Index Pi
Rulers

Index Pi-Py

Pianna, Oswaldo, Filho (b. Feb. 27, 1949, Porto Velho, Guaporé [now Rondônia], Brazil), governor of Rondônia (1991-95).

Piasi, Jackson (b. 1955), justice and legal affairs minister of Solomon Islands (1994). He was also minister of lands and housing (1997-2000).

Piatkowski, Jan (b. Oct. 4, 1935, Gnieszowice, Poland - d. July 22, 2016), justice minister and prosecutor-general of Poland (1993).

Piazza Tangüis, Walter (b. Feb. 22, 1924, Lima, Peru - d. May 7, 2015), economy and finance minister of Peru (1977).

Pibulsongkram, Nitya (b. June 30, 1941, Bangkok, Thailand - d. May 24, 2014, Bangkok), foreign minister of Thailand (2006-08). He was also ambassador to the United States (1996-2000).

P. Pibulsongkram

Pibulsongkram, (Luang) Plaek, also spelled Pibulsonggram, Phibunsongkhram, etc., original name Plaek Khittasangkha (b. July 14, 1897, Nonthaburi province, near Bangkok, Siam [now Thailand] - d. June 11, 1964, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister (1938-44, 1948-57), foreign minister (1939-41, 1941-42, 1949), defense minister (1934-41, 1941-43, 1949-57), interior minister (1938-41, 1948-49, 1955-57), and finance minister (1949-50) of Thailand. While taking advanced military training in France (1924-27), he became involved with Thai students who were plotting to overthrow the absolute monarchy. He took the name Pibulsongkram ("ready for war") and in 1928 he received the title Luang. He took a leading part in the bloodless revolution of 1932 which obliged King Prajadhipok to grant a constitution, and subsequently he and his civilian associate Pridi Banomyong wielded the power behind the throne. He came to public prominence by suppressing the 1933 royalist insurrection of Prince Boworadet. As defense minister he worked to popularize military values in the fashion of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. After becoming premier in 1938, he changed the name of the country from Siam to Thailand in 1939 and espoused ultranationalist and irredentist views. With the rank of field marshal, he fought a Japanese attack on Dec. 8, 1941, but soon concluded an alliance with Japan, declaring war on the United States and Britain on Jan. 25, 1942. Increasing dissatisfaction with his cultural reforms forced him to resign in 1944 and a civilian government took power. But the army seized the government in 1947, and he resumed the premiership in 1948, winning the support of the West by his efforts to contain the spread of Communism in Thailand. In 1957 he was ousted by disgruntled military colleagues. Thereafter he lived in retirement in Japan.

Picado Michalski, Teodoro (b. Jan. 10, 1900, San José, Costa Rica - d. June 1, 1960, Managua, Nicaragua), president of Costa Rica (1944-48). He was also minister of education (1932-36) and president of Congress (1941-44).

Picanon, Édouard (b. Sept. 2, 1854, Chemilly, Allier, France - d. June 27, 1939), lieutenant governor of Cochinchina (1898-1901) and governor of New Caledonia (1902-05) and French Guiana (1906-07).

Picard, (Louis Joseph) Ernest (b. Dec. 24, 1821, Paris, France - d. May 13, 1877, Paris), finance minister (1870-71) and interior minister (1871) of France. He was also minister to Belgium (1871-73).

Picardo

Picardo, Fabian (Raymond) (b. Feb. 18, 1972, Gibraltar), chief minister of Gibraltar (2011- ).

Piccioni, Attilio (b. June 14, 1892, Poggio Bustone, Rieti province, Italy - d. March 10, 1976, Rome, Italy), foreign minister of Italy (1954, 1962-63). He was also justice minister (1950-51).

Picco, Isabelle (F.) (b. Nov. 8, 1962, Monaco), Monegasque diplomat. She has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2009- ).

Piccoli

Piccoli, Flaminio (b. Dec. 28, 1915, Kirchbichl, Austria - d. April 11, 2000, Rome, Italy), Italian politician. He became an officer in one of Italy's Alpine regiments and saw action in World War II in Albania and Greece. Captured by the Nazis after Italy's capitulation in 1943, he escaped and was taken prisoner by the Germans but escaped again from a train deporting him to Poland and made his way back to Italy. Once described as "the most Christian Democrat of Christian Democrats," Piccoli took over as party president in July 1978 when the party was reeling from the murder by Red Brigades terrorists of former prime minister Aldo Moro. He also held the post of party secretary (1969, 1980-82) during a political career spanning 40 years and was three times Italian minister for state participation in industry in the 1970s. He remained active in politics until his death and was still president of the Christian Democratic Party, which emerged from the wreckage of the Democrazia Cristiana (DC) when it collapsed in 1992 under the weight of corruption scandals. He never succeeded in his ambition to become prime minister. He was once derided by Moro, one of his many opponents within the DC, as "a mixture of abnegation and opportunism."

Picek

Picek, Vlastimil (b. Oct. 25, 1956, Turnov, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), defense minister of the Czech Republic (2013-14). He was chief of staff of the Czech Armed Forces in 2007-12.

Pichai Chunhavajira (b. Feb. 15, 1949), finance minister and a deputy prime minister of Thailand (2024- ).

Pichardo Pagaza, Ignacio (b. Nov. 13, 1935, Toluca, México, Mexico - d. April 14, 2020, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of México (1989-93). He was also Mexican comptroller-general (1987-88), ambassador to Spain (1994) and the Netherlands (1996-2000), president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (1994), and minister of energy (1994-95).

Pichon, Stephen (b. Aug. 10, 1857, Arnay-le-Duc, Côte-d'Or, France - d. Sept. 18, 1933, Vers-en-Montagne, Jura, France), resident-general of Tunisia (1901-06) and foreign minister of France (1906-11, 1913, 1917-20). He was also minister to Haiti (1894-96), Brazil (1896-98), and China (1898-1901).

Pické, Carolus Joannes (b. April 21, 1831, Koudekerke [now part of Veere], Zeeland, Netherlands - d. March 18, 1887, Middelburg, Netherlands), justice minister of the Netherlands (1866). He was also mayor of Middelburg (1880-87).

Pickens, Andrew (b. Dec. 13, 1779, Edgefield county, S.C. - d. July 1, 1838, Pontotock, Miss.), governor of South Carolina (1816-18).

Pickens, Francis W(ilkinson) (b. April 7, 1805, Saint Paul's Parish, S.C. - d. Jan. 25, 1869, Edgefield, S.C.), governor of South Carolina (1860-62); son of Andrew Pickens. He was also U.S. minister to Russia (1858-60).

Pickens, Israel (b. Jan. 30, 1780, Mecklenburg county, N.C. - d. April 24, 1827, near Matanzas, Cuba), governor of Alabama (1821-25).

Pickerd, Edward Thomas (b. Sept. 15, 1917 - d. Aug. 10, 2012), administrator of Norfolk Island (1972-75 and [acting] 1976).

Pickering, Fredrick Augustus (b. 1835, Tortola island, British Virgin Islands - d. Jan. 5, 1926), president of the British Virgin Islands (1884-87).

Pickering, John (b. Sept. 22, 1737, Newington, New Hampshire - d. April 11, 1805, Portsmouth, N.H.), acting president of New Hampshire (1789).

Pickering, Thomas R(eeve) (b. Nov. 5, 1931, Orange, N.J.), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1989-92). He was also ambassador to Jordan (1974-78), Nigeria (1981-83), El Salvador (1983-85), Israel (1985-88), India (1992-93), and Russia (1993-96).

Pickering, Timothy (b. July 17, 1745, Salem, Massachusetts - d. Jan. 29, 1829, Salem), U.S. postmaster general (1791-95), secretary of war (1795), and secretary of state (1795-1800).

Pickering, William (b. March 15, 1798, Yorkshire, England - d. April 22, 1873, Albion, Ill.), governor of Washington (1862-66).

Picó Cañas, Germán (b. May 25, 1905, Santiago, Chile - d. July 12, 1988, Santiago), finance minister of Chile (1947, 1951-52). He was also president of the National Press Association (1954-75).

Picquart, (Marie) Georges (b. Sept. 6, 1854, Strasbourg, France - d. [following fall from horse] Jan. 19, 1914, Amiens, France), war minister of France (1906-09).

Picqué

Picqué, Charles (b. Nov. 1, 1948, Etterbeek [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium), minister-president of Brussels-Capital (1989-99, 2004-13).

Picquié, Albert (Jean Georges Marie Louis) (b. Sept. 1, 1853, Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne, France - d. May 10, 1917), governor of New Caledonia (1892-94), acting governor-general of French Indochina (1910), and governor-general of Madagascar (1910-14).

Picula

Picula, Tonino (b. Aug. 31, 1961, Mali Losinj, Croatia), foreign minister of Croatia (2000-03).

Pidal, Pedro José Pidal Carniado, marqués de (b. Nov. 25, 1799, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain - d. Dec. 28, 1865, Madrid, Spain), interior minister (1844-46, 1846-47) and foreign minister (1848-49, 1849-51, 1856-57) of Spain. He was also ambassador to the Papal State (1858). He was created marqués in 1847.

Pidjot, Roch (b. Nov. 8, 1907, La Conception [now part of Mont-Dore commune], New Caledonia - d. Nov. 23, 1990, Mont-Dore), vice president of the Government Council of New Caledonia (1962-63).

Piebalgs, Andris (b. Sept. 17, 1957, Valmiera, Latvian S.S.R.), finance minister and a deputy prime minister of Latvia (1994-95). He was also minister of education (1990-93), ambassador to Estonia (1995-97) and the European Union (1998-2003), EU commissioner for energy (2004-10) and development (2010-14), and leader of the Unity party (2016-17).

Piechocinski, Janusz (b. March 15, 1960, Studzianki [now Studzianki Pancerne], Poland), Polish politician. He was a deputy prime minister and minister of economy (2012-15).

Piechocki, Stefan (b. Aug. 2, 1883, Czekanów, near Ostrów Wielkopolski, Poland - d. Aug. 19, 1968, Koscian, Poland), justice minister of Poland (1925-26).

Pieck

Pienaar

Pieck, (Friedrich) Wilhelm (Reinhold) (b. Jan. 3, 1876, Guben, Germany - d. Sept. 7, 1960, East Berlin), president of East Germany (1949-60).

Piedra (del Castillo), Enrique de la (b. June 1, 1883, Lambayeque, Peru - d. July 6, 1948, Lima, Peru), finance minister of Peru (1924-25). He was also president of the Senate (1925-27).

Piedra (del Castillo), Julio de la (b. Aug. 28, 1896, Chiclayo, Peru - d. Feb. 6, 1984, Lima, Peru), Peruvian politician; brother of Enrique de la Piedra del Castillo. He was president of the Senate (1952-54, 1963-64, 1967).

Piedra y Piedra, Carlos Manuel (b. 1895? - d. August 1988, Havana, Cuba), interim president of Cuba (1959).

Pieltaín (Jove-Huergo), Cándido (b. 1822 - d. Aug. 21, 1888, Madrid, Spain), governor of Cuba (1873).

Pieme Tutokot, Dieudonné (b. Feb. 22, 1966, Mweka, Unité Kasaïenne [now in Kasaï], Congo [Léopoldville (now Kinshasa)]), governor of Kasaï (2019-24).

Pienaar, Louis (b. June 23, 1926, Stellenbosch, South Africa - d. Nov. 5, 2012, Cape Town, South Africa), administrator-general of South West Africa (1985-90) and home affairs minister of South Africa (1992-93). He was also South African ambassador to France (1975-79) and minister of education (1990-92) and environment (1990-93).

Piepers, Marinus (b. Nov. 19, 1771, Middelburg, Netherlands - d. Jan. 24, 1861, The Hague, Netherlands), war minister of the Netherlands (1818).

Pieracki, Bronislaw (Wilhelm) (b. May 28, 1895, Gorlice, Austria [now in Poland] - d. [assassinated] June 15, 1934, Warsaw, Poland), deputy prime minister (1931) and interior minister (1931-34) of Poland.

Pierantozzi

B. Pierce

Pierantozzi, Sandra (Sumang), née Sumang (b. Aug. 9, 1953, Koror, Palau), vice president (2001-04) and minister of state (2009-10) of Palau. She was also minister of administration (1990-92) and health (2001-04). She was a presidential candidate in 2012.

Pierce, Benjamin (b. Dec. 25, 1757, Chelmsford, Massachusetts Bay [now Mass.] - d. April 1, 1839, Hillsboro, N.H.), governor of New Hampshire (1827-28, 1829-30).

