Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis and its aetiologies, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Although meningitis is largely preventable, it still causes hundreds of thousands of deaths globally each year. WHO set ambitious goals to reduce meningitis cases by 2030, and assessing trends in the global meningitis burden can help track progress and ...
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PubMed Central (PMC)
Department of Applied Mathematics (A Y Aravkin PhD), Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (H Wunrow MSc, R G Bender MSc, A Vongpradith BA, S B Sirota MA, L R Swetschinski MSc, A Novotney MPH, A P Gray BSc, K S Ikuta MD, E E Wool MPH, A Y Aravkin PhD, K Burkart PhD, X Dai PhD, Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, R V Dominguez BS, M Hassen BSc, Prof S S Lim PhD, T Mestrovic PhD, A H Mokdad PhD, H Nassereldine MD, L T Olana BSc, K S Oumer MSc, R C Reiner Jr PhD, Prof T Vos PhD, N A Worku MSc, D Y Yada MSc, P Zheng PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof M Naghavi PhD, H H Kyu PhD), Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine (A Y Aravkin PhD, K Burkart PhD, X Dai PhD, Prof R Dandona PhD, Prof S S Lim PhD, A Misganaw PhD, A H Mokdad PhD, R C Reiner Jr PhD, Prof A Stergachis PhD, Prof T Vos PhD, P Zheng PhD, Prof S I Hay FMedSci, Prof C J L Murray DPhil, Prof M Naghavi PhD, H H Kyu PhD), Department of Pharmacy (Prof A Stergachis PhD), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases (K S Ikuta MD), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, LA, USA; Independent Consultant (F Sharara MS), Seattle, WA, USA; Faculty of Medicine (A Aali MD, N Rahnavard MD), Applied Biomedical Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Biotechnology Research Center (A Sahebkar PhD), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Tropical Medicine Department (S Abd-Elsalam PhD), Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Cardiovascular Department (A Abdollahi MD), Radiology Department (G Ansari MD), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (M Mojarrad Sani MD), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine (A Abdollahi MD), Health Information Management (A Bashiri PhD), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology (H Nouraei MSc, Prof K Pakshir PhD, Z Zareshahrabadi PhD), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medical Laboratory of Science (J M Abdul Aziz MSc), University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Baxshin Hospital (J M Abdul Aziz MSc), Baxshin Research center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Laboratory Technology Sciences Department (H Abidi PhD), Department of Nursing (M Zoladl PhD), Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran; Department of Family and Community Health (R G Aboagye MPH), University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies (H Abolhassani PhD), Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (S Azadnajafabad MD, A Behnoush BS, S Ghamari MD, H Karimi MD, M Keykhaei MD, S Momtazmanesh MD, N Rezaei MD), School of Medicine (A Behnoush BS, A Khalaji BS, M Mayeli MD, S Momtazmanesh MD), Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC) (M Keykhaei MD), Children's Medical Center (F Kompani MD), Department of Pediatric Cardiology (Prof E Malakan Rad MD), Faculty of Medicine (E Mohammadi MD), Cardiovascular Medicine (M Mojarrad Sani MD), Department of Pharmacology (N Noroozi DVM), Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (Prof V Rahimi-Movaghar MD), Department of Neurology (M Shafie MD), Department of Psychiatry (S Shahrokhi MD), Department of Microbiology (E Taki PhD), Faculty Of Medicine (S Vahabi MD), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R Heidari-Soureshjani MSc, E Mohammadi MD); Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (H Abolhassani PhD), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Clinical Sciences Department (E Abu-Gharbieh PhD, N Saheb Sharif-Askari PhD, M A Saleh PhD), Department of Basic Medical Sciences (W El-Huneidi PhD), Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (B Saddik PhD), Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences (F Saheb Sharif-Askari PhD), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Human Anatomy (L H Adamu PhD), Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria; Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology (T D Adane MSc), University Medical Center Groningen (Prof M J Postma PhD), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Centre for Social Research in Health (I Y Addo PhD), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Quality and Systems Performance Unit (I Y Addo PhD), Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Public Health and Tropical Medicine (O A Adegboye PhD), James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T A Adekiya PhD), Howard University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neonatology (M Adnan MD), Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, IN, USA; Faculty of Medicine (Q E S Adnani PhD), Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation (Prof M J Postma PhD), Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Community Medicine (Prof S Afzal PhD), King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Public Health (Prof S Afzal PhD), Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Biotechnology (S Aghamiri PhD), Urology Department (M Ahmadzade MD), Department of Ophthalmology (N Bineshfar MD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (S Ghamari MD), Department of Pharmacology (A Haj-Mirzaian MD), Obesity Research Center (A Haj-Mirzaian MD), Department of Medicine (M Heidari-Foroozan BSc), Functional Neurosurgery Research Center (E Jamshidi PharmD), Parasitology Department (A Javadi Mamaghani PhD), Department of Neurosurgery (H Khayat Kashani MD), Department of Orthopedics (A Mirahmadi MD), Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD) (M Motaghinejad PhD), School of Medicine (S Nejadghaderi MD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team (Z B Aghdam MD), Department of Radiology (M Dashti MD, A Zarrintan MD), School of Nursing and Midwifery (H Hassankhani PhD), Student Research Committee (M Hosseini MD), Department of Parasitology (A Javadi Mamaghani PhD), Anesthesiology and Critical Care (Prof A Mahmoodpoor MD), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center (L Rahbarnia PhD), Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center (A Safary PhD), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia” (Prof A Agodi PhD), Clinical and Experimental Medicine (C Ledda PhD), University of Catania, Catania, Italy; School of Public Health (B O Ahinkorah MPhil), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Biochemistry (A Ahmad PhD), Department of Pediatrics (Prof G Mustafa MD), Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia; Department of Health and Biological Sciences (S Ahmad