Departments and Sections
https://bulletin.yale.edu/misc/favicon.ico
This section provides information for all departments and some sections in the School of Medicine.

Courses designated a meet in the fall term only. Courses designated b meet in the spring term only. Additional information on clinical elective and subinternship experiences is available at https://medicine.yale.edu/education/curriculum/advancedtraining/clinicalelectives.

Faculty listings reflect approved appointments effective May 1, 2024.

Anesthesiology

TMP 3, 203.785.2802

https://medicine.yale.edu/anesthesiology

Professors S. Akhtar, H. Benveniste, C.A. Brandt (Biomedical Informatics and Data Science), F. Braveman (Emeritus), M.M. Burg (Medicine), J.G. Collins (Emeritus), J. Ehrenwerth (Emeritus), R.R. Gaiser, P.M. Heerdt, R.L. Hines, L. Kitahata (Emeritus), C. Kopriva (Emeritus), V. Kurup, R. Lagasse (Emeritus), R.H. LaMotte (Emeritus), L. Leffert (Chair), H. Lin, L.E. Niklason (Adjunct), T. Oh (Emeritus), A.C. Perrino, W.M. Popescu, T.D. Rafferty (Emeritus), S.H. Rosenbaum (Emeritus), W. Rosenblatt, K.H. Shelley (Emeritus), D.G. Silverman (Emeritus), R.S. Sinatra (Emeritus), N. Vadivelu

Associate Professors A. Alian, T. Banack, L. Caramico, J. Charchaflieh, R. Deshpande, R.M. Doody, A. Gonzalez-Fiol, C.K. Gooden, J. Hyman, J. Li, L.L. Maerz (Surgery), G.F. McCloskey, A. Oprea, M. Ozcan, A. Rady, H. Roselinsky, R. Schonberger, J.J. Schwartz, J. Sherman, C. Szabo, H. Tantawy, D.M. Thomas, J. Zafar, Q. Zhu

Assistant Professors G. Abdulkarim, B. Abraham, M. Ancuta, S. Antony, R. Aouad, A. Bardia (Adjunct), D. Bercik, J. Berlin, M.E. Blessing, O. Brecher, A. Brenes Bastos, K.A. Bruno, A.M. Bustos, L. Calo, N. Chawla, R. Chow, N. Chowdhury, M. Cortes, M.R. Costin, S. Dabu-Bondoc, K.A. Daley, A. De Lima Arboleda, M. Denham, J. Dennis, S. Diaz, P. Effraim, A. Emple, K. Fardelmann, A. Farela, J. Feinleib, T. Feldheim, C. Fernandez Robles, L. Freudzon, D.J. Gaal, J.H. Garofalo, T. Ghaly, N. Ginsberg, R. Govindaswamy, F. Guzman, A. Haque, N. Haralabakis, K. Hernandez, A. Hernandez Rodriguez, A. Herrera, T. Hickey, H. Ibrahim, B. Kerner, D. Kiamanesh, A. Kilari, G. Kim, J. Kim, D. Kinney, R. Kumaraswami, J. Kurfess, M. Kutner, L.H. Kwan, H. Leahy, T. Leepuengtham, M. Leonova, H. Li, D. Lombardo, A. Longhini, A. Malik, P. Mancini, T.P. Mann, R. Marando, V. Matei, M. Mazurek, P. McGuire, P.M. Meeks, M. Montealegre Gallegos, R. Munoz-Acuna, M. Newton, N. Nguyen, A. Notarianni, D. Nussbaum, S. Nyshadham, L. Otchere-Darko, M. Ozcan, M. Pahade, J.T. Pan, B.M. Patel, M. Poole, M. Punjala, J. Quick, K. Rajput, P.H. Rana, S. Rao, A. Roberman, R.M. Romero, M. Rose, P. Rubin, O. Salianski, C. M. San Juan (Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation), J. Santana, D. Schafer, A.C. Schmeck, Z. Sesonsky, R. Sharma, S. So, R. Stout, A. Tanella, A. Torres, A. Vaidyanathan, O. Viktorsdottir, X. Wang, T. Wong, X. Zhang, Y. Zhao

Research Scientist H. Lee

Associate Research Scientists S. Koundal, S. Mizoguchi

Clinical Professor J.Katz

Assistant Clinical Professors A.F. Durrani, E. Jakab, J. Kim, N.A. Lone, N. Saidi, L. Wang

Elective

Anesthesiology Advanced Clinical Elective This is a full-time clinical elective. Advanced Clinical Elective is an individualized program of instruction in anesthesia subspecialties, including cardiovascular, neurosurgical, obstetrical and pediatric anesthesia.

Subinternship

Anesthesiology Subinternship This is a full-time clinical elective. Advanced Clinical Elective is an individualized program of instruction in anesthesia subspecialties, including cardiovascular, neurosurgical, obstetrical and pediatric anesthesia.

Biomedical Informatics & Data Science

100 College Street, Ninth Floor, informatics@yale.edu

https://medicine.yale.edu/biomedical-informatics-data-science

Professors C.A. Brandt, K. Cheung, J. Deng (Therapeutic Radiology), M.B. Gerstein (Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry), A.L. Hsiao, A. Justice (Medicine), S.H. Kleinstein (Pathology), L. Ohno-Machado (Chair), P.L. Miller (Emeritus), X. Papademetris, H. Xu, K. Xu (Psychiatry)

Associate Professors H. Altalib (Neurology), A. Chou (Medicine), M. Davis (Radiology and Biomedical Imaging), K. Harris Nwanyanwu (Ophthalmology and Visual Science), R. Hauser (Laboratory Medicine), S. Jarad (Emergency Medicine), R. McDougal (Public Health), D. Meeker, E. Melnick (Emergency Medicine), J. Miller (Medicine), M. Sharifi (Pediatrics), R. Taylor, Z. Wang (Public Health), Y. Zhao (Public Health)

Assistant Professors S. Aneja (Therapeutic Radiology), K. Aneni (Child Study Center), I. Arhuidese (Surgery), G.I. Ash (Medicine), H. Cho, J.M. Cohen (Dermatology), B. Coleman (Emergency Medicine), T. Durant (Laboratory Medicine), E. Erson Omay (Neurosurgery), M. Hartley, M. Iscoe, R. Khera (Medicine), I. Leeds (Surgery), A. Lisi, Y. Lu (Medicine), T. McCall (Public Health), J. Montalvo-Ortiz (Psychiatry), C. Oliveira (Pediatrics), W. Roberts (Psychiatry), W. Schulz (Laboratory Medicine), D. Shung (Medicine), K. Wang (Medicine), H. Zhou (Psychiatry)

Instructors N. Hong, J. Kim, K. Raja

Senior Research Scientists N. Rajeevan, X. Zhu

Research Scientists H. He, H. Rajeevan, R. Wang

Associate Research Scientists Q. Chen, K. Corcoran, F.A. Kidwai (Medicine), V. Kuttichi Keloth, F. Lin, P. Mutalik, H. Wolfe, K. Zawack

Lecturers D. Chartash, D. Greenbaum, M. Krauthammer, D.R. Levy

BENG 406, Medical Software Design Software design and implementation for medical applications, with emphasis on how new ideas can be developed within today’s healthcare regulatory environment. This is a project-based class. The lectures provide essential material to help the students successfully complete their projects. In particular, the lectures cover material in the following three broad areas: (i) Medical software design based on a clinical need. (ii) Needs identification, verification, validation, and overview of the FDA regulatory process. (iii) Introductory material in experimental design, image analysis, and machine learning as needed by the projects. We also examine the new proposed FDA regulations on the use of machine learning in medical devices and related issues related to the use of these techniques in medical software in general. Prerequisite: Some programming background in at least one programming language. Instructor permission required. Staff

BIS 550b, Topics in Biomedical Informatics and Data Science The course focuses on providing an introduction to common unifying themes that serve as the foundation for different areas of biomedical informatics, including clinical, neuro-, and genome informatics. The course is designed for students with basic computer experience and course work who plan to build databases and computational tools for use in biomedical research. Emphasis is on understanding basic principles underlying informatics approaches to interoperation among biomedical databases and software tools, standardized biomedical vocabularies and ontologies, biomedical natural language processing, modeling of biological systems, high-performance computation in biomedicine, and other related topics. S. Jarad

BIS 560a, Introduction to Health Informatics Health Informatics is a diverse and varied field. This course is designed to provide a general introduction to health informatics. Students will gain foundational knowledge in clinical information systems, health data standards, electronic health records and data security/privacy issues, among other areas. Students will survey a variety of informatics subfields including research, laboratory/precision medicine, imaging, and artificial intelligence. A particular focus for the course will be conceptual underpinnings that generalized well to all informatics disciplines Permission of the instructor required. A. Taylor

BIS 562b, Clinical Decision Support Building on BIS 560/CB&B 740, this course provides the purpose, scope, and history of decision support systems within health care. Using a weekly hands-on application of knowledge acquired in the lecture portion of the course, students identify a clinical need and prototype their own clinical decision support solution. Solutions are then presented in a “shark tank” format to iteratively refine them to yield a final product that is capable of real-world implementation. Prerequisite: BIS 560 or CB&B 740. E. Melnick

BIS 633a, Population and Public Health Informatics This is not a programming course or a mathematics course. The course provides an in-depth survey of the data standards, data analysis tools, databases, and information management systems and applications used in clinical population research, disease surveillance, emergency response information systems, and the like. It examines informatics techniques used on population-level data to improve health and the application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, policy, and decision support. This scientific area focuses on the capture, management, and use of electronic public health data. While these backgrounds are prominent in the field, the purpose of this course is to provide the history and context of the field. B. Coleman

BIS 634a, Computational Methods for Informatics This course introduces the key computational methods and concepts necessary for taking an informatics project from start to finish: using APIs to query online resources, reading and writing common biomedical data formats, choosing appropriate data structures for storing and manipulating data, implementing computationally efficient and parallelizable algorithms for analyzing data, and developing appropriate visualizations for communicating health information. The FAIR data-sharing guidelines are discussed. Current issues in big health data are discussed, including successful applications as well as privacy and bias concerns. This course has a significant programming component, and familiarity with programming is assumed. Prerequisite: CPSC 223 or equivalent, or permission of the instructor. R. McDougal

BIS 638a, Clinical Database Management Systems and Ontologies This course introduces database and ontology in the clinical/public health domain. It reviews how data and information are generated in clinical/public health settings. It introduces different approaches to representing, modeling, managing, querying, and integrating clinical/public health data. In terms of database technologies, the course describes two main approaches—SQL database and non-SQL (NoSQL) database —and shows how these technologies can be used to build electronic health records, data repositories, and data warehouses. In terms of ontologies, it discusses how ontologies are used in connecting and integrating data with machine-readable knowledge. The course reviews the major theories, methods, and tools for the design and development of databases and ontologies. It also includes clinical/public health use cases demonstrating how databases and ontologies are used to support clinical/public health research. Prerequisite: CPSC 223 or permission of the instructors. The general expectation to obtain instructor permission is that students have basic command of the Python programming language sufficient to pass CPSC 223 or the equivalent. K.H. Cheung, G. Hauser

BIS 640b, User-Centered Design of Digital Health Tools This course combines needs assessment methods, user-centered design principles, and an agile approach to designing digital health tools for consumers. The class environment is designed to model that of a health tech start-up. Students are expected to apply what they learn from the lectures and readings to identify a pain point (i.e., a problem or need faced by a prospective user) and solicit input from intended users to design a prototype of the digital health tool. Solutions are presented in class to receive feedback on the design and to iteratively refine a prototype in order to create a minimum viable product. Prerequisite: BIS 560/CB&B 740, SBS 574, or permission of the instructor. T. McCall

BIS 685a and BIS 686b, Capstone in Health Informatics Building on BIS 560/CB&B 740 and BIS 550/CB&B 750, this course provides the opportunity for master’s-level integration of basic informatics theory and practice through the use of modules focusing on the workflow of major health informatics projects. Students have two major projects throughout the course, including a team project where additional reflection on coordination of responsibilities and teamwork is essential. Each student is also able to work on a term-long individual module or choose to individually continue to advance the previous team project. The final projects are meant to show how the student integrates informatics theory, skills, and stakeholder’s needs into a final product or project that may be developed into a deliverable for general public use. Prerequisites: BIS 560/CB&B 740 and BIS 550/CB&B 750, or equivalents. Not open to auditors. P. Hoffman, K.H. Cheung, D. Chartash, H. Altalib

CB&B 752b, Biomedical Data Science: Mining and Modeling Biomedical data science encompasses the analysis of gene sequences, macromolecular structures, and functional genomics data on a large scale. It represents a major practical application for modern techniques in data mining and simulation. Specific topics to be covered include sequence alignment, large-scale processing, next-generation sequencing data, comparative genomics, phylogenetics, biological database design, geometric analysis of protein structure, molecular-dynamics simulation, biological networks, normalization of microarray data, mining of functional genomics data sets, and machine-learning approaches to data integration. Prerequisites: biochemistry and calculus, or permission of the instructor. M.Gerstein, M. Simon