F. Pierce

Pierce, Franklin, byname Young Hickory (b. Nov. 23, 1804, Hillsboro, N.H. - d. Oct. 8, 1869, Concord, N.H.), president of the United States (1853-57); son of Benjamin Pierce. He entered political life as a Democrat, serving in the New Hampshire legislature (1829-33), the U.S. House of Representatives (1833-37), and the Senate (1837-42). Except for a brief stint as an officer in the Mexican War (1846-48), he remained out of the public eye until the Democratic convention of 1852, when he was nominated for president as a "dark horse" after the leading candidates, Lewis Cass, Stephen A. Douglas, and James Buchanan, were deadlocked. The ensuing presidential campaign was dominated by controversy over the slavery issue. Both the Democrats and the Whigs were too badly split internally to stake out strong stands on the issue; the chief question was the finality of the Compromise of 1850, and while both parties declared themselves in favour of it, the Democrats were more thoroughly united in its support. As a result, Pierce, though almost unknown nationally, won the November election, defeating Whig candidate Winfield Scott by 254 to 42 in the electoral college. He then tried to promote sectional unity by naming people from both sides of the slavery debate to his cabinet. He also sidestepped the domestic antagonisms by aggressively promoting the extension of U.S. territorial and commercial interests abroad. An attempt to buy Cuba from Spain failed, but almost 78,000 sq km of territory were acquired from Mexico (Gadsden Purchase, 1853) for $10,000,000. In 1854 he signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, by which the settlers of those territories were to decide by themselves whether to permit slavery. It led to a wild rush of pro- and anti-slavery adherents into Kansas, where they began a civil war. Denied renomination by the Democrats, he retired from public life in 1857.

Pierce, Gilbert A(shville) (b. Jan. 11, 1839, East Otto, N.Y. - d. Feb. 15, 1901, Chicago, Ill.), governor of Dakota (1884-86). He was also a U.S. senator from North Dakota (1889-91) and minister to Portugal (1893).

Pierce, Dame Karen (Elizabeth) (b. Sept. 23, 1959), British diplomat; knighted 2018. She has been ambassador to Afghanistan (2015-16) and the United States (2020- ) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2018-20).

Pierce, Walter M(arcus) (b. May 30, 1861, near Morris, Ill. - d. March 27, 1954, Eola Hills, Ore.), governor of Oregon (1923-27).

Piercot, (Guillaume) Ferdinand (Joseph) (b. Sept. 12, 1797, Brussels, France [now in Belgium] - d. Dec. 9, 1877, Liége [now Liège], Belgium), interior minister of Belgium (1852-55). He was also mayor of Liége (1842-52, 1862-67, 1870-77).

Pieri, Claude (b. Jan. 21, 1922, Corte, Corse, France - d. June 4, 2002, Toulon, France), administrator-superior of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (1982-87).

Pieris, (Peter) Mohan (Maithri) (b. Aug. 30, 1951), Sri Lankan official. He has been attorney general (2008-11), chief justice of the Supreme Court (2013-15), and permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Pierkhan, (Mohamed Afzal) Faried (b. Aug. 8, 1960), foreign minister of Suriname (1996-97). He was labour minister in 1997-99.

Pierlot, Hubert (Marie Eugène, comte) (b. Dec. 23, 1883, Cugnon, Belgium - d. Dec. 13, 1963, Uccle, Belgium), interior minister (1934-35, 1940-43), justice minister (1937, 1942), prime minister (1939-45), foreign minister (1939), and defense minister (1942-44) of Belgium. Upon the German occupation of Belgium in 1940, he left for France; he fled to Spain after the French Vichy regime broke its diplomatic relations with Belgium; and, after having been arrested, he escaped from Barcelona (October 18) via Lisbon (October 19) to arrive in London on October 25. He returned to Belgium in 1944.

Pierluisi

Pierluisi (Urrutia), Pedro (Rafael) (b. April 26, 1959, San Juan, Puerto Rico), governor of Puerto Rico (2019, 2021- ). He was also Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in the U.S. Congress (2009-17).

Piérola (y Villena), Carlos de (b. Nov. 2, 1852, Lima, Peru - d. Dec. 5, 1933, Lima), Peruvian politician; son of Nicolás de Piérola (1788-1857); brother of Nicolás de Piérola (1839-1913). He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1897-99, 1900-01, 1902-03) and a presidential candidate (1915).

Piérola (y Flores del Campo), Nicolás (Fernández) de (b. Oct. 11, 1788, Camaná [now in Arequipa region], Peru - d. Jan. 23, 1857, Chorrillos, Peru), finance minister of Peru (1852-54).

Piérola (y Villena), (José) Nicolás (Baltasar Fernández) de (b. Jan. 5, 1839, Arequipa, Peru - d. June 23, 1913, Lima, Peru), finance minister (1869, 1870-71), supreme chief (1879-81), and president (1895-99) of Peru; son of the above.

Pierpont, Francis H(arrison) (b. Jan. 25, 1814, near Morgantown, Va. [now in W.Va.] - d. March 24, 1899, Pittsburg [now Pittsburgh], Pa.), governor of Virginia (1865-68 [in U.S.-controlled area from 1861]).

Pierre

Pierre, Philip J(oseph) (b. Sept. 18, 1954, Castries, St. Lucia), prime minister and finance minister of Saint Lucia (2021- ). He was also minister of tourism, civil aviation, and international financial services (1997-2000), commerce, international financial services, and consumer affairs (2000-01), and commerce, tourism, investment, and consumer affairs (2001-06) and deputy prime minister and minister of infrastructure, port services, and transport (2011-16). He became leader of the Saint Lucia Labour Party in 2016.

Pierre-Alype, (Marie) François (Julien) (b. 1886 - d. 1956), acting head of state of Syria (1926) and governor of French Somaliland (1937-38) and Guadeloupe (1938-40). He was also prefect of the départements of Charente-Inférieure (1940) and Gironde (1940-42).

Pierre-Louis, Joseph Nemours (b. Oct. 24, 1900, Cap-Haïtien, Haiti - d. April 1966, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), provisional president of Haiti (1956-57). He was also minister of justice and worship (1937-38) and president of the Supreme Court (1946-57).

M. Pierre-Louis

Pierre-Louis, Michèle (Duvivier), née Duvivier (b. Oct. 5, 1947, Jérémie, Haiti), prime minister of Haiti (2008-09). She was also interim minister of justice and public security (2008).

Pierrepont, Edwards, original name Munson Edwards Pierpont (b. March 4, 1817, North Haven [now New Haven], Conn. - d. March 6, 1892, New York City), U.S. attorney general (1875-76). He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1876-77).

Pierrot

Pierrot, Marcelle (b. Dec. 20, 1949, Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe), prefect of Guadeloupe (2013-14). She was the first female and the first local-born holder of the post. She was also prefect of the départements of Lot (2007-09), Tarn (2009-11), and Vosges (2011-13).

Pierson, Nicolaas Gerard (b. Feb. 7, 1839, Amsterdam, Netherlands - d. Dec. 24, 1909, Heemstede, Noord-Holland, Netherlands), finance minister (1891-94, 1897-1901) and prime minister (1897-1901) of the Netherlands. He was also president of the central bank (1885-91).

Pieters, Danny (Cyrille H.M.) (b. Oct. 13, 1956, Uccle [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium), Belgian politician. He was chairman of the Senate (2010-11).

Pietrewicz, Miroslaw (Piotr) (b. Jan. 2, 1941, Nowa Wies, Poland - d. May 6, 2022, Warsaw, Poland), Polish politician. He was minister-head of the Central Planning Office (1993-96), a deputy prime minister (1996-97), and minister of the treasury (1996-97).

Piétri, François (b. Aug. 10, 1882, Bastia, Corse, France - d. Aug. 18, 1966, Ajaccio, Corse), French defense minister (1932) and finance minister (1934). He was also minister of colonies (1929-30, 1930, 1933), budget (1931-32), military marine (1934-35), marine (1935-36), and merchant marine (interim, 1935) and ambassador to Spain (1940-44).

Piétri, Joseph (Marie) (b. Feb. 25, 1820, Sartène, Corse, France - d. Jan. 4, 1902, Sartène), prefect of police of Paris (1866-70); brother of Pierre Piétri. He was also prefect of the départements of Ariège (1853-55), Cher (1855-61), Hérault (1861-65), and Nord (1865-66).

Pietri (Méndez), Luis Gerónimo (b. March 10, 1892, Río Caribe, Sucre, Venezuela - d. July 14, 1969, Caracas, Venezuela), interior minister of Venezuela (1938-41). He was also minister of labour and communications (1937-38), governor of the Distrito Federal (1941-42), and ambassador to Colombia (1950-53).

Piétri, Pierre (Marie) (b. May 23, 1809, Sartène, Corse, France - d. Feb. 28, 1864, Paris, France), prefect of police of Paris (1852-58). He was also prefect of the départements of Ariège (1849-51) and Haute-Garonne (1851-52).

Piette, (Louis Eugène) Maurice (b. May 16, 1871, Vervins, Aisne, France - d. 1953), minister of state of Monaco (1923-32). He was also prefect of the French département of Meuse (1918-19).

Piggott

Piggott, Arnold (Alvin) (b. 1946?), foreign minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2006-07). He was also minister of works and transport (2001-02) and agriculture, land, and marine resources (2007-10) and high commissioner to Canada (2003-06).

Pignon, Léon (Marie Adolphe Pascal) (b. April 19, 1908 - d. April 4, 1976), commissioner of Cambodia (1947-48) and high commissioner of French Indochina (1948-50).

Pigott, John Robert Wilson (b. Nov. 27, 1850 - d. Feb. 6, 1928), acting administrator of British East Africa (1891, 1893-95).

Pihl, Jüri (b. March 17, 1954, Kuressaare, Estonian S.S.R. - d. Feb. 3, 2019), interior minister of Estonia (2007-09). He was also director of the Internal Security Service (1993-2003), prosecutor-general (2003-05), and chairman of the Social Democratic Party (2009-10).

Piip, Ants (b. Feb. 28, 1884, Tuhalaane municipality, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Oct. 1, 1942, Molotov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Perm kray, Russia]), foreign minister (1919, 1921-22, 1925-26, 1933, 1939-42 [from 1940 in exile government]), prime minister (1920), and state elder and minister of war (1920-21) of Estonia. He was also diplomatic representative in the United Kingdom (1920) and minister to the United States (1923-25). He was arrested in 1941 and died the following year in a Soviet prison camp.

Pijade, Mosa (b. Jan. 4, 1890, Belgrade, Serbia - d. March 15, 1957, Paris, France), Yugoslav politician. He was a deputy premier (1953-54) and president of the Federal Assembly (1954-57).

Pijman, Gerrit Jan (b. Jan. 31, 1750, Deventer, Netherlands - d. June 9, 1839, Utrecht, Netherlands), war minister (1798-1800, 1803-06) and chairman of the Executive Authority (1801) of the Batavian Republic.

Pijnacker Hordijk, Cornelis (b. April 13, 1847, Drumpt, Wadenoijen municipality, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. Sept. 3, 1908, Haarlem, Netherlands), interior minister of the Netherlands (1882-83), king's commissioner of Drenthe (1885-88), and governor-general of the Netherlands East Indies (1888-93).

Pike, Sir Theodore (Ouseley) (b. Aug. 2, 1904, Thurles, County Tipperary, Ireland - d. Dec. 27, 1987, Guildford, Surrey, England), governor of British Somaliland (1954-59); knighted 1956.

Pikioune, Gaetan (b. July 6, 1965), finance minister of Vanuatu (2016-20).

Pikrammenos

Piks

Pikrammenos, Panagiotis (b. 1945, Athens, Greece), interim prime minister (2012) and deputy prime minister (2019-23) of Greece. He was president of the Council of State (supreme administrative court) in 2009-12.

Piks, Rihards (b. Dec. 31, 1941, Riga, Latvia), foreign minister of Latvia (2004). He was also minister of culture (1996-97).

Piksayev, Aleksandr (Osipovich) (b. Aug. 18, 1922, Melsyany [now in Mordovia], Russia - d. Sept. 16, 2019), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1971-78) and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1978-88) of the Mordovian A.S.S.R.

Piksin, Ivan (Alekseyevich) (b. 1905, Miloradovka, Samara province, Russia - d. Oct. 28, 1973, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Mordovian A.S.S.R. (1948-51).

Pil, Ivan (Alferyevich) (b. 17... - d. 1801, Simbirsk [now Ulyanovsk], Russia), governor of Riga (1782-83) and Pskov (1785-88) and governor-general of Irkutsk and Kolyvan (1789-94).