PhD), Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan; School of Pharmacy (A Ahmed MPhil), Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; Department of Pharmacy (A Ahmed MPhil), Quaid I Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Endemic Diseases (A Ahmed MSc), Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences (E E Siddig PhD), University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (A Ahmed MSc), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Microbiology (J Q Ahmed MSc, M S Ahmed MSc, G A Y Yahya MSc), Department of Internal Medicine (Prof M A Merza PhD), University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq; Department of Internal Medicine (K Akinosoglou PhD), University of Patras Greece, Patras, Greece; Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases (K Akinosoglou PhD), University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (A Aklilu MSc), School of Nursing (T M Ayana MSc), Department of Anatomy (S Demissie MSc), Department Midwifery (H L Esayas MSc), Department of Medical Laboratory Science (M Woldemariam MSc), Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M Akonde MLS), University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center (F Alahdab MSc), Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA; Institute of Global Health (T M A AL-Ahdal MPH), Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg, Germany; Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia (F M Alanezi PhD); Health Sciences Department (A H Albelbeisi PhD), Israa University, Gaza Strip, Palestine; Inspection and Auditing Department (A H Albelbeisi PhD), Ministry of Health, Gaza Strip, Palestine; College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medical Laboratory Science (T B B Alemayehu MSc), Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Health Sciences (K A Alene MPH), Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases (K A Alene MPH), Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (A Al-Eyadhy MD, M Temsah MD), Internal Medicine Department (Y Mohammad MD), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (A A S Al-Gheethi PhD), Batu Pahat, Malaysia; Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences (A A S Al-Gheethi PhD), University of Exeter, Penryn, UK; Department of Zoology (A Ali PhD), Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan; Erbil Technical Health College (B A Ali PhD), Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq; School of Pharmacy (B A Ali PhD), Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Biological Sciences (L Ali PhD), National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology (S S Ali PhD), University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan; Health Research Center (Y Alimohamadi PhD), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Management and Economics Research Center (V Alipour PhD, J Arabloo PhD), Department of Health Economics (V Alipour PhD), School of Medicine (M Dodangeh MD), Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center (S Salahi MD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Management (Prof S M Aljunid PhD), Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait; International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding (Prof S M Aljunid PhD), National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia; College of Medicine (S Almustanyir MD, Prof Z A Memish MD), Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research & Innovation Center (Prof Z A Memish MD), Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (S Almustanyir MD); Department of Community Medicine (R M Al-Raddadi PhD), Rabigh Faculty of Medicine (A A Malik PhD), Department of Dental Public Health (Z S Natto DrPH), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD), Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia; Research Group in Health Economics (Prof N Alvis-Guzman PhD), University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Department of Medical Sciences (Prof Y M Al-Worafi PhD), Azal University for Human Development, Sana’a, Yemen; Clinical Sciences Department (Prof Y M Al-Worafi PhD), University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pediatrics (Prof H Aly MD), Department of Internal Medicine (M Gupta MD), Lerner Research Institute (X Liu PhD), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; School of Graduate Studies (E K Ameyaw MPhil), Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Pharmacy (Prof R Ancuceanu PhD), Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics (S Hostiuc PhD), Department of General Surgery (I Negoi PhD, B Socea PhD), Department of Anatomy and Embryology (R I Negoi PhD), Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; School of Nursing and Midwifery (A Ansar PhD, M Rahman PhD), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Special Interest Group International Health (A Ansar PhD), Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences (A E Anyasodor PhD), Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia; College of Art and Science (D Areda PhD), Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, USA; College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (D Areda PhD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Department of Biophysics (A A Artamonov PhD), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Department of Maternal and Child Health (J Arulappan DSc), Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (R T Aruleba MSc), Department of Pathology (M B Tincho PhD), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health (M Asaduzzaman MPH, S A F Fatima MPhil), Institute of Health and Society (Prof A S Winkler PhD), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing (K A Atalell MSc), Department of Midwifery (G M Gedef MSc), Department of Human Physiology (Y Gela MSc), University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; Department of Immunology (S Athari PhD), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Department of Biomedical Science (D Atlaw MSc), Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia; Faculty of Nursing (M M W Atout PhD), Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (S Attia MSc), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (T Awoke MSc, F M Demeke MSc, A Melese MSc), College of Medicine and Health Science (M K Ayalew MPH), Department of Biomedical Science (A A Bekel MSc), Department of Physiology (D Demeke MSc), Department of Health Informatics (H A Guadie MPH), Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Epidemiology (M K Ayalew MPH), Eyu-ethiopia, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; Department of Midwifery (A D Ayele MSc), Public Health, Reproductive Health (A M Dessie MPH), Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing (N S Tibebu MSc), Department of Public Health (C Y Y Yenew MSc), Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran (K Azizian PhD), Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (M Badar PhD), Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan; Department of Forensic Science (A D Badiye PhD), Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India; Department of Nursing (N Baghcheghi PhD), Department of Anatomy (S Barati PhD), Social Determinants of Health Research Center (H Koohestani PhD), Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology (M Bagheri PhD), Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran; School of Medicine (S Bagherieh BSc), Department of Environmental Health Engineering (A Fatehizadeh PhD), Department of Neurology (O Mirmosayyeb MD), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health (E Taheri PhD), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Parasitology (S Bahadory PhD), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology (S Bahadory PhD), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; University Institute of Public Health (A A Baig PhD, A A Malik PhD, S Nargus PhD), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A Barac PhD), Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine (A Barac PhD, I M Ilic PhD), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology (M Bardhan MD), National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India; Molecular Microbiology (M Bardhan MD), Department of Biostatistics (V K Kamal PhD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India (Prof L Dandona MD); Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research (Z Basharat PhD), Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan; Department of Medicine (B Basnyat MD), Oxford University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Tuberculosis Department (B Basnyat MD), Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (Prof Q Bassat MD), University of Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain (Prof Q Bassat MD); Academics Department (S Basu MD), Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India; Department of Surgery (N S Bayileyegn MD), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; School of Public Health (Prof N Bedi MD), Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India; Research & Scientific Studies Unit (S Haque PhD), Epidemiology Department (M Khan MD), Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia (Prof N Bedi MD); Medical Laboratory Science (M A Belete MSc), Department of Environmental Health (M Gebrehiwot DSc), Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology (O O Bello PhD), Department of Biological Sciences (T C Ekundayo PhD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation (A S Bhagavathula PhD), University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; School of Public Health (D Bhandari PhD), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Public Health Research Laboratory (D Bhandari PhD), Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (U Paudel PhD), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine (P Bhardwaj MD, Prof P R Raghav MD), School of Public Health (P Bhardwaj MD), Department of Pharmacology (J Charan MD, S Singh DM, S B Varthya MD), Anaesthesiology & Critical Care (N Kothari PhD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India; Global Health Neurology Lab (S Bhaskar PhD), NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology (S Bhaskar PhD), South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of General Medicine (A N Bhat MD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (A Bijani PhD), Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine (A Boloor MD), Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore (H L Dsouza MD), Department of Community Medicine (N Joseph MD), Department of Forensic Medicine (P H Shetty MD), Kasturba Medical College (Prof B Unnikrishnan MD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India; Department of Medicine (Prof S Bouaoud MD), Faculty of Medicine (Prof A Ouyahia PhD), University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria; Epidemiology and preventive medicine (Prof S Bouaoud MD), University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria; Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health (D Buonsenso MD), Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Global Health Research Institute (D Buonsenso MD), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred Heart), Rome, Italy; Internal Medicine Department (Prof L A Cámera MD), Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Board of Directors (Prof L A Cámera MD), Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Colombian National Health Observatory (C A Castañeda-Orjuela MD), National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group (C A Castañeda-Orjuela MD), Department of Public Health (Prof F P De la Hoz PhD), National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia; Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department (A Cernigliaro MSc), Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy; Department of Community Medicine (V Chattu MD), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India; Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals (V Chattu MD), Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD) (Prof S Patil PhD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Division of Infectious Diseases (P R Ching MD), Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA; Chitkara College of Pharmacy (H Chopra PhD), Chitkara Univeristy, Punjab, India; Department of Community Medicine (Prof S G Choudhari MD), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Pulmonary Medicine (Prof D J Christopher MD), Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India; Center for Biomedicine and Community Health (D Chu PhD), VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Sciences (R A S Couto MD), Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (Prof N Cruz-Martins PhD), Department of Chemistry (M Pinheiro PhD), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies (Prof N Cruz-Martins PhD), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal; Section Global Health and Rehabilitation (O Dadras DrPH), Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway; Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care (O Dadras DrPH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India (Prof L Dandona MD, Prof R Dandona PhD, H Kaur MPH); Department of Biochemistry (S Das MD), Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India; Clinical Sciences Department (N R Dash MD), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; School of Public Health (S Debela MPH), Public Health Department (D G Tufa MPH), Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia; School of Public Health (D Dejen MPH), Wollo University, Woldia, Ethiopia; Amhara Regional Health Bureau CDC Project (D Dejen MPH), ACS Medical College and Hospital, Woldia, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health (H Dejene