Cell Biology

SHM C207, 203.737.5603

https://medicine.yale.edu/cellbio

Professors J. Bewersdorf, J.S. Bogan (Medicine), C.G. Burd (Chair), D.A. Calderwood (Pharmacology), M.J. Caplan (Cellular and Molecular Physiology), D. Colón-Ramos, L. Cooley (Genetics), P. Cresswell (Immunobiology), P. De Camilli, J.E. Galan (Microbial Pathogenesis), F. Gorelick, V. Greco (Genetics), C. Hashimoto (Emeritus), D.S. Krause (Laboratory Medicine), T. Lentz (Emeritus), H. Lin, V. Malhotra (Adjunct), M. Nathanson (Medicine), K.M. Neugebauer (Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry), K. Reinisch, J.E. Rothman, C. Schlieker (Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry), M.A. Schwartz, D.K. Toomre, S.L. Wolin (Emeritus), Y. Zhang

Associate Professors J. Berro (Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry), S. Ferguson, S. Guo, M. King, C. Lin, J. Liu (Microbial Pathogenesis), C. Lusk, M. Mariappan, T. Melia, P. Takizawa, K. Volynski (Adjunct), J. von Blume, S. Wang (Genetics), M. Wu

Assistant Professors D. Baddeley (Adjunct), K. Gupta, X. Su, S. Yogev (Neuroscience)

Senior Research Scientist X. Liu

Research Scientists A.R. Ferguson, K. Grushin, F. Li, M. Llaguno, H. Qi, C. Qiu, I.V. Surovtsev

Associate Research Scientists M. Bera, S. Chandra, J. Goder, R. Kalyana Sundaram, K. Karatepe, Y. Kim, Y. Li, N. Liu, P. Munoz LLancao, N. Neuenkirchen, F. Pincet, A. Radhakrishnan Pattathil Santha, K. Sato, F. Schüder, M. Su, Q. Wu, Z. Xi, Y. Xiong, L. Zeng, M. Zhong, K. Zhou

Lecturer A.C. Vignery

CBIO 501a and 502b, Molecules to Systems This full-year course is designed to provide medical students with a current and comprehensive review of biologic structure and function at the cellular, tissue, and organ system levels. Areas covered include structure and organization of cells; regulation of the cell cycle and mitosis; protein biosynthesis and membrane targeting; cell motility and the cytoskeleton; signal transduction; cell adhesion; cell and tissue organization of organ systems. Clinical correlation sessions, which illustrate the contributions of cell biology to specific medical problems, are interspersed in the lecture schedule. Histophysiology laboratories provide practical experience with an understanding of exploring cell and tissue structure. The course is offered only to M.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. students. P.A. Takizawa

CBIO 600a and 601b, Science at the Frontiers of Medicine This full-year graduate seminar for first-year M.D.-Ph.D. students—an elective course for M.D. students—matches the progression of topics in the eighteen-month preclinical medical school curriculum and emphasizes the connections between basic and clinical science, human physiology, and disease. It is directed by M.D.-Ph.D. program faculty, and many class discussions are led by expert Yale School of Medicine faculty members who select the papers to be read. Students explore scientific topics in depth, learn about cutting-edge research, and improve their presentation skills. The curriculum provides a framework for critically reading and analyzing papers drawn broadly from the biomedical sciences; this breadth of knowledge is also leveraged in team-based exercises that promote peer-to-peer teaching and learning. Enrollment limited to students who have taken or are currently taking CBIO 501/CBIO 502.

CBIO 602a/MB&B 602a/MCDB 602a, Molecular Cell Biology A comprehensive introduction to the molecular and mechanistic aspects of cell biology for graduate students in all programs. Emphasizes fundamental issues of cellular organization, regulation, biogenesis, and function at the molecular level. Prerequisites: none, but some knowledge of basic cell biology and biochemistry is assumed. Students who have not taken courses in these areas can prepare by reading relevant sections in basic molecular cell biology texts. We recommend Pollard et al., Cell Biology (3rd ed., 2016), Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed., 2014), or Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology (8th edition, 2016). T. Melia

CBIO 603a/MCDB 603a, Seminar in Molecular Cell Biology A graduate-level seminar in modern cell biology. The class is devoted to the reading and critical evaluation of classical and current papers. The topics are coordinated with the CBIO 602 lecture schedule. Thus, concurrent enrollment in CBIO 602 is required. Prerequisites: Any undergraduates wishing to enroll must have already taken MCDB 205. In addition, undergraduates are strongly encouraged to reach out to the course directors prior to enrollment. M. King

CBIO 606b, Advanced Topics in Cell Biology This seminar course, which meets once weekly, covers advanced topics in cell biology. Each topic is spread over two or three sessions, which start with an introductory overview and are followed by a discussion of key papers led by an expert in the field. X. Su

CBIO 655a/GENE 655a, Stem Cells: Biology and Application This course is designed for first-year or second-year students to learn the fundamentals of stem cell biology and to gain familiarity with current research in the field. The course is presented in a lecture and discussion format based on primary literature. Topics include stem cell concepts, methodologies for stem cell research, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, cloning and stem cell reprogramming, and clinical applications of stem cell research. Prerequisites: undergraduate-level cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics. I. Park

CBIO 701b, Illuminating Cellular Function The focus of the course is on the technical treatment of light microscopy and its applications. The course provides biology and bioengineering students with the knowledge and skills necessary to design and undertake advanced light microscopy experiments. It covers conceptual elements of fluorescence microscopy imaging and analysis (without going too heavily into the theory and math); new advances in super-resolution modalities; biological applications; and hands-on practical work. Enrollment limited to fifteen. D.K. Toomre

CBIO 901b/GENE 901b/MCDB 901b, Research Skills and Ethics II This course consists of a weekly seminar that covers ethics, writing, and research methods in cellular and molecular biology as well as student presentations (“rotation talks”) of work completed in the third laboratory rotation. C. Lin

CBIO 911a/GENE 911a/MCDB 911a, First Laboratory Rotation First laboratory rotation for Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development track students. C. Lin

CBIO 912a/GENE 912a/MCDB 912a, Second Laboratory Rotation Second laboratory rotation for Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development track students. Staff

CBIO 913b/GENE 913b/MCDB 913b, Third Laboratory Rotation Third laboratory rotation for Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development (MCGD) and Plant Molecular Biology (PMB) track students. S. Bahmanyar

Cellular and Molecular Physiology

SHM B147, 203.785.4041

https://medicine.yale.edu/physiology

Professors R.J. Alpern (Medicine), N.A. Ameen (Pediatrics), P. Aronson (Medicine), A. Bordey (Neurosurgery), E.L. Boulpaep (Emeritus), C. Canessa, L. Cantley (Medicine), M.J. Caplan (Chair), N. Carrasco (Adjunct), A. Dardik (Surgery), J.B. Demb (Ophthalmology and Visual Science), S. Diano (Adjunct), M.E. Egan (Pediatrics), B.E. Ehrlich (Pharmacology), A. Eichmann, T. Eid (Laboratory Medicine), B. Forbush (Emeritus), L. Kaczmarek (Pharmacology), G. Lister (Pediatrics), P. Mistry (Medicine), M.N. Nitabach, V. Pieribone, P. Preisig (Medicine), J. Santos-Sacchi (Surgery), G.I. Shulman (Medicine), F.J. Sigworth, C.L. Slayman (Emeritus), S. Tomita, T. Wang, C. Xu, X. Yang (Comparative Medicine), L. Young (Medicine), D. Zenisek, Z. Zhou (Ophthalmology and Visual Science)

Associate Professors N. Addy (Psychiatry), S. Bagriantsev, J. Chung, R.M. Fitzsimonds (Adjunct), J. Goodwin (Pediatrics), E. Gracheva, S. Ishibe (Medicine), E. Karatekin, R. Kibbey (Medicine), J. Rinehart, M.S. Rodeheffer (Comparative Medicine), S. Singh (Adjunct), C. Thoreen

Assistant Professors R. Chang, J. Kim (Urology), R. Perry, M. Schneeberger Pane, H. Shen

Senior Research Scientist E. Boulpaep (Cellular and Molecular Physiology)

Associate Research Scientists S. Cheppali, D. Chetrit, V. Feketa, C. Frederick, C. Gomis Perez, N. Gresko, E. Hoyos-Ramirez, A. Landajuela, M. Mastrotto, M. Oda, J. Platisa, M. Reyna, A. Rivetta, M.M. Tomita, M. Watson, Y. Yang

C&MP 506a / PATH 620a / PHAR 506a / PTB 620a, Lab Rotations Students work in laboratories of faculty of their choice. The schedule for each rotation is announced at the beginning of the fall term. Staff

C&MP 550a/ENAS 550a/MCDB 550a/PHAR 550a, Physiological Systems The course develops a foundation in human physiology by examining the homeostasis of vital parameters within the body, and the biophysical properties of cells, tissues, and organs. Basic concepts in cell and membrane physiology are synthesized through exploring the function of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. The physical basis of blood flow, mechanisms of vascular exchange, cardiac performance, and regulation of overall circulatory function are discussed. Respiratory physiology explores the mechanics of ventilation, gas diffusion, and acid-base balance. Renal physiology examines the formation and composition of urine and the regulation of electrolyte, fluid, and acid-base balance. Organs of the digestive system are discussed from the perspective of substrate metabolism and energy balance. Hormonal regulation is applied to metabolic control and to calcium, water, and electrolyte balance. The biology of nerve cells is addressed with emphasis on synaptic transmission and simple neuronal circuits within the central nervous system. The special senses are considered in the framework of sensory transduction. Weekly discussion sections provide a forum for in-depth exploration of topics. Graduate students evaluate research findings through literature review and weekly meetings with the instructor. W.M. Saltzman, S. Campbell

C&MP 600a and C&MP 601b, Medical Physiology Case Conferences Two-term course taught in groups of ten to twelve students by the same group leader(s) throughout the year. Workshop format permits students to apply basic concepts of physiology to clinical syndromes and disease processes. Students are expected to participate actively in a weekly discussion of a clinical case that illustrates principles of human physiology and pathophysiology at the whole-body, system, organ, cellular, or molecular level. Prerequisites: C&MP 550 and permission of the instructor. Credit for full year only. E. Boulpaep

C&MP 610a and C&MP 611b/PTB 610a, Medical Research Scholars Program: Mentored Clinical Experience The purpose of the Mentored Clinical Experience (MCE), an MRSP-specific course, is to permit students to gain a deep understanding of and appreciation for the interface between basic biomedical research and its application to clinical practice. The MCE is intended to integrate basic and translational research with direct exposure to clinical medicine and patients afflicted with the diseases or conditions under discussion. The course provides a foundation and a critically important forum for class discussion because each module stimulates students to explore a disease process in depth over four ninety-minute sessions led by expert clinician-scientists. The structure incorporates four perspectives to introduce the students to a particular disease or condition and then encourages them to probe areas that are not understood or fully resolved so they can appreciate the value and challenge inherent in using basic science to enhance clinical medicine. Students are provided biomedical resource material for background to the sessions as well as articles or other publicly available information that offers insight to the perspective from the non-scientific world. During this course students meet with patients who have experienced the disease and/or visit and explore facilities associated with diagnosis and treatment of the disease process. Students are expected to prepare for sessions, to participate actively, and to be scrupulously respectful of patients and patient facilities. Prior to one of the sessions students receive guidance as to what they will observe and how to approach the experience; and at the end of the session, the students discuss their thoughts and impressions. All students receive HIPAA training and appropriate training in infection control and decorum relating to patient contact prior to the course. Y. Konnikova, R. Pierce

C&MP 629a and C&MP 630b/PATH 679a and PATH 680b/PHAR 501a and PHAR 502b/PTB 629a, Seminar in Molecular Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology Readings and discussion on a diverse range of current topics in molecular medicine, pharmacology, and physiology. The class emphasizes analysis of primary research literature and development of presentation and writing skills. Contemporary articles are assigned on a related topic every week, and a student leads discussions with input from faculty who are experts in the topic area. The overall goal is to cover a specific topic of medical relevance (e.g., cancer, neurodegeneration) from the perspective of three primary disciplines (i.e., physiology: normal function; pathology: abnormal function; and pharmacology: intervention). Required of and open only to Ph.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. students in the Molecular Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology track. Staff

C&MP 650b/PATH 660b/PHAR 580b/PTB 650, The Responsible Conduct of Research Organized to foster discussion, the course is taught by faculty in the Pharmacology, Pathology, and Physiology departments and two or three senior graduate students. Each session is based on case studies from primary literature, reviews, and two texts: Francis Macrina’s Scientific Integrity and Kathy Barker’s At the Bench. Each week, students are required to submit a reaction paper discussing the reading assignment. Students take turns leading the class discussion; a final short paper on a hot topic in bioethics is required. Staff

C&MP 710b/MB&B 710b, Electron Cryo-Microscopy for Protein Structure Determination Understanding cellular function requires structural and biochemical studies at an ever-increasing level of complexity. The course is an introduction to the concepts and applications of high-resolution electron cryo-microscopy. This rapidly emerging new technique is the only method that allows biological macromolecules to be studied at all levels of resolution from cellular organization to near atomic detail. Staff

C&MP 711b/MB&B 711b, Practical cryo-EM Workshop This laboratory course provides hands-on training in the practical aspects of macromolecular structure determination by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Topics include cryo-EM data collection, image preparation and correction, single-particle picking and 2-D classification, 3-D classification, refinement and post-processing, model building, refinement and evaluation. The course includes training in the use of computer programs used to perform these calculations. Prerequisite: C&MP 710/MB&B 710. Y. Xiong, F. Bleichert

