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City in Gilan province, Iran

For the administrative division of Gilan province, see Rasht County. For the valley in Tajikistan, see Rasht Valley.

City in Gilan, Iran

Rasht (Persian: رشت; [ɾæʃt] ⓘ)[a] is a city in the Central District of Rasht County, Gilan province, in Iran. Rasht serves as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[5] The city is also known as the "City of Rain" (شهر باران, Šahr-e Bārān) and, with a population of 679,995 in 2016,[3] is the most populous city of northern Iran.

Rasht is the largest city on Iran's Caspian Sea coast. Due to being between the coast and the mountains, the local environment is rainy with a humid subtropical climate. It also has temperate rainforest to its south, contrasting to the mostly arid Iran.

It is a major trade center between Caucasia, Russia, and Iran using the port of Bandar-e Anzali. Rasht is also a major tourist center with the resort of Masouleh in the adjacent mountains and the beaches of Caspian as some of the major attractions.

Historically, Rasht was a major transport and business center which connected Iran to Russia and the rest of Europe, and because of this was known as the "Gate of Europe". The city has a history that goes back to the 13th century but its modern history dates back to the Safavid era during which Rasht was a major silk trade center with numerous textile workshops. In 2015, this city joined the network of creative cities of the world as a creative gastronomy city under the supervision of UNESCO.

Some of the famous neighbourhoods of Rasht include: Golsar, Safsar, Kordmahaleh and Khamiran.[6]

Etymology

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There are multiple views about the city's name:[7][8]

The root of the city's name is the word resh (Persian: "رش") meaning very light rain. The word Varesh (fa: وارش) meaning "rain" in gilaki, indicates that this word is a combination of Va+ resh (fa:وا+رش)

Another point of view is that the correct pronunciation of the city's name is Resht (fa: رِشت) that is taken from the root Risidan (fa: ریسیدن) or Reshtan (fa: رشتن, both meaning spin)[9] and the reason for this name is the importance of the city in the production of silk threads.

History

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Main articles: History of Gilan and Gīlān Province § History

Timeline

[edit]

682: Rasht was first mentioned in Umayyad historical documents.

1669: Stenka Razin, a Cossack warlord, plundered the city.

1714: Rasht destroyed by earthquake.

1722–1732: Occupation by the Russians due to the Russo-Persian War.

1901: A major epidemic plague devastates the city.

1917–1920: The Russian and British armed forces fight in the port city of Bandar-e Anzali and Rasht. The British retreat and the Russians occupy the area.

1920–1921: The short-lived Gilan Soviet Socialist Republic was established with its capital in Rasht.

1937: A revolt, sparked by the desire to collect a "road tax" from the Russians, was suppressed.

1974: First university established in Rasht.

Rasht was first mentioned in Umayyad historical documents in 682 CE, but it is certainly older than this and appears on the Peutinger Map of late antiquity. It has seen the Sassanid era, the Rashidun conquest, the armies of Peter the Great and later Russian rulers, and British colonialism. The people of Rasht also played a major role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran.

Rasht has, along with regions around Tabriz and Tehran, one of the earliest industry plants during the last quarter of the 19th century, prominently in fields such as fishing, caviar production, the Caspian sea oil pipeline construction and textiles. During the 20th century, until the mid-70s, Gilan and the Rasht region was the third-ranking industrial city in Iran by number of workers and per capital productivity. It lost its cultural and industrial status to a large extent after the 1970s.

The people of Rasht played a prominent role in instigation and radicalization of the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907). Rasht is the birthplace of Mīrzā Kūchak Khān, one of the leading figures of the Constitutional Revolution. His own movement in Gilan, which went by the name of Jangalis, represented a pro-modern and social democratic program for reformation of Muslim rituals and traditions. Mirza established the short-lived Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in 1920 after the defeat of the constitutional forces and in coalition with Iranian communists.

The republic had the support of the newly established Russian Red Army. The Soviet Government, after a turn of military and political strategy proposed by Trotsky, withdrew its support and the republic itself was tormented by the inner conflicts between the newly established Iranian Communist Party (1919) and the Jangalis and other factions. The republic was finally defeated by the Iranian army under the command of Reza Shah.

The first national library of Iran was established in Rasht under the Qajar dynasty. Nasim-e-Shomal, the first[citation needed] modern newspaper of Iran after the constitutional revolution, has been initially published in Rasht. First Public Library of Iran was built in Rasht City.[3] First Branch of the First Iranian Bank (Sepah Bank) was located in Rasht City.[10] First branch of 24/7 pharmacy (Karoon pharmacy) was built in Rasht City. First school for girls and first fire station in Iran were also built in Rasht City. The city of Rasht was the center of Gilan and the center of the first province of the country.