MPH), Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; USAID-JSI (B H Demessa MPH), Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Neurosurgery (A K Demetriades MD), Global Health Governance Programme (J Patel), Centre for Medical Informatics (Prof A Sheikh MD), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neurosurgery (A K Demetriades MD), National Health Service (NHS) Scotland, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Biomedical Sciences (D Dereje MSc), Department of Public Health (M E Getachew MPH), Department of Nursing (A B A Gizaw MSc), Department of Clinical Pharmacy (T Mulugeta MSc), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (E Dervišević PhD), Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (E Dervišević PhD), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Graduate Medical Education (H D Desai MD), Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India; Department of Public Health (F Desta MPH), Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia; Division of Pathology (K Dhama PhD), ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India; Development of Research and Technology Center (S Djalalinia PhD), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medicine (T C Do MD), Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Biostatistics (M Dodangeh Mcom), Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran; Health Science Center (D Dongarwar MS), University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA; Forensic Medicine and Toxicology (H L Dsouza MD), Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, India; Infection and Tropical Medicine (O C Durojaiye MPH), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics (A M Dziedzic DSc), Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Infectious Diseases Unit (M Ekat MD), Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Brazzaville, Congo; Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics (M Ekholuenetale MSc, A F Fagbamigbe PhD), Faculty of Public Health (M Ekholuenetale MSc, I I Olufadewa MHS), Department of Health Promotion and Education (S E Ibitoye MPH), Department of Community Medicine (O S Ilesanmi PhD), University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Clinical Pathology Department (Prof M El Sayed Zaki PhD), Hygiene and Zoonoses Department (H Ramadan PhD), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M A Saleh PhD), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Direction de L’épidémiologie et la Lutte Contre les Maladies (Directorate of Epidemiology and Diseases Control) (H El-Abid PhD), Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco; Faculty of Medicine (M Elhadi MD), University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (V El-Hajj), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery (V El-Hajj), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Faculty of Medicine (A A El-Sakka MD), Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Institute of Applied Health Sciences (A F Fagbamigbe PhD), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Zoonotic Disease Research Center (S Falahi PhD), Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Neurological Surgery (J Fares MD), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Bacteriologi (S A F Fatima MPhil), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Sciences (Prof N A Feasey PhD), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; Bacteria and Drug Resistant Infections Group (Prof N A Feasey PhD), Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; School of Pharmacy (G Fekadu MSc), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacy (G Fekadu MSc), Department of Nursing (G Fetensa MSc), Department of Public Health (M E Getachew MPH, D R Terefa MSc), Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia; School of Pharmacy (D Feyissa MSc), Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia; Institute of Public Health (F Fischer PhD), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacology (Prof B Foroutan PhD), Department of Clinical Microbiology (S Yaghoubi PhD), Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Health Services Management Training Centre (P A Gaal PhD), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Applied Social Sciences (P A Gaal PhD), Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Târgu-Mureş, Romania; Community Medicine Department (Prof M A Gadanya FMCPH), Bayero University, Kano, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine (Prof M A Gadanya FMCPH), Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medicine (A Gaipov PhD), Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; School of Global Health (B Ganesan PhD), Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Occupational Therapy (B Ganesan PhD), Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India; Department of Nursing (K G Gebrekidan PhD), Department of Reproductive Health (G Lema MPH), Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (S Muthupandian PhD), Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia; Discipline of Population Health (T G Gebremeskel MPH), Nursing and Health Sciences (S Shorofi PhD), Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Reproductive Health (T G Gebremeskel MPH), Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health (U Gerema MSc), Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia; Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, PA, USA (B D Gessner MD); Agency of Preventive Medicine, Paris, France (B D Gessner MD); Infectious Disease Research Center (Prof K Ghadiri MD), Pediatric Department (Prof K Ghadiri MD), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences (K Ghaffari MSc), Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering (R Ghanbari PhD), Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases (R Kalhor PhD), Health Services Management Department (R Kalhor PhD), Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Tropical Health Department (R M M Ghazy PhD), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Emergency Department (R M M Ghazy PhD), WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Public Health (G Ghozali PhD), University of Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia; Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine (E V Glushkova PhD), I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Dermatology (M Goldust MD), Department of Genetics (S Pawar PhD), Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Health Systems and Policy Research (M Golechha PhD), Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India; College of Medicine and Health Science (R A Guled PhD), Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; Toxicology Department (S Gupta MSc), Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, Delhi, India; School of Medicine (V Gupta PhD), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center (V Gupta PhD), Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, UK; Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences (Prof V K Gupta PhD), Macquarie Medical School (Y You PhD), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Dept of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine (Prof N R Hadi PhD), University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology (S Haller MD), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; Department of Public Health (S Haller MD), Charité Insitute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany; School of Health and Environmental Studies (Prof S Hamidi DrPH), Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Medical Research Unit (H Harapan PhD), Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala University), Banda Aceh, Indonesia; Department of Zoology and Entomology (A I Hasaballah PhD), Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (I Hasan MPharm), University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Ophthalmology (H Hasani MD), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Radiology (M Hasanian MD), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran (H Hassankhani PhD); National Data Management Center for Health (M Hassen BSc, L T Olana BSc, N A Worku MSc, A Misganaw PhD), Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K Hayat MS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy (K Hayat MS), Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China; Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center (M Heidari PhD), Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Epidemiology (M Heidari-Foroozan BSc, S Nejadghaderi MD), Non-communicable Diseases Research Center (A Khalaji BS), Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Applied Microbiology (K Hezam PhD), Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen; Department of Microbiology (K Hezam PhD), Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore (R Holla MD), Department of Physiotherapy (S D Kumaran PhD), Department of Nephrology (I Rao DM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; Department of Pulmonology (N Horita PhD), Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan; National Human Genome Research Institute (N Horita PhD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Social and Environmental Health Research (M Hossain MPH), Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences (M Hossain MPH), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Lab (M Hosseinzadeh PhD, Prof S Lee PhD), Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea; Clinical Legal Medicine Department (S Hostiuc PhD), National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania; Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation (S Hussain PhD), Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses (S Hussain PhD), Department of Public Health (A Riad DDS), Czech National Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation (A Riad DDS), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biomolecular Sciences (N R Hussein PhD), University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq; Department of Community Medicine (O S Ilesanmi PhD), University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Epidemiology (Prof M D Ilic PhD), University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; College Of Pharmacy (M Imam PhD), Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences (K C Iregbu MD), University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology (K C Iregbu MD), Department of Pediatrics (V E Nwatah MD), National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria; Department of Clinical Pharmacy (Prof N Ismail PhD), MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Malaysia; School of Health Systems and Public Health (C C D Iwu MPH), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Global Health (C Jaja PhD), Department of Epidemiology (J J L Tamuzi MSc), Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD), Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Comparative Economic Studies (Prof M Jakovljevic PhD), Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine (E Jamshidi PharmD), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Medical Mycology (J Javidnia PhD), Medical-Surgical Nursing (S Shorofi PhD), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Zoonoses Research Center (M Jokar DVM), Department of Higher Education Management (J Moghadasi PhD), Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences (M Jokar DVM), Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran; Department of Microbiology (N Jomehzadeh PhD), Department of Pharmacology (H Mojiri-forushani PhD), Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Economics (C E Joshua BSc), National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (J J Jozwiak PhD), University of Opole, Opole, Poland; School of Public Health (Z Kabir PhD), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Social Determinants of Health Research Center (L R Kalankesh PhD), Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (V K Kamal PhD), National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India, India; Save Sight Institute (H Kandel PhD, Y You PhD), Department of Public Health (K Nuruzzaman PhD), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Eye Hospital (H Kandel PhD), South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Health Professions and Human Services (I M Karaye MD), Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA; Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (A Karch MD), University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Otolaryngology (N Kaur MS), Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Bathinda, Bathinda, India; Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences (H Khajuria PhD, B P Nayak PhD), Amity Institute of Public Health (M Shannawaz PhD), Amity University, Noida, India; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center (A Khan PhD), University of Nizwa, Oman, Nizwa, Oman; Department of Pediatrics (I A Khan MD), Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology (T Khan PhD), Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Health and Wellbeing (Prof K Khatab PhD), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK; Basic Medical Sciences (M M Khatatbeh PhD), Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan; Department of Public Health (Prof J Khubchandani PhD), New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA; Department of Genomics and Digital Health (M Kim MD), Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Seoul, South Korea; Public Health Center (M Kim MD), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea; School of Health Sciences (Prof A Kisa PhD), Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of International Health and Sustainable Development (Prof A Kisa PhD), Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Nursing and Health Promotion (S Kisa PhD), Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway; Department