Child Study Center

NIHB 208, 844.362.9272

https://medicine.yale.edu/childstudy

Professors A.T. Arnsten (Neuroscience), D. Barry (Psychiatry), M. Bloch, H. Blumberg (Psychiatry), M. Brackett, K. Chawarska, J. Comer, A. Danese (Adjunct), L.E. Fiellin (Medicine), V. Gallo (Adjunct), W.S. Gilliam (Adjunct), E. Grigorenko (Adjunct), S. Kagan (Adjunct), Z. Kain (Adjunct), R.A. King (Emeritus), J. Leckman, C. Lejuez (Adjunct), P.J. Lombroso (Emeritus), S. Marans, A.S. Martin, L.C. Mayes (Chair), E. McCrory (Adjunct), J.C. McPartland, K. Pelphrey (Adjunct), M.N. Potenza (Psychiatry), J.E. Schowalter (Emeritus), N. Sestan (Neuroscience), G. Shahar (Adjunct), W.K. Silverman, A. Slade, M. State (Adjunct), C. Stover, D. Stubbe, D. Sukhodolsky, J. Tebes (Psychiatry), F. Vaca (Emergency Medicine), F. Vaccarino, L.A. Vitulano, F.R. Volkmar (Emeritus), S.W. Woods (Psychiatry), J. Woolston (Emeritus), H. Zhang (Public Health)

Associate Professors L. Cardona-Wolenski, C. Cipriano, M.J. Crowley, T.V. Fernandez, M. Goslin, M. Goyette-Ewing, M. Hampson (Radiology and Biomedical Imaging), E. Hoffman, Y. Kim (Adjunct), N. Landy (Adjunct), E.R. Lebowitz, E. Miguel (Adjunct), H. Millard (Psychiatry), I. Park (Genetics), C. Pittenger (Psychiatry), K. Pugh (Adjunct), H. Rutherford, D. Scheinost (Radiology and Biomedical Imaging), F. Shic (Adjunct), T.C. VanDeusen (Psychiatry), P. Ventola, J.M. Wolf, S. Yip (Psychiatry)

Assistant Professors A. Abyzov (Adjunct), K. Aneni, A. Ayobello, P. Ayora, S. Baddam, C. Bailey, B. Barbot (Adjunct), M. Best, D. Bridgett (Adjunct), P. Britto (Adjunct), B. Brower, A. Chiapa (Adjunct), Y. Cho, A.L. Close, J. Coffey (Adjunct), E.H. Connors (Psychiatry), J. Cromer (Adjunct), C. Cukar-Capizzi, C.J. Cutter, D. David, L. Drozdowicz, J. Ebaugh, P. Fearon (Adjunct), R. Feldman (Adjunct), P. Fischman (Adjunct), J. Foss-Feig (Adjunct), C. Frometa, D. Garay, O. Gerdner, K.R. Giuseppone, I. Gordon (Adjunct), V. Gracco (Adjunct), G. Gryglewski (Adjunct), G.T. Han (Adjunct), S. Hein (Adjunct), P. Hoffman, M.L. Holland (Adjunct), K. Ibrahim, R. Kamody, C. Keifer, C. Loucas, C. Marin, A. Maupin, J. Mayo, S. Mehr (Adjunct), C. Moreno, C. Morgan, R. Muhle (Adjunct), A. Naples, K. Nelson-Coffey (Adjunct), K. O’Donnell, R. Oien (Adjunct), E. Olfson, D. Ostrey (Adjunct), J. Paez, K. Pattabiraman, F. Penner (Adjunct), E. Pluhar (Adjunct), Y.B. Poncin, K.K. Powell, C. Reyes, N. Salmaso (Adjunct), J. Shein-Szydlo (Adjunct), S. Smith (Adjunct), S. Stahl, H. Stevens (Adjunct), M. Stoeckel, M.S. Torres-Viso, W. Tseng, C. Turek, A. Urban (Adjunct), T. Vanderwal (Adjunct), A. Vassilopoulos, V. Weersing (Adjunct), D.H. Whalen (Adjunct), C. Wilson (Psychiatry), T. Yatziv (Adjunct), M. Yazgan (Adjunct), E. Yuen (Psychiatry)

Instructors N. Borstelmann, J.R. Gardner, J. Johnson, R. Jou, J. Lee, C. McGirr, C.S. Pierart, N. Szilagyi

Senior Research Scientists G. Anderson, R. Aslin, R.A. King, S.L. Macari, Z. Pringle, B. Ruhl

Research Scientists M. Beitel, A.M. Erard, M. Finn-Stevenson, H. Hahn, J. Hoffman, J. Mariani, A. Ponguta, A. Vernetti

Associate Research Scientists V. Avila Quintero, L. Booth, F.E. Brown, W. Chen, R. Ebling, C. Fanikos, J. Floman, A. Jourdon, D. Kleinman, K. Koenig, N. Koirala, A. Landeros, D.J. Lewkowicz, M. Nasir, Z. Ng, S.S. Nicholls, P. Oliveira, S. Sanchez-Alonso, S. Scuderi, C. Shadle, K. Thompson, E. Warnick, A. Zieher

Clinical Professors J. Adnopoz, R. Angoff (Pediatrics), R. Aslin, P. Fonagy, N. Laor, K. Pruett

Associate Clinical Professors M. Azeem, S. Boltax-Stern, C. Califano, J. Ferholt, A. Gerber, D. Koenigsberg, A. Lustbader, J. Marachi, M. Powers, P. Van Wattum

Assistant Clinical Professors M. Akbar, H. Allen, E. Arzubi, A. Aujla, D. Aversa, K. Babb, K.F. Bailey, D. Bober, L. Bogen, H. Bonitz Moore, S. Brooke, J. Chilton, L. Ciarleglio, R. Cifarelli, J. Collins, T. Davila, M. de Carvalho, N. de la Fontaine, L. Dennehy, D. Divecha, D.M. Dodge, J. Dwyer, P. El-Fishawy, C. Emmons, C. Epstein, G. Epstein-Wilf, C. Fernandes, K. Finch, S. Fitzpatrick, R. Franks, J. Gallalee, G.G. Gammon, J. Gereda, K. Gereda Marganski, S. Gossart-Walker, H. Grantz, F. Gregory, D. Grodberg, S. Guerrier, J. Hagen, K.E. Hanson, I. Jennings, H. Kahn, M. Kaplan, N. Kendall-Taylor, B. Keyes, E. Khondkaryan, B. Kleine, K. Kowats, J. Lang, L. Lavalley, P. Leebens, N. Libby, G. Lopez-Cohen, M. Lyons, J. Madigan, K. Maiorana, N. Malberg, K. Malensek, H. Maurizio, R. McWilliam, M.C. Mennesson, J. Meyers, C. Mills, A. Myers, R. Nikolov, W. Njoroge, M. Palmieri, C. Parrott, S. Peck, J. Poll, K. Pracitto, K. Proctor, J. Radawich, P. Rao (Psychiatry), B. Reddy, R.A. Ritvo, R. Salah, D. Sasso (Psychiatry), D. Saunders, C. Schwartz, V. Shiller, Y. Shimshoni, A. Smaller, K.K. Smith-Tavaris, K. Sondergaard, R. Sotsky, M. St. Pierre, V. Stob, E. Stone, C. Suppies, D. Szydio, L. Taylor, P. Thomas, J. Tillman, B. Torres, N. Treadwell, K. Tsatsanis, J. Tuis, J. Van Dyke, G. Van Schalkwyk, A. Van Scoyoc, K. Voccola, J. Weathers, J. Webb, S. Werblood, E. Whelan, J. Wilen, M. Wudarsky, V.J. Zecchini, L. Zimmerman

Clinical Instructors B. Aarestrup, A. Adiba, A. Adigun, K. Ahmed, O. Ayankola, D. Becker, E. Caffo, H. Chaidez Ruacho, J. Dean, S. Fitzpatrick, E. Garcia Rolland, B. Graham, R. Hasan, F. Javier, L. Keith, R. La Bril, S. Lembeck, N. Luzino, T. Martinez, H. Maurizio, F. Montazeri, Y. O’Brien, A. Orozco, C. Patsky-Pomerleau, B. Penque, S. Peshori, C. Poe, B. Rickler, C. Schaefer, K. Siegel, T. Szydlo-Shein, Y. Tyndale, M. Usmani, A. Vatner, M. Vitulano

Lecturers T.M. Anderson, M.A. Ben-Avie, L. Brotnow, N.A. Brown, K. Capotorto, A. Church, T.L. Collins, C.J. Cooper, J. Cunningham, M. Fay, M. Gunsalus, R.H. Hersh, C.M. Horwitz, B. Israel, E.J. Jimenez-Francis, L. Kabari, N. Kaufman, M.W. Lovett, A. Meehan, S. Miller, T. Miller, B. Powers, A. Price, J.J. Russell, S. Taddei, E.O. Tongul, S. Young, L. Zaretsky

The Child Study Center is a multidisciplinary academic department of the School of Medicine for the study and care of children from birth through adolescence and their families. Child psychiatrists, psychologists, pediatricians, social workers, psychoanalysts, biomedical scientists, nurses, and other professionals collaboratively engage in research and treatment programs on various aspects of children’s growth and development, both normal and deviant. Research programs include child development, psychiatric disorders, social systems and schools, mental retardation, psychosomatic conditions, crisis and trauma, and treatment. Clinical services are provided in general and specialized outpatient clinics, in the Child Psychiatry Inpatient Service in the Children’s Hospital of Yale New Haven Hospital, and in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Consultation-Liaison Service. The center provides courses and other academic opportunities for undergraduates and graduate students in various disciplines concerned with children and families, as well as specialized training in child psychiatry, psychology, social work, and clinical research.

Electives

Child Study Center Clinical Research Elective This elective entails etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of adolescent psychopathology, including eating disorders, depression, suicide, psychosis, delinquency, and the impact of physical and mental disabilities on adolescent development. Reading is supplemented with live and taped clinical material.

Subinternship

Child Study Center Subinternship The aim of this elective is to provide the student with an intensive experience in infant, child, and adolescent psychiatry. The curriculum includes assessments of normal development and psychopathology in childhood, treatment methods, and research in major disorders of childhood. Students are active team members of the Children’s Psychiatric Inpatient Service (CPIS) and the consultation service to the pediatric wards of Yale New Haven Hospital and can take advantage of the wide range of ongoing seminars, conferences, and clinical services in place at the Child Study Center. Teaching methods include seminars, conferences, field observations, ward rounds, and practicals selected by the student following consultation with the director of medical studies and the Child Study Center.

Comparative Medicine

BML 330, 203.785.2525

https://medicine.yale.edu/compmed

Professors A.M. Bennett (Pharmacology), B. Conti, V. Dixit (Pathology), C. Fernandez-Hernando, L. Garcia-Segura (Adjunct), M. Hajos, J. Hirsch, T.L. Horvath (Chair), R.O. Jacoby (Emeritus), I. Levy, J.D. Macy, G. Post (Adjunct), N. Sestan (Neuroscience), M. Sleeman (Adjunct), P.C. Smith, Y. Suarez, T. Tiganis (Adjunct), X. Yang, C.J. Zeiss

Associate Professors J.L. Asher, M. Dietrich, M.S. Rodeheffer

Assistant Professors D. Alagpulinsa, L. Biwer, C. Booth, M. Chioccioli, D. Ekanayake-Alper, J.A. Goodrich, M. Grubb (Adjunct), M. Lawrence (Adjunct), H. Loh, R. Perry (Cellular and Molecular Physiology), S.R. Wilson, X. Zhao

Senior Research Scientists S.R. Compton, X. Gao, T.P. Nottoli

Research Scientists S. Bai, Z. Liu, A.E. Prendergast, M. Stoiljkovic, B. Stutz Xavier, S. Thorne (Medicine)

Associate Research Scientists B. Chaube, E. Esplugues, P. Fernandez Tussy, Y. Huang, O. Iyilikci, D. Li, B. Mathew, M. Shin, M. Shrestha, Q. Xiao, Y. Yasumoto, J. Yoshinda

Dermatology

LCI 501, 203.785.4092

https://medicine.yale.edu/dermatology

Professors R.J. Antaya, J.L. Bolognia, M.W. Bosenberg, I.M. Braverman (Emeritus), L. Chen (Immunobiology), K. Choate (Chair), S. Cowper, R.L. Edelson, R.A. Flavell (Immunobiology), F.M. Foss (Medicine), M. Girardi, E. Glusac (Pathology), V. Greco (Genetics), P. Heald (Emeritus), A. Iwasaki (Immunobiology), H. Kluger (Medicine), C.J. Ko, D.J. Leffell, H. Lin (Cell Biology), J. McNiff, R.M. Medzhitov (Immunobiology), L.M. Milstone (Emeritus), J.S. Pober (Immunobiology), R.E. Tigelaar (Emeritus), L.D. Wilson (Therapeutic Radiology)

Associate Professors C. Bunick, S. Christensen, B. Craiglow (Adjunct), A. Galan, S. Imaeda, B. King, J. Leventhal, P. Myung, S. Ramachandran, A. Sethi (Adjunct), K. Suozzi, M.M. Tomayko