Pildegovics, Andrejs (b. Aug. 11, 1971, Vladivostok, Russian S.F.S.R.), Latvian diplomat. He was ambassador to the United States (2007-12) and Mexico (2008-12) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2018-23).

Pile, William A(nderson) (b. Feb. 11, 1829, near Indianapolis, Ind. - d. July 7, 1889, Monrovia, Calif.), governor of New Mexico (1869-71). He was also U.S. minister to Venezuela (1871-74).

Pilet-Golaz

Pili

Pilet-Golaz, Marcel (Édouard Ernest), original surname (before marriage) Pilet (b. Dec. 31, 1889, Cossonay, Switzerland - d. April 11, 1958, Paris, France), president (1934, 1940) and foreign minister (1940-45) of Switzerland. He was also minister of interior (1929) and posts and railways (1930-40).

Pilgrim, (Brian) Michael (b. Jan. 3, 1947, Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia), interim prime minister of Saint Lucia (1982). He was also minister of development, planning, and industry (1980-81).

Pili, Mauro (b. Oct. 16, 1966, Carbonia, Sardegna, Italy), president of Sardegna (1999, 2001-03).

Pilip, Ivan (b. Aug. 4, 1963, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), finance minister of the Czech Republic (1997-98). He was also minister of education, youth, and sports (1994-97) and acting chairman of the Freedom Union-Democratic Union (2002-03).

P.S.S. Pillai

Pillai, P.S. Sreedharan (b. 1953, Venmony panchayat [now in Alappuzha district], Travancore-Cochin [now Kerala], India), governor of Mizoram (2019-21) and Goa (2021- ).

Pillai, Pattom (A.) Thanu (b. July 15, 1885, Trivandrum [now Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala], India - d. July 27, 1970, Trivandrum), prime minister of Travancore (1948), chief minister of Travancore-Cochin (1954-55) and Kerala (1960-62), and governor of Punjab (1962-64) and Andhra Pradesh (1964-68).

R. Pillai

A. Pillay

Pillai, Ranj (b. January 1974), premier of Yukon (2023- ).

Pillar, Sir William (Thomas) (b. Feb. 24, 1924 - d. March 18, 1999), lieutenant governor of Jersey (1985-90); knighted 1980.

Pillay, Ariranga (Govindasamy) (b. June 14, 1945, Port Louis, Mauritius), acting president of Mauritius (2002). He was chief justice in 1996-2007.

Pillay, J(oseph) Y(uvaraj Manuel) (b. March 30, 1934, Klang, Selangor, Federated Malay States [now in Malaysia]), acting president of Singapore (2017). He was also high commissioner to the United Kingdom (1996-99).

Pillay, Navanethem, byname Navi Pillay (b. Sept. 23, 1941, Durban, South Africa), United Nations high commissioner for human rights (2008-14). She was also president of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1999-2003).

Pillay, Patrick (Georges), foreign minister of Seychelles (2005-09). He was also minister of education and culture (1993-98), culture and sports (1998-2000), industry and international business (2000-01), and health (2001-05), high commissioner to the United Kingdom (2010-13), a presidential candidate (2015), and speaker of parliament (2016-18).

Pillen

Pillen, Jim, byname of James D. Pillen (b. Dec. 31, 1955, Columbus, Neb.), governor of Nebraska (2023- ).

Piller, Jan (b. July 4, 1922, Plzen, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Oct. 20, 1995, Prague, Czech Republic), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1962-65). He was also first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Stredoceský kraj (1968-69) and head of the Central Council of the Revolutionary Trade Union Movement (1970-71).

Pillersdorf, Franz (Xaver) Freiherr von (baron of) (b. March 1, 1786, Vienna, Austria - d. Feb. 22, 1862, Vienna), interior minister (1848) and acting prime minister (1848) of Austria.

Pilling, Sir (Henry) Guy (b. 1886, East Dereham, Norfolk, England - d. June 13, 1953, Nairobi, Kenya), governor of Saint Helena (1938-41) and resident of Zanzibar (1941-46); knighted 1941.

Pilloton, Éric (Henri) (b. March 5, 1964, Paris, France), administrator-superior of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (2007-08). He was also prefect of Mayenne département (2009-12).

Pillsbury, John S(argent) (b. July 29, 1828, Sutton, N.H. - d. Oct. 10, 1901, Minneapolis, Minn.), governor of Minnesota (1876-82).

Pilný, Ivan (b. July 6, 1944, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), finance minister of the Czech Republic (2017).

Pilsudski, Jan, h. Pilsudski (b. Jan. 15, 1876, Vilna, Russia [now Vilnius, Lithuania] - d. Dec. 21, 1950, Penley, Wales), finance minister of Poland (1931-32); brother of Józef Pilsudski.

Józef Pilsudski

Pilsudski, Józef (Klemens), h. Pilsudski (b. Dec. 5, 1867, Zulów, Russia [now Zalavas, Lithuania] - d. May 12, 1935, Warsaw, Poland), Polish statesman. Arrested on a false charge of plotting the assassination of Emperor Aleksandr III, he was banished to eastern Siberia in 1887-92; after his return, he joined the Polish Socialist Party and edited an underground newspaper. He was again arrested in 1900 but feigned insanity to secure his transfer to a military hospital, from which he escaped in 1901. In World War I, Germany and Austria-Hungary proclaimed the independence of Poland, and he was appointed head of the military department of the newly created Polish Council of State. But he refused to comply with German demands that Polish units should swear "fidelity in arms with the German and Austrian forces," and was arrested in July 1917. Released after the German collapse, he arrived in Warsaw on Nov. 10, 1918, and four days later was head of state and commander in chief of the Polish army. In the Russo-Polish war of 1919-20, he led the Polish forces far to the east into historic Polish lands. A counteroffensive by the Red Army forced the Poles to retreat, but Pilsudski, made marshal of Poland on March 19, 1920, won the culminating battle in August that brought victory to Poland. He remained head of state until the adoption of a new constitution and a general election in 1922; he refused to stand for the presidency. Becoming disillusioned with the parliamentary system, he led a coup with the aid of the army on May 12, 1926. On May 15 he became defense minister, a post he held until his death. The parliament elected him president on May 31, but he refused the office again. In October he accepted the premiership, which he held until 1928 and again in 1930. Regardless of his official posts he was the major influence behind the scenes, controlling foreign affairs in particular.

Pimen I, secular name Sergey (Mikhailovich) Izvekov (b. July 23 [July 10, O.S.], 1910, Kobylino, Kaluga province, Russia - d. May 3, 1990, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Locum Tenens (1970-71) and patriarch (1971-90) of Moscow and All Russia. He was also bishop of Balta (1957) and Dmitrov (1957-60), archbishop of Dmitrov (1960-61) and Tula (1961), and metropolitan of Leningrad (1961-63) and Krutitsy (1963-71).

Pimentel, António de Serpa (b. Nov. 20, 1825, Coimbra, Portugal - d. March 2, 1900, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister of Portugal (1890). He was also minister of public works, commerce, and industry (1859-60), war (1860, 1890), finance (1872-77, 1879), foreign affairs (1881-83), and interior (1890).

Pimentel, Antonio Gomes (b. 1839 - d. Jan. 27, 1917, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), federal interventor in Amazonas (1891).

Pimentel, Aquilino (Quilinging), also called Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., byname Nene Pimentel (b. Dec. 11, 1933, Claveria, Misamis [now in Misamis Oriental], Philippines - d. Oct. 20, 2019, Manila, Philippines), Philippine politician. He was mayor of Cagayan de Oro (1980-84), minister of local government (1986), a vice presidential candidate (1992), and president of the Senate (2000-01).

Pimentel, Aquilino Martin (de la Llana), also called Aquilino Pimentel III, byname Koko Pimentel (b. Jan. 20, 1964, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental, Philippines), Philippine politician; son of Aquilino Pimentel. He was president of the Senate (2016-18).

Pimentel (Velasco), Emilio (b. 1857, Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico - d. March 12, 1926, Veracruz, Mexico), governor of Oaxaca (1902-11); brother of Rafael Pimentel.

Pimentel, Esperidião Eloy de Barros (b. Nov. 18, 1823, Alagoas, Brazil - d. March 15, 1906, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Santa Catarina (acting, 1859), Rio Grande do Sul (1863-64), Alagoas (1865-66), Rio de Janeiro (1866-68), and Bahia (1884-85); son-in-law of João Capistrano Bandeira de Mello.

Pimentel, Fernando Damata (b. March 31, 1951, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil), governor of Minas Gerais (2015-19). He was also mayor of Belo Horizonte (2003-09) and Brazilian minister of development, industry, and foreign trade (2011-14).

Pimentel, Francisco de Meneses (b. 1887, Santa Quitéria, Ceará, Brazil - d. 1973, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Ceará (1935-45) and justice and interior minister of Brazil (1955-56).

Pimentel, Francisco de Paula Prestes (b. April 30, 1841, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 14, 1898, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), president of Sergipe (1888-89).

Pimentel, Graciliano Aristides do Prado (b. April 20, 1840, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil - d. March 10, 1899, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil), president of Alagoas (1868), Maranhão (1878), and Minas Gerais (1880).

Pimentel, João José da Costa (b. 1802, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 25, 1862), president of Mato Grosso (1849-51).

Pimentel, Joaquim Galdino (b. April 22, 1849 - d. Oct. 26, 1905, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Mato Grosso (1885-86) and Rio Grande do Sul (1888-89).

Pimentel, Paulo Cruz (b. Aug. 7, 1928, Avaré, São Paulo, Brazil), governor of Paraná (1966-71).

Pimentel (Velasco), Rafael (b. 1855, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico - d. July 31, 1929, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Chihuahua (1892) and Chiapas (1899-1905).

Pimentel, Sancho de Barros (b. Oct. 16, 1849, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - d. Feb. 20, 1924, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Piauí (1878), Paraná (1881-82), and Ceará (1882).

Pinagé, João Valentino Dantas (b. April 4, 1808, Acari, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil - d. April 16, 1863, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil), acting president of Rio Grande do Norte (1838).

Pinard, (Pierre) Ernest (b. Oct. 10, 1822, Autun, Saône-et-Loire, France - d. Sept. 12, 1909, Bourg-en-Bresse, Ain, France), interior minister of France (1867-68).

Pinard, Lionel Achille (b. April 17, 1912, Roseau, Dominica - d. 1998), administrator of Grenada (1962-64).

Piñate, (Germán) Eduardo (b. Sept. 6, 1956, San Fernando de Apure, Apure, Venezuela), governor of Apure (2021- ). He was also Venezuelan minister of labour (2018-21) and education (2021).

Pinaud, Luiz Miguel (b. March 14, 1889, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Aug. 2, 1973, Niterói), acting governor of Rio de Janeiro (1963).

Pinay

Pinay, Antoine (b. Dec. 30, 1891, Saint-Symphorien-sur-Coise, Rhône, France - d. Dec. 13, 1994, Saint-Chamond, Loire, France), French politician. He earned the Croix de Guerre for heroism during World War I and began his career in politics in 1929, when he was elected mayor of Saint-Chamond, a position he held until he retired in 1977. He was a deputy in 1936-38 and a senator in 1938-40. He supported Marshal Philippe Pétain in 1940 but later joined the resistance. In 1946 he was again elected to the National Assembly, where he served as leader of the Independents in 1956-58. He was secretary of state for economic affairs (1948-49) and minister of public works, transportation, and tourism (1950-52) before becoming premier and finance minister (1952-53), in which post he introduced successful austerity measures and issued the "emprunt Pinay," a bond that allowed citizens to convert gold and cash hidden during the war into legal, tax-exempt savings. He adamantly pursued an anti-inflationary policy, a stance that was unpopular among economists of his day. He resigned after losing his parliamentary majority, but returned to the cabinet as foreign minister in 1955-56. In 1958 he helped bring Charles de Gaulle back to power and was given the finance portfolio again. He pursued a policy of limiting inflation even if it meant curtailing industrial expansion. He introduced a new franc, deflating the standard franc by removing the last two zeroes, a monumental deed for which he earned the moniker "the man who saved the franc." After a disagreement with de Gaulle, he left the government in 1960. He was president of regional economic development for Rhône-Alpes in 1964-73 and was then named France's first ombudsman (1973-74). He rebuffed overtures to run for president in 1965 and 1969.

Pinc, Frantisek (b. May 23, 1944, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), interior minister of Czechoslovakia (1989). He was also minister of fuel and power (1989-90).