During the Qajar period, along with economic development between Iran and Russia, Noghan trade and other products expanded. Thus, Rasht became the gateway to Europe in the 19th century. Grigoriy Melgunov [ru], a Russian orientalist and writer who visited Rasht at the end of 1860, wrote in his published notes that the city at that time had 5463 houses, 1021 shops, 22 mosques, 34 schools and 17 bathhouses, and a population of 27,314.[11] At that time, Rasht's political credibility was such that the Russian, British, and Ottoman governments had consulates in Rasht.[12]

Modern day

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Rasht is turning into an industrialized town like most of the Iranian large cities and province capitals. Enjoying the Kadus International Hotel and hundreds of tourist attractions, Rasht receives thousands of foreign tourists annually, mostly from Austria, Germany, Netherlands, France, Australia, Japan and African countries like Senegal and Cameroon as well as countries from Oceania like Micronesia.

Rasht is known for its famous municipal building, located in the Square of Municipality, which was constructed circa 1900, and has been renovated each year. Due to the high amount of humidity in Rasht which damages and destroys the aged buildings, the native, older architectural texture of Rasht is gradually being replaced with the modern skyscrapers and apartments.

The culture of consumerism is prevalent among the people of Rasht as a cultural and urban center which is historically engaged in close commercial and political ties with the United Kingdom, Russia and France. Due to this background which makes the inhabitants much familiar with the industrial, cultural and political developments of the west, the finance and credit institutions are more willing to open representative offices and bureaus in Rasht and it has made the city a center of various banks and financial organizations.

There are many commercial centers, malls and financial institutions in Rasht including one branch of the Exports Development Bank of Iran which is an international bank dealing with the Iranian exports. The organizers and directors of national Iranian or non-Iranian banks afford to spend considerable amounts of budgets to construct attractive and modern buildings for their offices in Rasht.

Since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, there have always been requests on behalf of Russian, Turkish and Azeri banks to open branches in Rasht and that is why the city is endowed as the "gate of Europe" in Iran. The head consulate of the Russian Federation government is located in Rasht and some of the other Caspian region countries are also keen to establish representative headquarters in Rasht alongside their embassies in Tehran.

Some evidences are the University of Gilan which was constructed jointly by the governments of Iran and West Germany about 40 years ago, the building of IRIB representatives in Rasht which was constructed jointly by the Iranian and Belgian engineers.

Bigler-Beigi Pavilion, from Qajar dynasty

Mohtasham Park in Rasht

Rasht Municipality

Rasht Saravan Park

Governor Building of Guilan in Rasht

First of Iran

[edit]

The first branch of Bank Sepah and first Bank of Iran was established in Rasht in 1925[13]

The first girls' school in Iran was established in Rasht[14][15]

The first day & night pharmacy in Iran was established in Rasht[16]

The first sanatorium for the elderly and disabled in Iran was established in Rasht[17]

The first National Library of Iran was established in Rasht in 1920[14]

The first bus Iran arrived in Rasht[18]

The first city in which the sewage system was established

The first city in which the Russian, British, French and Ottoman governments opened their consulates and had political representatives.[14]

The first silk factory in Iran[19]

The first national hospital in Iran named Poursina Hospital[20]

The first classical theater in Iran[21]

Streets and boulevards

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Golsar Street

Imam Ali Boulevard

Shahid Chamran Boulevard

Ayatollah Taleghani Boulevard

Resalat Street

Shohaday-e Gomnam Boulevard

Ostadsara Street

Esteghamat Street

Deylaman Boulevard

Moallem Boulevard

Imam Khomeini Boulevard

Valiasr Street

Enghelab Street

Azadi Street

Azadegan Boulevard

Shahid Ansari Street

Farhang Street

Parastar Boulevard

Bastani Shoaar Street

Afakhra Street

Pasdaran Street

22 Bahman Boulevard

Alamolhoda Street

Saadi Street

Tohid Street

Navab Street

Gilan Boulevard

Gholipour Boulevard

Habibzadeh Boulevard

Ansari Boulevard

Suleman Darab Boulevard

Takhti Street

Bisotun Street

Golsar Street

Golsar Street

Gilan Street

Ansari Street

Climate

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Rasht has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf). The climate is one of the wettest in Iran, with warm summers and cool winters, sometimes with snow.[22] The average humidity is above 80%, contrasting heavily with cities in many other parts of Iran. Sunshine hours, averaging roughly 1,700 per year, is lower than in most places in Iran and also compared to most places at this latitude. Rasht is also known as "The City of Rain".