Assistant Professors J.M. Cohen, W. Damsky, A. Eisenstein, J. Farhadian (Adjunct), L. Galluzzi (Adjunct), M. Laird, A. Little, C.A. Nelson, I. Odell, G. Panse, S. Perkins, L. Provini, J. Siegel, M. Vesely, A. Zubek

Instructors M. Elgash, M. Johnston, M. Kidacki (Dermatology), G. Micevic, S.F. Roy, R. Stavert

Senior Research Scientists D.E. Brash (Therapeutic Radiology), R. Halaban, L.M. Milstone

Research Scientists D. Hanlon, I. Lomakin

Associate Research Scientists M. Junejo, L. Laborne Sousa Pinto Kalil, A.V. Odell, K. Tatsuno, A. Vassall

Clinical Professors R. Savin, B. Strober, K. Watsky

Associate Clinical Professor M. Alexiades-Armenakas, S. Bender, A. Bronin, F. Castiglione, I. Cohen, D. Davidson, L. Donofrio, J. Dover, J. Edelglass, M. Gohara, M.E. Grossman, R. Kahan, R. Langdon, A. Lewis, E.B. Milstone, J. Moss, P. Schneiderman, P. Shapiro, A. Zalka

Assistant Clinical Professors J. Alter, A. Atton, S. Barrett, P. Bevilacqua, D. Bilinski, J. Cantatore-Francis, C. Carroll, S. Chavel, D. Correale, A. Czernik, L. Daman, K. Diette, T. Durazzo, D. Feinberg, B. Goldberg, M. Goldstein, H. Hamilton, W. Jacoby, R. Klein, J. Knispel, L. Kugelman, J. Lehrman, S. Lerner, P. Lowenstein, L. Luck, E. Markstein, E. Marsh, M.A. McFerren, D. Miller, E. Mirrer, E. Naidorf, M. Noonan, W. Notaro, M. Oestreicher, R. Oshman, M. Petrazzuoli, B. Richter, D. Robinson, J. Sansing, M. Shahriari, N. Sherline, N. Silverman, E. Smith, J. Zirn, B. Zubkov

Clinical Instructors M. Beuttler, E. de Moll, T. Futoryan, D.D. George, N. Levit, L. Madden, M. Malik, N. Ring, D. Weissman

Electives

Dermatology Inpatient Consult Elective In this rotation, students will work as an integral member of the Dermatology consult team, composed of a dermatology resident and attending. Clinical settings will include the Yale-New Haven Hospital adult and pediatric wards, intensive care units, emergency rooms and urgent care services as well as the Smilow Bone Marrow Transplant Day Hospital. Students will be exposed to dermatologic disease requiring inpatient admission, systemic disease with cutaneous manifestations, and skin complications among hospitalized patients. Students will learn how dermatologists approach these patients, including: initial evaluation, workup, and differential diagnosis building; role of biopsy and histologic evaluation; and treatment plan design. Under resident supervision, the student will evaluate a new consult patient each day and follow this patient for the hospital course. The student is expected to read intensively on relevant disease processes and will formally present this patient to the attending on rounds. Additionally, the student should research disease and management-related questions that arise on the service and informally present a summary of findings to the attending and resident. One day a week (Wednesday), students will participate in departmental Grand Rounds and educational conferences. Two evenings a week, students will participate in resident rounds of the inpatient service. During the rotation, the student will identify a patient with a chronic dermatologic condition and conduct an in-depth interview to learn about how the disease and its treatment has affected the patient’s life and, conversely, how life considerations have affected disease management. Additionally, at the end of the rotation, the student will present a formal case presentation and literature review at Grand Rounds. This course is intended as introduction to inpatient dermatology for the student considering postgraduate training in dermatology.

Dermatology Outpatient Elective Students will be expected to acquire the skills needed by a primary care physician or surgeon to evaluate dermatological problems independently. Orientation location will be at the West Haven VA Medical Center. Outpatient experiences will include the West Haven VA Medical Center, the Adult and Pediatric Yale Primary Care Clinics, and possibly the Yale University Health Services. These clinics will expose the student to a variety of primary and referral dermatology services that treat inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. To gain an overview of the specialty, students will also have exposure to dermatologic surgery and dermatopathology. One day a week (Wednesday), students will participate in departmental Grand Rounds and educational conferences. Reading and review of assigned materials will be required in preparation for a series of case discussions led by faculty. A formal presentation on a topic of the student’s choice will be required in the final week. The goal of the course is to ground students in the fundamentals of dermatologic physical examination, diagnosis and treatment.

Emergency Medicine

464 Congress Avenue, Suite 260, 203.785.2353

https://medicine.yale.edu/emergencymed

Professors M. Auerbach (Pediatrics), C. Baum (Pediatrics), M. Bogucki (Emeritus), K.A. Bechtel (Pediatrics), C.A. Brandt (Biomedical Informatics and Data Science), M. Chawarski, G. D’Onofrio, D. Della-Giustina, J. Dziura, A. French, J. Goulet, U. Hwang (Adjunct), M. Langhan (Pediatrics), C. Moore, H.C. Moscovitz, S.M. Powsner (Psychiatry), M. Ranney (Public Health), B. Safdar, K. Santucci (Pediatrics), A. Ulrich, F. Vaca (Adjunct), A. Venkatesh (Chair)

Associate Professors F. Abujarad, P. Agrawal, L.D. Arnold (Pediatrics), P. Aronson (Pediatrics), A. Aydin, D.R. Camenga, S. Chekijian, M.X. Cicero (Pediatrics), J.M. Dodington (Pediatrics), L.V. Evans, K. Goldflam, M. Goldman (Pediatrics), K. Hawk, S. Jarad, K. Jubanyik, R. Liu, E. Melnick, H. Mowafi, C.M. Ngaruiya (Adjunct), V. Parwani, J. Sather, R. Taylor, A. Tomassoni, C. Wira

Assistant Professors C. Baloescu, B. Banz, J. Belsky, J. Bod, J.W. Bonz, A. Breyre, S. Buck, J. Cardwell, L.G. Chepenik (Psychiatry), B. Coleman, R.F. Coughlin, E. Coupet, K. Couturier, J.I. Daley, M. Dashevsky, D. Devlin, R. Dreyer (Adjunct), C.J. Gettel, R. Heckmann, M. Iscoe, E. Jaffa, A. Kamilaris, O. Kovalerchik (Adjunct), K. Li (Adjunct), J. McDonagh (Adjunct), A. Merritt (Adjunct), T. Moylan, A. Nelson, S. Pavuluri, E. Reid, C. Ryus, N. Sabounchi (Adjunct), R. Sangal, A. Sevlam (Adjunct), L. Siew (Pediatrics), D. Suwundo, A.F. Tarabar, A. Tsyrulnik, R. Van Tonder, S. Vora, A. Wong

Instructors S. Aly, R. Bayer, Z. Boivin, S. Bonner, R. Buckley, M. Dilip, R. Hoffman, S. Ikejiani, C. Ingram, H, Khidir, J. Kovar, J. Li, J. Pauly, C. Rambus, M. Rollins, N. Srica, W. Sun, J. Tanner, K. Tuffuor, V. Verghese, D. Vining, A. Waltman, D. Wright, D. Yang

Senior Research Scientist M. Bogucki

Associate Research Scientists G. Elhadari, B. Nath

Associate Clinical Professors M. Hommel (Pediatrics), J. Maisel, S.A. Walsh (Pediatrics), M. Werdmann

Lecturers N. Kanaparthy, A. Loza

Clerkship

Surgical Approach to the Patient Clerkship This twelve-week integrated clerkship block is composed of Surgery and Emergency Medicine rotations. As disciplines with a heavy emphasis on procedures and management of acute disease, Surgery and Emergency Medicine share didactic sessions and simulation-based training over the course of the rotation. An appreciation of the basic and clinical sciences, critical thinking, and problem-solving in a fast-paced varied environment is experienced by learners. Given the complexity of patients with acute and critical illness, a high degree of professionalism and emotional intelligence is an essential skill during these rotations.

Electives

Emergency Medicine Medical Simulation Elective During this two-week elective at the Yale Center for Medical Simulation (YCMS), students gain an immersive experience participating in medical simulation for medical education within the Yale School of Medicine. Students participate as learners in high-fidelity medical simulation cases and procedural sessions on topics related to the students’ desired specialty/topic of interest. Students also participate in medical simulation as educators and facilitators by participating as actors in medical simulation cases for medical students and residents rotating through YCMS. Students have the opportunity to participate in all educational activities within YCMS including simulation cases, debriefing sessions, procedural sessions, and in-situ simulations (simulations that take place in the clinical environment). Students also create and program a medical simulation case on their topic of interest under the mentorship of YCMS faculty, using evidence-based medicine resources. Students are given one-on-one instruction on how to program their case. Students can also participate in simulation-based journal clubs, a simulation debriefing course, and simulation-based medical student precede sessions.

Emergency Medicine Point-of-Care Ultrasound Elective A two- or four-week experience that introduces the student to the use of ultrasound at the bedside. Attention is paid to image acquisition, machine optimization, and image interpretation. Students may perform cardiac, pulmonary, general abdominal, pelvic, soft-tissue, trauma, and hypotension evaluation ultrasounds. In addition, there are opportunities for the student to participate in supervised ultrasound-guided procedures (central and peripheral vascular access, abscess drainage, paracentesis, regional analgesia). The bulk of time is spent performing ultrasounds in the emergency department, with one half-day a week spent reviewing recorded examinations, their influence in clinical management, and scanning techniques. Educational materials are provided. While the focus of this rotation is the sonographic evaluation of the emergency patient, students considering almost any specialty may benefit as clinician-performed ultrasound continues to expand. Students are assigned daily scanning shifts that do not carry any clinical responsibility but offer exposure to the clinical environment. It is not the same as the combined Emergency Medicine/Ultrasound Subinternship, in which the student is primarily assigned clinical shifts to demonstrate knowledge, proficiency, and workflow, and also receives exposure to ultrasound through a few scan shifts and image review sessions.

Subinternships

Combined Emergency Medicine/Ultrasound Subinternship At Yale New Haven Hospital, combined emergency medicine/ultrasound subinterns complete a four-week rotation comprising ten clinical shifts, six scanning shifts dedicated to bedside ultrasound, and didactic activities. On clinical shifts, subinterns are expected to function as interns, evaluating patients primarily, managing multiple patients simultaneously, and presenting directly to the senior resident and attending physician. Students see a broad case mix in the emergency department and are expected to generate coherent, problem-focused, differential diagnoses. They are involved in all aspects of patient care including updating patients and families, calling consultants, and performing procedures. They rotate with a variety of attendings and are exposed to faculty from all sections of the emergency department, but they spend a majority of their shifts with ultrasound-trained faculty to maximize their ability to incorporate bedside ultrasound into clinical evaluation. Scanning shifts are dedicated to the skills of performing and interpreting bedside ultrasounds and are typically supervised by a senior resident or ultrasound fellow. Attention is paid to image acquisition, machine optimization, and image interpretation. Diagnostic pelvic, vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, biliary, trauma, and soft-tissue sonography are introduced. In addition, there are opportunities for the student to participate in supervised ultrasound-guided procedures (central and peripheral vascular access, abscess drainage, paracentesis). Didactic activities include resident educational conference and ultrasound image review. This is an advanced elective. Applicants must have completed or plan to complete an Emergency Medicine rotation prior to starting this elective.

Emergency Medicine Subinternship At Yale New Haven Hospital, emergency medicine subinterns complete a four-week rotation comprised of clinical shifts and didactic activities. Students complete sixteen shifts of eight hours’ duration. Students are expected to function as interns, evaluating patients primarily, managing multiple patients simultaneously, and presenting directly to the senior resident and attending physician. Students see a broad case mix in the emergency department and are expected to generate coherent, problem-focused, differential diagnoses. They are involved in all aspects of patient care including updating patients and families, calling consultants, and performing procedures. They rotate with a variety of attendings and are exposed to faculty from the sections of education, ultrasound, critical care, global health, administration, and EMS. Didactic activities include resident educational conference, ultrasound image review, and simulation. Prerequisites: Internal Medicine and General Surgery Clerkships.