Pinchback, P(inckney) B(enton) S(tewart) (b. May 10, 1837, near Macon, Ga. - d. Dec. 21, 1921, Washington, D.C.), acting governor of Louisiana (1872-73).

Pinchot, Gifford (b. Aug. 11, 1865, Simsbury, Conn. - d. Oct. 4, 1946, New York City), U.S. forester (1898-1910) and governor of Pennsylvania (1923-27, 1931-35).

Pinckney, Charles (b. Oct. 26, 1757, Charles Town [now Charleston], South Carolina - d. Oct. 29, 1824, Charleston), governor of South Carolina (1789-92, 1796-98, 1806-08). He was also U.S. minister to Spain (1802-04).

C.C. Pinckney

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (b. Feb. 25, 1746, Charles Town [now Charleston], South Carolina [now in U.S.] - d. Aug. 16, 1825, Charleston), U.S. statesman. Becoming a member of the South Carolina Assembly in 1769, he served in the first South Carolina Provincial Congress in 1775, on the Council of Safety, as chairman of the committee that drafted the plan of government for the colony, and later in both houses of the state legislature. During the war of independence he was an aide to Gen. George Washington (1777) at Brandywine and Germantown, Pa., and later commanded a regiment at Savannah, Ga.; he was taken prisoner in 1780 at the fall of Charles Town, exchanged in 1782, and promoted to brigadier general in 1783. In the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where he served along with his cousin Charles Pinckney (1757-1824), he opposed religious tests for office, suggested 1808 as the date to end the slave trade, and favoured Senate ratification of treaties as a check on the executive. He accepted appointment as minister to France in 1796 but was refused recognition by the French Directory and left France for Amsterdam in 1797. He returned to Paris later that year on a mission (with John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry) to head off hostilities between the two countries. The mission failed when one of the group of French negotiators (later referred to in the correspondence as "X, Y, and Z"; hence, "XYZ affair") suggested that the U.S. representatives offer a gift and Pinckney is said to have replied, "No! No! Not a sixpence!" He returned home and was made a major general. In 1798, when war seemed likely, he accepted command of all forces in the South, but the crisis passed. He was an unsuccessful Federalist candidate for vice president in 1800 and for president in 1804 and 1808.

T. Pinckney

Pinckney, Thomas (b. Oct. 23, 1750, Charles Town [now Charleston], South Carolina [now in U.S.] - d. Nov. 2, 1828, Charleston), U.S. politician; brother of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. During the war of independence, he participated in the Florida campaign (1778) and the siege of Savannah (1779) and was captured at Camden (1780). After the war he turned to politics. As governor of South Carolina (1787-89), he helped restore order to the war-torn state and improved the lot of the Loyalists. He was president of the state convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution in 1788. As U.S. minister to Great Britain (1792-96) he failed to resolve Anglo-American differences, but as envoy extraordinary to Spain in 1795, he negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo, or Pinckney's Treaty (Oct. 27, 1795), by which the United States was granted navigation of the Mississippi River through Spanish territory for three years with a provision for renewal, and the boundary with Spanish Florida was fixed at the 31st parallel. He was the Federalist candidate for vice president in 1796 but was defeated when some Federalist electors voted against him. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives in 1797-1801 and a major general in the War of 1812.

Pind, Søren (b. Nov. 20, 1969, Herning, Denmark), justice minister of Denmark (2015-16). He was also minister of development assistance (2010-11), refugees, immigrants, and integration (2011), and education and research (2016-18).

Pinda

Pinda, Mizengo (Kayanza Peter) (b. Aug. 12, 1948, Rukwa region, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania]), prime minister of Tanzania (2008-15). He was also minister of state for regional administration and local government (2006-08).

Pindall, X(enophon) O(verton) (b. Aug. 21, 1873, near Middle Grove, Mo. - d. [fall from railroad embankment] Jan. 2, 1935, Little Rock, Ark.), acting governor of Arkansas (1907-09).

Pindaré, Antonio Pedro da Costa Ferreira, barão de (b. Dec. 26, 1778, Alcântara, Maranhão, Brazil - d. July 18, 1860, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Maranhão (1835-37). He was made baron in 1854.

L.O. Pindling

Pindling, Sir Lynden O(scar) (b. March 22, 1930, Nassau, Bahamas - d. Aug. 26, 2000, Nassau), premier (1967-69) and prime minister (1969-92) of The Bahamas. He helped found the Progressive Liberal Party in 1953 as a grassroots opposition to the mostly white, colonial-run United Bahamian Party. He became party treasurer and was chosen parliamentary leader soon after being elected to parliament in the 1956 elections. He became his party's first premier after the 1967 elections and formed an all-black government. Pindling, known as "Black Moses," headed the government for 25 years, winning the elections of 1968, 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1987 and leading The Bahamas to independence from Britain in 1973. He was knighted in 1983. His policies helped create a large black middle class and widened educational opportunities. But The Bahamas also became a major drug trafficking haven in the late 1970s and 1980s, largely as the result of government inaction. A series of scandals in which Pindling was alleged to have covered for drug lords in the 1980s and taken bribes as chairman of the state-run Hotel Corporation clouded the country's relations with the United States and contributed to Pindling's defeat in the 1992 elections by Hubert Ingraham. In January 1997 a government commission investigating the Hotel Corporation condemned Pindling for accepting more than $750,000 in loans from Bahamas developers. The commission did not recommend further action. After his party won only 6 of the 40 seats in the National Assembly in the March 1997 elections, he agreed to step down to "give the party a new face."

M. Pindling

Pindling, Dame Marguerite (Matilda), née McKenzie (b. June 26, 1932, Long Bay Cays, South Andros, Bahamas), governor-general of The Bahamas (2014-19); widow of Sir Lynden O. Pindling; knighted 2006.

Pine, Sir Benjamin Chilley Campbell (b. 1809, London, England - d. Feb. 25, 1891, London), lieutenant governor of Natal (1850-55, 1873-75) and Saint Christopher (1860-66) and governor of the Gold Coast (1857-58) and the Leeward Islands (1869-73); knighted 1856. He was appointed governor of Western Australia in 1868 but never took office.

Pineau

Pineau, Christian (Paul) (b. Oct. 14, 1904, Chaumont-en-Bassigny, Haute-Marne, France - d. April 5, 1995, Paris, France), French politician. During World War II he created the first resistance network to operate in the occupied zone of France. In 1942 he worked with Charles de Gaulle in London, returning to France the following year. He was arrested in Lyon and in December 1943 deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp. Liberated in April 1945, he became minister of supply (May-November 1945) under de Gaulle. He was a Socialist deputy from 1946 to 1958 and served as minister of public works and transports (1947-48, 1948-50) and tourism (1948-50). In his role as foreign minister (1956-58) he signed the Treaty of Rome (1957) establishing the European Economic Community.

Pineda (Ugarte), (José) Laureano (b. July 4, 1802 - d. Sept. 17, 1853), director of Nicaragua (1851, 1851-53); son of Pedro Benito Pineda.

Pineda, Pedro Benito (d. [assassinated] 1827), acting chief in rebellion of Nicaragua (1826-27).

Pineda Milla, Ricardo (Arturo) (b. June 1, 1928 - d. May 11, 2014, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), foreign minister of Honduras (1974-75). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1976-82) and Mexico (1983-86).

Pinedo (Obarrio), Federico (b. Dec. 29, 1955, Buenos Aires, Argentina), provisional president of the Senate (2015-19) and acting president (2015) of Argentina; son of Federico Pinedo (Saavedra).

Pinedo (Rubio), Federico (b. Aug. 19, 1855, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Jan. 1, 1929, Buenos Aires), justice and education minister of Argentina (1906-07). He was also mayor of Buenos Aires (1893-94).

Pinedo (Saavedra), Federico (b. April 22, 1895, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. Sept. 10, 1971, Buenos Aires), finance minister (1933-35, 1940-41) and economy minister (1962) of Argentina; son of Federico Pinedo (Rubio).

Pinedo Vidal, Miguel (b. Feb. 15, 1942, Riohacha, La Guajira, Colombia), Colombian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Representatives (1985-86) and the Senate (1999-2000).

Pinell Centellas, Armando (b. 1918), finance minister of Bolivia (1973). He was also president of the Central Bank (1952-54) and ambassador to Argentina (1954-57?).

Piñera (Echenique), José (Manuel) (b. Oct. 6, 1948), Chilean politician. He was minister of labour and social security (1978-80) and mining (1980-81) and a presidential candidate (1993).

S. Piñera

Piñera (Echenique), (Miguel Juan) Sebastián (b. Dec. 1, 1949, Santiago, Chile - d. [helicopter crash] Feb. 6, 2024, Lago Ranco, Los Ríos, Chile), president of Chile (2010-14, 2018-22); brother of José Piñera. He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2005-06.

Piñero, Norberto (b. June 6, 1858, Buenos Aires, Argentina - d. July 1, 1938, Buenos Aires), federal interventor in San Luis (1896-97) and finance minister of Argentina (1906, 1913). He was also minister to Chile (1897-98).

Piñerúa Ordaz, Luis (María) (b. 1921, Güiria, Sucre, Venezuela - d. Feb. 8, 2001), governor of Monagas (1960-61) and interior minister of Venezuela (1974-75, 1992-93). He was a presidential candidate in 1978.

Pines-Paz, Ophir (b. July 11, 1961, Rishon LeZion, Israel), interior minister of Israel (2005). He was also minister of science, culture, and sport (2006).

Pinet-Laprade, (Jean Marie) Émile (b. July 13, 1822, Mirepoix, Ariège, France - d. Aug. 17, 1869, Saint-Louis, Senegal), governor of Senegal (1863, 1865-69).

Ping, Jean (b. Nov. 24, 1942, Omboué, Gabon), foreign minister of Gabon (1994, 1999-2008), president of the UN General Assembly (2004-05), and chairman of the Commission of the African Union (2008-12). He was also minister of information, posts and telecommunications, tourism and recreation, and reform of the parastatal sector (1990), mines, petroleum, energy, and water resources (1990-91, 1992-94), and planning, environment, and tourism (1997-99) and a presidential candidate (2016).

Pingree, Hazen S(tuart) (b. Aug. 30, 1840, near Denmark, Maine - d. June 18, 1901, London, England), mayor of Detroit (1890-97) and governor of Michigan (1897-1901).

Pingree, Samuel E(verett) (b. Aug. 2, 1832, Salisbury, N.H. - d. June 1, 1922, Hartford, Vt.), governor of Vermont (1884-86).

Pinheiro, Edward Cattete (b. Feb. 27, 1912, Monte Alegre, Pará, Brazil - d. Jan. 13, 1992, Brasília, Brazil), acting governor of Pará (1956). He was also Brazilian minister of health (1961).

Pinheiro, Ênio dos Santos (b. May 25, 1915 - d. 1997), governor of Guaporé/Rondônia (1953-54, 1961-62).

Pinheiro, Ibsen Valls (b. July 5, 1935, São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Jan. 24, 2020, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1991-93).

J. Pinheiro

Pinheiro, João de Deus (Rogado Salvador) (b. July 11, 1945, Lisbon, Portugal), foreign minister of Portugal (1987-92). Earlier he was state secretary for education and school administration (1981-82), consultant on science policy at UNESCO and OECD and vice chairman of the National Board for Scientific and Technological Research (1983-84), and minister of education and culture (1984-86). Later he was EU commissioner for relations with the European Parliament, culture and audiovisual policy (1993-95) and external relations with ACP countries and South Africa (1995-99).

Pinheiro, Joaquim (António) Franco, acting governor-general of Angola (1974).

Pinheiro, Luiz Antonio Fernandes (b. Nov. 1, 1835, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Oct. 20, 1905, Rio de Janeiro), president of Espírito Santo (1868-69).

Pinheiro, Miguel Ximenes (Gomes) Rodrigues Sandoval de Castro e Viegas, visconde de (b. Feb. 25, 1806, Montevideo, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata [now in Uruguay] - d. May 22, 1884, Lisbon, Portugal), governor-general of Angola (1853-54).

Pinheiro, Pedro de Alcantara (d. June 1870, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), acting president of Rio Grande do Norte (1869).

Pinheiro, Severino Marques de Queiroz (d. Dec. 11, 1945), acting governor of Pernambuco (1921-22).

Pinho, João Ferreira de Araujo (b. June 19, 1851, Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil - d. July 23, 1917, Salvador, Bahia), president of Sergipe (1876-78) and governor of Bahia (1908-11).

