. 1869) (acting intermittently for Menschikoff) 8 Mar 1855 - 20 Nov 1861 Fredrik Wilhelm Rembert Berg (b. 1794 - d. 1874) (acting for Menschikoff from 26 Jan 1855) 20 Nov 1861 - 1 May 1866 Platon Iwanowitsch Rokassowsky (s.a.) 5 Aug 1864 - 16 Oct 1864 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam (b. 1802 - d. 1882) (acting for Rokassowsky) 1 May 1866 - 3 Jun 1881 Nikolai Wladimirowitsch Adlerberg (b. 1819 - d. 1892) Acting for Adlerberg: 23 Jun 1866 - 21 Jul 1866 Bernhard Indrenius (1st time) (b. 1812 - d. 1884) 18 Jul 1867 - 18 Oct 1867 Bernhard Indrenius (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Jul 1868 - 18 Oct 1868 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam (1st time) (s.a.) 7 May 1870 - 11 Sep 1870 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Nov 1872 - 24 Mar 1873 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam (3rd time) (s.a.) 3 Jun 1881 - 13 Jan 1897 Feodor Logginovitsh Heiden (b. 1831 - d. 1900) 31 Jan 1897 - 29 Aug 1898 Stepan Osipovitsh Gontsharoff (b. 1831 - d. 1912) (acting) 29 Aug 1898 - 17 Jun 1904 Nikolai Ivanovitsh Bobrikoff (b. 1839 - d. 1904) 18 Jun 1904 - 18 Aug 1904 Nikolai Matvejevitsh Turbin (acting) 18 Aug 1904 - 18 Nov 1905 Ivan Mikailovitsh Obolenskij (b. 1853 - d. 1910) 18 Nov 1905 - 6 Dec 1905 Anton von Saltza (acting) (b. 1843 - d. 1916) 6 Dec 1905 - 2 Feb 1908 Nikolai Nikolajevitsh Gerard (b. 1839 - d. 1929) 2 Feb 1908 - 24 Nov 1909 Vladimir Aleksandrovitsh Boeckmann (b. 1848 - d. 1923) 24 Nov 1909 - 16 Mar 1917 Frans Albert Seyn (b. 1862 - d. 1918) 16 Mar 1917 - 19 Mar 1917 Adam Josifovitsh Lipskij (acting) (b. 1860 - d. ...) 19 Mar 1917 - 31 Mar 1917 Sergei Aleksandrovitsh Korff (b. 1876 - d. 1924) (acting) 31 Mar 1917 - 17 Sep 1917 Mihail Aleksandrovitsh Stahovitsh (b. 1861 - d. 1923) 17 Sep 1917 - 7 Nov 1917 Nikolai Vissarionovitsh Nekrasov (b. 1879 - d. 1940) Acting heads of state 7 Nov 1917 - 15 Nov 1917 Eemil Nestor Setälä (b. 1864 - d. 1935) (chief minister) 15 Nov 1917 - 28 Nov 1917 Johannes Lundson (b. 1867 - d. 1939) (speaker of Diet) 28 Nov 1917 - 18 May 1918 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (b. 1861 - d. 1944) (chief minister) State Protectors (usually referred to as Regents)² 18 May 1918 - 12 Dec 1918 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (s.a.) 12 Dec 1918 - 27 Jul 1919 Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (b. 1867 - d. 1951) Presidents 27 Jul 1919 - 1 Mar 1925 Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (b. 1865 - d. 1952) 1 Mar 1925 - 1 Mar 1931 Lauri Kristian Relander (b. 1883 - d. 1942) 1 Mar 1931 - 1 Mar 1937 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (s.a.) 1 Mar 1937 - 19 Dec 1940 Kyösti Kallio (b. 1873 - d. 1940) 19 Dec 1940 - 4 Aug 1944 Risto Heikki Ryti (b. 1889 - d. 1956) (acting to 21 Dec 1940) 4 Aug 1944 - 11 Mar 1946 Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (s.a.) 11 Mar 1946 - 1 Mar 1956 Juho Kusti Paasikivi (b. 1870 - d. 1956) 1 Mar 1956 - 27 Jan 1982 Urho Kekkonen (b. 1900 - d. 1986) 27 Jan 1982 - 1 Mar 1994 Mauno Koivisto (b. 1923 - d. 2017) (acting for Kekkonen 11 Sep 1981 - 27 Jan 1982) 1 Mar 1994 - 1 Mar 2000 Martti Ahtisaari (b. 1937 - d. 2023) 1 Mar 2000 - 1 Mar 2012 Tarja Halonen (f) (b. 1943) 1 Mar 2012 - 1 Mar 2024 Sauli Niinistö (b. 1948) 1 Mar 2024 - Alexander Stubb (b. 1968) Chief ministers (vice chairmen of the Senate's Economy Department) 1 Oct 1822 - 1 Mar 1826 Carl Erik (from 7 Jan 1824, greve) Mannerheim (b. 1759 - d. 1837) 12 Dec 1826 - 12 Jan 1828 Samuel Fredrik von Born (acting) (b. 1782 - d. 1850) 12 Jan 1828 - 10 Apr 1833 Anders Henrik Falck (b. 1772 - d. 1851) 10 Apr 1833 - 1 Oct 1841 Gustaf Hjärne (b. 1768 - d. 1845) 1 Oct 1841 - 29 Apr 1858 Lars Gabriel von Haartman (b. 1789 - d. 1859) 29 Apr 1858 - 8 Jun 1882 Johan Mauritz Nordenstam (s.a.) 1 Oct 1882 - 1 Oct 1885 Edvard Gustaf af Forselles (b. 1817 - d. 1891) 1 Oct 1885 - 23 Nov 1891 Samuel Werner von Troil (b. 1833 - d. 1900) 23 Nov 1891 - 19 Oct 1900 Sten Carl Tudeer (b. 1840 - d. 1905) 19 Oct 1900 - 18 Jan 1905 Constantin Linder (b. 1836 - d. 1908) 29 Mar 1905 - 11 Nov 1905 Emil Streng (b. 1838 - d. 1911) 1 Dec 1905 - 1 Aug 1908 Leopold Henrik Stanislaus Mechelin (b. 1839 - d. 1914) 1 Aug 1908 - 23 Apr 1909 Edvard Immanuel Hjelt (b. 1855 - d. 1921) 1 May 1909 - 13 Nov 1909 August Johannes Hjelt (b. 1862 - d. 1919) 13 Nov 1909 - 21 Apr 1913 Wladimir Markoff (b. 1859 - d. 1919) 21 Apr 1913 - 16 Mar 1917 Mikael Borovitinoff (b. 1874 - d. 1921) 16 Mar 1917 - 26 Mar 1917 Andrei Wirenius (acting) (b. 1850 - d. 1919) 26 Mar 1917 - 17 Aug 1917 Oskari Tokoi (b. 1873 - d. 1963) 17 Aug 1917 - 27 Nov 1917 Eemil Nestor Setälä (s.a.) 27 Nov 1917 - 27 May 1918 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (s.a.) Prime ministers 27 May 1918 - 27 Nov 1918 Juho Kusti Paasikivi (1st time) (s.a.) 27 Nov 1918 - 17 Apr 1919 Lauri Ingman (1st time) (b. 1868 - d. 1934) 17 Apr 1919 - 15 Aug 1919 Kaarlo Castrén (b. 1860 - d. 1938) 15 Aug 1919 - 15 Mar 1920 Juho Heikki Vennola (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1938) 15 Mar 1920 - 9 Apr 1921 Rafael Erich (b. 1879 - d. 1946) 9 Apr 1921 - 2 Jun 1922 Juho Heikki Vennola (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Jun 1922 - 14 Nov 1922 Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1943) 14 Nov 1922 - 18 Jan 1924 Kyösti Kallio (1st time) (s.a.) 18 Jan 1924 - 31 May 1924 Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 May 1924 - 31 Mar 1925 Lauri Ingman (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Mar 1925 - 31 Dec 1925 Antti Tulenheimo (b. 1879 - d. 1952) 31 Dec 1925 - 13 Dec 1926 Kyösti Kallio (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Dec 1926 - 17 Dec 1927 Väinö Tanner (b. 1881 - d. 1966) 17 Dec 1927 - 22 Dec 1928 Juho Sunila (1st time) (b. 1875 - d. 1936) 22 Dec 1928 - 16 Aug 1929 Oskari Mantere (b. 1874 - d. 1942) 16 Aug 1929 - 4 Jul 1930 Kyösti Kallio (3rd time) (s.a.) 4 Jul 1930 - 16 Feb 1931 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (s.a.) 16 Feb 1931 - 21 Mar 1931 Juho Heikki Vennola (3rd time) (s.a.) 21 Mar 1931 - 14 Dec 1932 Juho Sunila (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Dec 1932 - 7 Oct 1936 Toivo Kivimäki (b. 1886 - d. 1968) 7 Oct 1936 - 12 Mar 1937 Kyösti Kallio (4th time) (s.a.) 12 Mar 1937 - 1 Dec 1939 Aimo Kaarlo Cajander (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Dec 1939 - 21 Dec 1940 Risto Heikki Ryti (s.a.) 21 Dec 1940 - 3 Jan 1941 Rudolf Waldén (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1946) 3 Jan 1941 - 5 Mar 1943 Johan Wilhelm Rangell (b. 1894 - d. 1982) 5 Mar 1943 - 8 Aug 1944 Edwin Linkomies (b. 1894 - d. 1963) 8 Aug 1944 - 21 Sep 1944 Antti Hackzell (b. 1881 - d. 1946) 21 Sep 1944 - 17 Nov 1944 Urho Castrén (b. 1886 - d. 1965) 17 Nov 1944 - 26 Mar 1946 Juho Kusti Paasikivi (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 Mar 1946 - 29 Jul 1948 Mauno Pekkala (b. 1890 - d. 1952) 29 Jul 1948 - 17 Mar 1950 Karl-August Fagerholm (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1984) 17 Mar 1950 - 17 Nov 1953 Urho Kekkonen (1st time) (s.a.) 17 Nov 1953 - 5 May 1954 Sakari Tuomioja (b. 1911 - d. 1964) 5 May 1954 - 20 Oct 1954 Ralf Törngren (b. 1899 - d. 1961) 20 Oct 1954 - 3 Mar 1956 Urho Kekkonen (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Mar 1956 - 27 May 1957 Karl-August Fagerholm (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 May 1957 - 29 Nov 1957 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen (1st time) (b. 1906 - d. 1995) 29 Nov 1957 - 26 Apr 1958 Rainer von Fieandt (b. 1890 - d. 1972) 26 Apr 1958 - 29 Aug 1958 Reino Kuuskoski (b. 1907 - d. 1965) 29 Aug 1958 - 13 Jan 1959 Karl-August Fagerholm (3rd time) (s.a.) 13 Jan 1959 - 3 Jul 1961 Vieno Johannes Sukselainen (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jul 1961 - 14 Jul 1961 Eemil Luukka (acting) (b. 1892 - d. 1970) 14 Jul 1961 - 13 Apr 1962 Martti Miettunen (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 2002) 13 Apr 1962 - 18 Dec 1963 Ahti Karjalainen (1st time) (b. 1923 - d. 1990) 18 Dec 1963 - 12 Sep 1964 Reino Lehto (b. 1898 - d. 1966) 12 Sep 1964 - 27 May 1966 Johannes Virolainen (b. 1914 - d. 2000) 27 May 1966 - 22 Mar 1968 Rafael Paasio (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1980) 22 Mar 1968 - 14 May 1970 Mauno Koivisto (1st time) (s.a.) 14 May 1970 - 15 Jul 1970 Teuvo Aura (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1999) 15 Jul 1970 - 29 Oct 1971 Ahti Karjalainen (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Oct 1971 - 23 Feb 1972 Teuvo Aura (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Feb 1972 - 4 Sep 1972 Rafael Paasio (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Sep 1972 - 13 Jun 1975 Kalevi Sorsa (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2004) 13 Jun 1975 - 30 Nov 1975 Keijo Liinamaa (b. 1929 - d. 1980) 30 Nov 1975 - 15 May 1977 Martti Miettunen (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 May 1977 - 26 May 1979 Kalevi Sorsa (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 May 1979 - 27 Jan 1982 Mauno Koivisto (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Sep 1981 - 19 Feb 1982 Eino Uusitalo (b. 1924 - d. 2015) (acting [for Koivisto to 27 Jan 1982]) 19 Feb 1982 - 30 Apr 1987 Kalevi Sorsa (3rd time) (s.a.) 30 Apr 1987 - 26 Apr 1991 Harri Holkeri (b. 1937 - d. 2011) 26 Apr 1991 - 13 Apr 1995 Esko Aho (b. 1954) 13 Apr 1995 - 17 Apr 2003 Paavo Lipponen (b. 1941) 17 Apr 2003 - 24 Jun 2003 Anneli Jäätteenmäki (f) (b. 1955) 24 Jun 2003 - 22 Jun 2010 Matti Vanhanen (b. 1955) 22 Jun 2010 - 22 Jun 2011 Mari Kiviniemi (f) (b. 1968) 22 Jun 2011 - 24 Jun 2014 Jyrki Katainen (b. 1971) 24 Jun 2014 - 29 May 2015 Alexander Stubb (s.a.) 29 May 2015 - 6 Jun 2019 Juha Sipilä (b. 1961) 6 Jun 2019 - 10 Dec 2019 Antti Rinne (b. 1962) 10 Dec 2019 - 20 Jun 2023 Sanna Marin (f) (b. 1985) 20 Jun 2023 - Petteri Orpo (b. 1969)

Ministries, etc. Provinces

Finnish Socialist Conciliar Republic

28 Jan 1918 - 25 Apr 1918 Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic in the south of Finland during civil war Chairman of the Central Executive Committee 14 Feb 1918 - 25 Apr 1918 Valfrid Perttilä (b. 1878 - d. 1953) Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars 28 Jan 1918 - 13 Apr 1918 Kullervo Manner (b. 1880 - d. 1936) 13 Apr 1918 - 17 Apr 1918 Otto Ville Kuusinen (b. 1881 - d. 1964) 17 Apr 1918 - 25 Apr 1918 Edvard Gylling (b. 1881 - d. 1938)

Finnish Democratic Republic

1 Dec 1939 - 12 Mar 1940 Finnish Democratic Republic at the Soviet-occupied town of Terijoki (now Zelenogorsk, part of St. Petersburg, Russia) Chairman of the Finnish People's Government 1 Dec 1939 - 12 Mar 1940 Otto Ville Kuusinen (s.a.)