Genetics

SHM I308, 203.785.2649

https://medicine.yale.edu/genetics

Professors A.E. Bale, S.J. Baserga (Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry), M. Brueckner (Pediatrics), K. Choate (Dermatology), L. Cooley, D.C. DiMaio, J.E. Gelernter (Psychiatry), A.J. Giraldez, P. Glazer (Therapeutic Radiology), V. Greco, K. Gregory (Psychiatry), D. Greif (Medicine), J. Gruen (Pediatrics), M. Gunel (Neurosurgery), I. Hall, M. Hammarlund, A.L. Horwich, Y. Jiang, M. Khokha (Pediatrics), K. Kidd (Emeritus), P. Li, R.P. Lifton, H. Lin (Cell Biology), M. Mahoney (Emeritus), S.M. Mane, A. Mani (Medicine), M.N. Nitabach (Cellular and Molecular Physiology), J. Noonan, V. Reinke (Chair), J. Rothberg, M. Seashore (Emerita), N. Sestan (Neuroscience), S. Somlo (Medicine), S. Weissman, T. Xu, H. Zhao (Public Health)

Associate Professors K. Bilguvar (Neurosurgery; Adjunct), S. Chen, S. Krishnaswamy, B. Lesch, J. Lim, J. Lu, M. Muzumdar, S. Nicoli, S. Nunez, I. Park, C. Scharfe, M. Spencer-Manzon, Z. Sun, S. Wang, A. Xiao, H.Z. Zhang

Assistant Professors Y. Chen (Immunobiology), M. Chioccioli, N. Derar, T. Jerves Serrano, M. Lek, D. Ma, D. Massilani, S. Reily, J. Sheltzer (Surgery), Z. Smith, T. Sorrells, B. Sozen, K. Sumigray, J. Wen, F. Wilson (Medicine), C. Zhao

Senior Research Scientist A. Hudson

Research Scientists B. De Kumar, W. Fenton, J. Knight, N. Lake, J. Lopez-Giraldez, T. Xin

Associate Research Scientists S.S. Agabiti, J. Choi, M. Chong, R. Christ, P.R. Clark, J. Cohen, A. Cox, E. Forrest, S. Gallini, A. Hemalatha, C. Hendry, L. Hong, C. Hsieh, S. Huang, C. Kam, K. Kim, M. Kojima, M. Kudron, H. Lee, Y. Li, X. Lu, S. Mehta, L. Miao, M. Nagy, M. Ortuno Romero, L. Peng, K. Price, S. Qiao, P. Ren, T. Roychowdhury, C. Ruiz, A. Shelar, Y. Takeo, V. Tornini, A. Tyagi, S. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, L. Weiss, G. Wu, S. Youlten, J. Zhang, D. Zhao, L. Zhong, X. Zhou

GENE 555a/AMTH 553a/CB&B 555a/CPSC 553a, Unsupervised Learning for Big Data This course focuses on machine-learning methods well-suited to tackling problems associated with analyzing high-dimensional, high-throughput noisy data including: manifold learning, graph signal processing, nonlinear dimensionality reduction, clustering, and information theory. Though the class goes over some biomedical applications, such methods can be applied in any field. Prerequisites: knowledge of linear algebra and Python programming. Staff

GENE 625/MB&B 625/MCDB 625, Basic Concepts of Genetic Analysis The universal principles of genetic analysis in eukaryotes are discussed in lectures. Students also read a small selection of primary papers illustrating the very best of genetic analysis and dissect them in detail in the discussion sections. While other Yale graduate molecular genetics courses emphasize molecular biology, this course focuses on the concepts and logic underlying modern genetic analysis. J. Lu

GENE 645b/CB&B 647b, Statistical Methods in Human Genetics Probability modeling and statistical methodology for the analysis of human genetics data are presented. Topics include population genetics, single locus and polygenic inheritance, linkage analysis, quantitative trait analysis, association analysis, haplotype analysis, population structure, whole genome genotyping platforms, copy number variation, pathway analysis, and genetic risk prediction models. Offered every other year. Prerequisites: genetics; BIS 505; S&DS 541 or equivalent; or permission of the instructor. H. Zhao

GENE 655/CBIO 655, Stem Cells: Biology and Application This course is designed for first-year or second-year students to learn the fundamentals of stem cell biology and to gain familiarity with current research in the field. The course is presented in a lecture and discussion format based on primary literature. Topics include stem cell concepts, methodologies for stem cell research, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, cloning and stem cell reprogramming, and clinical applications of stem cell research. Prerequisites: undergraduate-level cell biology, molecular biology, and genetics. I. Park

GENE 675a and 676b, Graduate Student Seminar: Critical Analysis and Presentation of Scientific Literature Students gain experience in preparing and delivering seminars and in discussing presentations by other students. A variety of topics in molecular, cellular, developmental, and population genetics are covered. Required of all second-year students in Genetics. Graded Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory. T. Sorrells, S. Wang

GENE 734/MB&B 734/MBIO 734, Molecular Biology of Animal Viruses Lecture course with emphasis on mechanisms of viral replication, oncogenic transformation, and virus-host cell interactions. M. Laurent-Rolle, W. Mothes

GENE 743/MB&B 743/MCDB 743, Advanced Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Selected topics in transcriptional control, regulation of chromatin structure, mRNA processing, mRNA stability, RNA interference, translation, protein degradation, DNA replication, DNA repair, site-specific DNA recombination, somatic hypermutation. Prerequisite: biochemistry or permission of the instructor. F. Bleichert, M. Hochstrasser, M. Simon

GENE 760b, Genomic Methods for Genetic Analysis Introduction to the analysis and interpretation of genomic datasets. The focus is on next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications including RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and exome and whole genome sequencing. By the end of the course, each student will be able to process and analyze large-scale NGS datasets and interpret the results. This course is intended only for graduate students who are interested in applying genomic approaches in their thesis research. At a minimum, students must have basic familiarity with working in a UNIX/Linux computing environment. Prior experience with shell scripting or a scripting language such as Perl, Python, or Ruby is strongly recommended. Interested students must contact the instructor early in the fall term to discuss their prior experience and expectations for the course. Enrollment limited to twenty. Prerequisite: permission of the instructor. S. Reilly, B. Lesch

GENE 777b/MCDB 677b, Mechanisms of Development An advanced graduate seminar on animal development focusing on conserved mechanisms that govern germline development, embryogenesis, and somatic differentiation in molecular detail. The course runs in parallel to the Spring session of the Department of Genetics Seminar Series and is divided into two components: six Yale faculty-led lectures on core concepts in development and six combined journal club/student-led discussions with outside developmental biology speakers on their cutting-edge research. Over the course of the term, small student groups are responsible for presenting one journal club-formatted discussion on two papers selected from the outside speaker’s lab, as well as emceeing a dedicated question and answer session between the class and the speaker. This course provides a rare opportunity for students to actively engage with world leaders on their work in developmental genetics, epigenetics, and cell biology, as well as learn essential skills in experimental thinking and scientific communication. The course grade is based on forty percent take-home problems, forty percent class participation and twenty percent student-led journal club/distinguished speaker question and answer session. There are no official prerequisites. However, some familiarity with concepts and techniques of modern biology is necessary to get the most out of the course. K. Sumigray, Z. Smith

GENE 900a/CBIO 900a/MCDB 900a, Research Skills and Ethics I This course consists of a weekly seminar that covers ethics, writing, and research methods in cellular and molecular biology as well as student presentations (“rotation talks”) of work completed in the first and second laboratory rotations. P. Lusk

GENE 901b/CBIO 901b/MCDB 901b, Research Skills and Ethics II This course consists of a weekly seminar that covers ethics, writing, and research methods in cellular and molecular biology as well as student presentations (“rotation talks”) of work completed in the third laboratory rotation. C. Lin

GENE 911a/CBIO 911a/MCDB 911a, First Laboratory Rotation First laboratory rotation for Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development track students. P. Lusk

GENE 912a/CBIO 912a/MCDB 912a, Second Laboratory Rotation Second laboratory rotation for Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development track students. P. Lusk

GENE 913b/CBIO 913b/MCDB 913b, Third Laboratory Rotation Third laboratory rotation for Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development (MCGD) and Plant Molecular Biology (PMB) track students. P. Lusk

Global Health

Office of Global Health Education: ESH 214, 203.785.5937

https://medicine.yale.edu/md-program/special-programs/global-health

EPH 591, Global Health Seminar This weekly seminar exposes students in the health professions to key issues in global health research and practice. The course features faculty from across the health professional schools and other global health experts from around the world. Its collaborative nature provides a rich environment for interdisciplinary dialogue. The goal is for students to attain a good understanding of key issues upon which they may base future research, service, and clinical pursuits in the field of global health. Although no course credit is awarded, satisfactory performance is noted on the student’s transcript.

History of Medicine

SHM L132, 203.785.4338

https://medicine.yale.edu/histmed

Professors S. Lederer (Adjunct), N. Rogers, J. Warner

Associate Professors H. Cowles (Adjunct), M Espinoza (Adjunct), J. Radin, J.L. Schwartz (Public Health)

Assistant Professors S. Abedin (Pediatrics), L. Bothwell (Public Health), D. Doroshow (Adjunct), M. Ramos

Yale College and Graduate School courses open to medical students in 2024–2025 can be found on Yale Course Search (https://courses.yale.edu) or in the Graduate School Programs and Policies (https://catalog.yale.edu/gsas).

Immunobiology

TAC S625, 203.785.3857

https://medicine.yale.edu/immuno

Professors J.R. Bender (Medicine), M.W. Bosenberg (Dermatology), A.M. Bothwell (Emeritus), H.K. Bottomly (Emerita), L. Chen, T. H. Chi (Adjunct), J. Craft (Medicine), P. Cresswell, V. Dixit (Comparative Medicine), R.A. Flavell, D. Hafler (Neurology), K. Herold, A. Hidalgo, A. Iwasaki, S. Kaech (Adjunct), P.B. Kavathas (Laboratory Medicine), S.H. Kleinstein (Pathology), J. MacMicking (Microbial Pathogenesis), R.M. Medzhitov, M. Müschen (Medicine), J. Pober, C. Rothlin, C. Roy (Microbial Pathogenesis), L. Sansing (Neurology), D. Schatz (Chair), B. Su (Adjunct), J. Tsang

Associate Professors S.C. Eisenbarth (Laboratory Medicine), E.F. Foxman (Laboratory Medicine), A.M. Haberman, D. Jane-Wit (Medicine), N. Joshi, M.A. Kriegel (Adjunct), Y. Konnikova (Pediatrics),C. Lucas, E.R. Meffre (Adjunct), K.C. O’Connor (Neurology), N. Palm, J. Pereira, A. Wang (Medicine), C. Wilen (Laboratory Medicine)

Assistant Professors E. Caron, Y. Chen, W. Hu, J. Ishizuka (Medicine), H. Li (Adjunct), C. Lucas, D. Martinez, A. Martens

Senior Research Scientists A.M. Bothwell, A.F. Nassar

Research Scientists E.E. Eynon, E. Kopp, T.D. Manes

Associate Research Scientists K.M. Agaronyan, N. Arshad, C. A. Baker, R. Bayarri Olmos, B. Bhattacharjee, J. Brewer, A. Chavan, X. Cheng, C. Cho, M. Coman, K. Connolly, J. He, B. Huang, S. Kapoor, V. Khetrapal, Y. Kimura, S. Leopold, O. Levy, I. Licona Limon, A. Lledo Delgado, P. Lu, E. Marsh, A. Matthews, A. Moustaki, X. Nie, M. Oh, L. Peres Diaz, S. Pope, J. Rui, E. Sefik Karatepe, D. Song, Z. Tobias, K. Wang, L. Wu, L. Yan, W. Yu, T. Zhang

For a complete listing of immunology-related courses, see http://bbs.yale.edu.

IBIO 530a/MBIO 530a/MCDB 530a, Biology of the Immune System The development of the immune system. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune recognition. Effector responses against pathogens. Immunologic memory and vaccines. Human diseases including allergy, autoimmunity, cancer, immunodeficiency, HIV/AIDS. Staff

IBIO 600a, Introduction to Research: Faculty Research Presentations Introduction to the research interests of the faculty. Required of all first-year Immunology/BBS students. Pass/Fail. C.V. Rothlin

IBIO 601/MBIO 601, Fundamentals of Research: Responsible Conduct of Research A weekly seminar presented by faculty trainers on topics relating to proper conduct of research. Required of first-year Immunobiology students, first-year CB&B students, and training grant-funded postdocs. Pass/Fail. Staff

IBIO 611a, Research Rotation 1 Intensive experience in the design and execution of experiments in immunology or other areas of biology. Students design a focused research project in consultation with a faculty mentor and execute the designed experiments in the mentor’s laboratory. Students are expected to read relevant background papers from the literature, design and perform experiments, interpret the resulting data, and propose follow-up experiments. Students are also expected to attend the mentor’s weekly lab meeting(s) as well as weekly Immunobiology departmental seminars and Research in Progress seminars. The course concludes with the student giving a brief presentation of the work performed at Rotation Talks, attended by other first-year immunology-track graduate students. Evaluation is by the mentor; students also evaluate the rotation experience. Students must turn in a prioritized list of four possible mentors to Barbara Cotton in the office of the director of graduate studies at least one week prior to the beginning of the course. Mentors are assigned by the DGS. Graded Pass/Fail. 1 course credit; minimum of 20 hours/week. Required of all first-year Immunology/BBS students. C.V. Rothlin

IBIO 612b, Research Rotation 2 See description under IBIO 611a.