Piniés (Rubio), Jaime de (b. Nov. 18, 1917, Madrid, Spain - d. Dec. 29, 2003, Madrid), president of the UN General Assembly (1985-86). He was Spain's permanent representative to the United Nations (1968-72, 1973-85) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1972-73).

Pinilla (Vargas), Claudio (b. Oct. 14, 1859, La Paz, Bolivia - d. Oct. 30, 1938, La Paz), foreign minister (1903-08, 1911-12) and interior minister (1913-14) of Bolivia. He was also minister to Chile (1899-1901, 1915-20).

Pinilla (Fábrega), José M(anuel) (b. March 28, 1915, Panama City, Panama - d. Aug. 10, 1979, Panama City), chairman of the Provisional Junta of Panama (1968-69).

Pinkett, Francis Frederick (b. 1838 - d. May 28, 1887, Freetown, Sierra Leone), acting governor of Sierra Leone (1881, 1884-85). He was chief justice (1881-87).

Pinkham, Lucius E(ugene) (b. Sept. 19, 1850, Chicopee Falls, Mass. - d. Nov. 2, 1922, San Francisco, Calif.), governor of Hawaii (1913-18).

Pinkney, William (b. March 17, 1764, Annapolis, Maryland - d. Feb. 25, 1822, Washington, D.C.), mayor of Annapolis (1795-1800) and U.S. attorney general (1811-14). He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1807-11) and Russia (1816-18).

Pinkowski

Pinkowski, Józef (b. April 17, 1929, Siedlce, Poland - d. Nov. 11, 2000), prime minister of Poland (1980-81). He was also chairman of the Presidium of the People's Council of Warszawa województwo (1965-71).

Pinney, Charles Robert (b. Nov. 18, 1883, Benalla, Victoria - d. Nov. 18, 1945, Sydney, N.S.W.), administrator of Norfolk Island (1932-37); son-in-law of Sir Hubert Murray.

Pino Suárez, José María (b. Sept. 8, 1869, Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico - d. [assassinated] Feb. 22, 1913, Mexico City, Mexico), governor of Yucatán (1911) and vice president of Mexico (1911-13). He was also president of the Senate (1911-12) and education minister (1912-13).

Pinochet

Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (José Ramón) (b. Nov. 25, 1915, Valparaíso, Chile - d. Dec. 10, 2006, Santiago, Chile), president of Chile (1974-90); son-in-law of Osvaldo Hiriart Corvalán. He graduated from the military academy in Santiago in 1936 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1941, captain in 1946, lieutenant general in 1959, colonel in 1966, brigadier general in 1969, and major general in 1971. Though appointed army commander in chief by Pres. Salvador Allende on Aug. 23, 1973, he planned and led the military coup in which Allende died (Sept. 11, 1973). He was named chairman of the victorious junta and immediately moved to crush Chile's liberal opposition, arresting approximately 130,000 individuals in a three-year period. Declaring himself president in 1974, he relegated the rest of the junta to an advisory role. He instituted free-market policies and determined to extirpate leftism in Chile; a government report later indicated that more than 3,000 were killed and nearly 28,000 tortured by his regime. Under the terms of a new constitution that went into effect in March 1981, a plebiscite was held on Oct. 5, 1988, resulting in a "no" vote of 55% to a "yes" vote of 43% for his continuation as president. He remained in office until, after free elections, a new president was installed in 1990. He continued as commander-in-chief of the army, as permitted by the constitution written by his regime. He retired from the army on March 10, 1998, and the following day was sworn in as senator for life - another guarantee he reserved for himself in the constitution. On Oct. 16, 1998, in response to a warrant by a Spanish judge, he was arrested at a London hospital where he was recovering from back surgery. After he was ruled unfit to stand trial, he could finally leave Britain on March 2, 2000. Although he was stripped of his immunity in Chile and charged with various crimes, he was never brought to trial.

Pinotti, Roberta (b. May 20, 1961, Genoa, Italy), defense minister of Italy (2014-18).

Pinson, Boris (Davidovich) (b. 1892, Vitebsk, Russia [now in Belarus] - d. [executed] Nov. 23, 1936), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Tatar A.S.S.R. (1923-24). He was also chairman of the Military-Revolutionary Committee (1917) and executive secretary of the party committee (1921) of Vitebsk province.

Pintassilgo

Pintassilgo, Maria de Lurdes (Ruivo da Silva Matos), Lurdes also spelled Lourdes, Pintassilgo also spelled Pintasilgo (b. Jan. 10, 1930, Abrantes, Portugal - d. July 10, 2004, Lisbon, Portugal), prime minister of Portugal (1979-80). She was minister of social affairs (1974-75) in provisional governments after the revolution which ended more than 30 years of dictatorship, and also served as ambassador to UNESCO (1975-79). She ran unsuccessfully for president in 1986 for the Socialist Party and was a member of the European Parliament in 1987-89.

A. Pintat

Pintat Santolària, Albert (b. June 23, 1943), foreign minister (1997-2001) and head of government (2005-09) of Andorra. His first political post was mayor of Sant Julià de Lòria (1982-83). He also was ambassador, in 1995-97 to Benelux and the EU and in 2001-04 to Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Pintat-Solans, Josep (b. Jan. 21, 1925, Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra - d. Oct. 20, 2007, Barcelona, Spain), head of government of Andorra (1984-90).

Pintér

Pintér, Sándor (b. July 3, 1948, Budapest, Hungary), interior minister (1998-2002, 2010- ) and a deputy prime minister (2018-22) of Hungary. He worked his way up to national police chief in 1991, but was sacked in November 1996 by the Socialist government for his failure to curb mostly gangland turf war-related violent crime. He became one of the most reliable allies of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, the only cabinet member serving in all his governments.

Pinto, Adrião Acácio da Silveira (b. 17... - d. 1868), governor of Macau (1837-43) and governor-general of Angola (1848-51).

Pinto (Garmendia), Aníbal (b. March 15, 1825, Santiago, Chile - d. June 9, 1884, Valparaíso, Chile), president of Chile (1876-81); son of Francisco Antonio Pinto; brother-in-law of Manuel Bulnes. He was also intendant of Concepción (1862-70) and minister of war and navy (1871-75).

Pinto, Antonio da Costa (b. Nov. 25, 1802, Paracatu, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 20, 1880, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Minas Gerais (1836-37), Pernambuco (1848), and Bahia (1860-61).

Pinto, Antonio Pereira (b. March 20, 1819, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. June 5, 1880, Rio de Janeiro), president of Espírito Santo (1848) and Santa Catarina (1849); grandson of José Pereira Pinto.

Pinto, Carlos de Cerqueira (b. Aug. 23, 1823, Cachoeira, Bahia, Brazil - d. March 30, 1897, Feira de Santana, Bahia), acting president of Espírito Santo (1867) and Santa Catarina (1868-69).

Pinto, Carlos Henrique da Silva Maia (b. June 5, 1866, Porto, Portugal - d. Nov. 2, 1932, Foz do Douro, Porto), prime minister and interior minister of Portugal (1921). He was also minister of colonies (1921) and war (acting, 1921).

Pinto, Eduardo de Andrade (b. June 23, 1834, Vila Real da Praia Grande [now Niterói], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Jan. 10, 1895), war minister of Brazil (1879). He was also navy minister (1878).

E.T. Pinto

Pinto, Elsa (Maria Neto d'Alva) Teixeira (de Barros), defense minister (2008-10) and foreign minister (2018-20) of São Tomé and Príncipe. She was also justice minister (2004-06, 2010), a presidential candidate (2011), and attorney general (2013).

Pinto (y Díaz de la Puente), Francisco Antonio (b. July 23, 1785, Santiago, Chile - d. July 18, 1858, Santiago), president of Chile (1827-29 [acting], 1829). He was also intendant of Coquimbo (1823-24, 1825-26), minister of foreign affairs and interior (1824-25) and war (provisional, 1824-25), and president of the Chamber of Deputies (1843-45) and the Senate (1847, 1847-49).

Pinto (Blanco), Gilberto (Amílcar) (b. Jan. 18, 1963), governor of Sucre (2021- ).

Pinto, João José de Andrade (b. June 21, 1825, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Sept. 22, 1898, Rio de Janeiro), acting president of Santa Catarina (1861).

Pinto, João Pereira de Castro (b. Nov. 3, 1863, Mamanguape, Paraíba, Brazil - d. July 11, 1944, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1912-15).

Pinto, José Antonio (b. 1848, Cartago, Colombia - d. April 1928, Cartago), Colombian politician. He was governor of Cauca (1896-98, 1900-01, 1902) and Valle del Cauca (1914-15) and treasury minister (1901).

Pinto, José de Magalhães (b. July 28, 1909, Santo Antônio do Monte, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. March 6, 1996), governor of Minas Gerais (1961-66) and foreign minister of Brazil (1967-69). He was also president of the Senate (1975-77).

Pinto, José Pereira (b. Lagos, Portugal - d. Jan. 30, 1794, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), governor of Santa Catarina (1786-91).

Pinto, Liberato Damião Ribeiro (b. Sept. 29, 1880, Lisbon, Portugal - d. Sept. 4, 1949, Lisbon), prime minister and interior minister of Portugal (1920-21). He was also minister of navy (1921) and finance (1921).

Pinto, Manoel Cerqueira (d. June 18, 1878, Lisbon, Portugal), acting president of Maranhão (1868, 1868).

Pinto, Manoel da Costa (b. Aug. 27, 1780, Lisbon, Portugal - d. March 3, 1852, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Maranhão (1828-29).

Pinto, Olavo Bilac Pereira (b. Feb. 8, 1908, Santa Rita do Sapucaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. April 18, 1985, Brasília, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Deputies (1965-66) and ambassador to France (1967-70).

Pinto, Olegário Herculano da Silveira (b. March 16, 1857, Goiás, Goiás, Brazil - d. Aug. 12, 1929), president of Goiás (1913-14).

O. Pinto

Pinto, Ottomar de Sousa (b. Jan. 19, 1930, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Dec. 11, 2007, Brasília, Brazil), governor of Roraima (1979-83, 1991-95, 2004-07). He was also mayor of Boa Vista (1997-2001).

Pinto, Ruperto Clodoaldo (b. 1927, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil - d. March 1997), governor of Fernando de Noronha (1971-75).

Pinto, Sebastião Barreto Pereira (b. 1775, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - d. Dec. 22, 1841, Porto Alegre), president of Minas Gerais (1840-41).

Pinto Agüero, Guillermo (b. Jan. 28, 1869, Chillán, Chile - d. October 1911, Bolivia), justice (and education) minister of Chile (1905-06); son of José Manuel Pinto Arias. He was also minister to Ecuador, Colombia, and Central America (1907-09), Panama (1909), and Bolivia (1911).

Pinto Arias, José Manuel (b. April 1818, Santiago, Chile - d. Nov. 12, 1874, Santiago), war and marine minister of Chile (1865-66).

Pinto Concha, Arístides (b. Feb. 7, 1859, Talca, Chile - d. June 5, 1924, Arica, Chile), war and marine minister of Chile (1910-11). He was also inspector-general of the army (1921-22).

Pinto Cruz, Francisco Antonio (b. Aug. 15, 1858, Concepción, Chile - d. Aug. 29, 1905, Berlin, Germany), war and marine minister of Chile (1892-93); son of Aníbal Pinto. He was also minister of justice and education (1893-94) and minister to Germany (1894-98, 1902-05).

Pinto Hernández, Miguel Ángel (b. Nov. 17, 1961, Bucaramanga, Colombia), Colombian politician. He was president of the Chamber of Representatives (2016-17) and acting president of the Senate (2023).

Pinto Lima, Francisco Xavier Pinto de Lima, barão de (b. Feb. 20, 1832, São Salvador da Bahia [now Salvador], Bahia, Brazil - d. Aug. 9, 1901, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Rio Grande do Sul (1870-71), São Paulo (1872), and Rio de Janeiro (1874-78). He was also Brazilian navy minister (1864-65). He was made baron in 1888.

Pinto Rubianes, Pedro (Alfredo) (b. Jan. 31, 1931, Quito, Ecuador - d. April 18, 2022, Quito), finance minister (1982-84) and vice president (2000-03) of Ecuador.

Pinxten, Karel (Alfons Hugo Arnold Maria) (b. July 19, 1952, Overpelt [now part of Pelt], Limburg, Belgium), defense minister of Belgium (1994-95). He was also minister of agriculture and small and medium-sized enterprises (1995-99).

Pînzari, Alexandru (b. Jan. 3, 1973, Causeni, Moldavian S.S.R.), defense minister of Moldova (2020-21).