Allied Control Commission

Chairman 22 Sep 1944 - 15 Sep 1947 Andrey Zhdanov (U.S.S.R.) (b. 1896 - d. 1948)

¹Transcription of Russian names follows the one used in official publications at the time.

²Friedrich Karl of Hesse (b. 1868 - d. 1940), elected king 7 Oct 1918, did not arrive, and declined the throne 4 Dec 1918.

Åland Islands

12.. part of Sweden 1634 administered as part of a Finnish province (Åbo och Björneborgs län = Turun ja Porin lääni) 1808 - 1809 attempted separation from Åbo och Björneborgs län 17 Sep 1809 part of the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland 1917 - 1919 popular movement to rejoin Sweden 24 Jun 1921 League of Nations decides in favour of Finland 9 Jun 1922 Åland autonomous region Governors (title landshövding) 1808 - 1809 Otto Reinhold Meurman (acting) (b. 1750 - d. 1814) 9 Mar 1918 - 13 Jun 1918 Hjalmar von Bonsdorff (b. 1869 - d. 1945) (military governor) 13 Jun 1918 - 17 Oct 1922 William Isaksson (b. 1866 - d. 1924) 17 Oct 1922 - 1 Jan 1938 Wilhelm Fagerlund (b. 1852 - d. 1939) 1 Jan 1938 - 3 Nov 1938 Torsten Rothberg (b. 1884 - d. 1938) 3 Nov 1938 - 21 Dec 1938 Walter Johansson (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1960) 21 Nov 1938 - 1 May 1945 Ruben Österberg (b. 1895 - d. 1959) 14 May 1945 - 1 Jan 1954 Herman Koroleff (b. 1883 - d. 1957) 1 Jan 1954 - 1 Jul 1972 Tor Brenning (b. 1903 - d. 1983) 1 Jul 1972 - 1 Oct 1982 Martin Isaksson (b. 1921 - d. 2001) 1 Oct 1982 - 1 Apr 1999 Henrik Gustafsson (b. 1934) 1 Apr 1999 - 1 Apr 2023 Peter Lindbäck (b. 1955) 1 Apr 2023 - Marine Holm-Johansson (f) (b. 1964) Chief ministers (title lantråd) 10 Jul 1922 - 30 Dec 1938 Carl Björkman (b. 1873 - d. 1948) 30 Dec 1938 - 1 Jan 1955 Viktor Strandfält (b. 1887 - d. 1962) 1 Jan 1955 - 28 Mar 1967 Hugo Johansson (b. 1900 - d. 1983) 28 Mar 1967 - 1 Jul 1972 Martin Isaksson (s.a.) 1 Jul 1972 - 1 Jan 1979 Alarik Häggblom (b. 1914 - d. 1996) 1 Jan 1979 - 20 Apr 1988 Folke Woivalin (b. 1928) 20 Apr 1988 - 28 Nov 1991 Sune Eriksson (b. 1939) 28 Nov 1991 - 24 Nov 1995 Ragnar Erlandsson (b. 1941) 24 Nov 1995 - 3 Dec 1999 Roger Jansson (b. 1943) 3 Dec 1999 - 26 Nov 2007 Roger Nordlund (b. 1957) 26 Nov 2007 - 25 Nov 2011 Viveka Eriksson (f) (b. 1956) 25 Nov 2011 - 25 Nov 2015 Camilla Gunell (f) (b. 1970) 25 Nov 2015 - 10 Dec 2019 Katrin Sjögren (f) (1st time) (b. 1966) 10 Dec 2019 - 11 Dec 2023 Veronica Thörnroos (f) (b. 1962) 11 Dec 2023 - Katrin Sjögren (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)

Fiume: see under Croatia. Formosa: see Taiwan.