Demographics

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Population

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Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1986290,897— 1996417,748+3.69%2006551,161+2.81%2011639,951+3.03%2016679,995+1.22%source:[26]

The city of Rasht is the most populated city in the north of the country and one of the metropolises of Iran. At the 2006 National Census, its population was 551,161 in 159,983 households.[27] The following census in 2011 counted 639,951 people in 204,054 households.[28] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 679,995 people in 228,142 households.[3]

Language

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People of Rasht are mostly Gilaks (98/2%) and they speak Rashti variety of Western Gilaki language.[29][30][31][32] [33] [34]

Culture

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People of Rasht spend much on arts, food, and clothes. They spend the leisure times going to cinemas, art exhibitions, music concerts and international book fairs that are being held in the city most of times in a year. Also the municipality kicks off sports, cultural or IT-related competitions to involve the youth in healthy and constructive activities. The most beloved competition is the annual blogging competition which awards the top young bloggers each year.

Rasht has played a major role in Iranian history. It was Iran's gateway to Russia and Europe; therefore it was influenced by western architecture. Iran's first public library was built here and it was the first city in Iran where girls were allowed to go to school.

Iranian cities of Isfahan and Rasht were accepted to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on December 11, 2015. Isfahan is registered because of its creative crafts and folk art; and Rasht because of its unique gastronomy.[35] Rasht embroidery is a handicraft and art specific to the city and Gilan province.[36][37]

On 4 January 2015, Rasht was selected as the political center of Gilan more than 4,500 years ago. The date 4 January was then included in the official calendar of the country as Rasht Day.

Cuisine

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The dominant foods of Rasht people are various types of fish. Mirza Ghassemi, vavishka (a type of haggis), nargesi, baghala ghatogh, and ashpal (roe) are some other popular local dishes. Reshteh khoshkar is a well-known sweet. Zeitoun Parvardeh is a kind of delicacy prepared from olives and pomegranates; it is a popular seasoning in the city.[38]

Rose de Rescht

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Rosa 'de Rescht', like many old garden roses, presents an interesting historical background story. This cultivar, originating in Iran, was reported at the end of 19th century in England, but it was then forgotten. It was rediscovered near the Iranian provincial capital of Rascht by Miss Nancy Lindsay in 1945, and was brought back to the United Kingdom, where it was re-introduced around 1950. Today it is shown in the Victorian Class, winning many trophies.[39]

Sports

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The people of Rasht have always been regular fans of football which is the beloved sport in the city. Most are fans of Damash Gilan who play in the Azadegan League or Sepidrood Rasht who play in the Persian Gulf Pro League. Damash Gilan is the newer version of former Pegah football club that belonged to the municipality of Rasht, but was purchased later by the mineral water factory of Damash and changed its name and properties to Damash Gilan.

The home stadium of Damash Gilan is Dr. Azodi Stadium which is an old stadium dating back to almost 40 years ago and its capacity is 11,000 people. Sardar Jangal Stadium is the city's second stadium.

Following football, wrestling, judo and weightlifting are the most popular sports of youth in Rasht and that is due to the enchanting appearance of Iranian wrestlers and weightlifters in the international competitions like Olympics. The outstanding figure of world weightlifting and the two-time olympics Gold medal winner Hossein Rezazadeh is a main inspirer of Rasht youth to try Weightlifting as their professional job. Asghar Ebrahimi who was the squad captain of Iranian weightlifting team at the 2008 Olympics is from Rasht and a successful example of those youth from Rasht who tried this national field of sport after Hossein Rezazadeh.

Colleges and universities

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University of Gilan

Gilan university of medical sciences

Islamic Azad University of Rasht

Jaber ebn Hayyan Institute of Higher Education

Payame Noor University

Institute of Higher Education for Academic Jihad of Rasht

Guilan Technical & Vocational Training Organization[40]

Gilan Advanced Skills Training Center[41]

Rasht Technical and Vocational Institute[42]

Guilan University of Applied and Scientific Technology[43]

Economy

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This city is greatly important based on its geographical situation (locating on the central plain and its large width, fertile lands and soil, being the most important region of the province and Iran in terms of rice cultivation), communicative situation (locating among Tehran–Qazvin-Anzali-Astara roads, in one hand, and the main road from Gilan to Mazandaran and the east of Gilan, on the other hand), political–administrative situation (situating as the capital city of Gilan province) and economic development, towns expansion and industrial factories and the following increase in the agricultural-commercial activities and in the number of science and technology centers.