Internal Medicine

Boardman 110, 203.785.4119

https://medicine.yale.edu/intmed

Professors C. Abraham, A. Abu-Alfa (Adjunct), F. Akar, J.G. Akar, H.G. Allore, R.J. Alpern, F. Altice, J. Amatruda (Adjunct), N. Angoff (Emerita), P. Aronson, P. Askenase, H. Aslanian, L. Bastian, W.P. Batsford (Emeritus), W. Becker, C. Ben Mamoun, J.R. Bender, G. Berland, F.J. Bia (Emeritus), M. Bia (Emerita), H.J. Binder (Emeritus), L.K. Bockenstedt, J.S. Bogan, R. Bona, J. Boyer, M. Brand, J. Brennan (Adjunct), U. Brewster, N. Brown, R. Bucala, L.M. Buckley, M.M. Burg, B. Burtness, H. Cabin (Emeritus), L. Cantley, H.H. Chao, S.I. Chaudhry, L. Chen (Immunobiology), G. Chupp, M.W. Cleman, G.W. Cline (Emeritus), L. Cohen (Emeritus), L.E. Cohn, D. Coleman (Emeritus), J. Concato (Adjunct), L. Cooney (Emeritus), J. Craft, S.T. Crowley, J.P. Curtis, N. Dahl, L. Dembry (Emerita), G. Desir (Chair), V.T. DeVita, M.P. DiGiovanna, G. D’Onofrio, B. Doolittle, J. Dranoff, M. Drickamer (Emeritus), J. Dziura (Emergency Medicine), E. Edelman, J. Eder (Adjunct), A. Eichmann, J.A. Elias (Emeritus), M.S. Ellman, J.J. Farrell, D. Federman, D. Felson (Adjunct), D.A. Fiellin, L.E. Fiellin (Adjunct), E. Fikrig, R.L. Fisher (Emeritus), R.N. Formica, A. Fortin (Emeritus), F.M. Foss, L. Fraenkel (Adjunct), J.V. Freeman, T.R. Fried, G. Friedland (Emeritus), L. Friedman, C.S. Fuchs (Adjunct), R. Galvin (Adjunct), G. Garcia-Tsao, I. Genao (Adjunct), S. Gettinger, R. Gifford (Emeritus), T. Gill, V. Giri, J.A. Goffinet (Emeritus), M. Golshan (Surgery), F. Gorelick, M.L. Green, D. Greif, C.P. Gross, S. Halene, S.G. Haskell, R. Herbst, K. Herold, E. Herzog, K.K. Hirschi (Adjunct), E. Holmboe (Adjunct), R.J. Homer (Pathology), R.I. Horwitz (Emeritus), J. Hughes (Emeritus), S. Huot, J. Hwa, K.L. Insogna (Emeritus), S.E. Inzucchi, S. Ishibe, Y. Iwakiri, P. Jamidar, E.A. Jonas, A. Justice, M. Juthani-Mehta, N. Kaminski, I. Kang, C.R. Kapadia (Emeritus), B. Kazmierczak, W.N. Kernan (Emeritus), R. Kibbey, H. Kluger, A.I. Ko (Public Health), I. Krop, H.M. Krumholz, M. Kryger (Emeritus), S. Kulkarni (Surgery), J. Lacy, L. Laine, R.J. Lampert, M. Landry (Laboratory Medicine), A. Lansky, A. Lee, F. Lee (Emeritus), J.K. Lim, X. Llor, P. LoRusso, D.C. Madoff (Radiology and Biomedical Imaging), M. Mamula, A. Mani, R.A. Marottoli, K.A. Martin, R.A. Martinello, R.A. Matthay (Emeritus), B. Mba, R. McNamara, W. Mehal, P. Mistry, V. Mohsenin (Emeritus), R.R. Montgomery, S. Mukherjee, M. Müschen, M. Nathanson, P. O’Connor, S.B. Omer (Adjunct), C.R. Parikh (Adjunct), A. Peixoto, M. Perazella (Emeritus), K. Petersen, D. Petrylak, S.E. Pfau, M. Pisani, K. Politi (Pathology), P. Preisig, D. Proctor, L. Pusztai, V. Quagliarello, A. Rastegar (Emeritus), W. Ravitch, C. Redlich, A.B. Reisman, D. Rhodes, D.L. Rimm (Pathology), J. Roberts, C. Rochester, M. Rose, L.E. Rosenfeld (Emeritus), J. Ross, M. Russi (Emeritus), M.M. Sadeghi, R. Safirstein, L. Sanders, M. Schilsky, M. Schoenfeld, M.A. Schwartz, M. Serile, S. Seropian, A. Shaw, R.S. Sherwin (Emeritus), G.I. Shulman, M. Siegel, A. Silber, M. Simons, A.J. Sinusas, B. Smith (Laboratory Medicine), M. Smith, A. Sofair, S. Somlo, R. Soufer, S. Springer, R. Steinbrook (Adjunct), M. Strazzabosco, L. Suter, R. Sutton, M. Sznol, T. Taddei, L. Tanoue, J. Tetrault, M. Tinetti, E. Velazquez, R. Vender, M. Villanueva,J.M. Vinetz, E. Wang, L. Wen, D. Windish, E.P. Winer (Chair), F. Wright (Emeritus), B. Wu, J. Wysolmerski, H. Yaggi, L. Young

Associate Professors K. Adelson (Adjunct), T. Ahmad, K.M. Akgun, K. Alavian (Adjunct), S. Altin, D.E. Antin-Ozerkis, L. Aoun-Barakat, W. Asch, D. Assis, R. Attaran, M. Azar, L. Baldassare, R. Belfort De Aguiar (Adjunct), L. Bellumkonda, C. Bergwitz, S. Bernheim, P. Bernstein, A. Bhatia, A.C. Black, S. Bogardus, R. Brienza, C. Brunet, H. Cain, C. Caldwell, B. Camby, J. Chang, A. Chiang, A. Chou, V.R. Chowdhary, H. Chun (Adjunct), C.M. D’Ambrosio, A. Danve, J. Davis (Public Health), C. Dela Cruz (Adjunct), N. Desai, H. Deshpande, D. Desir, M. Desruisseaux, E. Donroe, J. Donroe, D. Dunne, P.J. Ellis, B. Emu, L. Fabris (Adjunct), M. Fikrig, C. Flannery (Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences), J. Forrest, J.K. Gaidos, A. Garino, D. Geller, J. Gerber, F.J. Giordano, S.B. Goldberg, M.P. Golden, J. Gomez Villalobos, M. Grant, E.M. Grubman, M. Gulati, M. Gulati (Medicine), C. Gunderson, S. Gupta, S.S. Hahn, S.F. Hay, J.B. Henrich, R.I. Herzog, M. Hinchcliff, Y. Ho (Microbial Pathogenesis), E. Hofstatter (Adjunct), S. Holt, S. Honiden, L. Horwitz (Adjunct), C.A. Howes, J. Hummel, S. Huntington, M.E. Hurwitz, A. Imaeda, I. Isufi, D. Jacoby (Adjunct), F. Jadbabaie, S. Jakab, D. Jane-Wit, A. Jastreboff, L. Jilaveanu, R. Johnson, M. Kang, J.M. Kapo, S.S. Kashaf, G. Ketwaroo, V. Khungar, J. Kidwai, J.W. Kim, J.D. Kirsch (Radiology and Biomedical Imaging), M. Knauert, J. Koff, J. Kortmansky, F. Koumpouras, J. Kravetz, N. Krishnan, C. Kumar, P. Kumar, P. Kunz, D. Latimore, R. Legare, K. Lipska, R. Luciano, M. Lustberg, S.K. Majumdar, M. Malinis, B. Malm, K. McKenzie, R. McNeil, J. Meadows (Adjunct), M.C. Mecca, K. Mekala, C. Mena, M. Menon, J. Meyer, E. Miller, J. Miller, J.P. Moriarty, L. Morrison, T. Muniraj, T.E. Murphy (Adjunct), M. Muzumdar (Genetics), A.B. Nagar, S. Narasimhan, N. Neparidze, D. Nguyen (Pathology), S. Nicoli, J. Oen-Hsiao, O. Ogbuagu, M. Orias, S. Parikh (Public Health), H. Parise (Adjunct), M.M. Pillai, N. Podoltsev, J. Possick, T. Prebet (Adjunct), C. Price, D.T. Price, P. Protiva, L. Puglisi, Y. Qyang, T. Rabin, C. Regan, M.S. Remetz, C. Ruser, K. Sabbath, H. Sachar, V.T. Samuel, T. Sanft, C. Sankey, M. Sauler, S. Schellhorn, J. Schwartz, J. Setaro, S. Shenoi, D. Shenson (Public Health; Adjunct), J.C. Shepherd, A. Shirali, M. Silveira, J. Siner, K. Smolderen, E.S. Spatz, S.M. Stein, S. Takyar, J. Talwalkar, J. Testani, D.G. Tobin, J. Turner, A. Tzouvelekis (Adjunct), S. Vilarinho, M.D. Virata, A. Wang, J. Weerachayaphorn (Adjunct), M. Weimer, F.P. Wilson, C. Won, X. Yan, A.M. Zeidan

Assistant Professors A. Achhra, S. Agampodi (Adjunct), F. Ahangari, Y. Ahmad, E. Akintoye, D. Alagpulinsa (Comparative Medicine), B. Al Bawardy (Adjunct), D. Alcantara-Cadillo, S. Ali (Adjunct), T. Ali, A.K. Anam, E. Aneni, C. Antunes, A. Arora, V. Asare, G.I. Ash, Y. Asiedu, M. Austin, E. Bader, P. Balasubramanian, S. Baldassarri, T. Bandaranayake, B. Banini, N. Bar, T. Bärnthaler (Adjunct), J. Batisti, L. Baum, I. Bazan, M. Beasley, W. Besse, S. Bilgrami (Adjunct), MBillah, J. Bilsborrow, A. Black, K. Blenman, M. Blitzer, V. Boddupalli (Adjunct), A. Bolden (Adjunct), A. Boruchov (Adjunct), D. Boyd, K. Bramley, D Braun, J. Brier, D. Brissette, C. Britto-Leon, S. Browning, D. Bruessow (Adjunct), A. Bulgaru, M. Burke (Adjunct), J. Butner (Adjunct), C. Calhoun, J. Canterino, G. Carey, M. Cecchini, S. Chabria, E. Chang, V. Chang, W. Chang, J. Chapiro (Radiology and Biomedical Imaging), L. Chaptini (Adjunct), P. Chavez, M. Chen, I. Chernova, B. Cherry, A. Chichra, M. Chioccioli (Comparative Medicine), M. Chiorazzi, E. Chock, A. Choi, J. Chu (Adjunct), H. Chung, B. Clark, K. Clark, A. Cohen, S. Cohen, M. Cohenuram, E. Collier (Adjunct), J. Cook, P. Cudahy, E. Cuoco, D.J. Curran, M. Dalal (Adjunct), J.G. Daniel (Adjunct), R. Datta, C. Davila, E. DeBiasi, R.M. DeBiasi, J. Deutsch, M. Dhond, V. Dicola (Adjunct), A. Do (Adjunct), A. Donadio (Adjunct), M. Dong, T. Dosani, B. Drucker, J. Duah, S. Ein Alshaeba, J. Elumn, A. Enriquez, L. Escobar-Hoyos (Therapeutic Radiology), S. Eysmann, E.C. Fajardo, C. Falker, C. Fankhanel, S. Farhadian, K. Faridi, S. Fedeles (Adjunct), A. Feher, D. Felson (Adjunct), L. Ferrante, R. Fiorotto, N. Fischbach, F. Foley, U. Forssmann (Adjunct), J. Frampton, L.A. Freed, M. Furman, J. Gaddy, A. Gaffey, B. Gallagher, C. Gallegos Kattan, P.U. Gandhi, R. Garofalo (Adjunct), S. Gautam, A. Giaimo, G. Giannopoulos (Adjunct), K. Gielissen (Adjunct), S. Gleeson, B. Goldman-Israelow, S. Goldstein, M. Gondal, R. Gonzalez-Colaso, S. Gordon-Dole, E. Gorshein, G. Goshula, L. Gowda, M. Grant, T. Grant, S. Green, D. Guevara-Pineda, A. Gulati (Adjunct), D. Gunasekaran, J. Guo (Adjunct), V. Gupta, N. Hafez (Adjunct), J. Haldas, R. Hao, L. Haque, K. Harvey, S. Hassan (Adjunct), N.A. Haynes, E. Heiman, T. Herbert, J. Herrin (Adjunct), B.L. Hiatt, M. Higgins-Chen, J. Higuero-Sevilla, M. Hoffman (Adjunct), J. Holleck, J. Hong-Curtis, D. Hoskins (Adjunct), B. Howell, B. Hsiao, F. Hsu, M. Hughes, S.C. Hull, R. Humphrey (Adjunct), K. Hung, D.J. Hur, J. Hwang (Adjunct), C. Ionescu, J. Ishizuka, S.S. Jacoby (Adjunct), A. Jaffe, S. Jain, E. James, R. Jarrin (Adjunct), D. Jayaram, P. Joseph, A. Justet (Adjunct), B. Kadhim (Adjunct), A. Kahn, R. Kalyesubula (Adjunct), A. Kang-Giaimo, J. Kanowitz, R. Kapel (Adjunct), P. Karanam (Adjunct), B. Kay, A. Khan (Adjunct), R. Khera, A. Khosla, C. Kim, S. Kim, T. Kim (Adjunct), J. Klimovitch, F. Knauf (Adjunct), S. Kothari, D. Kozhevnikov, A. Kress, F. Kron (Adjunct), C. Krueger, N. Kruger, A. Kumar, C. Kurlander, J. Kuster, D. Kuzmin (Adjunct), J.H. Kwah (Adjunct), J. Kwan, R. Laff, S. Langermann (Adjunct), J. LaSala, S. Lattanzi, H. Lau (Adjunct), M. Laurent-Rolle, N. Lavi, G.S. Lee, J. Lee (Adjunct), M. Lee, B. Lerner, A. Levin, A. Levy, S. Lim, B. Linde (Adjunct), M. Lipcan, M. Liu, B. Lombo Lievano, T. Long (Adjunct), F. Lopez-Gonzalez, C.P. Loscalzo, A. Losier, Y. Lu, B. Lupsa, D. Lutchmansingh, L. M. Madden (Adjunct), R. Magwenya (Adjunct), E.P. Manning, S. Mansour, I. Maraj, M. Marczyk (Adjunct), M. Marenberg, E. Marhoffer, E.P. Marin (Adjunct), K. Martin, J. Matloff, C. Maulion, M. McConnell, J. McDougall (Adjunct), C. McNamara, K. Mehra (Adjunct), L. Mendez, E.M. Meoli, A. Mercer-Falkoff, N. Merchant, H. Miller, P. Miller, B. Miner, N. Mnatsakanyan (Adjunct), D. Moledina, F. Molina, A. Moll (Adjunct), F. Montanari, T. Montgomery, J. Moreno, K. Morford, V. Morris, J. Mortazavi (Adjunct), R. Munoz Xicola, S. Mulay (Adjunct), K. Murugiah, J. Nadelmann, S. Neary (Adjunct), S. Nagpal, M. Nanna, B. Newton, R. Nudel, A. Ogurick, C. Oladele, D. O’Neil, P. Oray-Schrom, G. Ouellet, J. Ouellet, X. Ouyang, T. Palvinskaya, W. Panullo, K. Parakh (Adjunct), L. Parikh, J. Park (Adjunct), T. Parker, M. Paul (Adjunct), M.C. Pavlis, R. Peck (Adjunct), E. Perry, R. Perry, J. Persico, P. Peter, C. Philip, A. Pinar, A. Pine, M. Plavec, Z. Port, S. Possick, E. Prsic, A. Puing, A. Putnam, Z. Rahman (Adjunct), L. Rahmat (Adjunct), R. Ramachandran, A. Rao, V. Rao, M. Rao Brito, A. Reed, S. Reinhardt, C. Rentsch (Adjunct), B. Richards (Adjunct), I. Richman, R. Riello (Adjunct), S. Roberts, M. Rodenas, B. Rodwin, E.M. Roessler, D. Rosenthal, B. Roy (Adjunct), M. Rozenblit, C. Ryu, J. Ryu, O.V. Sakharova, C. Sakr (Adjunct), I. Sakuma (Adjunct), M. Samsky, E. Sanchez Rangel, J. Savage, R. Scandrett, K. Schalper (Pathology), S. Schnittman (Adjunct), J. Schupp (Adjunct), A. Schwartz, A. Seltzer (Adjunct), S. Sen, A. Seth (Adjunct), T. Sethi, S. Shah, R. Shallis, A. Sharda, J. Shin, E. Shkolnik, M. Showstark (Adjunct), R. Shrestha (Adjunct), D. Shung, N. Sikand, I. Singh, M. Singh, N. Singh (Adjunct), S. Smith (Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation), S. Soares, Z. Sobani, J. Spelman, A. Spichler Moffarah, R. Steele, J.C. Stendahl, K. Sue, H. Sun, A. Sundararajan, S. Tabtabai, K. Talbert-Slagle, A. Talsania, H.H. Tara, A. Tarabar, G. Taylor, T. Tebaldi (Adjunct), S. Thakore, S. Thapa, S. Thorn, J. Thumar (Adjunct), U. To, L. Tobias, G. Tong, T. Tran, P. Trubin, J. Tuan, D. van Dijk, L. Van Doren, R. Vanasse-Passas, M. Varghese, D. Vatner, J. Vrendenburgh (Adjunct), A. Vora, K. Walenczyk (Psychiatry), K. Wang, L. Wang, P. Wang (Adjunct), Y. Wang (Adjunct), J. Weber, W. Wei, S.A. Weiss (Adjunct), J. Wickersham, T. Wijesekera, F. Wilson, D.H. Witt, B.S. Wojeck, D. Wolfsohn, E. Wong, J. Xu, L. Xu, J. Yu (Adjunct), Y. Yuan (Adjunct), O. Zaha, H. Zapata, M. Zegarek, Y. Zhang, A. Zimmerman, A.V. Zinchuk, L. Zwack (Adjunct)