France

987 Kingdom of France 21 Sep 1792 French Republic ("First Republic") 18 May 1804 state headed by emperor, but polity continues to be officially styled French Republic 1 Jan 1809 French Empire 6 Apr 1814 Kingdom of France 13 Mar 1815 French Empire 8 Jul 1815 Kingdom of France 24 Feb 1848 French Republic ("Second Republic") 2 Dec 1852 French Empire 17 Feb 1871 French Republic ("Third Republic") 11 Jul 1940 - 20 Aug 1944 French State 3 Jun 1944 French Republic (Provisional Government) 16 Jan 1947 ("Fourth Republic" [constitution promulgated 28 Oct 1946]) 8 Jan 1959 ("Fifth Republic" [constitution promulgated 6 Oct 1958]) Kings¹ - Bourbon (Capetian) dynasty - 14 May 1643 - 1 Sep 1715 Louis XIV "le Grand" (b. 1638 - d. 1715) 18 May 1643 - 7 Sep 1651 Anne d'Autriche (f) (regent) (b. 1601 - d. 1666) 1 Sep 1715 - 10 May 1774 Louis XV "le Bien-Aimé" (b. 1710 - d. 1774) 1 Sep 1715 - 22 Feb 1723 Philippe, duc d'Orléans (regent) (b. 1674 - d. 1723) 10 May 1774 - 21 Sep 1792 Louis XVI (b. 1754 - d. 1793) (suspended 21 Jun - 14 Sep 1791 and 10 Aug - 21 Sep 1792) Presidents of the National Assembly (often referred to as National Constituent Assembly) 25 Jun 1791 - 2 Jul 1791 Alexandre François Marie, vicomte de Beauharnais (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 1794) 2 Jul 1791 - 19 Jul 1791 Charles Malo François, comte de Lameth (b. 1757 - d. 1832) 19 Jul 1791 - 30 Jul 1791 Joseph Jacques Defermon, dit Defermon des Chapelières (b. 1752 - d. 1831) 30 Jul 1791 - 13 Aug 1791 Alexandre François Marie, vicomte de Beauharnais (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Aug 1791 - 27 Aug 1791 Charles Louis Victor, prince de Broglie (b. 1756 - d. 1794) 27 Aug 1791 - 10 Sep 1791 Théodore Vernier (b. 1731 - d. 1818) 10 Sep 1791 - 14 Sep 1791 Jacques Guillaume Thouret (b. 1746 - d. 1794) Presidents of the National Assembly 10 Aug 1792 - 19 Aug 1792 Jean François Honoré Merlet (b. 1761 - d. 1830) 19 Aug 1792 - 2 Sep 1792 Jean-François Delacroix, dit Lacroix (b. 1753 - d. 1794) 2 Sep 1792 - 16 Sep 1792 Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (b. 1759 - d. 1794) 16 Sep 1792 - 21 Sep 1792 Pierre Joseph Cambon (b. 1756 - d. 1820) Presidents of the National Convention 21 Sep 1792 - 4 Oct 1792 Jérôme Pétion, dit Pétion de Villeneuve (b. 1756 - d. 1794) 4 Oct 1792 - 18 Oct 1792 Jean-François Delacroix, dit Lacroix (s.a.) 18 Oct 1792 - 1 Nov 1792 Marguerite Élie Guadet (b. 1755 - d. 1794) 1 Nov 1792 - 15 Nov 1792 Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (1st time) (s.a.) 15 Nov 1792 - 29 Nov 1792 Henri Baptiste Grégoire (b. 1750 - d. 1831) 29 Nov 1792 - 13 Dec 1792 Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (b. 1755 - d. 1841) 13 Dec 1792 - 27 Dec 1792 Joseph Jacques Defermon, dit Defermon des Chapelières (s.a.) 27 Dec 1792 - 10 Jan 1793 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (b. 1742 - d. 1810) 10 Jan 1793 - 24 Jan 1793 Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud (b. 1753 - d. 1793) 24 Jan 1793 - 7 Feb 1793 Jean-Paul Rabaut, dit Rabaut Saint-Étienne (b. 1743 - d. 1793) 7 Feb 1793 - 21 Feb 1793 Jean-Jacques Bréard, dit Bréard-Duplessis (b. 1751 - d. 1840) 21 Feb 1793 - 7 Mar 1793 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois de Crancé, dit Dubois-Crancé (b. 1747 - d. 1814) 7 Mar 1793 - 21 Mar 1793 Arnaud Gensonné (b. 1758 - d. 1793) 21 Mar 1793 - 4 Apr 1793 Jean Antoine Joseph Debry (b. 1760 - d. 1834) 4 Apr 1793 - 18 Apr 1793 Jean François Bertrand Delmas (b. 1751 - d. 1798) 18 Apr 1793 - 2 May 1793 Marc David Alba, dit Alba-Lasource (b. 1763 - d. 1793) 2 May 1793 - 16 May 1793 Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède (b. 1765 - d. 1793) 16 May 1793 - 30 May 1793 Maximin Isnard (b. 1758 - d. 1825) 30 May 1793 - 13 Jun 1793 François René Auguste Mallarmé (b. 1755 - d. 1831) 13 Jun 1793 - 27 Jun 1793 Jean-Marie Collot, dit Collot d'Herbois (1st time) (b. 1749 - d. 1796) 27 Jun 1793 - 11 Jul 1793 Jacques Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière (b. 1753 - d. 1829) 11 Jul 1793 - 25 Jul 1793 André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint-André (b. 1749 - d. 1813) 25 Jul 1793 - 8 Aug 1793 Georges Jacques Danton (b. 1759 - d. 1794) 8 Aug 1793 - 22 Aug 1793 Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Aug 1793 - 5 Sep 1793 Maximilien Robespierre (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1794) 5 Sep 1793 - 19 Sep 1793 Jacques Nicolas Billaud, dit Billaud-Varenne (b. 1756 - d. 1819) 19 Sep 1793 - 3 Oct 1793 Pierre Joseph Cambon (s.a.) 3 Oct 1793 - 22 Oct 1793 Charles Louis Joseph Charlier (b. 1754 - d. 1797) 22 Oct 1793 - 6 Nov 1793 Moïse Antoine Pierre Jean Bayle (b. 1755 - d. 1811?) 6 Nov 1793 - 21 Nov 1793 Pierre Antoine Laloy (b. 1749 - d. 1846) 21 Nov 1793 - 6 Dec 1793 Charles Gilbert Romme (b. 1750 - d. 1795) 6 Dec 1793 - 21 Dec 1793 Jean-Henri Voulland (b. 1751 - d. 1801) 21 Dec 1793 - 5 Jan 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon (b. 1755 - d. 1794) 5 Jan 1794 - 20 Jan 1794 Jacques Louis David (b. 1748 - d. 1825) 20 Jan 1794 - 4 Feb 1794 Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier (b. 1736 - d. 1828) 4 Feb 1794 - 19 Feb 1794 Joseph Nicolas Barbeau Du Barran, dit Dubarran (b. 1761 - d. 1816) 19 Feb 1794 - 6 Mar 1794 Louis de Saint-Just (b. 1767 - d. 1794) 6 Mar 1794 - 21 Mar 1794 Philippe Jacques Rühl (b. 1737 - d. 1795) 21 Mar 1794 - 5 Apr 1794 Jean-Lambert Tallien (b. 1767 - d. 1820) 5 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean Baptiste André Amar (b. 1755 - d. 1816) 20 Apr 1794 - 5 May 1794 Robert Lindet (b. 1746 - d. 1825) 5 May 1794 - 20 May 1794 Lazare Carnot (b. 1753 - d. 1823) 20 May 1794 - 4 Jun 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, dit Prieur de la Côte d'Or (b. 1763 - d. 1832) 4 Jun 1794 - 19 Jun 1794 Maximilien Robespierre (2nd time) (s.a.) 19 Jun 1794 - 5 Jul 1794 Élie Lacoste (b. 1745 - d. 1806) 5 Jul 1794 - 19 Jul 1794 Jean-Antoine Louis, dit Louis du Bas-Rhin (b. 1742 - d. 1796) 19 Jul 1794 - 3 Aug 1794 Jean-Marie Collot, dit Collot d'Herbois (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Aug 1794 - 18 Aug 1794 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai (b. 1754 - d. 1838) 18 Aug 1794 - 2 Sep 1794 Antoine Christophe Merlin, dit Merlin de Thionville (b. 1762 - d. 1833) 2 Sep 1794 - 22 Sep 1794 André Antoine Bernard des Jeuzines, dit Bernard de Saintes (or Adrien-Antoine...) (b. 1751 - d. 1818) 22 Sep 1794 - 7 Oct 1794 André Dumont (b. 1765 - d. 1836) 7 Oct 1794 - 22 Oct 1794 Jean Jacques Régis Cambacérès (b. 1753 - d. 1824) 22 Oct 1794 - 6 Nov 1794 Pierre Louis Prieur, dit Prieur de la Marne (b. 1756 - d. 1827) 6 Nov 1794 - 24 Nov 1794 Louis Legendre (b. 1752 - d. 1797) 24 Nov 1794 - 6 Dec 1794 Jean-Baptiste Clauzel (b. 1746 - d. 1803) 6 Dec 1794 - 21 Dec 1794 Jean-François Reubell (b. 1747 - d. 1807) 21 Dec 1794 - 6 Jan 1795 Pierre Louis Bentabole (b. 1756 - d. 1798) 6 Jan 1795 - 20 Jan 1795 Étienne François Louis Honoré Letourneur (or Charles François Louis Honoré Letourneur) (b. 1751 - d. 1817) 20 Jan 1795 - 4 Feb 1795 Joseph Stanislas François Xavier Alexis Rovère (b. 1748 - d. 1798) 4 Feb 1795 - 19 Feb 1795 Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras (b. 1755 - d. 1829) 19 Feb 1795 - 6 Mar 1795 François Louis Bourdon, dit Bourdon de l'Oise (b. 1758 - d. 1798) 6 Mar 1795 - 24 Mar 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau (b. 1765 - d. 1854) 24 Mar 1795 - 5 Apr 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Lozère (b. 1759 - d. 1842) 5 Apr 1795 - 20 Apr 1795 François Antoine Boissy d'Anglas (b. 1756 - d. 1826) 20 Apr 1795 - 5 May 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (b. 1748 - d. 1836) 5 May 1795 - 26 May 1795 Théodore Vernier (s.a.) 26 May 1795 - 4 Jun 1795 Jean Baptiste Charles Mathieu, dit Mathieu-Mirampal (b. 1763 - d. 1833) 4 Jun 1795 - 19 Jun 1795 Jean-Denis Lanjuinais (b. 1753 - d. 1827) 19 Jun 1795 - 4 Jul 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray (b. 1760 - d. 1797) 4 Jul 1795 - 19 Jul 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant (b. 1764 - d. 1853) 19 Jul 1795 - 3 Aug 1795 Louis Marie La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux (b. 1753 - d. 1824) 3 Aug 1795 - 19 Aug 1795 Pierre Claude François Daunou (b. 1761 - d. 1840) 19 Aug 1795 - 2 Sep 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier (b. 1764 - d. 1811) 2 Sep 1795 - 23 Sep 1795 Théophile Berlier (b. 1761 - d. 1844) 23 Sep 1795 - 8 Oct 1795 Pierre Charles Louis Baudin, dit Baudin des Ardennes (b. 1748 - d. 1799) 8 Oct 1795 - 26 Oct 1795 Charles François Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (b. 1749 - d. 1804) 26 Oct 1795 - 2 Nov 1795 the Committee of Public Safety (see heads of government) Presidents of the Executive Directory 2 Nov 1795 - 31 Jan 1796 Jean-François Reubell (1st time) (s.a.) 31 Jan 1796 - 30 Apr 1796 Étienne François Louis Honoré Letourneur (or Charles François Louis Honoré Letourneur) (1st time) (s.a.) 30 Apr 1796 - 29 Jul 1796 Lazare Carnot (1st time) (s.a.) 29 Jul 1796 - 1 Nov 1796 Louis Marie de La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux (1st time) (s.a.) 1 Nov 1796 - 30 Jan 1797 Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras (1st time) (s.a.) 30 Jan 1797 - 30 Apr 1797 Jean-François Reubell (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Apr 1797 - 26 May 1797 Étienne François Louis Honoré Letourneur (or Charles François Louis Honoré Letourneur) (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 May 1797 - 24 Aug 1797 Lazare Carnot (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 Aug 1797 - 27 Nov 1797 Louis Marie de La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux (2nd time) (s.a.) 27 Nov 1797 - 25 Feb 1798 Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras (2nd time) (s.a.) 25 Feb 1798 - 26 May 1798 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai (1st time) (s.a.) 26 May 1798 - 24 Aug 1798 Jean-François Reubell (3rd time) (s.a.) 24 Aug 1798 - 27 Nov 1798 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (s.a.) 27 Nov 1798 - 25 Feb 1799 Louis Marie de La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux (3rd time) (s.a.) 25 Feb 1799 - 26 May 1799 Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras (3rd time) (s.a.) 26 May 1799 - 18 Jun 1799 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jun 1799 - 23 Sep 1799 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (s.a.) 23 Sep 1799 - 10 Nov 1799 Louis-Jérôme Gohier (b. 1746 - d. 1830) 11 Nov 1799 - 25 Dec 1799 Consular Executive Commission (3 consuls; chair probably rotating daily, in order given; no conclusive documentation was created) - Napoléon Bonaparte (b. 1769 - d. 1821) - Pierre Roger Ducos, dit Roger-Ducos (b. 1747 - d. 1816) - Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (s.a.) First consul 25 Dec 1799 - 18 May 1804 Napoléon Bonaparte (s.a.) Emperor¹ - Bonaparte dynasty - 18 May 1804 - 11 Apr 1814 Napoléon I (1st time) (s.a.) President of the Provisional Government 3 Apr 1814 - 14 Apr 1814 Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Périgord, prince de Bénévent (b. 1754 - d. 1838) Lieutenant-general of the kingdom 14 Apr 1814 - 2 May 1814 Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois (b. 1757 - d. 1836) King¹ - Bourbon (Capetian) dynasty - 2 May 1814 - 19 Mar 1815 Louis XVIII (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1824) Emperors¹ - Bonaparte dynasty - 13 Mar 1815 - 22 Jun 1815 Napoléon I (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Napoléon II (lived in Austria) (b. 1811 - d. 1832) 22 Jun 1815 - 7 Jul 1815 Commission of Government (also styled Executive Commission) - Joseph, comte Fouché, duc d'Otrante (b. 1759 - d. 1820) (president from 23 Jun 1815) - Lazare, comte Carnot (s.a.) - Paul, comte Grenier (b. 1768 - d. 1827) - Armand Augustin Louis Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence (b. 1773 - d. 1827) - Nicolas Marie, baron de Quinette de Rochemont (b. 1762 - d. 1821) Kings¹ - Bourbon (Capetian) dynasty - 8 Jul 1815 - 16 Sep 1824 Louis XVIII (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Sep 1824 - 2 Aug 1830 Charles X (= Charles-Philippe de France, comte d'Artois) (s.a.) 29 Jul 1830 - 1 Aug 1830 Municipal Commission (in opposition to Charles X) - Jacques Laffitte (b. 1767 - d. 1844) - Casimir Perier (b. 1777 - d. 1832) - Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau (b. 1770 - d. 1838) - Auguste, baron