Pinzón (Flórez), Cerbeleón (b. Sept. 25, 1813, Vélez, New Granada [now in Colombia] - d. Feb. 24, 1870, Bogotá, Colombia), foreign minister (1849, 1854-55), acting war minister (1854, 1855-56), and interior minister (1855-56) of New Granada.

Pinzón (Bueno), Juan Carlos (b. Dec. 22, 1971, Bogotá, Colombia), defense minister of Colombia (2011-15). He was also ambassador to the United States (2015-17, 2021-22).

Pinzón (Romero), Próspero (b. Jan. 1, 1856, Hato Viejo [now Villapinzón], Cundinamarca, New Granada [now Colombia] - d. Jan. 1, 1901, Bogotá, Colombia), war minister of Colombia (1900). He was also governor of Boyacá (1889-92) and Cundinamarca (1895-96).

Pioda, Giovanni Battista (b. Dec. 13, 1786, Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland - d. June 29, 1845, Lugano, Ticino), member of the Council of State of Ticino (1830-39).

Pioda, Giovanni Battista (b. Oct. 4, 1808, Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland - d. Nov. 3, 1882, Rome, Italy), interior minister of Switzerland (1857-63); son of the above. He was also a member of the Council of State of Ticino (1842-47), president of the National Council (1853-54), and minister to Italy (1864-82).

Pioda, Giovanni Battista (b. April 24, 1850, Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland - d. Nov. 30, 1914, Anzio, Lazio, Italy), Swiss diplomat; son of the above. He was minister to the United States (1894-1902) and Italy (1902-14).

Piotrowska, Teresa (b. Feb. 5, 1955, Tczew, Poland), interior minister of Poland (2014-15).

Pipe-Wolferstan, Littleton Edward (b. Aug. 8, 1866 - d. March 7, 1957, Forwood, Minchinhampton, England), acting British adviser in Kedah (1915-16) and resident councillor of Malacca (1921-22).

Piper, Gustaf Abraham (b. May 15, 1692 - d. March 10, 1761, Viksberg, Stockholm county, Sweden), governor of Österbotten (1746-61).

Piperkov, Ivan (Totev) (b. Nov. 5, 1952), Bulgarian diplomat. He was acting permanent representative to the United Nations (2006-07).

Pipinelis, Panagiotis (b. March 21, 1899, Piraeus, Greece - d. July 19, 1970, Athens, Greece), foreign minister (1950, 1963, 1967-70) and prime minister (1963) of Greece. He was also minister to Hungary (1936-40), Bulgaria (1940-41), and the Soviet Union (1941-42) and minister of commerce (1961-63) and coordination (1967).

Pipite, Marcellino, foreign minister of Vanuatu (2004). He was also minister of the comprehensive reform programme (2004), youth and sports (2006), agriculture (2006-07, 2010-11), education (2011, 2011, 2011-12), ni-Vanuatu business (2012-13), and tourism and commerce (2013-14) and speaker of the parliament (2015). In 2015 he was one of 14 government MPs to be handed jail sentences for corruption; when the president was travelling overseas, Speaker Pipite then used his powers as acting president to pardon himself and the others. On his return the president overturned the pardons, with the Supreme Court ruling them as unconstitutional.

Piqué

Piqué i Camps, Josep (b. Feb. 21, 1955, Vilanova i La Geltrú, Barcelona province, Spain - d. April 6, 2023, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Spain (2000-02). He was also minister of industry and energy (1996-2000) and science and technology (2002-03) and chairman of the People's Party of Catalonia (2002-07).

Piquet, Jules Georges (b. Jan. 13, 1839, Chevignat, Ain, France - d. Jan. 18, 1923, Chevignat), resident-general of Cambodia (1886-87), acting governor of Cochinchina (1887), governor of French India (1888-89), and governor-general of French Indochina (1889-91).

Piracha, Ehsan-ul-Haq (d. Feb. 1, 2019), Pakistani politician. He was minister of state for finance, economic affairs, planning, and development (1988-90) and minister of commerce (1993).

Pirapama, Manoel Ignacio Cavalcanti de Lacerda, barão de (b. Sept. 6, 1799, Grajaú, Pernambuco, Brazil - d. March 11, 1882, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Brazilian politician. He was president of the Senate (1854-61). He was made baron in 1861.

Pirasteh, Sayyed Mehdi (b. 1919, Arak, Persia [now Iran]), interior minister of Iran (1963-64). He was also ambassador to Iraq (1964-68) and Belgium (1968-71).

Piratininga, Antonio Joaquim da Rosa, barão de (b. 1821, São Roque, São Paulo, Brazil - d. Dec. 27, 1886, São Roque), acting president of São Paulo (1869). He was made baron in 1872.

Pirc Musar

Pirc Musar, Natasa (b. May 9, 1968, Ljubljana, Slovenia), president of Slovenia (2022- ). She was also information commissioner (2004-14).

Pires, Antonio Olyntho dos Santos (b. Dec. 15, 1860, Serro, Minas Gerais, Brazil - d. Feb. 25, 1925, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais), president of Minas Gerais (1889). He was also Brazilian minister of transport (1894-96).

Pires, Feliciano Nunes (b. Dec. 29, 1785, Desterro [now Florianópolis], Santa Catarina, Brazil - d. Sept. 2, 1860, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Santa Catarina (1831-35) and Rio Grande do Sul (1837).

Pires, José Nogueira Valente (b. Dec. 26, 1914 - d. Oct. 15, 2010), governor of Portuguese Timor (1968-72).

Pires, Manuel Ary da Silva (b. Sept. 10, 1900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. July 28, 1983, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil), federal interventor in Mato Grosso (1937).

Pires, Maria Helena Lopes de Jesus, byname Milena Pires (b. June 19, 1966, Dili, Portuguese Timor [now Timor-Leste]), Timor-Leste diplomat; wife of Zacarias da Costa. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-21).

Pires, Mário Lemos (b. June 30, 1930, Lamego, Portugal - d. May 22, 2009, Lisbon, Portugal), governor of Portuguese Timor (1974-75).

P. Pires

Pires, Pedro (Verona Rodrigues) (b. April 29, 1934, Fogo, Cape Verde), prime minister (1975-91), defense minister (1990-91), and president (2001-11) of Cape Verde.

Pires (de Souza), (Francisco) Waldir (b. Oct. 21, 1926, Acajutiba, Bahia, Brazil - d. June 22, 2018, Salvador, Bahia), governor of Bahia (1987-89) and defense minister of Brazil (2006-07). He was also minister of social welfare (1985-86).

Pirie-Gordon, Christopher (Martin), (14th) Laird of Buthlaw (b. Sept. 28, 1911 - d. July 16, 1980), British political agent in the Trucial States (1953-55).

Pirinski

Pirinski, Georgi (Georgiev) (b. Sept. 10, 1948, New York City), deputy prime minister (1990) and foreign minister (1995-96) of Bulgaria. He ran for president with the Together for Bulgaria left-wing coalition in 1996, but the Central Electoral Commission ruled that he did not meet the constitutional requirement that candidates must be Bulgarian citizens by birth. He was speaker of parliament in 2005-09.

Piriz Ballon, Ramiro (b. April 20, 1938, Montevideo, Uruguay - d. Oct. 20, 2000, Tokyo, Japan), Uruguayan diplomat. He was ambassador to Egypt and Jordan (1985-90) and Japan (1999-2000) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1990-95).

Pîrlog

Pîrlog, Vitalie (b. July 28, 1974, Nisporeni, Moldavian S.S.R.), justice minister (2006-09) and acting prime minister (2009) of Moldova. He was also director of the Security and Intelligence Service (2017-18).

Pirmez, Eudore (b. Sept. 14, 1830, Marcinelle, Netherlands [now in Belgium] - d. March 2, 1890, Saint-Gilles [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium), interior minister of Belgium (1868-70).

Pirocanac, Milan (S.) (b. Jan. 7, 1837, Jagodina, Serbia - d. March 1, 1897, Belgrade, Serbia), foreign minister (1874-75, 1881-83) and prime minister (1880-83) of Serbia. He was also justice minister (1880-81).

Pironti, Michele (b. Jan. 14, 1814, Misciano, Kingdom of Naples [Italy] - d. Oct. 14, 1885, Torre del Greco [now in Napoli metropolitan city], Italy), justice minister of Italy (1869).

Piros, László (b. May 30, 1917, Újkígyós, Hungary - d. Jan. 13, 2006, Szeged, Hungary), interior minister of Hungary (1954-56). He was also head of the State Security Authority (1953-56).

Pirow, Oswald (b. Aug. 14, 1890, Aberdeen, Cape Colony [now in Eastern Cape, South Africa] - d. Oct. 11, 1959, Pretoria, South Africa), justice minister (1929-33) and defense minister (1933-39) of South Africa.

Piruzyan, Aram (Sergeyevich) (b. Feb. 10, 1907, Baku, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. Oct. 2, 1996, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Armenian S.S.R. (1937-43). He was also first deputy premier (1948?-52) and minister of food industry (1950-57), light industry (1953), and trade (1957-61).

Pîrvu, Virgil (b. Nov. 15, 1910, Moieciu de Jos, Brasov county, Romania - d. ...), finance minister of Romania (1968-69).

Pirzada, Abdul Hafeez (b. Feb. 24, 1935, Sukkur, India [now in Pakistan] - d. Sept. 1, 2015, Reading, England), finance minister of Pakistan (1977); son of Pirzada Abdus Sattar. He was also minister of education (1971-73), information (1971-72), inter-provincial coordination (1972-73), law and parliamentary affairs (1973-74), and education and provincial coordination (1974-77).

Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin (b. June 12, 1923, Burhanpur [now in Madhya Pradesh], India - d. June 2, 2017, Karachi, Pakistan), foreign minister of Pakistan (1966-68) and secretary-general of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (1985-88). He was also attorney general (1965-66, 1968-71, 1977-84) and minister of law and parliamentary affairs (1979-84).

Pisanelli, Giuseppe (b. Dec. 29, 1812, Tricase, Kingdom of Naples [Italy] - d. April 5, 1879, Naples, Italy), justice minister of the Two Sicilies (1860) and Italy (1862-64).

Pisani, Edgard (b. Oct. 9, 1918, Tunis, Tunisia - d. June 20, 2016), high commissioner of New Caledonia (1984-85). He was also prefect of the départements of Haute-Loire (1946-47) and Haute-Marne (1947-54), French minister of agriculture (1961-66), equipment (1966-67), housing (1967), and New Caledonia (1985), European commissioner for development (1981-84), and a vice president of the European Commission (1984).

Pisanu, Giuseppe (b. Jan. 2, 1937, Ittiri, Sassari province, Sardegna, Italy), interior minister of Italy (2002-06). He was also minister for implementation of the government program (2001-02).

Pisas

Pisas, Gilmar (Simon), byname Pik Pisas (b. Oct. 28, 1971, Soto, Curaçao), prime minister and justice minister of Curaçao (2017, 2021- ). Earlier in 2017 he was president of parliament.

Pishevari, (Sayyid) Jafar, original name Javadzadeh Khalkhali (b. 1892, Khalkhal, Iran - d. 1947, Azerbaijan S.S.R.), head of government of Iranian Azerbaijan (1945-46).

Pisnik, Alois (b. Sept. 8, 1911, Donawitz, Steiermark, Austria - d. Oct. 8, 2004, Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany), first secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Magdeburg (1952-79).

Pistarini (Ludena), Pascual (Ángel) (b. Oct. 6, 1915, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina - d. October 1999, Buenos Aires, Argentina), member of the Revolutionary Junta of Argentina (1966).

Pistorius, Boris (Ludwig) (b. March 14, 1960, Osnabrück, Niedersachsen, West Germany), defense minister of Germany (2023- ). He was also lord mayor of Osnabrück (2006-13).

Pita, Afelee F(alema) (b. Feb. 11, 1958), Tuvaluan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2006-12) and ambassador to the United States (2010-12).

Pita Romero, Leandro (b. Nov. 22, 1898, Santa María de Ortigueira, La Coruña province, Spain - d. June 25, 1985, Buenos Aires, Argentina), foreign minister of Spain (1933-34). He was also navy minister (1933), minister without portfolio (1934-35), and ambassador to the Vatican (1934-36).

Pitakaka, Sir (Puibangara) Moses (b. Jan. 24, 1945 - d. Dec. 25, 2011, Honiara, Solomon Islands), governor-general of the Solomon Islands (1994-99); knighted 1995.

Pitarka, Bashkim (b. 1942, Durrës, Albania), Albanian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1986-92).