Instructors Q. Abad, A. Aklilu, M. Alvarado, D. Athonvarangkul, A. Belmont, C. Borelli, N. Briggs, R. Buckley (Emergency Medicine), G. Cerro Chiang, S. Chabria, D. Chamie, E. Elliott, K. Fenn, S. Gandhi, A.E. Gates, J. Geer, A. Ghincea, M. Goheen, C. Gonzalez-Lopez, S. Hall, Z.M. Harris, G. Ishikawa, S. Kay, L. Korn, S. Korones, A. Lindmark, E. Liu, A. Logrono, H. Lu, J. Martinez, K. McAvoy, C. Mezzacappa, C. Morton, B. Njei, H. Oakland, D. Padmanabhan Menon, D. Parsons, K. Patel, A. Perdigoto, L. Pischel, D.N. Podell, A. Raibee, A. Roberts, D. Robinson, H. Rosario, P. Rose, A. Russo, D. Schoenfeld, P. Singh, R. Slotkin, R. Smith, R.L. Sobecki, G. Stanley, M. Sung, E. The, C. Wei, G. Wilson, N. Wood, S. Zaeh, F. Zeba

Senior Research Scientists N. Angoff, H. Cabin, S. Cai, P. Chen, L. Cooney, R.L. Fisher, L. Han, J. Hughes, K.L. Insogna, E. Kaftan, W. Kernan, M. Kryger, Z. Lin, Y. Liu, R. Matthay, V. Mohsenin, W. Philbrick, D.F. Sarpong, C.M. Viscoli, A.V. Wisnewski, J. Zhang, Z. Zhuang

Research Scientists S. Alfano, M. Aslan, A. Belperron, J. Choi, Y. Chuang, E. Cristea, K. Dong, H.A. Doyle, K. Gordon, J. Guo, A. Hajduk, J. Hens, G. Hunnicutt, J. Jeong, V. Kakade, J. Lee, J. Lewis, S. Mohanty, V. Muthusamy, S. Nair, V. Rao, M. Riaz, M. Shin, R. Thomson, X. Tian, D. Tirziu, G. Yao, T. Yarovinsky

Associate Research Scientists A. Abdulla, A. Ademi, A. Arnal Estape, L. Azbel, K. Balestracci, G. Barsotti, P. Berning, G. Biancon, K. Blount, P. Boddu, L. Boraas, S. Brown, Y. Cai, M. Canavan, R. Chakraborty, F. Chamie, V. Chanduri, P. Chaurasia, D. Chen, R. Chen, S. Christie, M. Chung, A. Coppi, F. Corti, K. Cosgun, Y. Cui, V. Danilack, A. Demuyakor, H. Deng, D. Djureinovic, E. Doherty, J. Dong, S. Dufour, N. Fattahi, D. Ferreira Bandeira, E. Gallardo, J. Ghersi, M. Ghim, M. Giner-Calabuig, J. Golla, Y. Hu, C. Huang, J. Huang, T. Ito, K. Jain, J. Jeong, I. Kabir, R. Kar, A. Keshawarz, F.A. Kidwai, S. Kim, A. Korde, A. Kumar, K. Kume, M. Lange, P. Lee, Q. Li, x. li, Z. Li, P.P. Licznerski, B. Lu, K. Maemura, A. Marín López, K. Minges, J. Moon, O. Murillo Gomez, J. Nouws, A. Parchure, H. Park, D. Poduval, L. Qin, H. Raduwan, G. Rajagopalan, V. Ramgolam, M. Rehman, A. Rios Hoyo, E. Ristori, M.E. Robinson, K. Roy, Y.M. Rozanova, J. Ruan, I. Ruz-Maldonado, K. Sahay, A. Saleh, G. Sanchez-Zuno, M. Sawano, H. Shin, B. Song, Q. Sun, S. Suttiratana, A. Suyavaran, N. Tai, X. Tian, T. Tyagi, I. Ullah, J. VanOudenhove, A. Vasudevan, A. Vidyarthi, L. Wallace, L. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Wang, F. Warner, M. Wiesehoefer, S. Xing, Z. Xu, A. Zelenev, D. Zhang, Z. Zhang, X. Zhou, Y. Zhou, X. Zhu

Clinical Professors J. Belsky, J. Borak, K. Cohen, F. Finkelstein, D. Fischer, P.N. Herbert, A. Kliger, R. McLean, C. McPherson, E. Pinto, R. Schoen, C. Seelig

Associate Clinical Professors S. Atlas, T. Balcezak, M. Bennick, K. Churchwell, C. Disabatino, S. Epstein, E. Fan, R. Fogerty, J. Garsten, R. Gelfand, P. Goldberg, A. Granata, L. Grauer, B. Gulanski, J. Hansson, D. Hass, G. Hutchinson, S. Jones, G. Kerins, N. Kim, G. Lancaster, C. Loeser, E. Mardh, A. Mayerson, N. Rennert, J. Revkin, M. Rigsby, J. Rosenbaum, S. Saunders, J. Shi, J. Smith, J. Topal, T. Trow, E. Vosburgh, K. Yang, S. Zarich

Assistant Clinical Professors A. Accomando, A. Ackerman, E. Adekolu, A. Advani, N. Agarwal, E. Agin, A. Ahasic, O. Akande, I. Akunyili, O. Albajrami, J. Alexander, S. Alston, L. Ameti, Y. Amoateng-Adjepong, D. Antonetti, H. Archer, C. Arnold, A. Arora, K. Arora, P. Asiedu, L. Bakkali, J. Banatoski, A. Bedford, A. Bekui, C. Berg, R. Beri, G. Berna, D. Berube, R. Bhojwani, B. Bilori, P. Blume, A. Borad, C. Borz-Baba, J. Breen, R. Breier, G.R. Brescia, M. Bressman, D. Brock, C. Brown, K. Brown, L. Burgo-Black, L. Burke, L. Calo, E. Carlson, A. Chaar, B. Chan, C. Chen, V. Chhabra, M. Choksey, U. Choksey, H. Chowdhary, M. Chowdhury, M. Chustecki, M. Ciampi, P. Cimino, J. Cosgriff, A. Cusano, W. Cushing, A. Dajani, A. Datunashvili, A. DeGirolamo, R. Desouza, A. Dhond, P. Dogbey, T. Doherty, J. Dreznick, M. Driesman, P. Drost, K. Edwards, T. Eisen, C. Erb, N. Fahmi, P. Fattahi, I. Feintzeig, S. Fernando, P. Feuerstadt, D. Fine, T. Firoz, S. Fotjadhi, J. Francis, G. Fuller, J. Gage, L. Galante, M. Gazes, M. Ghaly, P. Gibbs, R. Gibbs, P. Ginsburg, C. Glass, G. Goldenberg, A. Greenberg, M. Gupta, N. Gupta, D. Hill, L. Huang, C. Illick, O. Imevbore, P. Jenei, S. Joshi, O. Kandalaft, N. Kashyap, Z. Kenkare, J. Kleinstein, A. Kohli-Pamnani, M. Kraus, S. Kunkes, M. Lataillade, P. Lee, D. Li, J. Lundbye, D. Madeeva, R. Mallipudi, M. Mann, R. McDonald, R. McLeod-Labissiere, J. McQuaid, S. Menon, K. Mensah, E. Mirabile-Levens, A. Mohammad, D. Mohess, J. Morris, M. Nadamuni, A. Nawaz, K. Nelson, R. Newell, E. Nolfo, C. Nwangwu, J. O’Brien, J. O’Connor, B. Oldfield, K. Olson, J. Oshlick, O. Otolorin, J. Pallett, N. Parker, S. Patel, V. Pazo, M. Pensa, J.M. Perlotto, M. Perrotti, F. Petruzziello, L. Pham, D. Phanumas, M. Pouresmail, S. Prasad, B. Priest, T. Quan, J.L. Quaranta, H. Quentzel, M. Rai, S. Raissi, R. Ramos, H. Reinhart, M. Rho, Y. Riat, N. Riegler, R. Rizwan, J. Rockfeld, M. Rubinstein, L. Saberski, J. Sacco, R. Sadock, L. Samson, J. Samuel, R. Scatena, D. Schiliro, I. Schiopescu, N. Segar, E.E. Shah, N.Y. Shah, U. Shankar, S. Sharma, W. Shih, J. Siegfried, R. Silverman, D. Smith, M. Smith, J. Stepczynski, L. Sussman, K. Swan, E. Swenson, M. Syed, K. Tomita, K. Toosy, P. Tortora, R.N. Tuktamyshov, K. Twohig, R. Umashanker, S. Urciuoli, I. Vashist, J. Vaughn, M. Verulashvili, C. Vora, H. Ward, W. Warren, R. Weissberger, K. White, A. Wolff, A. Wormser, A. Yamahiro, H. Zhang, J. Zumpano