de Schonen (b. 1782 - d. 1849) - Pierre François Audry de Puyraveau (b. 1783 - d. 1852) - François Mauguin (b. 1785 - d. 1854) 2 Aug 1830 - 9 Aug 1830 Louis-Philippe, duc d'Orléans (b. 1773 - d. 1850) (lieutenant-general of the kingdom) - Bourbon-Orléans dynasty - 9 Aug 1830 - 24 Feb 1848 Louis-Philippe I (s.a.) President of the Provisional Government of the Republic 24 Feb 1848 - 9 May 1848 Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure (b. 1767 - d. 1855) President of the National Constituent Assembly 9 May 1848 - 10 May 1848 Philippe Joseph Benjamin Buchez (b. 1796 - d. 1865) Chairman of the Executive Power Commission 10 May 1848 - 24 Jun 1848 François Arago (b. 1786 - d. 1853) President of the National Constituent Assembly 24 Jun 1848 - 28 Jun 1848 Jules Sénard (b. 1800 - d. 1885) Chief of the Executive Power 28 Jun 1848 - 20 Dec 1848 Louis Eugène Cavaignac (b. 1802 - d. 1857) President 20 Dec 1848 - 2 Dec 1852 Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (b. 1808 - d. 1873) Emperor¹ - Bonaparte dynasty - 2 Dec 1852 - 4 Sep 1870 Napoléon III (s.a.) President of the Government of National Defense 4 Sep 1870 - 13 Feb 1871 Louis Jules Trochu (b. 1815 - d. 1896) Presidents of the National Constituent Assembly 13 Feb 1871 - 16 Feb 1871 Denis Emmanuel, comte Benoist d'Azy (acting) (b. 1796 - d. 1880) 16 Feb 1871 - 17 Feb 1871 Jules Grévy (b. 1807 - d. 1891) Presidents 17 Feb 1871 - 24 May 1873 Adolphe Thiers (b. 1797 - d. 1877) (Head of Executive Power to 31 Aug 1871) 24 May 1873 - 30 Jan 1879 Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon (b. 1808 - d. 1893) 30 Jan 1879 Jules Armand Dufaure (acting) (b. 1798 - d. 1881) 30 Jan 1879 - 2 Dec 1887 Jules Grévy (s.a.) 2 Dec 1887 - 3 Dec 1887 Maurice Rouvier (acting) (b. 1842 - d. 1911) 3 Dec 1887 - 25 Jun 1894 Sadi Carnot (b. 1837 - d. 1894) 25 Jun 1894 - 27 Jun 1894 Charles Dupuy (1st time) (acting) (b. 1851 - d. 1923) 27 Jun 1894 - 16 Jan 1895 Jean Casimir-Perier (b. 1847 - d. 1907) 16 Jan 1895 - 17 Jan 1895 Charles Dupuy (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 17 Jan 1895 - 16 Feb 1899 Félix Faure (b. 1841 - d. 1899) 16 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1899 Charles Dupuy (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.) 18 Feb 1899 - 18 Feb 1906 Émile Loubet (b. 1838 - d. 1929) 18 Feb 1906 - 18 Feb 1913 Armand Fallières (b. 1841 - d. 1931) 18 Feb 1913 - 18 Feb 1920 Raymond Poincaré (b. 1860 - d. 1934) 18 Feb 1920 - 21 Sep 1920 Paul Deschanel (b. 1855 - d. 1922) 21 Sep 1920 - 11 Jun 1924 Alexandre Millerand (b. 1859 - d. 1943) (acting to 23 Sep 1920) 11 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1924 Frédéric François-Marsal (acting) (b. 1874 - d. 1958) 13 Jun 1924 - 13 Jun 1931 Gaston Doumergue (b. 1863 - d. 1937) 13 Jun 1931 - 7 May 1932 Paul Doumer (b. 1857 - d. 1932) 7 May 1932 - 10 May 1932 André Tardieu (acting) (b. 1876 - d. 1945) 10 May 1932 - 11 Jul 1940 Albert Lebrun (b. 1871 - d. 1950) Head of State 11 Jul 1940 - 20 Aug 1944 Philippe Pétain (b. 1856 - d. 1951) Acting heads of state 3 Jun 1944 - 16 Jan 1947 see heads of government Presidents 16 Jan 1947 - 16 Jan 1954 Vincent Auriol (b. 1884 - d. 1966) 16 Jan 1954 - 8 Jan 1959 René Coty (b. 1882 - d. 1962) 8 Jan 1959 - 28 Apr 1969 Charles de Gaulle (b. 1890 - d. 1970) 28 Apr 1969 - 20 Jun 1969 Alain Poher (1st time) (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1996) 20 Jun 1969 - 2 Apr 1974 Georges Pompidou (b. 1911 - d. 1974) 3 Apr 1974 - 27 May 1974 Alain Poher (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 27 May 1974 - 21 May 1981 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (b. 1926 - d. 2020) 21 May 1981 - 17 May 1995 François Mitterrand (b. 1916 - d. 1996) 17 May 1995 - 16 May 2007 Jacques Chirac (b. 1932 - d. 2019) 16 May 2007 - 15 May 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy (b. 1955) 15 May 2012 - 14 May 2017 François Hollande (b. 1954) 14 May 2017 - Emmanuel Macron (b. 1977) Provisional Executive Council (chair rotating weekly) - Ministers of Justice - 21 Sep 1792 - 9 Oct 1792 Georges Jacques Danton (s.a.) 9 Oct 1792 - 20 Mar 1793 Dominique Joseph Garat (b. 1749 - d. 1833) 20 Mar 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Louis Jérôme Gohier (s.a.) - Ministers of the Marine and Colonies - 21 Sep 1792 - 10 Apr 1793 Gaspard Monge (b. 1746 - d. 1818) 10 Apr 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean Dalbarade (b. 1743 - d. 1819) - Ministers of Foreign Affairs - 21 Sep 1792 - 21 Jun 1793 Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Tondu, dit Lebrun-Tondu (b. 1754 - d. 1794) 21 Jun 1793 - 2 Apr 1794 François Louis Michel Chemin des Forgues, dit Deforgues (b. 1759 - d. 1840) 2 Apr 1794 - 5 Apr 1794 vacant 5 Apr 1794 - 8 Apr 1794 Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (b. 1766 - d. 1795) (interim) 8 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Martial Joseph Armand Herman (b. 1759 - d. 1795) (interim)² - Ministers of the Interior - 21 Sep 1792 - 23 Jan 1793 Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière (b. 1734 - d. 1793) 23 Jan 1793 - 20 Aug 1793 Dominique Joseph Garat (s.a.) (interim to 15 Mar 1793) 20 Aug 1793 - 5 Apr 1794 Jules François Paré (b. 1755 - d. 1819) 5 Apr 1794 - 8 Apr 1794 Jean Marie Claude Alexandre Goujon (s.a.) (interim) 8 Apr 1794 - 20 Apr 1794 Martial Joseph Armand Herman (s.a.) (interim) - Ministers of War - 21 Sep 1792 - 3 Oct 1792 Joseph Marie Servan, dit Servan de Gerbey (b. 1741 - d. 1808) 3 Oct 1792 - 18 Oct 1792 Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Tondu, dit Lebrun-Tondu (1st time) (s.a.) (interim) 18 Oct 1792 - 4 Feb 1793 Jean-Nicolas Pache (b. 1746 - d. 1823) 4 Feb 1793 - 1 Apr 1793 Pierre Riel de Beurnonville (b. 1752 - d. 1821) 1 Apr 1793 - 4 Apr 1793 Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Tondu, dit Lebrun-Tondu (2nd time) (s.a.) (interim) 4 Apr 1793 - 22 Jun 1793 Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte (1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1840) 22 Jun 1793 (hours) Charles Alexis Alexandre (b. 1754 - d. 1825) 22 Jun 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte (2nd time) (s.a.) - Ministers of Public Contributions and Revenues - 21 Sep 1792 - 13 Jun 1793 Étienne Clavière (b. 1735 - d. 1793) 13 Jun 1793 - 20 Apr 1794 Louis Grégoire Des Champs des Tournelles (b. 1744 - d. 1795) Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention 20 Apr 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Jacques Nicolas Billaud, dit Billaud-Varenne (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 6 Oct 1794 Lazare Carnot (1st time) (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Jean-Marie Collot, dit Collot d'Herbois (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 27 Jul 1794 Georges Auguste Couthon (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 31 Jul 1794 André Jeanbon, dit Jeanbon Saint-André (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 6 Oct 1794 Jean Baptiste Robert Lindet (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 31 Jul 1794 Pierre Louis Prieur, dit Prieur de la Marne (1st time) (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 6 Oct 1794 Claude Antoine Prieur-Duvernois, dit Prieur de la Côte d'Or (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 27 Jul 1794 Maximilien Robespierre (s.a.) 20 Apr 1794 - 27 Jul 1794 Louis de Saint-Just (s.a.) 31 Jul 1794 - 5 Dec 1794 Jean-Jacques Bréard, dit Bréard-Duplessis (1st time) (s.a.) 31 Jul 1794 - 5 Nov 1794 Joseph Eschassériaux (1st time) (b. 1753 - d. 1823) 31 Jul 1794 - 5 Nov 1794 Pierre Antoine Laloy (s.a.) 31 Jul 1794 - 1 Sep 1794 Jean-Lambert Tallien (1st time) (s.a.) 31 Jul 1794 - 5 Dec 1794 Jacques Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière (s.a.) 31 Jul 1794 - 5 Nov 1794 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (1st time) (s.a.) 1 Sep 1794 - 5 Dec 1794 Charles Cochon de Lapparent (b. 1750 - d. 1825) 1 Sep 1794 - 4 Jan 1795 Jean François Bertrand Delmas (s.a.) 1 Sep 1794 - 4 Jan 1795 Antoine François Fourcroy (1st time) (b. 1755 - d. 1809) 1 Sep 1794 - 4 Jan 1795 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai (1st time) (s.a.) 6 Oct 1794 - 3 Feb 1795 Louis Bernard Guyton de Morveau, dit Guyton-Morveau (b. 1737 - d. 1816) 6 Oct 1794 - 3 Feb 1795 Pierre Louis Prieur, dit Prieur de la Marne (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Oct 1794 - 3 Feb 1795 Joseph Charles Étienne Richard (b. 1761 - d. 1834) 5 Nov 1794 - 5 Mar 1795 Jean Jacques Régis Cambacérès (1st time) (s.a.) 5 Nov 1794 - 5 Mar 1795 Lazare Carnot (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Nov 1794 - 5 Mar 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Lozère (s.a.) 5 Dec 1794 - 4 Apr 1795 François Antoine Boissy d'Anglas (1st time) (s.a.) 5 Dec 1794 - 4 Apr 1795 Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois de Crancé, dit Dubois-Crancé (s.a.) 5 Dec 1794 - 4 Apr 1795 André Dumont (s.a.) 4 Jan 1795 - 4 May 1795 Jean-Jacques Bréard, dit Bréard-Duplessis (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Jan 1795 - 4 May 1795 Jean-Pierre Chazal (b. 1766 - d. 1840) 4 Jan 1795 - 4 May 1795 Pierre Marec (1st time) (b. 1739 - d. 1828) 3 Feb 1795 - 3 Jun 1795 Antoine François Fourcroy (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Feb 1795 - 3 Jun 1795 Pierre Jean Lacombe, dit Lacombe Saint-Michel (b. 1751 - d. 1812) 3 Feb 1795 - 3 Jun 1795 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Mar 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Marie François Sébastien Christophe Delaporte, dit Laporte (b. 1760 - d. 1823) 5 Mar 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Jean-François Reubell (1st time) (s.a.) 5 Mar 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (1st time) (s.a.) 4 Apr 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 François Aubry (b. 1747 - d. 1798) 4 Apr 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Jean Jacques Régis Cambacérès (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Apr 1795 - 4 May 1795 Jacques Antoine Creuzé de La Touche, dit Creuzé-Latouche (b. 1749 - d. 1800) 4 Apr 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Pierre Mathurin Gillet (or René Mathurin Gillet) (b. 1766 - d. 1795) 4 Apr 1795 - 4 May 1795 Bernard Marie Lesage (or Denis Toussaint Lesage) (1st time) (b. 1758 - d. 1796) 4 Apr 1795 - 3 Jul 1795 Louis Félix Roux (b. 1753 - d. 1817) 4 Apr 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Jean-Lambert Tallien (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Joseph Jacques Defermon, dit Defermon des Chapelières (s.a.) 4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant (s.a.) 4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Jacques Antoine Rabaut, dit Rabaut-Pomier (b. 1744 - d. 1820) 4 May 1795 - 2 Aug 1795 Jean-Baptiste Treilhard (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 May 1795 - 1 Sep 1795 Théodore Vernier (s.a.) 3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Charles Antoine Augustin Blad (b. 1764 - d. 1802) 3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 François Joseph Gamon (b. 1767 - d. 1832) 3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Pierre François Joachim Henry-Larivière (b. 1761 - d. 1838) 3 Jun 1795 - 7 Oct 1795 Pierre Marec (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 François Antoine Boissy d'Anglas (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean Antoine Joseph Debry (s.a.) 3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Bernard Marie Lesage (or Denis- Toussaint Lesage) (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Jul 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray (s.a.) 2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Étienne François Louis Honoré Letourneur (or Charles François Louis Honoré Letourneur) (s.a.) 2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Philippe Antoine Merlin, dit Merlin de Douai (3rd time) (s.a.) 2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean-François Reubell (2nd time) (s.a.) 2 Aug 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Théophile Berlier (s.a.) 1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Jean Jacques Régis Cambacérès (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Pierre Claude François Daunou (s.a.) 1 Sep 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Louis Marie La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux (s.a.) 