of Anthropology (Prof K Krishan PhD), Centre for Public Health (M Kumar PhD), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; Department of Community Medicine (Y Krishnamoorthy MD), Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital, Chennai, India; Health Research Institute (M Kulimbet MSc), Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Atchabarov Scientific-Research Institute of Fundamental Medicine (M Kulimbet MSc), Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; School of Public Health (M Kumar PhD), Texila American University, Coimbatore, India; Department of Nephrology (A Kuttikkattu MD), Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Thiruvalla, India; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (A Kwarteng PhD), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Physiotherapy (T Laksono MS), Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Institute of Allied Health Sciences (T Laksono MS), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Unit of Genetics and Public Health (Prof I Landires MD), Unit of Microbiology and Public Health (V Nuñez-Samudio PhD), Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama; Department of Public Health (V Nuñez-Samudio PhD), Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama (Prof I Landires MD); Disease Control Department (D O Laryea MD), Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana; Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management (B K Lawal PhD), Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City (T T Le MD), Department of General Medicine (V T Nguyen MD), University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam; Department of Precision Medicine (Prof S Lee MD), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea; Department of Prevention (M Levi PhD), USL Tuscany Center, Firenze, Italy; Department of Health Sciences (M Levi PhD), University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Department of Quantitative Health Science (X Liu PhD), Department of Neonatology (I Qattea MD), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (G Lopes PhD), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences (R Lutzky Saute MD), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Pesquisa (P Machado Teixeira), Faculty of Medicine of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brazil; Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy (M A Mahmoud PhD), Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Internal Medicine (K Malhotra MBBS), Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India; Infectious Diseases (B A Martinez-Guerra MSc), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics (M Martorell PhD), University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile; Centre for Healthy Living (M Martorell PhD), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Department of Orthopedic Surgery (V Mathur MD), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J C Medina MD), University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines; Department of Global Health (J C Medina MD), University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan; International Dx Department (A A Mentis MD), BGI Genomics, Copenhagen, Denmark; University Centre Varazdin (T Mestrovic PhD), University North, Varazdin, Croatia; Polish National Cancer Registry (I Michalek PhD), Department of Pathology (I Michalek PhD), Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; College of Medicine (L Minh MD), Research Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (L Minh MD), Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology (O Mirmosayyeb MD), State University of New York, Buffalo, USA; Department of Pharmacology (A K Misra MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India; Molecular Biology Unit (N S Mohamed MSc), Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department (N S Mohamed MSc), Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan; Health Systems and Policy Research Unit (S Mohammed PhD), Department of Community Medicine (M B Sufiyan MD), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Health Care Management (S Mohammed PhD), Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit (L Monasta DSc), Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy; School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences (M Moni PhD), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Health Policy (Prof E Mossialos PhD), London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer (Prof E Mossialos PhD), Department of Primary Care and Public Health (Prof S Rawaf MD), Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Medicine (E Mostafavi PhD), Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (E Mostafavi PhD), Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology (Prof A Mousavi Khaneghah PhD), Prof Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (S Mubarik MS), School of Medicine (Z Zhang PhD), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (L Muccioli MD), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences (J Muhammad PhD), College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Surgery (F Mulita PhD), General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece; Medical School (F Mulita PhD), University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece; Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit (E Murillo-Zamora PhD), Mexican Institute of Social Security, Villa de Alvarez, Mexico; Postgraduate in Medical Sciences (E Murillo-Zamora PhD), Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico; Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology (Prof G Mustafa MD), Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan; Saveetha Dental College (S Muthupandian PhD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals (M R Tovani-Palone PhD), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India; Research and Analytics Department (A J Nagarajan MTech), Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India; Department of Research and Analytics (A J Nagarajan MTech), Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India; Department of Pharmacy (F Nainu PhD), Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia; Health Workforce Department (T S Nair MD), World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry (S Nargus PhD), Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran; Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology (Z S Natto DrPH), Division of General Internal Medicine (Prof A Sheikh MD), Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of General Surgery (I Negoi PhD), Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Cardiology (R I Negoi PhD), Cardio-Aid, Bucharest, Romania; Cardiovascular Research Department (H Q Nguyen MD), Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, USA; Department of Surgery (P T Nguyen MD), Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam; International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan (R K Niazi PhD); Population Science Department (K Nuruzzaman PhD), Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh; Department of International Public Health (V E Nwatah MD), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Center of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI) (C I Nzoputam MPH), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Physiology (O J Nzoputam PhD), University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria; Department of Physiology (O J Nzoputam PhD), Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria; Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis (Prof B Oancea PhD), University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; National Institute of Infectious Diseases (R M Obaidur PhD), Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (R M Obaidur PhD); Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine (I A Odetokun PhD), University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; Discipline of Public Health Medicine (R E Ogunsakin PhD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; School of Pharmacy (O C Okonji MSc), University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences (A T Olagunju MD), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry (A T Olagunju MD), University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria; Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy (I I Olufadewa MHS), Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology (Y D Oluwafemi PhD), University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo City, Nigeria; Department of Infectious Diseases (Prof A Ouyahia PhD), University Hospital of Setif, setif, Algeria; Department of Respiratory Medicine (Prof M P A DNB), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India; Department of Microbiology (Prof P N Palange MD), Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences, Adilabad, India; Vision and Eye Research Institute (Prof S Pardhan PhD), Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (R R Parikh MD), University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA; School of Dentistry (J Patel), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Department of Neurology and Public Health (U K Patel MD), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; College of Dental Medicine (Prof S Patil PhD), Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA; Research Section (U Paudel PhD), Research Department - Infectious Diseases (N Pokhrel MD), Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal; Department of Neurology (U Pensato MD), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy; Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Health Technologies (Prof J Perdigão PhD), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Institute of Collective Health (Prof M Pereira PhD), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry (Prof M F P Peres MD), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; International Institute for Educational Planning (Prof M F P Peres MD), Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Statistics and Econometrics (I Petcu PhD), Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan (Z Z Piracha PhD); Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health (E J S Prates BS), Escola de Enfermagem da UFMG (Prof T M Ribeiro da Silva PhD), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development (M Rahman DrPH), University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh; School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions (M Rahman PhD), Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia; Department of Public Health (V Rahmanian PhD), Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran; Department of Community Medicine (P Ramasubramani MD), Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India; Department of Health Innovation (U Rani PhD), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India; Andhra University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D Rapaka PhD), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering (Z Ratan MSc), Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh; School of Health and Society (Z Ratan MSc), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Academic Public Health England (Prof S Rawaf MD), Public Health England, London, UK; Department Biological Sciences (Prof E M M Redwan PhD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt; Department of Protein Research (Prof E M M Redwan PhD), Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine (T Roberts PhD), Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences (T Tillawi MD), Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Department of Microbiology (T Roberts PhD), Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Laos; Nuffield Department of Medicine (G Robles Aguilar DPhil), Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health (P Turner PhD), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (Prof J A B Rodriguez PhD), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (V D Rosenthal MD), Independent Consultant, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatric Neurology (S Sadeghian MD), Department of Microbiology (M Saki PhD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (Prof U Saeed PhD), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan (Prof U Saeed PhD); Department of Preventive & Social Medicine (M Sahu MD), Independent Consultant, Kolkata, India; Neurology Department (S Sajedi MD), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Medical Laboratory (S Salahi BMedSc), Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department (S Salahi MD), Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine (M Sallam PhD), Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine (M Sallam PhD), Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan; Department of Neurology (S Samadzadeh MD), Charité University Medical Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology (S Samadzadeh MD), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Entomology (A M Samy PhD), Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (A M Samy PhD), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pediatrics (R K Sanjeev MD), Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Loni(BK), India; UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology (M Satpathy PhD), Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India; Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India (M Satpathy PhD); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (A Seylani BS), National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA; Division of Population Medicine (A Sha’aban PhD), Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Infectious Diseases and Microbiology (P A Shah MBBS), Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India; HepatoPancreatoBiliary Surgery and Liver Transplant (P A Shah MBBS), HealthCare Global Limited Cancer Care Hospital, Bangalore, India; Department of Neuroimmunulogy (S Shahrokhi MD), Universal Scientific Research Network, Tehran, Iran; Hepatitis Research Center (K Shahzamani PhD), Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorram abad, Iran; Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan (M A Shaikh MD); Pathology, Lenox Hill Hospital (S Sham MBBS), Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology (S M Shenoy MD), Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India; College of Medicine (Prof J Shin MD), Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Epidemiology (F Shokri PharmD), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; School of Pharmacy (S Shrestha PharmD), Monash University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing (M M Sibhat MSc), Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (E E Siddig PhD), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources (Prof L M R Silva PhD), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre (Prof L M R Silva PhD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (H Singh MD), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; School of Medicine (Prof J A Singh MD), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Medicine Service (Prof J A Singh MD), US Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiodiagnosis (P Singh MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India; Department of Internal Medicine (R Sinto MD), University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Internal Medicine (R Sinto MD), Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia; Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology (A A Skryabina MD), Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Surgery (B Socea PhD), Emergency Hospital of Saint Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Infectious Diseases (A Sokhan PhD), Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine; Pathology, Medical Foundations (R Solanki MD), Ross University School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados; Pathology Department (R Solanki MD), American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin; Department of Nursing (Y Solomon MSc), Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia; Department of Microbiology (P Sood PhD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India; Public Health Department (S Soshnikov PhD), Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan; Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization (S Soshnikov PhD), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia; National Institute of Epidemiology (R Suliankatchi Abdulkader MD), Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India; Mental Health Research (A Sultana MD), Independent Consultant, Khulna, Bangladesh; Division of Global Mental Health (A Sultana MD), EviSyn Health, Khulna, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacology (S Ty MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India; Department of Medicine (J J L Tamuzi MSc), Northlands Health Groups and Medical Research, Omuthiya, Namibia; Department of Surgery (K Tan PhD), Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (S Yi PhD), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Economics (N Y Tat MS), Rice University, Houston, TX, USA; Research and Innovation (N Y Tat MS), Enventure Medical Innovation, Houston, TX, USA; Outpatient Department (D R Terefa MSc), Wollega University, Bedele, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology (P Thangaraju MD), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India; Faculty of Public Health (J H V Ticoalu MPH), Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M B Tincho PhD), University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon; Infectious Diseases Department (Prof I I Tleyjeh MD), King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases (Prof I I Tleyjeh MD), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Social Determinants of Health, (R Toghroli PhD), Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Modestum, Eastbourne, UK (M R Tovani-Palone PhD); Angkor Hospital for Children (P Turner PhD), Cambodia Oxford Medical Research Unit, Siem Reap, Cambodia; Department of Life Sciences (I Ullah PhD), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Community Medicine (C D Umeokonkwo MPH), Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria; College of Health and Sport Sciences (A G Vaithinathan MSc), University of Bahrain, Salmanya, Bahrain; Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran (R Valizadeh PhD); Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (Prof Y Waheed PhD), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine (Prof Y Waheed PhD), Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Department of Psychiatry (M T Walde MSc), Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; Department of Medicine (C Wang MPH), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Parasitology (Prof K G Weerakoon PhD), Department of Community Medicine (N D Wickramasinghe MD), Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka; Department of Neurology (Prof A S Winkler PhD), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Research, Evidence and Policy Department (C Wright MSc), Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, UK; Department of Public Health (C Y Y Yenew MSc), Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience (M Yesiltepe PhD), Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA; Clinical Investigation Unit (M Yesiltepe PhD), Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye; KHANA Center for Population Health Research (S Yi PhD), Khana, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Department of Health Management (V Yiğit PhD), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration (H Yusuf PhD), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (F Zakham PhD), Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen; Department of Virology (F Zakham PhD), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy (M Zaman PhD), University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Medicine (S Zaman MSc), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Maternal and Child Health Division (S Zaman MSc), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Research and Development Department (I Zare BSc), Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran; Addictology Department (Prof M S Zastrozhin PhD), Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia; School of Public Health (H Zhang MS), Peking University, Beijing, China; School of Public Policy and Administration (J Zhang BA), Xi ‘an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China; Department of Infection (Prof A Zumla PhD), University College London, London, UK; NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (Prof A Zumla PhD), University College London Hospitals, London, UK.