F. Pitcher

Pitcher, Frederick (William Henry), byname Freddie Pitcher (b. Feb. 5, 1967), finance minister (2007-08) and president (2011) of Nauru. He was also minister of island development and industry (2004-05), commerce, industry, and resources (2005-07), and commerce, industry, and environment (2008-11).

Pitcher, Nathaniel (b. Nov. 30, 1777, Litchfield county, Conn. - d. May 25, 1836, Sandy Hill [now Hudson Falls], N.Y.), acting governor of New York (1828-29).

Pithart

F. Pitra

Pithart, Petr (b. Jan. 2, 1941, Kladno, Bohemia and Moravia [now in Czech Republic]), prime minister of the Czech Republic (1990-92). He was also a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1990) and president of the Czech Senate (1996-98, 2000-04).

Pithey, Jack William (b. Dec. 30, 1903, Potchefstroom, Transvaal [now in South Africa] - d. Nov. 20, 1984), acting president of Rhodesia (1978-79). He was president of the Senate in 1970-78.

Pitirim, secular name Pavel (Vasilyevich) Oknov (b. July 10 [June 28, O.S.], 1858, Livonia province, Russia [now in Latvia] - d. March 25, 1919, Novocherkassk, Russia), metropolitan of Petrograd (1915-17). He was also bishop of Tula (1896-1904) and Kursk (1904-09), archbishop of Kursk (1909-11), Vladikavkaz (1911-13), and Samara (1913-14), and exarch of Georgia (1914-15).

Pitkin, Frederick W(alker) (b. Aug. 31, 1837, Manchester, Conn. - d. Dec. 18, 1886, Pueblo, Colo.), governor of Colorado (1879-83).

Pitkovsky, Mikhail (Feliksovich) (b. June 1897, Odessa, Kherson province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. [executed] May 7, 1938), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of North Ossetian autonomous oblast (1928-30). He was also acting chairman of the Executive Committee of Kalinin oblast (1937).

Pitra, Frantisek (b. Nov. 13, 1932, Mestec, Chrudim district, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Jan. 2, 2018), prime minister of the Czech Socialist Republic (1988-90). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Jihoceský kraj (1977-81).

Pitra, Santana André, byname Petroff, interior minister of Angola (1992-97). He was also provincial commissioner of Huambo (1979-82).

Pitt, Albert (b. 1842, Hobart, Tasmania - d. Nov. 18, 1906), defence minister of New Zealand (1906). He was also attorney-general (1903-06).

Pitt, Thomas (b. July 5, 1653, Blandford, Dorset, England - d. April 28, 1726, Swallowfield, Berkshire, England), governor of Madras (1698-1709).

Pitt the Elder

Pitt, William, the Elder, (from 1766) (1st) Earl of Chatham, (1st) Viscount Pitt (of Burton Pynsent), byname the Great Commoner (b. Nov. 15, 1708, London, England - d. May 11, 1778, Hayes, Kent, England), British statesman; grandson of Thomas Pitt. In 1735 he entered Parliament, where he showed oratorical power and a readiness to appeal to public opinion, a novelty in English political life. In February 1746 he was appointed joint vice treasurer of Ireland, and two months later he became paymaster general of the forces. Because of his attacks on the Duke of Newcastle's ministry, he was dismissed from the pay office in 1755, but with the outbreak of the Seven Years' War the popular demand for Pitt became irresistible. In 1756 he formed a ministry with the Duke of Devonshire as its nominal head; in 1757 Newcastle returned to office on the understanding that he should control all the patronage while Pitt was responsible for the conduct of the war. His resolute and concerted policy led to a "year of victories" over France in 1759, notably in Canada. As a result of the war, Britain reigned supreme in North America and India and gained preeminence as an imperial power. But, before the war ended, Pitt had been forced to resign in 1761 when the new king, George III, and the cabinet objected to his plan to declare war on Spain. In 1766 the king asked him to form a ministry drawn from all sections of Parliament. His judgment and wisdom were impaired at this time and his ministry (in which he held the secondary post of lord privy seal, for which he was created Earl of Chatham) proved disastrous. From May 1767 until his formal resignation in October 1768, he withdrew completely, leaving the operations of government to others. His health subsequently improved again; in the House of Lords, he championed the cause of the American colonies, while opposing independence.

Pitt the Younger

Pitt, William, the Younger (b. May 28, 1759, Hayes, Kent, England - d. Jan. 23, 1806, London, England), British prime minister (1783-1801, 1804-06); son of William Pitt the Elder. In 1780, he failed to secure election to Parliament for Cambridge University, but in 1781 a patron provided him with a seat for Appleby in Westmorland. He made a successful maiden speech and displayed astonishing self-confidence. In 1782, he became chancellor of the exchequer under Lord Shelburne, and in December 1783, at age 24, King George III asked him to form a government. Many of the reforms he sought were frustrated by his lack of a strong political base in the Commons, but due to the support of the king he became the longest-serving British prime minister. He clung to neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars as long as possible, but on Feb. 1, 1793, the French declared war on England, confident of victory after their successes against the Austro-Prussian forces and believing that England was ripe for revolution. Pitt's fiscal policies enabled the country to weather the long conflict with France. The French Revolution also had disastrous repercussions in Ireland, creating new hatreds to exacerbate the old religious feuds and a rebellion in 1798, convincing Pitt that a union of the two countries was necessary. This was realized, but Catholic emancipation was opposed by the king; Pitt resigned over the issue in 1801. He was reappointed in 1804. The Third Coalition against France, engineered by Pitt, collapsed after the battles of Ulm and Austerlitz, but Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar in October 1805 ensured Britain's naval supremacy for the rest of the war. Pitt's health failed, and he died in office.

Pitta (de Castro), Laurindo (b. Nov. 22, 1854, São Fidélis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. Dec. 21, 1904, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Espírito Santo (1885).

Pittermann

Pittermann, Bruno (b. Sept. 3, 1905, Vienna, Austria - d. Sept. 19, 1983, Vienna), Austrian politician. He was first elected to parliament in 1945. When the Socialist leader Adolf Schärf became federal president in 1957, Pittermann succeeded him as party chairman and as vice chancellor. In 1966 the Conservatives won a majority in parliament, the Socialists were forced out of the coalition, and Pittermann lost his place in the government. In 1967 he was succeeded as party leader by Bruno Kreisky. He left parliament in 1971. From 1964 to 1976 he was president of the Socialist International. He was a staunch opponent of rightist dictatorships as well as Soviet-bloc Communist regimes.

Pittman, Vail (Montgomery) (b. Sept. 17, 1883, Vicksburg, Miss. - d. Jan. 29, 1964, Reno, Nev.), governor of Nevada (1945-51).

Pittner, Ladislav (b. May 18, 1934, Malacky, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia] - d. Aug. 15, 2008, Bratislava, Slovakia), interior minister of Slovakia (1990-92, 1994, 1998-2001).

Pius VI

Pius VI, original name Giovanni Angelo Braschi (b. Dec. 25, 1717, Cesena, Papal State [now in Italy] - d. Aug. 29, 1799, Valence, France), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1775-99). He served in various administrative capacities in the church before being ordained priest in 1758. Appointed treasurer of the apostolic chamber by Pope Clemens XIII in 1766, he was made cardinal in 1773 by Pope Clemens XIV, after whose death a four-month conclave elected Braschi pope. The papacy at the time was almost completely bereft of power and influence due to the forces of the Enlightenment and nationalism. The Holy Roman emperor Joseph II applied Febronianism, an ecclesiastical doctrine that advocated restriction of papal power. A visit by Pius to Vienna in 1782 secured no concessions. The situation in France was equally overwhelming. The revolutionary government turned to the church's wealth, which it confiscated as a direct backing for its paper currency. In 1790 the French National Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, causing a major conflict between Rome and the Revolution. Pius explored possibilities of modifying the plan, but when an oath of fidelity to the new regime was demanded from the clergy, he formally denounced the Civil Constitution and the Revolution itself on March 10, 1791. The French church was completely split, half accepting, half defying the new regime. In 1796 the pope's territory was invaded by Napoléon Bonaparte. A peace treaty was signed at Tolentino on Feb. 19, 1797, by which the pope yielded five states of the church. A riot in Rome (December 1797), in which a French general was killed, led to French occupation of that city (Feb. 15, 1798) and the proclamation of a republic. In March 1799 he was seized by the French; he died a prisoner.

Pius VII

Pius VII, original name Giorgio Barnaba Niccolò Luigi Chiaramonti, in religion Gregorio Chiaramonti (b. Aug. 14, 1742, Cesena, Papal State [now in Italy] - d. Aug. 20, 1823, Rome, Papal State [now in Italy]), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1800-23). He took his vows as a Benedictine at Cesena in 1758 (when he took the name Gregorio) and in 1785 was made bishop of Imola and cardinal by Pope Pius VI, who died in French captivity in 1799. Under Austrian protection at Venice, a conclave lasting 14 weeks elected Chiaramonti on March 14, 1800. Napoléon Bonaparte, the first consul of France, approached him about a settlement of the religious question in France, and the historic Concordat of 1801 provided for a complete reorganization of the dioceses and declared Roman Catholicism France's chief religion. Pius renounced the ecclesiastical property that had been secularized; on the other hand the church hierarchy was to be salaried by the French state. In 1804 he agreed to come to Paris to consecrate Napoléon emperor, but he failed in his effort to get a modification of the "organic articles," appended to the Concordat by a French unilateral action in 1802, which forbade the exercise of any papal jurisdiction in France without the permission of the government. Relations deteriorated, and Rome was occupied by French troops in 1808, followed by Napoléon's annexation of the Papal State to France (1809). After Pius excommunicated the invaders on June 10, 1809, he was taken prisoner in July, remaining in exile until the defeat of Napoléon in 1814. The Congress of Vienna (1814-15) restituted nearly all of the Papal State, including Rome, to the papacy. Disavowing his earlier liberal leanings, he then sought to reestablish the church on its old foundations.

Pius VIII

Pius VIII, original name Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (b. Nov. 20, 1761, Cingoli, Papal State [now in Italy] - d. Nov. 30, 1830, Rome, Papal State [now in Italy]), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1829-30). He studied canon law, was ordained in 1785, and became vicar-general at Anagni and later at Fano. Made bishop of Montalto in 1800, he was imprisoned in 1808 during the French domination of Italy for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to Napoléon. In 1816 he was made bishop of Cesena and cardinal. Appointed grand penitentiary, a leading role in the Curia, he was made bishop of Frascati in 1821; later that year he became prefect of the Congregation of the Index. At the conclave of 1823 he was already a candidate, but was considered too moderate. Despite his poor health, Castiglioni, the candidate of France, was elected Pope Leo XII's successor on March 31, 1829, and was crowned on April 5. He was generally broad-minded and conciliatory. Although the July Revolution (1830) in France was anticlerical in spirit, Pius encouraged French ecclesiastics to support the new king, Louis-Philippe. At the beginning of his pontificate the Catholic Emancipation Bill, which made it possible for Catholics to sit in Parliament and to hold public offices, was passed in England. On the other hand, the situation of the Catholics in the new Rhineland possessions of Protestant Prussia caused some concern; he allowed priests to assist passively at mixed marriages in which promises of Catholic education of the children had not been given, a concession that did not satisfy Prussia.

Pius IX

Pius IX, original name Giovanni Maria Giambattista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro, conte Mastai-Ferretti (b. May 13, 1792, Senigallia, Papal State [now in Italy] - d. Feb. 7, 1878, Rome, Italy), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1846-78). Ordained in 1819, he became archbishop of Spoleto in 1827, bishop of Imola in 1832, and cardinal in 1840. He was not the most prominent liberal candidate likely to succeed Gregorius XVI in 1846, but it took the conclave only two days to determine his election and so prevent that of the conservative Luigi Lambruschini. However, in 1848, the year of revolutions, he was faced with demands much beyond what he had been prepared to grant. Having granted a constitution for Rome in March 1848, a radical ministry was appointed in November; when the Swiss Guards were disbanded the pope was a virtual prisoner. On November 24-25, he fled to Gaeta in the kingdom of Naples. A new constituent assembly on Feb. 9, 1849, declared the temporal power at an end and a democratic republic to be established. The papacy thereupon appealed to the rulers of France, Austria, Spain, and Naples for assistance. This resulted in the restoration of papal rule, and he returned on April 12, 1850, repudiating his former liberalism. Notable events of his reign (the longest in history) included the declaration of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception (1854) and the first Vatican Council (1869-70), during which the doctrine of papal infallibility was defined. On Sept. 20, 1870, Italian troops occupied Rome, and in October a plebiscite was held in which an overwhelming majority voted for the incorporation of Rome in the kingdom of Italy. He refused to recognize this and for the rest of his days regarded himself a prisoner in the Vatican. His beatification in 2000 was controversial because of his alleged anti-Semitism.