7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier (s.a.) 7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Joseph Eschassériaux (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Charles Claude Christophe Gourdan (b. 1744 - d. 1804) 7 Oct 1795 - 4 Nov 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau (s.a.) Prime ministers³ 9 Jul 1815 - 26 Sep 1815 Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Périgord, prince de Bénévent (s.a.) 26 Sep 1815 - 29 Dec 1818 Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (1st time) (b. 1766 - d. 1822) 29 Dec 1818 - 19 Nov 1819 Jean Joseph Paul Augustin, marquis Dessolles (b. 1767 - d. 1828) 19 Nov 1819 - 20 Feb 1820 Élie, comte Decazes (b. 1780 - d. 1860) 20 Feb 1820 - 14 Dec 1821 Armand Emmanuel du Plessis, duc de Richelieu (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Sep 1822 - 4 Jan 1828 Joseph, comte de Villèle (b. 1773 - d. 1854) 4 Jan 1828 - 8 Aug 1829 Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac (b. 1778 - d. 1832) 8 Aug 1829 - 29 Jul 1830 Auguste Jules Armand Marie, prince de Polignac (b. 1780 - d. 1847) 29 Jul 1830 Casimir Louis Victurnien de Rochechouart, duc de Mortemart (b. 1787 - d. 1875) 2 Nov 1830 - 13 Mar 1831 Jacques Laffitte (s.a.) 13 Mar 1831 - 16 May 1832 Casimir Perier (s.a.) 11 Oct 1832 - 18 Jul 1834 Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (1st time) (b. 1769 - d. 1851) 18 Jul 1834 - 10 Nov 1834 Étienne Maurice, comte Gérard (b. 1773 - d. 1852) 10 Nov 1834 - 18 Nov 1834 Hugues Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano (b. 1763 - d. 1839) 18 Nov 1834 - 12 Mar 1835 Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, duc de Trévise (b. 1768 - d. 1835) 12 Mar 1835 - 22 Feb 1836 Achille Charles Léonce Victor, duc de Broglie (b. 1785 - d. 1870) 22 Feb 1836 - 6 Sep 1836 Adolphe Thiers (1st time) (s.a.) 6 Sep 1836 - 31 Mar 1839 Mathieu Louis, comte Molé (1st time) (b. 1781 - d. 1855) 12 May 1839 - 1 Mar 1840 Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Mar 1840 - 29 Oct 1840 Adolphe Thiers (2nd time) (s.a.) 29 Oct 1840 - 19 Sep 1847 Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (3rd time) (s.a.) 19 Sep 1847 - 23 Feb 1848 François Guizot (b. 1787 - d. 1874) 23 Feb 1848 - 24 Feb 1848 Mathieu Louis, comte Molé (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 Feb 1848 Adolphe Thiers (3rd time) (s.a.) 28 Jun 1848 - 20 Dec 1848 Louis Eugène Cavaignac (s.a.) 20 Dec 1848 - 31 Oct 1849 Odilon Barrot (b. 1791 - d. 1873) 2 Jan 1870 - 9 Aug 1870 Émile Ollivier (b. 1825 - d. 1913) 9 Aug 1870 - 4 Sep 1870 Charles Guillaume Cousin- Montauban, comte de Palikao (b. 1796 - d. 1878) 2 Sep 1871 - 25 May 1873 Jules Armand Dufaure (1st time) (s.a.) (vice chairman of the Council of Ministers) 25 May 1873 - 22 May 1874 Albert, duc de Broglie (1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1901) (vice chairman of the Council of Ministers) 22 May 1874 - 10 Mar 1875 Ernest Courtot de Cissey (b. 1810 - d. 1882) (vice chairman of the Council of Ministers) 10 Mar 1875 - 23 Feb 1876 Louis Joseph Buffet (b. 1818 - d. 1898) (vice chairman of the Council of Ministers) 23 Feb 1876 - 12 Dec 1876 Jules Armand Dufaure (2nd time) (s.a.) (vice chairman of the Council of Ministers to 9 Mar 1876) 12 Dec 1876 - 17 May 1877 Jules Simon (b. 1814 - d. 1896) 17 May 1877 - 23 Nov 1877 Albert, duc de Broglie (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Nov 1877 - 13 Dec 1877 Gaëtan de Grimaudet de Rochebouët (b. 1813 - d. 1899) 13 Dec 1877 - 4 Feb 1879 Jules Armand Dufaure (3rd time) (s.a.) 4 Feb 1879 - 28 Dec 1879 William Henry Waddington (b. 1826 - d. 1894) 28 Dec 1879 - 23 Sep 1880 Louis Charles de Saulces de Freycinet (1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1923) 23 Sep 1880 - 14 Nov 1881 Jules Ferry (1st time) (b. 1832 - d. 1893) 14 Nov 1881 - 30 Jan 1882 Léon Gambetta (b. 1838 - d. 1882) 30 Jan 1882 - 7 Aug 1882 Louis Charles de Saulces de Freycinet (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Aug 1882 - 29 Jan 1883 Eugène Duclerc (b. 1812 - d. 1888) 29 Jan 1883 - 21 Feb 1883 Armand Fallières (s.a.) 21 Feb 1883 - 6 Apr 1885 Jules Ferry (2nd time) (s.a.) 6 Apr 1885 - 7 Jan 1886 Henri Brisson (1st time) (b. 1835 - d. 1912) 7 Jan 1886 - 11 Dec 1886 Louis Charles de Saulces de Freycinet (3rd time) (s.a.) 11 Dec 1886 - 30 May 1887 René Goblet (b. 1828 - d. 1905) 30 May 1887 - 12 Dec 1887 Maurice Rouvier (1st time) (s.a.) 12 Dec 1887 - 3 Apr 1888 Pierre Tirard (1st time) (b. 1827 - d. 1893) 3 Apr 1888 - 22 Feb 1889 Charles Floquet (b. 1828 - d. 1896) 22 Feb 1889 - 17 Mar 1890 Pierre Tirard (2nd time) (s.a.) 17 Mar 1890 - 27 Feb 1892 Louis Charles de Saulces de Freycinet (4th time) (s.a.) 27 Feb 1892 - 6 Dec 1892 Émile Loubet (s.a.) 6 Dec 1892 - 4 Apr 1893 Alexandre Ribot (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1923) 4 Apr 1893 - 3 Dec 1893 Charles Dupuy (1st time) (s.a.) 3 Dec 1893 - 30 May 1894 Jean Casimir-Perier (s.a.) 30 May 1894 - 26 Jan 1895 Charles Dupuy (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 Jan 1895 - 1 Nov 1895 Alexandre Ribot (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Nov 1895 - 29 Apr 1896 Léon Bourgeois (b. 1851 - d. 1925) 29 Apr 1896 - 28 Jun 1898 Jules Méline (b. 1838 - d. 1925) 28 Jun 1898 - 1 Nov 1898 Henri Brisson (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Nov 1898 - 22 Jun 1899 Charles Dupuy (3rd time) (s.a.) 22 Jun 1899 - 7 Jun 1902 René Waldeck-Rousseau (b. 1846 - d. 1904) 7 Jun 1902 - 24 Jan 1905 Émile Combes (b. 1835 - d. 1921) 24 Jan 1905 - 14 Mar 1906 Maurice Rouvier (2nd time) (s.a.) 14 Mar 1906 - 25 Oct 1906 Ferdinand Sarrien (b. 1840 - d. 1915) 25 Oct 1906 - 24 Jul 1909 Georges Clemenceau (1st time) (b. 1841 - d. 1929) 24 Jul 1909 - 2 Mar 1911 Aristide Briand (1st time) (b. 1862 - d. 1932) 2 Mar 1911 - 27 Jun 1911 Ernest Monis (b. 1846 - d. 1929) 27 Jun 1911 - 14 Jan 1912 Joseph Caillaux (b. 1863 - d. 1944) 14 Jan 1912 - 21 Jan 1913 Raymond Poincaré (1st time) (s.a.) 21 Jan 1913 - 22 Mar 1913 Aristide Briand (2nd time) (s.a.) 22 Mar 1913 - 9 Dec 1913 Louis Barthou (b. 1862 - d. 1934) 9 Dec 1913 - 9 Jun 1914 Gaston Doumergue (1st time) (s.a.) 9 Jun 1914 - 13 Jun 1914 Alexandre Ribot (3rd time) (s.a.) 13 Jun 1914 - 29 Oct 1915 René Viviani (b. 1863 - d. 1925) 29 Oct 1915 - 20 Mar 1917 Aristide Briand (3rd time) (s.a.) 20 Mar 1917 - 12 Sep 1917 Alexandre Ribot (4th time) (s.a.) 12 Sep 1917 - 16 Nov 1917 Paul Painlevé (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1933) 16 Nov 1917 - 20 Jan 1920 Georges Clemenceau (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Jan 1920 - 24 Sep 1920 Alexandre Millerand (s.a.) 24 Sep 1920 - 16 Jan 1921 Georges Leygues (b. 1857 - d. 1933) 16 Jan 1921 - 15 Jan 1922 Aristide Briand (4th time) (s.a.) 15 Jan 1922 - 9 Jun 1924 Raymond Poincaré (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Jun 1924 - 14 Jun 1924 Frédéric François-Marsal (s.a.) 14 Jun 1924 - 17 Apr 1925 Édouard Herriot (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1957) 17 Apr 1925 - 28 Nov 1925 Paul Painlevé (2nd time) (s.a.) 28 Nov 1925 - 19 Jul 1926 Aristide Briand (5th time) (s.a.) 19 Jul 1926 - 23 Jul 1926 Édouard Herriot (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Jul 1926 - 29 Jul 1929 Raymond Poincaré (3rd time) (s.a.) 29 Jul 1929 - 3 Nov 1929 Aristide Briand (6th time) (s.a.) 3 Nov 1929 - 21 Feb 1930 André Tardieu (1st time) (s.a.) 21 Feb 1930 - 2 Mar 1930 Camille Chautemps (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1963) 2 Mar 1930 - 13 Dec 1930 André Tardieu (2nd time) (s.a.) 13 Dec 1930 - 27 Jan 1931 Théodore Steeg (b. 1868 - d. 1950) 27 Jan 1931 - 20 Feb 1932 Pierre Laval (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1945) 20 Feb 1932 - 3 Jun 1932 André Tardieu (3rd time) (s.a.) 3 Jun 1932 - 18 Dec 1932 Édouard Herriot (3rd time) (s.a.) 18 Dec 1932 - 31 Jan 1933 Joseph Paul-Boncour (b. 1873 - d. 1972) 31 Jan 1933 - 26 Oct 1933 Édouard Daladier (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1970) 26 Oct 1933 - 26 Nov 1933 Albert Sarraut (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1962) 26 Nov 1933 - 30 Jan 1934 Camille Chautemps (2nd time) (s.a.) 30 Jan 1934 - 9 Feb 1934 Édouard Daladier (2nd time) (s.a.) 9 Feb 1934 - 8 Nov 1934 Gaston Doumergue (2nd time) (s.a.) 8 Nov 1934 - 1 Jun 1935 Pierre Étienne Flandin (b. 1889 - d. 1958) 1 Jun 1935 - 7 Jun 1935 Fernand Bouisson (b. 1874 - d. 1959) 7 Jun 1935 - 24 Jan 1936 Pierre Laval (2nd time) (s.a.) 24 Jan 1936 - 4 Jun 1936 Albert Sarraut (2nd time) (s.a.) 4 Jun 1936 - 22 Jun 1937 Léon Blum (1st time) (b. 1872 - d. 1950) 22 Jun 1937 - 13 Mar 1938 Camille Chautemps (3rd time) (s.a.) 13 Mar 1938 - 10 Apr 1938 Léon Blum (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 Apr 1938 - 21 Mar 1940 Édouard Daladier (3rd time) (s.a.) 21 Mar 1940 - 16 Jun 1940 Paul Reynaud (b. 1878 - d. 1966) 16 Jun 1940 - 18 Apr 1942 Philippe Pétain (s.a.) 18 Apr 1942 - 17 Aug 1944 Pierre Laval (3rd time) (s.a.) Chairmen of the National Committee of the Free French (in London; from 3 Jun 1943 in Algiers) 24 Sep 1941 - 3 Jun 1943 Charles de Gaulle (1st time) (s.a.) 3 Jun 1943 - 9 Nov 1943 Charles de Gaulle (2nd time) (s.a.) + Henri Giraud (b. 1879 - d. 1949) 9 Nov 1943 - 3 Jun 1944 Charles de Gaulle (3rd time) (s.a.) Chairmen of the Provisional Government 3 Jun 1944 - 26 Jan 1946 Charles de Gaulle (s.a.) 26 Jan 1946 - 24 Jun 1946 Félix Gouin (b. 1884 - d. 1977) 24 Jun 1946 - 16 Dec 1946 Georges Bidault (b. 1899 - d. 1983) 16 Dec 1946 - 23 Jan 1947 Léon Blum (s.a.) Prime ministers³ 23 Jan 1947 - 24 Nov 1947 Paul Ramadier (b. 1888 - d. 1961) 24 Nov 1947 - 26 Jul 1948 Robert Schuman (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1963) 26 Jul 1948 - 5 Sep 1948 André Marie (b. 1897 - d. 1974) 5 Sep 1948 - 11 Sep 1948 Robert Schuman (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Sep 1948 - 28 Oct 1949 Henri Queuille (1st time) (b. 1884 - d. 1970) 28 Oct 1949 - 2 Jul 1950 Georges Bidault (s.a.) 2 Jul 1950 - 12 Jul 1950 Henri Queuille (2nd time) (s.a.) 12 Jul 1950 - 10 Mar 1951 René Pleven (1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1993) 10 Mar 1951 - 11 Aug 1951 Henri Queuille (3rd time) (s.a.) 11 Aug 1951 - 20 Jan 1952 René Pleven (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 Jan 1952 - 8 Mar 1952 Edgar Faure (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1988) 8 Mar 1952 - 8 Jan 1953 Antoine Pinay (b. 1891 - d. 1994) 8 Jan 1953 - 28 Jun 1953 René Mayer (b. 1895 - d. 1972) 28 Jun 1953 - 18 Jun 1954 Joseph Laniel (b. 1889 - d. 1975) 18 Jun 1954 - 23 Feb 1955 Pierre Mendès-France (b. 1907 - d. 1982) 23 Feb 1955 - 1 Feb 1956 Edgar Faure (2nd time) (s.a.) 1 Feb 1956 - 13 Jun 1957 Guy Mollet (b. 1906 - d. 1975) 13 Jun 1957 - 6 Nov 1957 Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury (b. 1914 - d. 1993) 6 Nov 1957 - 14 May 1958 Félix Gaillard (b. 1919 - d. 1970) 14 May 1958 - 1 Jun 1958 Pierre Pflimlin (b. 1907 - d. 2000) 1 Jun 1958 - 8 Jan 1959 Charles de Gaulle (s.a.) 8 Jan 1959 - 14 Apr 1962 Michel Debré (b. 1912 - d. 1996) 14 Apr 1962 - 13 Jul 1968 Georges Pompidou (s.a.) 13 Jul 1968 - 20 Jun 1969 Maurice Couve de Murville (b. 1907 - d. 1999) 20 Jun 1969 - 5 Jul 1972 Jacques Chaban-Delmas (b. 1915 - d. 2000) 5 Jul 1972 - 27 May 1974 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007) 27 May 1974 - 25 Aug 1976 Jacques Chirac (1st time) (s.a.) 25 Aug 1976 - 21 May 1981 Raymond Barre (b. 1924 - d. 2007) 21 May 1981 - 17 Jul 1984 Pierre Mauroy (b. 1928 - d. 2013) 17 Jul 1984 - 20 Mar 1986 Laurent Fabius (b. 1946) 20 Mar 1986 - 10 May 1988 Jacques Chirac (2nd time) (s.a.) 10 May 1988 - 15 May 1991 Michel Rocard (b. 1930 - d. 2016) 15 May 1991 - 2 Apr 1992 Édith Cresson (f) (b. 1934) 2 Apr 1992 - 29 Mar 1993 Pierre Bérégovoy (b. 1925 - d. 1993) 29 Mar 1993 - 18 May 1995 Édouard Balladur (b. 1929) 18 May 1995 - 3 Jun 1997 Alain Juppé (b. 1945) 3 Jun 1997 - 6 May 2002 Lionel Jospin (b. 1937) 6 May 2002 - 31 May 2005 Jean-Pierre Raffarin (b. 1948) 31 May 2005 - 17 May 2007 Dominique de Villepin (b. 1953) 17 May 2007 - 16 May 2012 François Fillon (b. 1954) 16 May 2012 - 1 Apr 2014 Jean-Marc Ayrault (b. 1950) 1 Apr 2014 - 6 Dec 2016 Manuel Valls (b. 1962) 6 Dec 2016 - 15 May 2017 Bernard Cazeneuve (b. 1963) 15 May 2017 - 3 Jul 2020 Édouard Philippe (b. 1970) 3 Jul 2020 - 16 May 2022 Jean Castex (b. 1965) 16 May 2022 - 9 Jan 2024 Élisabeth Borne (f) (b. 1961) 9 Jan 2024 - Gabriel Attal (b. 1989)