Clinical Instructors Y. Acevedo, H. Al Kukhun, R.M. Alda, N. Anand, A. Andoh-Duku, K. Arias, G. Ashrafzadeh, P. Atluri, S. Baidwan, E. Bergman, E. Bonoan, C. Borrego, M. Buscher, R. Bustamante, A. Camp, D. Canchi, A. Capobianco, H. Carey, H. Carney, A. Carrese, E. Case, A. Cassell, R. Castillo, F. Chan, J. Chandler, D. Chandrasekaran, C. Chao, J. Chen, S. Choi, D. Chrobak, Y. Chu, J. Contessa, A. Cook, J. Cordeiro, P. Costello, M. Courtney, C. Curioso-Uy, M. Dana, A. Davies, M. DeAguirre, J. Demayo, P. Di Capua, M. Dieterich, A. Dommu, A. Donati, M. Dorfman, M. Dumitrescu, D. Eldred, S. Escobar, G. Fabregas, C. Feher, S. Felek, J. Franzman, J. Freimund, N. Gigauri, B. Gilbert, E. Gombos, A. Gonciulea, C. Gruss, B. Guirguis, S. Gupta, B. Habashi, W. Hale, M. Haq, V. Harisis, R. Hart, T. Hatcher, D. Heacock, K. Herzog, A. Hirschman, A. Horblitt, Z. Ibrahem, K. Janani, J. Kaus, J. Kenkare, A. Khan, R. Khodzinsky, K. Kinslow, N. Kotey, Y. Krishnan, M. Krotovskiy, E. Kulaga, M. Kulaga, J. Kwon, I. Lacka, K. Langberg, C. Lawlor, Y. Lee, L. LeTellier, R. Linden, J. List, C.B. Locke, N. Lomakina, N. Lourenco, G. Makoul, K. Malkhasyan, U. Masiukiewicz, A. Maughan, L. Mazzone, R. McCurdy, F. McGann, E. McKnight, V. Mejia, R. Miller, E. Molla, J.L. Moreines, C. Morneault, R. Morrison, M. Mouslmani, H. Naik, K. Namek, M. Nangia, S. Nasar, J. O’Halloran, E. Ofori-Mante, A. Olariu, S. Ong, J. Orlinick, B. Oto, J. Pacini, N. Parikh, M. Patchett, B. Patel, G. Pazhayattil, J. Pellenberg, L. Polisetty, J. Pracella, B. Prestia, J. Pumilia, M. Pun, S. Punekar, X. Qiu, M. Rezvani, L. Robinson, A. Rosinski, S. Santana, R. Savino, J. Scarles, S. Shafi, Z. Shahab, A. Siddiqi, Z. Solangi, N. Sookhan, B. Terry, V. Thanikonda, A. Thompson, S. Tiyyagura, C. Togawa, J. Ulrich, F. Urbano, J. Villaflor, M. Vulpe, J. Waldman, P. Wander, I. Weir, C. Winterbottom, C. Wolf-Gould, B. Yeboah, J. Yip, S. Zaidi, A. Ziganshina, X. Zuo

Lecturers D. Acampora, K. Bober-Sorcinelli, L.F. Cantley, Y. Chyun, A. Cohen, L. Culy, M. Ebling, J. Ferholt, A. Flitcraft, K. Hampapur, D. Hartman, J. Kenkare, Z. Ker, R.C. Klein, R.I. Lovins, M. McDaniel, C. Morren, C. Ramsey, M. Slade, Y. Wang

Clerkship

Medical Approach to the Patient Clerkship This twelve-week integrated block is composed of Internal Medicine and Neurology rotations. The course is structured to give clerkship students in-depth experience with the diagnosis and management of adult medical issues. Because of the significant clinical overlap between internal medicine and neurology, these two disciplines are combined to form the MAP experience. Students will rotate through eight weeks of internal medicine and four weeks of neurology during their MAP experience. In addition to rotation-specific didactics, students will attend the “Top Ten” series of didactics throughout their MAP block, covering common chief complaints that encompass diagnoses specific to internal medicine and neurology.

Electives

Allergy and Immunology Elective Students attend the Allergy & Immunology Clinic for adults at the Yale Allergy & Immunology Center in North Haven and the Allergy & Immunology Pediatric Clinic at Long Wharf. It is recommended that they attend the weekly Allergy and Clinical Immunology Seminar, followed by case discussions and Journal Club. They may also join in consultations with the Allergy & Immunology service at Yale New Haven Hospital. Prerequisite: Immunobiology course.

Ambulatory Elective WEC This one-year weekly outpatient elective in the Yale Adult Primary Care Clinic provides experience in the longitudinal care of adult patients. Students are directly responsible for care of medical problems and preventive care as well as coordination of specialty care for their own patient panel. There are weekly pre-clinic conferences, which include Journal Club and primary care case-centered topics presented by students or specialty attending physicians. It is open to a limited number of senior medical students who have completed at least half of their clerkships (M.D.-Ph.D.) or most of their primary care clerkships (M.D.) Students are responsible for three patient visits/session. There are weekly pre-clinic conferences which include Journal Club and primary care case-centered topics presented by students.

Analytical Clinical Cardiology Elective This rotation emphasizes a rigorous history and physical exam to develop a differential diagnosis to guide the care of patients in the hospital and clinic. Supplementary reading on topics arising from the management of the patients is an important component of the experience. Interested students should discuss their goals prior to the rotation.

Cardiology Elective The student will participate in the daily activities of the inpatient cardiology consult service, including rounds and new consultations under the supervision of a fellow and attending. Students will be participating in clinical case conferences and gain exposure to procedures such as cardiac catheterization, stress testing, echocardiography, nuclear imaging, and electrocardiography. The training experience will emphasize the physiologic basis for clinical manifestations and therapy of cardiovascular diseases. A collection of pertinent review articles will be provided.

Cardiovascular Imaging Clinical Elective Working directly with the attending faculty, cardiology fellows, physician assistant, nurses, and imaging technologists within the imaging laboratories, students are involved with interviewing and examining patients referred for cardiac stress testing and learn about the appropriate use of multimodality cardiovascular imaging. They participate in the performance of both exercise and pharmacological stress imaging studies, as well as other targeted molecular imaging, and gain direct training and supervision in the performance and interpretation of these studies. In addition to the clinical training and exposure, students learn related cardiovascular physiology and gain exposure to other advanced imaging technology for the evaluation of cardiac and skeletal muscle perfusion and function in patients with suspected cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease.

Critical Care Elective Senior students participate in critical care medicine activities in the medical intensive care unit (MICU). The emphasis is on evaluation and acute management of respiratory failure, shock, and sepsis, and on the use of invasive monitoring. The physiological basis of disease and the rationale for therapeutic interventions are also emphasized.

Endocrinology Elective The student participates as an active member of the endocrine training program, making daily rounds with the endocrine fellows, residents, and attending physicians. The student works primarily on the inpatient consult service at Yale New Haven Hospital and has the opportunity to attend selected endocrine clinics. The student also participates in the regularly scheduled metabolism-endocrine conferences.

Gastroenterology Elective The student is an integral part of the inpatient GI consult service, working primarily in an inpatient setting. This is an opportunity to see a wide variety of gastrointestinal problems and patients, with discussion and review. Open to fourth-year students only.

Geriatric Medicine Elective An introduction to the continuum of care for older adults. Students gain an understanding of the various geriatric syndromes that affect functions in the aging population and learn to identify basic geriatric syndromes such as memory loss, delirium, depression, falls, and polypharmacy. In addition, they are exposed to care planning, palliative care, and end-of-life care issues in a variety of settings, including hospital, subacute long-term care and outpatient sites, and system-wide consultation services. Prerequisite: Internal Medicine clerkships.

Hematology Elective This elective provides intensive exposure to clinical hematology by direct participation in the activities of a regular clinical hematology service. Students work up new patients and consults in rotation with the fellows and residents, and attend outpatient clinics. Students participate in daily hematology ward rounds and bone marrow readings, and in weekly inpatient and outpatient clinical reviews and clinical research conferences.

Hepatology Elective The student is an integral part of the inpatient liver service, working primarily in an inpatient setting. This is an opportunity to see a wide variety of liver problems and patients, with discussion and review. Open to fourth-year students only.

Hospital Medicine Firm (HMF) Elective This elective was started during the 2022–2023 academic year on the YNHH East Pavilion (EP) 5-5 Unit before transitioning to (and remaining on) the East Pavilion 9-7 Unit since. The EP 9-7 Unit is a busy general internal medicine service with high acuity and patient turnover. The unit includes thirty-four patient beds which are staffed equally by both the HMF and the Whitman (formerly Generalist) Firm. A capstone and unique service for senior residents, the HMF is staffed by two hospitalist attendings and (usually) two third-year residents in Internal Medicine. Given the high volume of clinical work, there are no formal rounds and no students otherwise scheduled on this service. However, through the Yale School of Medicine Performance Improvement Program (directed by Dr. Wijesekera), students can be provided the opportunity to rotate on the HMF to build their clinical skills prior to residency. Prior to the rotation, the students work closely with the director of performance improvement (also elective director) to create an individualized educational plan, which includes targeted resources to build their medical knowledge and clinical skills. During the rotation, elective students follow and provide clinical care for two to four patients at a time including, but not limited to, pre-rounding, writing notes, oral presentations, calling consultants, responding to acute events, updating families, and writing handoffs. The elective director, supervising attendings, and senior residents will meet regularly with the student to assess and provide feedback on their communication (with patients and health care team members), clinical skills (history, physical examination, clinical reasoning), and presentations (oral and written). The students will participate in all education for the residents (e.g., noon conferences, skills labs, ad hoc teaching activities).

Infectious Disease Elective This elective offers a robust learning experience in general infectious diseases, including the diagnostic evaluation and management of common community-acquired and nosocomial infections in a diverse patient population, as well as infections in the immunocompromised patient. There are opportunities for learning in subspecialty areas such as medical microbiology, transplant ID, HIV/AIDS, hospital infection control, antimicrobial stewardship, and sexually transmitted diseases. Students function as active members of the consultation and training program in infectious diseases at Yale New Haven Hospital and are expected to attend and participate in daily attending rounds, microbiology rounds four times a week, weekly clinical case conferences, and monthly journal clubs. Evaluations are based primarily on performance in clinical case presentations on the consult service.

Medical Intensive Care Elective This elective provides an opportunity to participate in the acute management of common medical emergencies. Students are on call in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) at Yale New Haven Hospital every fourth day with an intern and resident pair, assisting them in the admission of patients. Students follow patients in the MICU, assist in their care with the intern and resident, and are expected to present during rounds. Although students are exposed to a variety of ICU-based procedures, there are limited “hands-on” opportunities. Prerequisite: Internal Medicine Clerkship.

Nephrology Elective This elective in clinical nephrology offers the student an opportunity for in-depth learning regarding problems in fluid and electrolyte disturbances, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, and hypertension. Emphasis is placed on problem recognition, pathophysiologic diagnosis, evidence-based clinical judgment, and management based on pathophysiologic principles. The primary activity involves the inpatient consultation service in which the student works up and follows several patients per week and participates in daily rounds with the attending physicians, postdoctoral fellows, and residents on service. An introduction to hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, renal transplantation, and renal biopsy histology is also provided.

Occupational and Environmental Medicine Elective This rotation is designed to provide senior medical students (and PA and nursing students) with an introduction to the principles and practice of occupational and environmental medicine, including exposure, assessment, and evaluation of disease causality. Students learn how to evaluate workplace and environmental exposures and assess the contribution of such exposures to patients’ diseases. In addition, students participate in ongoing didactic and research conferences and workplace surveillance programs, and they visit workplaces and other environmental sites that are being evaluated for their role in disease causation. Students are exposed to the varied opportunities for careers in this discipline.

Oncology Outpatient or Inpatient Elective This is an advanced elective offered to students who have completed the third-year Internal Medicine Clerkship. It is designed to expose students to all aspects of clinical medical oncology by direct participation in the daily disease-specific outpatient oncology clinics at Yale Cancer Center. Working closely with the medical oncology fellows and attending physicians, students have the opportunity to work up patients with new cancer diagnoses and participate in the ongoing care of patients with diverse cancer diagnoses. Students participate as active members of the medical oncology training program, attending the regularly scheduled daily clinical conferences as well as weekly disease-specific multidisciplinary tumor boards and medical oncology fellow education conferences. Although the emphasis of the elective is on outpatient oncology in disease-specific units, students can also opt to work with the inpatient oncology team at Yale New Haven Hospital. Rotations at the VA Cancer Center can be arranged as well.

Palliative/Hospice Medicine Elective (Branford, Connecticut) This fifty-two-bed inpatient program at the nation’s first hospice provides intensive palliative care for patients with terminal illness. The medical, psychological, and spiritual needs of these patients and their families are met through the coordinated efforts of an interdisciplinary team (IDT) of physicians, nurses, social workers, pharmacists, clergy, art therapists, and volunteers. Students work one-one-one with an attending physician caring for patients approaching the end of life and their families. They participate fully in admissions, morning rounds, family conferences, and IDT conferences. This elective offers students an opportunity to acquire advanced knowledge and skills in the management of symptoms (pain, anxiety, insomnia, etc.), which will benefit them in their future care of all patients, both those approaching the end of life as well as those who are acutely or chronically ill. It is the only elective in which symptom management receives a major focus. The goal of this elective is to learn to provide optimal symptom management and, as members of the IDT, to learn to care for patients approaching the end of life and to give support to their families. A four-week rotation, which allows for optional time spent with allied services and/or home care, is recommended, although a two-week rotation is available.

Palliative Medicine Consultation Service Elective During this two-week rotation at the YNHH (York Street Campus) the medical student focuses on promoting quality of life and preventing suffering in patients with serious illness and their families and clinician providers across a broad scope of diseases by providing an extra layer of support. The experience encompasses intensive, hands-on inpatient clinical care of patients on the YNHH Adult Palliative Medicine Consultation Servic