Pius X

Pius X, Saint, original name Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto (b. June 2, 1835, Riese, Venetia [now in Italy] - d. Aug. 20, 1914, Rome, Italy), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1903-14). Ordained in 1858, he acted as parish priest at various places in Venetia until his appointment in 1875 as canon of the cathedral and superior of the episcopal seminary at Treviso. Pope Leo XIII made him bishop of Mantua in 1884 and cardinal and patriarch of Venice in 1893. Elected pope in succession to Leo, he had little interest in the latter's social reforms, laying his emphasis rather upon the spiritual work of the church. In 1910, he ordered that all teachers in seminaries and clerics before ordination take an oath denouncing Modernism, a contemporary intellectual movement seeking to employ secular disciplines to reinterpret traditional Catholic teaching; he had earlier condemned Modernism in the encyclical Pascendi dominici gregis (1907). He ceased to pursue actively the quarrel with the Italian government and allowed individual Catholics to enter Italian politics. He opposed Christian social movements independent of the church hierarchy. On his accession, there was already a growing anticlericalism in France, and in 1905 the French formally separated church from state, an act he condemned on Feb. 11, 1906. He issued decrees easing the regulations governing daily communion and reformed the liturgy, reviving Gregorian plainsong and recasting the breviary and the missal. A revision of canon law was begun in 1904 and brought to virtual completion shortly before his death. He also strengthened the church's central administration by the apostolic constitution Sapienti consilio (1908). He was beatified on June 3, 1951, and canonized May 29, 1954.

Pius XI

Pius XI, original name Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (b. May 31, 1857, Desio, Lombardy [now in Italy] - d. Feb. 10, 1939, Vatican City), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1922-39). Ordained in 1879, he became prefect of the Vatican Library in 1914, nuncio to Poland in 1919, archbishop of Milan and cardinal in 1921, and was elected to the papacy on Feb. 6, 1922. Soon Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy, with whom he signed (Feb. 11, 1929) the Lateran Treaty that allowed the existence of the independent Vatican City state ruled by the pope, with the papacy in turn recognizing the kingdom of Italy and its lawful rule of Rome and announcing permanent neutrality in military and diplomatic conflicts of the world. At the same time, a concordat established the validity of church marriage in Italy, provided compulsory religious instruction for Catholic schoolchildren, and declared Roman Catholicism to be Italy's state religion. He also concluded concordats that strengthened Catholicism in other European countries, including Latvia (1922), Poland (1925), Romania and Lithuania (1927), Prussia (1929), and Austria and Germany (1933). He wrote several protests against the Third Reich in 1933-36, as well as the encyclical Mit brennender Sorge (1937), and denounced the introduction of Nazi racial attitudes into Italy in 1938. He also spoke out against atheistic Communism and against persecution of Catholics in Mexico and Spain. He required every religious order to engage actively in overseas missionary work, with the result that the number of missionaries doubled during his pontificate. In 1926 he consecrated the first Chinese bishops. In his encyclical Quadragesimo anno (1931), he elaborated the theses of Leo XIII's Rerum novarum on social and economic matters.

Pius XII

Pius XII, original name Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (b. March 2, 1876, Rome, Italy - d. Oct. 9, 1958, Castel Gandolfo, near Rome), pope of the Roman Catholic Church (1939-58). He was ordained in 1899 and passed into the Vatican Secretariat of State in 1901; in 1911 he became a monsignor and in 1917 he was made archbishop and sent as nuncio to Bavaria to negotiate a concordat. In 1920 he was appointed nuncio to the German republic with the same aim; his discussions with the Berlin government failed, but he signed agreements with Bavaria in 1924 and Prussia in 1929. He was named cardinal in 1929 and became secretary of state in 1930 and additionally camerlengo (chamberlain) in 1935. After 9 years as secretary of state, during which he travelled on papal missions to North and South America and to France, he was elected pope in the shortest conclave since 1623. During the few months between his election and the outbreak of World War II, he turned his diplomatic gifts to preventing the catastrophe, but not in the spirit of appeasement - the Vatican had disliked the Munich Agreement (1938), by which Czechoslovakia was sacrificed to expanding German power by Britain and France. Pius especially strove to keep Italy neutral and was deeply saddened when he failed. In a notable series of Christmas broadcasts (1939-48), he looked firmly toward the postwar future and to the opportunities it would offer for a new order in which the international community would be given real expression, replacing the egoistic nationalism that had bred war. Regarding his conduct in relation to the war itself, he has been charged with neglecting, in the interests of a calculated neutrality, to raise an authoritative voice in defense of the persecuted, Christian or Jewish. In 1946 he enacted severe measures against Catholics collaborating with Communists.

Pivic, Nezir (b. July 4, 1983, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina), premier of Zenica-Doboj (2023- ).

Pivovarov, Nikolay (Buinovich) (b. 1912, Shunta ulus, Irkutsk province, Russia - d. 1998), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Buryat A.S.S.R. (1967-77). He was also minister of local industry (1951-57) and deputy premier (1966-67).

Piwnik, Barbara (Elzbieta) (b. March 5, 1955, Kosowice, Poland), justice minister and prosecutor-general of Poland (2001-02).

Piwonka Jilabert, Alfredo (b. Dec. 26, 1887, Osorno, Chile - d. March 17, 1942, Santiago, Chile), interior minister of Chile (1933-34). He was also minister of development (1932-33) and public health (1933-34).

Piza (Rocafort), Rodolfo (Emilio Francisco Manuel de Jesús) (b. Aug. 12, 1958, San José, Costa Rica), Costa Rican politician; son of Rodolfo Piza Escalante. He was a presidential candidate (2014, 2018, 2022) and minister of the presidency (2018-19).

Piza Escalante, Rodolfo (Emilio) (b. July 24, 1930, San José, Costa Rica - d. Jan. 13, 2002, San José), Costa Rican diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1978-82).

Pizarro (Tomasio), Rómulo (Bernardo Joaquín) (b. 1955?, Arequipa, Peru), interior minister of Peru (2005-06).

Plachinda, Ivan (Semyonovich), original surname Sporosh (b. March 1898, Glodosy, Kherson province, Russia [now Hlodosy, Kirovohrad oblast, Ukraine] - d. [executed] March 10, 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1931-32). He was also executive secretary of the party committee of Vinnitsa city (1930-31) and first secretary of the party committee of Poltava city (1932-36).

Plagino, Alexandru C. (b. Aug. 21, 1821 - d. Oct. 4, 1894, Plainesti, Romania), Romanian politician. He was president of the Senate (1869-71) and minister to Italy (1885-91) and the United Kingdom (1891-93).

Plaisted, Frederick W(illiam) (b. July 26, 1865, Bangor, Maine - d. March 4, 1943, Los Angeles, Calif.), governor of Maine (1911-13); son of Harris M. Plaisted.

Plaisted, Harris M(errill) (b. Nov. 2, 1828, Jefferson, N.H. - d. Jan. 31, 1898, Bangor, Maine), governor of Maine (1881-83).

Plaja, Eugenio (b. April 26, 1914, Rome, Italy - d. May 7, 1991), Italian diplomat. He was ambassador to Egypt (1969-73) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1973-75).

Plakida

Plakida, Viktor (Tarasovych) (b. Aug. 2, 1956), prime minister of Crimea (2006-10).

Plamadeala, Mihai, interior minister of Moldova (1997-98). He was also secretary of the Supreme Security Council (1998-2000).

Plamenac, Jovan (S.) (b. 1873 - d. [executed] 1944), prime minister (1919-21, 1922) and foreign minister (1919-21) of Montenegro in exile. He was also minister of education (1907-09, 1912-13) and interior (1909-10, 1910, 1912-13, 1919-21).

Planas Suárez, Simón (b. May 6, 1813, Jobal, Lara, Venezuela - d. April 22, 1864), foreign minister (1853-55) and interior and justice minister (1853-55, 1864) of Venezuela.

Planche, Jacques Ferdinand (b. Jan. 28, 1829, Grenoble, France - d. 1894), commandant of the French Settlements in Oceania (1878-80).

Planet Cordero, Antonio (b. May 3, 1894, Ovalle, Chile - d. ...), foreign minister of Chile (1931). He was also justice minister (1931).

Planinc

Planinc, Milka, née Malada (b. Nov. 21, 1924, Drnis, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. Oct. 7, 2010, Zagreb, Croatia), prime minister of Yugoslavia (1982-86). In 1941 she joined the Communist Youth Union of Yugoslavia, and in 1943 she was accepted as a soldier of the Yugoslav Liberation Army. After the war she joined the Yugoslav Communist Party (in 1952 renamed League of Communists). In 1963 she became secretary for education and science of the republic of Croatia. She established her political reputation as a loyal supporter of Tito, whom she helped to overcome the outbreak of Croatian nationalism in 1971. A member of the Central Committee of the Croatian branch of the League of Communists since 1959, she became its chairman in 1971 and also a member of the federal Executive Committee. She became Eastern Europe's first woman head of government when she was appointed president of the Federal Executive Council for a four-year term in 1982. Because of the active role she played in Croatia, she had the reputation of being something of an "iron lady." Once in office, she acted to increase the federal government's effectiveness in combating Yugoslavia's mounting economic problems. Among these were an inflation rate of approximately 30%, a per capita foreign indebtedness greater than that of Poland, and an unemployment rate exceeding 13% of the work force. Her measures included the introduction of a greater number of technocrats, particularly economists, into the new government; the raising of the price of gasoline, for the third time in a year, to the highest in Europe; and a price freeze affecting all goods and services apart from privately grown fruit and vegetables. However, the situation remained unfavourable at the end of her term, with an inflation rate of over 80%.

Plant, George (b. Norfolk Island), administrator of Norfolk Island (2023- ).

Plantier, (Emilien Célestin) Nicolas du (b. 1871 - d. ...), French resident of Grande Comore (1899).

Plantz, William Rufus (b. Feb. 10, 1895, St. Thomas, Danish [now U.S.] Virgin Islands - d. 1984), administrator of Bonaire (1927-28).

Plasencia

Plasencia (González), Félix (Ramón), foreign minister of Venezuela (2021-22). He has also been minister of tourism and foreign trade (2019-20), ambassador to China (2020-21) and Colombia (2022-23), general secretary of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (2023-24), and chargé d'affaires in the United Kingdom (2024- ).

Plassnik

Plassnik, Ursula (b. May 23, 1956, Klagenfurt, Austria), foreign minister of Austria (2004-08). She was also ambassador to Switzerland (2004, 2016-21) and France (2011-16).

Plasterk, Ronald (Hans Anton) (b. April 12, 1957, The Hague, Netherlands), interior minister of the Netherlands (2012-17). Known as a molecular biologist, he was also minister of education, culture, and science (2007-10).

Plastiras, Nikolaos (b. Nov. 4, 1883, Vounesi [now Morfovouni], near Karditsa, Greece - d. July 26, 1953, Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1945, 1950, 1951-52). He was also minister of military, marine, aviation, and mercantile marine (1945), interior (acting, 1945), and foreign affairs (provisional, 1950).

Plata (Páez), Luis Guillermo (b. 1967, Bogotá, Colombia), Colombian politician. He was minister of commerce, industry, and tourism (2007-10) and ambassador to Spain (2021-22).

Plate, Juan (b. April 8, 1918), finance minister of Paraguay (1944-45). He was also minister of agriculture (1943-44) and ambassador to Argentina (1956-58) and the United States (1958-68).

Platen, Baltzar (Julius Ernst) greve von (b. April 16, 1804, Frugården, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden - d. March 20, 1875, Stockholm, Sweden), prime minister for foreign affairs of Sweden (1871-72). He was also minister of sea defense (1849-52, 1862-68) and minister to the United Kingdom (1857-61).

Plater, George (b. Nov. 8, 1735, "Sattorly," near Leonardtown, Maryland - d. Feb. 10, 1792, Annapolis, Md.), governor of Maryland (1791-92).

Platon, secular name Nikolay (Ivanovich) Gorodetsky (b. May 14 [May 2, O.S.], 1803, Pogoreloye Gorodishche, Tver province, Russia - d. Oct. 13 [Oct. 1, O.S.], 1891, Kiev, Russia [now in Ukraine]), metropolitan of Kiev (1882-91). He was also bishop of Kovno (1843-48) and Riga (1