¹The style of the ruler was:

(a) 1589 - 14 Sep 1791, 4 Jun 1814 - 19 Mar 1815, 22 Jun 1815 - 9 Aug 1830: par la grâce de Dieu, roi de France et de Navarre ("by the grace of God, king of France and of Navarre");

(b) 14 Sep 1791 - 21 Sep 1792, 9 Aug 1830 - 24 Feb 1848: roi des français ("king of the French");

(c) 18 May 1804 - 11 Apr 1814, 20 Mar 1815 - 22 Jun 1815, 2 Dec 1852 - 4 Sep 1870: empereur des français ("emperor of the French").

²On 9 Apr 1794, Philibert Buchot (b. 1748 - d. 1812), acting for Herman, chaired the last official meeting of the Provisional Executive Council.

³The term prime minister (premier ministre) was only introduced in the constitution of the "Fifth Republic" that went into effect 8 Jan 1959. Previously the principal minister was called Président du Conseil des Ministres although (a) there was no such position mentioned in the constitution, and (b) the formal Conseil des Ministres was (as it continues to be) chaired by the president of the republic, the Président du Conseil chairing only the (technically informal) Conseil de cabinet.

Ministries 1700-1870 Ministries, political parties, etc. from 1870 Regions Major cities

Corsica

17 Feb 1297 under Aragón; the king assumes the style of king of Corsica 3 Apr 1559 Corsica is acquired by the Genoese bank styled Uffizio di San Giorgio 12 Jun 1564 - 1 Apr 1569 insurrection under a leader styled generale 1637 the heads of state of Genoa assume the style king of Corsica 22 Dec 1730 insurrections begin, under leaders styled generale 30 Jan 1735 independence of Kingdom of Corsica proclaimed 15 Mar 1736 - 10 Jul 1739 adventurer styled king of Corsica (continues in exile, with renewed attempt in 1743) 7 Jun 1746 independence proclaimed, not recognized by Genoa 1751 Uffizio di San Giorgio resumes control Feb 1753 independence proclaimed (Corsican Nation) 15 May 1768 (ratified 28 May 1768) Genoa gives France de facto authority over Corsica 13 Jun 1769 Corsican Nation extinguished 30 Nov 1789 Corsica formally incorporated into France 15 Jun 1794 Corsican Nation reestablished under British control 19 Jun 1794 Kingdom of Corsica under British king 15 Oct 1796 reincorporation into France 12 Apr 1814 Provisional Government Committee established in Bastia 27 Apr 1814 Corsica accepts British protection 18 Jun 1814 Corsica returned to France 13 May 1991 status of collectivité territoriale (see under French regions) Governors 1696 - 1700 Raffaello de Passano 1700 - 1702 Ottone de Fornari 1702 - 1704 Ettore de Fieschi 1704 - 1706 Filippo Doria 1706 - 1708 Filippo Adorno 1708 - 1710 Geronimo Venoroso 1710 - 1711 Filippo Cattaneo de Marini 1711 - 1714 Nigrone Rivarola 1714 - 1716 Paolo Francesco Spinola 1716 - 1717 Marco Aurelio Rebuffo 1717 - 1719 Giovanni Stefano Spinola 1719 - 1721 Bartolomeo Passano 1721 - 1722 Agostino Spinola 1722 - 1724 Antonio de Negroni (1st time) 1724 - 1726 Nicolo Durazzo 1726 - 1728 Antonio de Negroni (2nd time) 1728 - 1729 Alessandro Saluzzo 1729 - 1730 Felice Pinelli 1730 - 1731 Giovanni Francesco Gropallo 1731 Carlo de Fornari 1731 Camilio Doria 1731 - 1733 Paolo Battista Rivarola Commissioners-general 1733 - 1734 Paolo Gironimo Pallavicini 1734 - 1735 Pier Maria Giustiniani (1st time) + Ugo Fieschi 1735 - 1736 Felice Pinelli 1736 - 1737 Paolo Battista Rivarola 1737 - 1740 Giovanni Battista de Mari 1740 - 1743 Domenico Maria Spinola 1743 - 1745 Pier Maria Giustiniani (2nd time) 1745 - 1751 Stefano de Mari 1751 - 1755 Giovanni Giacomo Grimaldi 1755 - 1762 Giuseppe Maria Doria 1762 - 1764 Giovanni Battista Saoli 1764 - 1768 Agostino Sperone Generals 22 Dec 1730 - May 1732 Carlo Francesco Raffaelli (styled generalissimo, but playing no leading part) + Luigi Giafferi (b. 1663 - d. 1748) + Andrea Colonna Ceccaldi 12 Jan 1734 - 173. Giacinto Paoli (b. 1690 - d. 1763) + Luigi Giafferi (s.a.) (from 12 May 1734) 30 Jan 1735 - 15 Mar 1736 Leaders of the Realm - Giacinto Paoli (s.a.) - Luigi Giafferi (s.a.) - Andrea Colonna Ceccaldi 10 Aug 1735 - 173. Luca Ornano King 15 Mar 1736 - 10 Jul 1739 Teodoro I Antonio Stefano (1st time) (b. 1694 - d. 1756) 10 Nov 1736 - 10 Jul 1739 Regency - Giacinto Paoli (s.a.) - Luigi Giafferi (s.a.) - Luca Ornano 1 Feb 1743 - 16 Mar 1743 Teodoro I Antonio Stefano (2nd time) (s.a.) (Regency continues to at least 20 Jul 1743, and some assemblies [Consulte] continue to proclaim loyalty to Teodoro I as late as 24 Jun 1744) Chairman of the Protectors 7 Jun 1746 - 1 Aug 1751 Ignazio Venturini (appointed 30 Aug 1745) General Heads of the Nation Jan 1753 - 2 Oct 1753 Conte Giovanni Pietro Gaffori (b. 1710 - d. 1753) 22 Oct 1753 - 15 Jul 1755 Supreme Council (chairman in rotation, in order given) - Carlo Grimaldi - Clemente Paoli - Santucci Tomassio - Simone Pietro Frediani - ... 15 Jul 1755 - 13 Jun 1769 Pasquale Paoli (b. 1725 - d. 1807) 10 Aug 1755 - Oct 1755 Mario Emanuele Matra (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1757) (in rebellion) Jan 1757 - 28 Mar 1757 Mario Emanuele Matra (2nd time) (s.a.) (in rebellion) Governors 1768 François Claude, marquis de Chauvelin (b. 1716 - d. 1773) 1768 - 1769 Louis Charles René, comte de Marbeuf (1st time) (acting) (b. 1712 - d. 1786) 1769 - 1770 Noël de Jourda, comte de Vaux (b. 1705 - d. 1788) 1770 - 1772 Louis Charles René, comte de Marbeuf (2nd time) (s.a.) 1772 - 1775 Jean François, comte de Narbonne (b. 1725 - d. ...) (acting) 1775 - 1786 Louis Charles René, comte de Marbeuf, (from 1778) marquis de Cargèse (3rd time) (s.a.) 1786 - 1789 Armand Charles, vicomte de Barrin de la Galissonière (b. 1723 - d. ...) President of the Consulta 15 Jun 1794 - 19 Jun 1794 Pasquale Paoli (s.a.) (appointed 10 Jun 1794) King - Hannover dynasty - 19 Jun 1794 - 15 Oct 1796 Giorgio (= George III of Great Britain) (b. 1738 - d. 1820) Viceroy Jun 1794 - 15 Oct 1796 Sir Gilbert Elliot-Murray- Kynynmound (b. 1751 - d. 1814) (provisional to 1 Oct 1794) Governor 27 Apr 1814 - 18 Jun 1814 Henri Montresor

Comtat Venaissin

1274 papal possession (though not part of the Papal States) 9 Jun 1768 - 30 Apr 1774 French occupation 12 Jun 1790 end of papal rule 14 Sep 1791 annexed by France Vice-legats of Avignon 1696 - 1700 Filippo Antonio Gualteri 1700 Giovanni Battista Cicci 1700 - 1703 Antonio Francesco Sanvitali 1703 - 1706 Antonio Banchieri 1706 Francesco Maurizio Gontieri (1st time) 1706 - 1711 Sinibaldo Doria 1711 - 1717 Alamanno Salviati 1717 - 1719 Francesco Maurizio Gontieri (2nd time) 1719 - 1731 Raniero d'Elci 1731 Francesco Maurizio Gontieri (3rd time) 1731 - 1739 Filippo Buondelmonte 1739 Marcelo Crescenzi 1739 - 1744 Niccolò Maria Lercari 1744 - 1754 Pasquale Acquaviva 1754 - 1760 Paolo Passionei 1760 - 1766 Gregorio Salviati 1766 - 1767 Francesco Maria Manzi (1st time) (b. 1694 - d. 1774) 1767 - 1768 Giuseppe Vincentini 9 Jun 1768 - 30 Apr 1774 Jean Roger, marquis de Rochechouart (French governor) 1774 Francesco Maria Manzi (2nd time) (s.a.) 1775 - 1776 Angelo Maria Durini 1776 - 1787 Giacomo Filomarino della Rocca 1787 - 1790 Filippo Casoni Rectors of Comtat Venaissin 1698 - 1702 Flavio Barbarossa 1702 - 1707 Francesco Maria Abbati (1st time) 1707 - 1711 Bernardino Giunigi 1711 Carlo Francesco Gallarini 1711 - 1712 Francesco Maria Abbati (2nd time) 1712 - 1716 Alessandro Francesco Codebo 1716 - 1733 Ottavio Gasparini 1733 - 1738 Azzolino Cervini 1738 - 1745 Alessandro Guiccioli 1745 Domenico Giuseppe Inguiberti (b. 1683 - d. 1757) 1745 - 1753 Gaspard de Sainte-Croix 1753 - 1755 Tommaso Galli 1755 - 1758 Fortunato Savini 1758 - 1768 Carlo Manzoni 1774 - 1776 Dionisio Francesco Regis Valoris 1776 - 1785 Giulio Cesare Zollio 1785 - 1787 Giuseppe Beni 1787 - 1790 Cristofano Pieracchi (b. 1741 - d. 1797)

Lorraine

1047 Duchy of Lorraine 23 Feb 1766 part of France Dukes 1697 - 27 Mar 1729 Léopold I (b. 1679 - d. 1729) 27 Mar 1729 - 18 Jan 1737 François III (b. 1708 - d. 1765) 18 Jan 1737 - 23 Feb 1766 Stanislas I (b. 1677 - d. 1766)

Dombes

1402 Principality of Dombes 28 Mar 1762 part of France Princes Mar 1682 - 14 May 1736 Louis-Auguste I (b. 1670 - d. 1736) 14 May 1736 - 1 Oct 1755 Louis-Auguste II (b. 1700 - d. 1755) 1 Oct 1755 - 28 Mar 1762 Louis Charles (b. 1701 - d. 1775)

French Equatorial Africa: see under Congo (Brazzaville).

