Were most Software Millionaires born around 1955? – MeasuringU
Jeff Sauro www.facebook.com
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If you’ve read a book by Malcolm Gladwell then you know how he has a knack for making the mundane meaningful through drama-filled story telling.

In his book, Outliers, he makes a convincing case that birthday matters for success in hockey. Being born as close to the year-end cut-off provides a developmental advantage.

According to Gladwell, a disproportionate number of NHL hockey players have birthdays in January, February and March.

Those few extra months of development provide a crucial advantage over other maturing boys.

While professional hockey might not be in your sights, financial success in software might. Are there also certain birthdates that could help you become the next Bill Gates?

1955: Back to the future

Gladwell argues that Bill Gates wouldn’t have founded Microsoft if he wasn’t born at just the right time (and have access to the right opportunities). Gladwell cites 1955 (specifically between 1952 and 1958) as the right time to be born to make it big in high-tech. This sweet-spot ensures an ideal age to be ready for the 1975 personal computer revolution.

He lists the birthdays of these famous tech millionaires:

Bill Gates, Microsoft Founder : October 28, 1955

Bill Joy : SUN Co-Founder November 8, 1954

Scott McNealy : SUN Co-Founder November 13, 1954

Steve Jobs : Founder Apple. February 24, 1955

Eric Schmidt: Google & Novell CEO: April 27 1955

Paul Allen: Microsoft Founder: January 21, 1953

Steve Balmer Microsoft Founder: March 24, 1956

Vinod Khosla SUN Co-Founder January 28, 1955

Andy Bechtolsheim SUN Co-Founder September 30, 1955

Gladwell argues that it’s no coincidence so many software millionaires were born in an 18 month window near 1955.

Is he right that birthdays are as important in software as they are in hockey, or is he just being fooled by randomness?

What are the chances?

Simple chance occurrences happen all the time. Statistical Analysis is fundamentally about separating chance occurrences from real causes. To find out whether a birth year has a major impact on success in high-tech I would need a large dataset of birthdays for this population.

The first problem I ran into was defining the population in Gladwell’s list. What he calls “Silicon Valley Tycoons” includes a mix of founders and CEOs of both software and hardware products from in and outside Silicon Valley (Microsoft was founded and based in Washington).

I’ll consider Gladwell’s list a sample of people, from any geographic-location, who made their fortunes in some software or hardware based business, with more emphasis on the former. This leaves out the early computer pioneers like IBM, Burroughs (now Unisys) and Hewlett Packard from the mix.

I searched through dozens of corporate websites, annual reports, obscure Wikipedia entries and press releases to find as many birthdays of software millionaires in search of evidence for the birthday influence.

I was able to find the following 41 birthdays (in order of birth year).

Company Person Birth Year Decade Novell Raymond Noorda 1924 1920 Intel Robert Norton Noyce 1927 1920 Intel Gordon Moore 1929 1920 Adobe Charles Geschke 1939 1930 Adobe John Warnock 1940 1940 SAP Dietmar Hopp 1940 1940 PeopleSoft Dave Duffield 1941 1940 Oracle Larry Ellison 1944 1940 SGI James H. Clark 1944 1940 SAP Hasso Plattner 1944 1940 Computer Associates Charles Wang 1944 1940 BMC John Moores 1944 1940 McAfee John McAfee 1945 1940 Symantec Gary Hendrix 1948 1940 Apple Steve Wazniak 1950 1950 Intuit Scott Cook 1952 1950 Siebel Tom Siebel 1952 1950 Microsoft Paul Allen 1953 1950 Sun Microsystems Bill Joy 1954 1950 Sun Microsystems Scott McNealy 1954 1950 Microsoft Bill Gates 1955 1950 Apple Steve Jobs 1955 1950 Google Eric Schmidt 1955 1950 Sun Microsystems Vinod Khosla 1955 1950 Sun Microsystems Andy Bechtolsheim 1955 1950 Microsoft Steve Balmer 1956 1950 Macromedia Marc Canter 1957 1950 AOL Steve Case 1958 1950 Adobe/SGI Shantanu Narayen 1964 1960 SalesForce Marc Benioff 1964 1960 Amazon Jeff Bezos 1964 1960 Dell Michael Dell 1965 1960 Yahoo David Filo 1966 1960 eBay Pierre Omidyar 1967 1960 PayPal Peter Thiel 1967 1960 Yahoo Jerry Yang 1968 1960 Netscape Marc Andreessen 1971 1970 Google Sergey Brin 1973 1970 Google Larry Page 1973 1970 PayPal Max Levchin 1975 1970 Facebook Mark Zuckerberg 1984 1980

In the list you’ll notice several major players not mentioned in Gladwell’s book: Larry Page and Sergey Brin—co founders of Google, Larry Ellison co-founder of Oracle (and now CEO of SUN) and Steve Wozniack, co-founder of Apple, Amazon’s Jeff Bezos and Yahoo’s pioneers.

Some of the less glitzy founders have virtually no public information or birthdays (e.g. Borland, BEA, BMC). So this list, like Gladwell’s, is biased to the more well-known, more financially solvent companies and founders—although it is probably large enough to provide a reasonable picture of the software industry.