The most residents of this city are active in service, trading and industrial jobs and paddy is the main activities of the villagers in this region.[44][45][46] Rasht has long been one of the most prominent customs cities in Iran. This city used to be the only communication and trade route of Iran to Europe through the Anzali port. From the time of Shah Abbas II until the end of the Qajar rule, the city of Rasht was a large commercial center, and caravans stopped in this city to buy silk and sell their goods from In this way, they were sent to the ports of the Mediterranean Sea.

The presence of the Russian Consulate and then the British Consulate in Rasht caused the economic and social prosperity of this city, and there was a representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or a broker, a Russian consul, a French deputy consul, and a British deputy consul in this city, and apart from The ruler of Rasht, the agent of foreign affairs was also stationed in Rasht on behalf of the central government. During this period, Tomanians Russian Borrowing Bank and Trading House were active in Rasht consecutively.

At the same time, Rasht's foreign trade developed and most Rashtites became millionaires, and Rasht became an aristocratic city during the Qajar period. The city is served by Refah Chain Stores Co., Iran Hyper Star, Isfahan City Center, Shahrvand Chain Stores Inc., Ofoq Kourosh chain store.

Pharmaceutical industry

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At present[when?], Rasht has a Faculty of Pharmacy under the auspices of Gilan University of Medical Sciences and several drug production centers, one of which is a center for the production of anti-cancer nano-drugs with 24 pens. Sobhan Daroo Co. is one of the most successful pharmaceutical companies in Iran. And with more than 100 production licenses, it is currently the second largest producer in the country in terms of production volume. Sobhan Oncology Pharmaceutical Company is one of the most modern and advanced production units of anti-cancer and chemotherapy products in the world.[47]

Health centers and hotels

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Hotel

Kadus Grand Hotel

Shabestan Hotel

Ordibehesht Hotel

Pardis Hotel

Ghadir Hotel

Pamchal Hotel

Pourya Hotel

Hospital

Poursina Hospital

Golsar Hospital

Arya Hospital

Pars Rasht Hospital

Rasoul Akram Hospital

Velayat Hospital

Omid Hospital

17 Shahrivar Hospital

Dr. Heshmat Educational & Remedial Center

Razi University Hospital

Qaem Hospital

Rasht Family Hospital

Al Zahra Hospital

Toton Karan Hospital

Shafa Educational & Remedial Center

Amir Al Mo'menin Educational Remedial & Research Center

Transportation

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Taxi

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In 1947, 50 taxis were purchased from England by the order of Fakhr-ol-dowleh (daughter of Muzaffar al-Din Shah) and imported to Iran. In 1948, the first taxi entered Rasht by crossing the main street of the city due to his interest in Gilan. Rasht Metropolitan Taxi Organization has so far organized more than 9,500 taxis and private cars.

Railway

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Rasht is served by Rasht railway station, which is located south of the city near the road to Jirdeh, Shaft.[48] The railway passes through Alborz mountains and then Sefidrood river valley and is connected to Karaj and Qazvin on its way to Tehran. To the north the railway leads to Anzali free trade zone.[48]

International airport

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The Rasht International airport is the only airport in the province of Gilan and was established in 1969 with an approximate area of 220 hectares. At first, the airport just handled domestic flights to Tehran and Mashhad, but after it was renamed to Sardar Jangal International airport in 2007, additional routes were established.

The airport is in close affiliation with hundreds of flights by national and international airlines, including Mahan Air, Iran Air, Iran Aseman Airlines, Kish Air and receives more than 2000 flights annually.