French Guiana

1674 French colony Jan 1809 - 8 Nov 1817 Portuguese/Brazilian rule 6 Jul 1930 hinterland separated as Territory of Inini, under the same governor 19 Mar 1946 French Guiana becomes a French overseas département 14 Sep 1951 Inini is declared an arrondissement of French Guiana 18 Dec 2015 French collectivité territoriale (combining departmental and regional authority) Governors 1691 - 1700 Pierre Eléonore de la Ville, marquis de Férolles (3rd time) (b. 16... - d. 1705) 1700 - 1701 Rémy Guillouet d'Orvilliers (1st time) (b. 16... - d. 1713) 1701 - 5 Aug 1705 Pierre Eléonore de la Ville, marquis de Férolles (4th time) (s.a.) 1705 - 1706 Antoine de Querci de Rionville 1706 - 1713 Rémy Guillouet d'Orvilliers (2nd time) (s.a.) 1713 - 1716 Pierre de Morthon de Laumière de Grandville 1716 - 1720 Claude Guillouet d'Orvilliers (1st time) (b. 1668 - d. 1728) 1720 - 1722 François de la Motte-Aigron 1722 - 1728 Claude Guillouet d'Orvilliers (2nd time) (s.a.) 1729 - 1730 Michel Desbordes, sieur de Charanville (b. c.1675 - d. 1730) 1730 Gilbert Guillouet d'Orvilliers (1st time) 1730 - 30 Aug 1736 Henri Dussault de Lamirande (b. ... - d. 1736) 1736 Henri de Poilvillain de Grenay 1736 - 1738 Gilbert Guillouet d'Orvilliers (2nd time) 1738 - 1743 Antoine Le Moyne de Chateauguay (b. 1683 - d. 1747) 1743 - 1751 Gilbert Guillouet d'Orvilliers (3rd time) 1751 - 1752 Jean Baptiste Hyacinthe de Saint-Michel Dunezat (1st time) 1752 - 1753 Gilbert Guillouet d'Orvilliers (4th time) 1753 - 1757 Jean Baptiste Hyacinthe de Saint-Michel Dunezat (2nd time) 1757 - 1763 Gilbert Guillouet d'Orvilliers (5th time) 1763 - 1764 Jean Pierre Antoine de Béhague (1st time) (b. 1727 - d. 1813) 1764 Louis Thomas Jacau de Fiedmond (1st time) 1764 - 1765 Étienne François de Turgot (b. 1721 - d. 1789) 1765 - 1766 Jean Pierre Antoine de Béhague (2nd time) (s.a.) 1766 - 1781 Louis Thomas Jacau de Fiedmond (2nd time) 1781 - 1785 Ferdinand Alexandre de Bessner 1785 Louis de Lavallière 1785 - 1787 Thomas de FitzMaurice May 1787 - 22 Oct 1788 Pierre François de Mareuilh de Villeboi (b. ... - d. 1788) 1788 - 1789 Charles Guillaume Vial d'Alais 1789 - 1791 Jacques Martin de Bourgon 1791 - 1792 Henri Benoît 1792 - 1793 Frédéric Guillot 14 Apr 1793 - Nov 1794 Nicolas Georges Jeannet-Oudin (1st time) (b. 1762 - d. 1828) Nov 1794 - Apr 1796 François Maurice Cointet de Fillain (b. 1766 - d. 1809) Apr 1796 - Nov 1798 Nicolas Georges Jeannet-Oudin (2nd time) (s.a.) Nov 1798 - 2 Dec 1799 Pierre Burnel (b. 1762 - d. ...) 13 Dec 1799 - 8 Jan 1800 Étienne Franconie (b. 1729? - d. 18...) 8 Jan 1800 - 1809 Victor Hugues (b. 1762 - d. 1826) 1809 - 8 Nov 1817 João Severiano Maciel da Costa (b. 1769 - d. 1833) (Portuguese governor) 1817 - 1819 Jean-François Carra Saint-Cyr (b. 1756 - d. 1834) 25 Jan 1819 - 12 Mar 1823 Pierre Clément de Laussat (b. 1756 - d. 1835) 1823 - 1825 Pierre Bernard de Milius (b. 1773 - d. 1829) 1825 - 1826 Charles Emmanuel de Muyssard 1826 - 1827 Joseph Burgues de Missiessy 1827 - 1829 Louis Henri de Saulces de Freycinet (b. 1777 - d. 1840) 1 Jun 1829 - 11 Apr 1836 Jean-Guillaume Jubelin (b. 1787 - d. 18...) 1836 - 1837 François Dominique Laurens de Choisy 1837 - 1839 Paul de Nourquer du Camper 1839 - 1841 Augustin Gourbeyre (b. 1786 - d. 1845) 1841 - 1843 Guillaume Charmasson de Puylaval (b. 1780 - d. 18...) 1843 - 1845 Jean-François Layrle (b. 1791 - d. 1881) 1845 - 1846 Jean Baptiste Armand Bertrand Cadéot 18 Feb 1846 - 16 May 1850 André Aimé Pariset (b. 1795 - d. 1872) 1850 - 6 Jan 1851 Louis Eugène Maissin (b. 1811 - d. 1851) 1851 Jean François Marie Félix Stanislas Vidal de Lingendes (b. 1796 - d. ...) Mar 1851 - May 1852 Octave Pierre Antoine Henri de Chabannes-Curton (b. 1803 - d. 1889) 1852 - 1853 Joseph Napoléon Sarda-Garriga (b. 1808 - d. 1877) 1853 - 1854 Martin Fourichon (b. 1809 - d. 1884) 1854 - 1855 Louis Adolphe Bonard (b. 1805 - d. 1867) 1855 - Jan 1856 Antoine Alphonse Masset Jan 1856 - 1859 Auguste Baudin (b. 1800 - d. 1877) 15 May 1859 - 1 May 1864 Louis Tardy de Montravel (b. 1811 - d. 1864) 1864 - 1865 Antoine Favre 1865 - 1870 Agathon Hennique (b. 1810 - d. 1870) 30 Apr 1870 - Aug 1877 Jean-Louis Loubère (b. 1820 - d. ...) (acting to 1871) 1877 - 1880 Marie Alfred Armand Huart (b. 1826 - d. 1884) 1880 - 1883 Charles Alexandre Lacouture (b. 1829 - d. 1917) 1883 - 1884 Henri Isidore Chessé (b. 1839 - d. 1912) 1884 - 1885 Jean Baptiste Antoine Lougnon (b. 1843 - d. ...) 1885 - 1887 Léonce Pierre Henri Le Cardinal (b. 1830 - d. ...) 1888 - 1891 Anne Léodor Philotée Metellus Gerville-Réache (b. 1849 - d. ...) Apr 1891 - 1893 Albert Grodet (1st time) (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1933) 1893 Paul Fawtier (b. 1837 - d. 1903) 24 Apr 1893 - 4 Aug 1895 Camille Charvein (b. 1834 - d. ...) 30 Aug 1895 - 13 Jun 1896 Henri de Lamothe (b. 1843 - d. 1926) 1896 - 1898 Henri Danel (b. 1850 - d. 1900) 1898 Henri Charles Roberdeau (b. 1849 - d. 1916) 1899 Louis Mouttet (b. 1857 - d. 1902) 1899 - 1903 Émile Merwart 1903 - 1904 Albert Grodet (2nd time) (s.a.) 1905 Charles Marchal (b. 1855 - d. 1917) 1905 - 1906 Victor Rey (b. 1853 - d. 1935) 1906 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (b. 1864 - d. 1909) 20 Jan 1906 - 5 Jul 1907 Édouard Picanon (b. 1854 - d. 1939) 1907 - 1909 François Pierre Rodier (b. 1854 - d. 1913) 1909 - 1910 William Maurice Fawtier (b. 1867 - d. 1926) 1910 Fernand Ernest Thérond (b. 1862 - d. af.1921) 1910 - 31 May 1911 Paul Samary (b. 1848 - d. 1911) 1911 Denys Joseph Goujon (b. 1863 - d. 19...) 1911 - 1914 Pierre Jean Henri Didelot (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1941) 1914 - 1916 Fernand Levecque (b. 1852 - d. 1947) 1916 Pierre Jean Henri Didelot (2nd time) (s.a.) 1916 - 1917 Georges Lévy (b. 1867 - d. 19...) 1917 Jules Gérard Auguste Lauret (b. 1866 - d. 19...) 1917 - 1918 Antoine Joseph Xavier Barre 1918 - 1923 Henri Alphonse Joseph Lejeune 1923 Julien Edgard Cantau (acting) (b. 1877 - d. 1952) 20 Nov 1923 - 1926 Marc Émile Chanel (b. 1882 - d. 1943) 1926 - 1927 Gabriel Henri Joseph Thaly (b. 1875 - d. 1967) 1927 Adrien Juvanon (b. 1875 - d. 1950) 1927 - 1928 Émile Buhot-Launay (b. 1881 - d. 1970) 1928 - 1929 Camille Théodore Raoul Maillet 1929 - 1931 Bernard Jacques Victorin Siadous (b. 1879 - d. 1967) 27 May 1931 - 1933 Louis Bouge (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1960) 1933 - 1935 Julien Georges Lamy 2 Jun 1935 - 1936 Max de Masson de Saint-Félix (b. 1882 - d. 1958) 1936 Pierre Tap 1936 - 1938 René Veber (1st time) 1938 - 1942 Robert Paul Chot-Plassot (b. 1897 - d. ...) (acting to 1939) 18 Apr 1942 - Mar 1943 René Veber (2nd time) 22 Mar 1943 - 26 Mar 1943 Albert Le Bel (acting) 26 Mar 1943 - 1944 Jean Rapenne (b. 1901 - d. 1952) 1944 - 1946 Jules Surlemont (acting) (b. 1897 - d. 1983) 1946 Jean Pezet Prefects (10 May 1982 - 24 Feb 1988, commissioners of the republic) 16 Aug 1947 - 1 Jun 1955 Robert Vignon (b. 1910 - d. 1989) 1 Jun 1955 - 16 Sep 1957 Pierre Malvy (b. 1909 - d. 1999) 1 Oct 1957 - 1 Nov 1958 Pierre Voitellier (b. 1910 - d. 2003) 13 Oct 1958 - 1 Dec 1960 André Dubois-Chabert (b. 1913 - d. 1992) (acting for Voitellier to 1 Nov 1958) 1 Dec 1960 - 1 Dec 1963 René Erignac (b. 1909 - d. 2002) 1 Dec 1963 - 16 Aug 1967 René Letellier (b. 1914 - d. 2000) 16 Aug 1967 - 16 Jul 1970 Paul Bouteiller (b. 1921 - d. 2011) 16 Jul 1970 - 1 Feb 1972 Jean Monfraix (b. 1918 - d. 2008) 1 Feb 1972 - 8 Feb 1974 Jacques Robert Delaunay (b. 1921 - d. 2006) 5 Mar 1974 - 20 May 1977 Hervé Bourseiller (b. 1925 - d. 2008) 20 May 1977 - 10 Feb 1980 Jean Le Direach (b. 1924 - d. 2003) 10 Feb 1980 - 27 Jul 1981 Désiré Carli (b. 1924 - d. 2010) 27 Jul 1981 - 22 Jul 1982 Maxime Gonzalvo (b. 1917 - d. 2006) Jul 1982 - 1984 Claude Silberzahn (b. 1935 - d. 2020) 1984 - 1986 Bernard Courtois (b. 1935) 1986 - Aug 1988 Jacques Dewatre (b. 1936 - d. 2021) 22 Aug 1988 - 16 May 1990 Jean-Pierre Lacroix (b. 1942) 19 Jun 1990 - May 1992 Jean-François Di Chiara (b. 1941?) 27 May 1992 - 6 Jan 1995 Jean-François Cordet (b. 1951 - d. 2024) 6 Jan 1995 - 3 Feb 1997 Pierre Dartout (b. 1954) 3 Feb 1997 - 2 Aug 1999 Dominique Vian (b. 1944) 2 Aug 1999 - 2 Sep 2002 Henri Masse (b. 1947) 2 Sep 2002 - Aug 2006 Ange Mancini (b. 1944) 28 Aug 2006 - Feb 2009 Jean-Pierre Laflaquière (b. 1947) 19 Feb 2009 - May 2011 Daniel Ferey (b. 1947) 16 May 2011 - 20 Jun 2013 Denis Labbé (b. 1952) 24 Jun 2013 - 7 Jan 2016 Éric Spitz (b. 1963) 11 Jan 2016 - 23 Aug 2017 Martin Jaeger (b. 1953) 28 Aug 2017 - Aug 2019 Patrice Faure (b. 1967) 5 Aug 2019 - 27 Nov 2020 Marc Del Grande (b. 1965) 27 Nov 2020 - 28 Dec 2020 Paul-Marie Claudon (acting) 28 Dec 2020 - Aug 2023 Thierry Queffelec (b. 1962) 21 Aug 2023 - Antoine Poussier (b. 1974) Presidents of the General Council Mar 1982 - 1985 Emmanuel Bellony (b. 1917 - d. 1987) 1985 - Mar 1994 Elie Castor (b. 1943 - d. 1996) Mar 1994 - 30 Mar 1998 Stéphan Phinéra-Horth (b. 1933 - d. 2021) 30 Mar 1998 - 26 Mar 2001 André Lecante (b. 1941?) 26 Mar 2001 - 4 Apr 2004 Joseph Ho-Ten-You (b. 1942 - d. 2014) 4 Apr 2004 - 20 Mar 2008 Pierre Désert (b. 1944) 20 Mar 2008 - 18 Dec 2015 Alain Tien-Liong (b. 1963) Presidents 18 Dec 2015 - 2 Jul 2021 Rodolphe Alexandre (b. 1953) 2 Jul 2021 - Gabriel Serville (b. 1959)

French Guinea: see Guinea. French India: see under India. French Indochina: see under Vietnam.

French Polynesia

Society Islands

Otaheite (Tahiti) 1791 the numerous districts of the island of Otaheite (from the 1820s called Tahiti), each ruled by an ari`i, most descended from partly legendary rulers of the whole island, come under the loose leadership of an ari`i rahi (called king by the Europeans) 1842 Tahiti becomes a French protectorate 1847 the queen assumes the style of Queen of the Society Islands and their Dependencies 30 Dec 1880 annexation by France Rulers (title Ari`i rahi) 13 Feb 1791 - 3 Sep 1803 Vai ra`a toa Tû Pomare I (b. 1743 - d. 1803) (de facto paramount ruler from 1768, first as ari`i, then from 1774 as regent for the following) 3 Sep 1803 - 22 Dec 1808 Pomare II (1st time) (b. 1774 - d. 1821) (succeeded the preceding at birth 1774 as ari`i) 22 Dec 1808 - 15 Nov 1815 vacant 15 Nov 1815 - 7 Dec 1821 Pomare II (2nd time) (s.a.) 7 Dec 1821 - 8 Jan 1827 Teri`i tari`a Pomare III (b. 1820 - d. 1827) 7 Dec 1821 - 8 Jan 1827 Teri`i tari`a Ari`i paea vahine (f) (regent) (b. 1790 - d. 1858) 11 Jan 1827 - 17 Sep 1877 `Aimata Pomare IV Vahine (f) (b. 1813 - d. 1877) 17 Sep 1877 - 30 Dec 1880 Ari`i aue Pomare V (b. 1839 - d. 1891) Ra`iatea and Taha`a c.1300 Ra`iatea, poetically referred to as Havai`i, is regarded as the legendary centre of Polynesian dispersion c.1800 Tamatoa II unites the several districts of Ra`iatea and becomes sole ruler 1831 the ruler of Ra`iatea also becomes ruler of Taha`a, which up to that date had been fragmented into several districts 1857 annexation by Tahiti 1860 independence recovered 16 Mar 1888 annexation by France Rulers (title Ari`i) ... - ... Taraoari`i Tamatoa II fa`o ... - 1831 Vete`a ra`i Tamatoa III (b. c.1757 - d. 1831) 1831 - 19 Aug 1857 Moe`ore Tamatoa IV (b. c.1797 - d. 1857) 19 Aug 1857 - 8 Feb 1871 Tamatoa V a Tu (b. 1842 - d. 1881) 8 Feb 1871 - 1881 Tahi toe II (b. ... - d. 1881) 1881 - 18 Mar 1884 Rereao Hau roa ari`i (f) (b. ... - d. 1884) 18 Mar 1884 - 16 Mar 1888 Te uru ra`i Ari`i mate Tamatoa VI a Tautu (b. 1853 - d. ...) Porapora (Borabora) c.1500 Porapora, also called Vavau, has a lineage of rulers 19 Mar 1888 annexation by France Rulers (title Ari`i) ... - 1812 Te ari`i noho ra`i Tapoa I (b. 17... - d. 1812) ... - ... Ma`i (co-ruler with preceding) 1812 - Mar 1860 Tapoa II (b. 1808 - d. 1860) (styled Pomare abu rahi as husband of Queen Pomare IV of Otaheite) 26 Jul 1860 - 12 Feb 1873 Te ari`i maeva rua I (f) (b. 1841 - d. 1873) 12 Feb 1873 - 19 Mar 1888 Te ari`i maeva rua II (f) (b. 1871 - d. 1932) 1873 - 1876 Temauiari`i a Mai (regent) (b. 1849 - d. 1911) Huahine 16 Mar 1888 annexation by France Rulers (title Ari`i) - Te hau mo`o rere dynasty - *1777* Te ha`a papa I Te `i`oa tua Teri`i tari`a (f) 1814 - 2 Feb 1838 Mahine Te hei `ura Puru (b. c.1761 - d. 1838) 18.. - 1852 Teri`i tari`a Ari`i paea vahine (f) (b. 1790 - d. 1858) 1852 - 18 Mar 1854 Ma`i hara Te ma ri`i Ari`i peu vahine (f) (b. 1822 - d. 1877) 18 Mar 1854 - 1868 Te uru ra`i Ari`i mate (b. ... - d. 1874) 1868 - 16 Mar 1888 Te ha`a papa II (f) (b. ... - d. 1891) 22 Feb 1888 - 22 Jul 1890 Temari`i Ma`ihara Te uhe (f) (b. c.1838 - d. 1891) (in rebellion) 1893 - Sep 1895 Te ari`i na vaho roa Te ha`a papa III (f) (b. 1879 - d. 1917) (in rebellion)

Oparo (Rapa)

c.1800 Aureka lineage becomes the ruling Ngaitapana dynasty 6 Mar 1881 annexation by France, but kingship continues 18 Jun 1887 kingship abolished Kings (title Ariki) - Ngaitapana dynasty - c.1800 - ... Koroi (jointly with following) c.1800 - ... Teraau tamaiti ... - ... Pirimaiteiti *1817 - 1825 Tereau 1825 - 18.. Awariki *1863* Aperahama *1867 - 1886 Te Paarima = Tereau (b. ... - d. 1886) 1886 - 18 Jun 1887 Anivai Ruirau (f)

Mangareva

1881 annexation of Gambier Islands, including Mangareva, to France Rulers (title `Akariki) ... - ... O`oke`u ... - ... Te-Makorotau-eriki ... - ... Te-Mangi-tutavake ... - ... Teiti-a-tuou (usurper) ... - ... Te-`Akariki-tea + Te-`Akariki-pangu ... - ... Te-Oa + Te-Ma`uru + Te-Ma-tetama ... - 1830 Te-Ma-teoa + Mataira 1830 - 1857 Te-Ma-puteoa (from 1836, Grégoire Stanislas dit Gregorio I Te-Ma-puteoa) 1857 - 1868 Joseph Gregorio II 1868 - 1869 Maria Eutokia Toaputeitou (regent) 1869 - 1873 Aarona Te-Ika-tohara (regent) 1873 - 1881 Bernardo Teaoiti (regent)