When we graph the birthdays we indeed see a spike in births between the years 1952 and 1958 as Gladwell suggests. In total there were 13 birthdays (which I was able to find) between these years. Gladwell named 9 of the 13 in Outliers.

Figure 1: Distribution of a sample of 41 software millionaire birth years.

There appear to be other birth “sweet spots” : 1938-1944 (9 birthdays) and 1965-1975 (11 birthdays). However, of the 41 birthdays, 27 (68%) were outside Gladwell’s 1952-1958 window.

A software millionaire is more than twice as likely to be born outside the 1952 to 1958 window then within it (.675/.325 = 2.0769).

Sure, maybe Gladwell is wrong, but did he get you thinking?

To his credit, Gladwell states that he’s not suggesting that every software tycoon in Silicon Valley was born in 1955. “Some weren’t…But there are very clear patterns here, and what’s striking is how little we want to seem to acknowledge them.” (Outliers p65).

Nevertheless, more than two-thirds of this sample of software millionaires have birthdays before 1952 or after 1958 (95% CI 53% to 81%).

So even saying most software millionaires were born in this period is a stretch.

While we can be critical of Gladwell’s tendency to cherry-pick data to make his points, his ideas don’t need to be entirely dismissed even if they crumble under scrutiny. Gladwell is less concerned about the veracity of his claims than he is on whether they get you to think (What the Dog Saw p. xv).

So he did get me thinking. I think he is was onto something when examining the influence of simple things like birth dates. So I continued the analysis, but in another direction.

The Baby Boom

The baby boom resulted in a population spike following World War II. How much of the spike in software millionaires is just due to a spike in population? Most of these millionaires were born in the US, so I looked to US birth data from 1920-1970.

I dropped the 1980s from the table since the last half of that decade includes a lot of people too young to have a chance to have shown success in software (even Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg was into his 20’s before making millions).

The table below shows the total number of people born in the US in each decade along with the total number of software millionaire’s also born in that decade.

Decade Total US Births Software Millionaire Birthdays 1920 28,582,000 3 1930 24,374,000 1 1940 31,666,000 10 1950 40,530,000 14 1960 38,808,409 7 1970 33,308,985 4

US births by Decade : National Center for Health Statistics

I performed a simple linear-regression analysis by using the number of US births as the sole predictor for the total number of software millionaires (see figure below).

Figure 2: US births by decade predict software millionaire births by decade reasonably well (R-Sq(adj) = 53%).

The results of the regression analysis suggest that the changes in the number of births alone explains most of the variation in the number of software millionaires (R-Sq(adj) = 53%). The regression equation is:

# of software millionaires = – 14.14 + 0.000001(US Births)

While not a perfect predictor, the equation suggests that a a software millionaire birth occurs in about 1 in 14 million births. With an increase in the population came an increase in software millionaires.

More CEOs were born during the 1950’s

If we add three more years to Gladwell’s software millionaire sweet-spot of birth years, we’re encompassing the entire decade of the 1950s.

To look for evidence that the 1950’s generated more software millionaires simply because there were more people I looked to see if the same pattern held for all CEOs regardless of industry.

I drew a random sample of 70 companies from all industries except software from the 2009 Fortune 1000 list and looked up the current CEO’s birthday.

The group included CEOs from Starbucks, FedEx, Altria, Verizon, Cummins, Wells Fargo and Avis to name a few.

It turns out, there are also more CEOs born in the 1950’s across all industries.

Decade All CEO

Birthdays Software Millionaire Birthdays 1920 2 3 1930 2 1 1940 23 10 1950 38 14 1960 9 7 1970 0 4

The graph of both samples shows the 1950’s bulge for both groups (software versus all industries).

Figure 4: Births of software millionaires mirror CEO births across all industries.

There is a very strong correlation between the birthdays of CEOs and software millionaires (r = .971 p <.01). This linear relationship is shown below.

Figure 5: Birth decade of all CEOs predict the births decade of software millionaires very well (R-Sq(adj) = 93%).

In fact, over 93% of the variation in software millionaire birthdays can be explained by the general spread of all CEO birthdays across the decades (99% if the 1980s are excluded). In other words, the software industry is no different than all other industries.

Coffee, tobacco and banking have been around for hundreds of years yet we are still seeing striking success from pioneers in these less glamorous industries.

There’s still time to be the next Bill Gates

If you’re an aspiring high-tech mogul, you can still be the next Mark Zukerberg, Bill Gates or Steve Jobs. You weren’t born too late. You just need to be one of those 1 in 14 million.

Gladwell is correct that being born at the right time is critical in being able to take advantage of a major economic shift. You might be too old or too young (or not even born yet) to take advantage of the PC’s introduction, but it looks like there’s ample time to catch up or re-tool your skills regardless of your birth-year.

It seems there is a certain person who has the skills and talents to exploit an opportunity regardless of how old they are. The real mystery is in what combination of factors drive these 1 in 14 million to success. It is likely the more banal combination of parents, peers, personality, genes, circumstances and luck–and no doubt the subject of more books on the secret of success.

For the few hockey players who make it to the pros, birthdays probably matter. For the 1 in 14 million software millionaires, birthdays may be a time for lavish celebrations, but they are unlikely the secret to their success.