Rasht Airport

Rasht Railway Station

Terminal Rasht

Historical and natural attractions

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Municipal Complex

Iran Hotel

Post Building

National Library

Tomb of Mirza Kuchak Khan

Mirza Kuchak Khaan House

Safi Mosque

Kolah Farangi Mansion

Sabzeh Meydan Park

Gilan Rural Heritage Museum

Saravan Forest Park

Gilan Rural Heritage Museum

Rasht Museum of Anthropology

Avanesian House

Rasht Grand Market

Hajj Samad Khan Mosque

Haj Samiee Mosque

Badyollah Mosque

Qadiri House of Rasht

Mirza Khalil House

Governor's Building

Mohtasham Garden

Mafakher Park

Emamzadeh Hashem

Imamzadeh Ismail and Abbas

Mellat Park

Eynak Lagoon

Keshavarz Park

Meshkat Park

Towhid Park

Golshan Mosque

Kase Forushan Mosque

Zargaran Mosque

Abrishamchi House

Ashkouri House

Seyyed Ali Moghimi House

Mohtasham Caravanserai

Haji Bath

Ebrahim Pourdavoud Tomb

Chomarsara Clay Bridge

Gishe Damerdeh Bridge

Gurab-e Lishavandan

Tomb of Imam's sister

Imamzadeh Bibi Zeynab

Tomb Tower Danaye Ali

Siah Estalakh Village

Lat Carvansary

Shahid Beheshti High School

The Historical Building of Post office

Mirza Kuchik Khan House

Hajj Samad Khan Mosque

Avanesian House

Mellat Park at Night

Notable people

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Hushang Ebtehaj (1928–2022) poet

Hossein Sami'i (1876–1953) writer, poet, diplomat, and politician

Mirza Kuchik Khan (1880–1921) revolutionary leader

Aydin Aghdashloo (1940) painter, graphic artist, and art curator

Reza Baluchi (born 1972) cyclist, athlete

Mahmoud Behzad (1913–2007) biologist

Mir Abdolrez Daryabeigi (1930–2012) painter

Mohammad Bagher Nobakht (born 1950) politician and economist

Fathollah Khan Akbar (1855–1937) Qajar dynasty prime minister

Amir Eftekhari (born 1964) footballer

Shaya Goldoust (born 1986), Iranian-born Canadian journalist, activist

Khosrow Golsorkhi (1944–1974) journalist, poet, and communist

Hadi Jelveh (1919–2011) associate justice of the Iran Supreme Court

Alexander Kasimovich Kazembek (1802–1870) Azerbaijani-Russian Orientalist, historian, philologist

Mohammad Khatam Iranian air force commander and advisor to the Shah

Hamideh Kheirabadi (1924–2010) actress

Arsen Minasian The Armenian founder of the first modern sanatorium in Iran

Mohammad Moein Linguistics and literature researcher

Ardeshir Mohasses (1938–2008), illustrator, cartoonist

Bahman Mohasses (1931–2010) painter, sculptor

Youcef Nadarkhani Christian pastor sentenced to death for apostasy from Islam

Mahmoud Namjoo (1918–1989) weightlifter

Ardeshir Ovanessian, Communist leader

Mohammad Nouri, singer

Kazim Rashti, Shaykhi scholar

Ebrahim Poordavood Academic

Dariush Ramezani Cartoonist

Fazlollah Reza Former Iran's ambassador to UNICEF and former manager of Sharif University

Anoushiravan Rohani Musician

Massoumeh Seyhoun (1934–2010) painter

Sadeq Saba Head of BBC Persian Service

Majid Samiei Neurosurgeon and the Manager of Hanover Brain and Nerves Treatment institute

Marjane Satrapi (born 1969) graphic novelist, cartoonist, film director

Susan Taslimi (born 1950) actress

Yahya Rahmat-Samii (born 1948), electrical engineer, professor at UCLA

Farideh Lashai (1944–2013), painter

Homayoon Toufighi chess grandmaster

Houchang Nahavandi Iranian professor and politician

Habib Nafisi (1908–1984) engineer, educator

Houman Seyyedi (born 1980) actor and director

Shohreh Bayat (born 1987) chess arbiter

Asghar Ebrahimi Iranian weightlifter

Mahmoud Etemadzadeh Writer

Enayatollah Reza Iranian historian

Reza Ramezani Gilani Muslim cleric

Esmaeil Elmkhah Iranian weightlifter

Nasrollah Moghtader Mojdehi Iranian professor

Mohammad Tolouei Writer

Asghar Kardoust Basketball player

Mohammad Rahbari (born 1991) fencer

Babak Zarrin Composer

Mohsen Forouzan Footballer

Hadi Tabatabaei Footballer

Saeid Hassanipour Karateka

Kadus Grand Hotel

Velayat Hospital

Distance to major cities

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City Km distance Isfahan 640 Tehran 326 Kerman 1250 Mashhad 1063 Tonekabon 137 Amol 295 Shahrekord 739 Ahvaz 956

Twin towns – sister cities

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Rasht is twinned with:[49]

Astrakhan, Russia

Moscow, Russia

Multan, Pakistan

Trabzon, Turkey

Iran portal

Notes

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References

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