French Polynesia

1 May 1842 chiefs of the Marquesas Islands cede sovereignty to France; other islands are annexed until 1900 (French Settlements in Oceania) 27 Oct 1946 overseas territory 22 Jul 1957 French Polynesia 28 Mar 2003 overseas collectivité 27 Feb 2004 overseas country Governors (1849-54 and 1860-81 commandants) 1843 - 1847 Armand Joseph Bruat (b. 1796 - d. 1855) 1847 - 1850 Charles François Lavaud (b. 1798 - d. 1878) 1850 - 1852 Louis Adolphe Bonard (b. 1805 - d. 1867) 1852 - 1854 Théogène François Page (b. 1807 - d. 1867) 1854 - 1858 Joseph Fidèle Eugène du Bouzet (b. 1805 - d. 1867) 1858 Jean-Marie Saisset (b. 1810 - d. 1879) 1858 - 1864 Eugène Gaultier de la Richerie (b. 1820 - d. 1886) 1864 - 1869 Émile, comte de la Roncière (b. 1803 - d. 1874) 1869 - 1871 Michel Louis Isidore de Jouslard (b. 1814 - d. 1872) 1871 - 1873 Hippolyte Auguste Girard (b. 1822 - d. 1881) 1873 - 1876 Octave Bernard Gilbert-Pierre (b. 1817 - d. 1882) 1876 - 1877 Antoine Léonce Michaux (b. 1822 - d. 1893) 1877 Joseph Henri Brunet-Millet (b. 1821 - d. 1885) 1877 - 1878 Auguste Marie Édouard d'Oncieu de la Bâtie (b. 1833 - d. 1904) 1878 - 24 Feb 1880 Jacques Ferdinand Planche (b. 1829 - d. 1894) 24 Feb 1880 - 6 Sep 1881 Henri Isidore Chessé (b. 1839 - d. 1912) 6 Sep 1881 - 8 Oct 1883 Frédéric Jean Dorlodot des Essarts (b. 1832 - d. 1899) 8 Oct 1883 - 1 Dec 1885 Marie Nicolas François Auguste Morau (b. 1832 - d. 1897) 1 Dec 1885 - 2 Sep 1886 Delphino Moracchini (acting) (b. 1846 - d. 1903) 2 Sep 1886 - 4 Jun 1893 Étienne Théodore Lacascade (b. 1841 - d. 1906) 4 Jun 1893 - 24 Oct 1893 Adolphe Jean Granier de Cassagnac (b. 1849 - d. 1909) (acting) 24 Oct 1893 - 7 Dec 1893 Lucien Bommier (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1897) 7 Dec 1893 - 29 Apr 1894 Jean Ours (acting) 29 Apr 1894 - 1 Apr 1896 Clovis Papinaud (b. 1844 - d. 1900) 1 Apr 1896 - 17 Jan 1901 Gustave Pierre Théodore Gallet (b. 1850 - d. 1926) 17 Jan 1901 - 25 Feb 1901 Victor Rey (acting) (b. 1853 - d. 1935) 25 Feb 1901 - 5 Feb 1904 Édouard Petit (b. 1856 - d. 1904) 5 Feb 1904 - 20 Feb 1905 Henri Cor (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1932) 20 Feb 1905 - 29 Mar 1907 Philippe Émile Jullien (b. 1845 - d. 1912) 29 Mar 1907 - 4 Dec 1908 Élie Charlier (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1937) 4 Dec 1908 - 12 Aug 1910 Joseph François (b. 1853 - d. 19...) 12 Aug 1910 - 6 Apr 1912 Adrien Bonhoure (b. 1860 - d. 1929) 6 Apr 1912 - 4 Aug 1912 Charles Hostein (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1930) 4 Aug 1912 - 4 Aug 1913 Léon Géraud (acting) (b. 1873 - d. 1954) 4 Aug 1913 - 24 Oct 1915 William Maurice Fawtier (b. 1867 - d. 1926) 24 Oct 1915 - 18 Apr 1919 Gustave Julien (b. 1870 - d. 1936) 18 Apr 1919 - 17 May 1919 Hector Simoneau (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1954) 17 May 1919 - 13 Feb 1921 Jocelyn Robert (acting) 13 Feb 1921 - 10 Apr 1921 Gabriel Henri Joseph Thaly (1st time) (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1967) 10 Apr 1921 - 17 Oct 1921 Auguste Guédès (b. 1871 - d. 19...) 17 Oct 1921 - 18 Sep 1922 Gabriel Henri Joseph Thaly (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 18 Sep 1922 - 7 Jan 1927 Louis Rivet (b. 1869 - d. 1933) 7 Jan 1927 - 30 Apr 1928 Alfred Solari (acting) (b. 1868 - d. 1935) 30 Apr 1928 - 21 Jun 1930 Louis Bouge (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1960) 21 Jun 1930 - 18 Jun 1932 Léonce Jore (b. 1882 - d. 1975) 18 Jun 1932 - 17 Jun 1933 Alfred Léon Bouchet (acting) 17 Jun 1933 - 9 May 1935 Lucien Montagné (b. 1886 - d. 1942) 9 May 1935 - 17 Mar 1937 Henri Sautot (acting) (b. 1885 - d. 1963) 17 Mar 1937 - 4 Sep 1940 Jean Chastenet de Géry (b. 1889 - d. 1976) 4 Sep 1940 - 12 Sep 1940 Provisional Government - Édouard Ahnne (b. 1867 - d. 1945) - Georges Lagarde - Émile Martin - Georges Bambridge (b. 1887 - d. 1942) 12 Sep 1940 - 5 Nov 1940 Edmond Mansard (b. 1891 - d. 1942) 5 Nov 1940 - 18 Jun 1941 Émile de Curton (b. 1908 - d. 1993) 18 Jun 1941 - 1 Oct 1941 Richard Brunot (b. 1883 - d. 1958) 1 Oct 1941 - 13 Dec 1945 Georges Orselli (b. 1896 - d. 1971) 13 Dec 1945 - 10 Aug 1947 Jean-Camille Haumant (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1955) 10 Aug 1947 - 2 Apr 1949 Pierre Louis Maestracci 2 Apr 1949 - 13 Oct 1950 Armand Anziani (b. 1904 - d. 1960) 13 Oct 1950 - 30 Nov 1950 Louis Girault (acting) 30 Nov 1950 - 28 Sep 1954 René Petitbon (b. 1902 - d. 1965) 28 Sep 1954 - 10 Mar 1958 Jean Toby (b. 1900 - d. 1964) 10 Mar 1958 - 25 Oct 1958 Camille Bailly (b. 1907 - d. 1984) 25 Oct 1958 - 12 Dec 1960 Pierre Sicaud (b. 1911 - d. 1998) 12 Dec 1960 - 14 Jan 1965 Aimé Grimald (b. 1903 - d. 2000) 14 Jan 1965 - 11 Mar 1969 Jean Sicurani (b. 1915 - d. 1977) 11 Mar 1969 - 11 Aug 1973 Pierre Angeli (b. 1921 - d. 2008) 11 Aug 1973 - 11 Jan 1976 Daniel Videau (b. 1920 - d. 2017) 11 Jan 1976 - 13 Jul 1977 Charles Schmitt (b. 1922 - d. 1977) High commissioners 13 Jul 1977 - 31 Oct 1977 Charles Schmitt (s.a.) 18 Dec 1977 - 27 Jul 1981 Paul Cousseran (b. 1922 - d. 2000) 27 Jul 1981 - 15 Jan 1983 Paul Noirot-Cosson (b. 1924 - d. 1997) 15 Jan 1983 - 28 Mar 1985 Alain Ohrel (b. 1935 - d. 2010) 15 Apr 1985 - Apr 1986 Bernard Gérard (b. 1932 - d. 2011) 28 Apr 1986 - 10 Nov 1987 Pierre Angeli (s.a.) 28 Nov 1987 - 3 Jan 1992 Jean Montpezat (b. 1937) 31 Jan 1992 - 8 Aug 1994 Michel Jau (b. 1951) 8 Aug 1994 - 27 Aug 1997 Paul Roncière (b. 1942) 27 Aug 1997 - 8 Oct 1997 Michel Jeanjean (acting) (b. 1951) 8 Oct 1997 - 24 Oct 2001 Jean Aribaud (b. 1943) 24 Oct 2001 - 17 Nov 2001 Christian Massinon (acting) (b. 1946) 17 Nov 2001 - 30 Jul 2005 Michel Mathieu (b. 1944 - d. 2010) 30 Jul 2005 - 10 Sep 2005 Jacques Michaut (acting) (b. 1946) 10 Sep 2005 - 29 Jun 2008 Anne Boquet (f) (b. 1952) 29 Jun 2008 - 7 Jul 2008 Éric Spitz (1st time) (acting) (b. 1963) 7 Jul 2008 - 7 Jan 2011 Adolphe Colrat (b. 1955) 7 Jan 2011 - 24 Jan 2011 Alexandre Rochatte (acting) (b. 1969) 24 Jan 2011 - 3 Sep 2012 Richard Didier (b. 1961) 3 Sep 2012 - 23 Aug 2013 Jean-Pierre Laflaquière (b. 1947) 23 Aug 2013 - 16 Sep 2013 Gilles Cantal (acting) (b. 1953) 16 Sep 2013 - 25 May 2016 Lionel Beffre (b. 1964) 25 May 2016 - 30 May 2016 Marc Tschiggfrey (acting) (b. 1971) 30 May 2016 - 29 May 2019 René Bidal (b. 1960) 29 May 2019 - 8 Aug 2019 Éric Requet (1st time) (acting) (b. 1963) 8 Aug 2019 - 27 Jul 2022 Dominique Sorain (b. 1955) 27 Jul 2022 - 26 Sep 2022 Éric Requet (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.) 26 Sep 2022 - Éric Spitz (2nd time) (s.a.) Vice presidents of the Government Council 1957 - 11 Oct 1958 Pouvanaa a Oopa (b. 1895 - d. 1977) 1977 - 3 Jun 1982 Francis Sanford (b. 1912 - d. 1996) 3 Jun 1982 - 14 Sep 1984 Gaston Flosse (b. 1931) Presidents of the Government 14 Sep 1984 - 12 Feb 1987 Gaston Flosse (1st time) (s.a.) 12 Feb 1987 - 9 Dec 1987 Jacques Teuira (b. 1933) 9 Dec 1987 - 4 Apr 1991 Alexandre Léontieff (b. 1948 - d. 2009) 4 Apr 1991 - 27 Feb 2004 Gaston Flosse (2nd time) (s.a.) Presidents 27 Feb 2004 - 14 Jun 2004 Gaston Flosse (1st time) (s.a.) 14 Jun 2004 - 23 Oct 2004 Oscar Temaru (1st time) (b. 1944) 23 Oct 2004 - 3 Mar 2005 Gaston Flosse (2nd time) (s.a.) 3 Mar 2005 - 26 Dec 2006 Oscar Temaru (2nd time) (s.a.) 26 Dec 2006 - 13 Sep 2007 Gaston Tong Sang (1st time) (b. 1949) 13 Sep 2007 - 23 Feb 2008 Oscar Temaru (3rd time) (s.a.) 23 Feb 2008 - 15 Apr 2008 Gaston Flosse (3rd time) (s.a.) 15 Apr 2008 - 11 Feb 2009 Gaston Tong Sang (2nd time) (s.a.) 11 Feb 2009 - 24 Nov 2009 Oscar Temaru (4th time) (s.a.) 24 Nov 2009 - 1 Apr 2011 Gaston Tong Sang (3rd time) (s.a.) 1 Apr 2011 - 17 May 2013 Oscar Temaru (5th time) (s.a.) 17 May 2013 - 5 Sep 2014 Gaston Flosse (4th time) (s.a.) 5 Sep 2014 - 12 Sep 2014 Nuihau Laurey (acting) (b. 1964) 12 Sep 2014 - 12 May 2023 Édouard Fritch (b. 1952) 12 May 2023 - Moetai Brotherson (b. 1969)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands

6 Aug 1955 French overseas territory (detached from Madagascar) 28 Mar 2003 category of "overseas territory" removed in French constitutional revision; organization of French Southern and Antarctic Lands to be determined by law; no change in de facto status Administrators-superior 1955 - 1959 Xavier Richert (b. 1913 - d. 1992) 1959 - 1972 Pierre Rolland (b. 1918 - d. 1988) 1973 - 1979 Roger Barberot (b. 1915 - d. 2002) 1979 - 1982 Francis Jacquemont (b. 1932) 1982 - 1987 Claude Pieri (b. 1922 - d. 2002) 25 Mar 1987 - May 1990 Claude Corbier (b. 1927 - d. 2021) 16 May 1990 - 4 Dec 1991 Bernard de Gouttes (b. 1945) 4 Dec 1991 - 8 Feb 1996 Christian Dors (b. 1954) 14 Mar 1996 - 25 Mar 1998 Pierre Lise (b. 1937) 25 Mar 1998 - 26 Jan 2000 Brigitte Girardin (f) (b. 1953) 14 Feb 2000 - 24 May 2000 Jean-Yves Hermoso (acting) 24 May 2000 - 21 Jan 2005 François Garde (b. 1959) 21 Jan 2005 - 28 Feb 2007 Michel Champon (b. 1952) 28 Feb 2007 - 10 Apr 2007 Alain Mauroy (acting) (b. 1946) 10 Apr 2007 - Sep 2008 Éric Pilloton (b. 1964) 16 Oct 2008 - Nov 2010 Rollon Mouchel-Blaisot (b. 1959) 4 Nov 2010 - 10 Apr 2012 Christian Gaudin (b. 1950) 10 Apr 2012 - Oct 2014 Pascal Bolot (b. 1963) 13 Oct 2014 - 31 May 2018 Cécile Pozzo di Borgo (f) (b. 1952) Jul 2018 - 19 Nov 2018 Christine Geoffroy (f) (acting) (b. 1962) 19 Nov 2018 - Oct 2020 Evelyne Decorps (f) (b. 1957) 12 Oct 2020 - Oct 2022 Charles Giusti (b. 1963) 27 Oct 2022 - Florence Jeanblanc-Risler (f)

French Sudan: see Mali. French West Africa: see under Senegal. Fujairah: see under United Arab Emirates.