Belarus
ben cahoon
23 Jan 1793 - 19 Feb 1918

9 - 27 Mar 1918, 5 Sep - 31 Dec 1918

(semi-official 27 Jul 1942 - 3 Jul 1944)

5 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919;

27 Feb 1919 - 31 Jul 1920 "Litbel"

3 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919

31 Jul 1920 - 30 Dec 1922

30 Dec 1922 - 25 Dec 1991

25 Aug 1991 - 7 Jun 1995

7 Jun 1995 - 19 Mar 2008

19 Mar 2008 - 1 Jan 2010

1 Jan 2010 - 1 May 2012

Adopted 1 May 2012

Note: In Belarus until 1991 persons were commonly known by the Russian forms of their names. Therefore, in this record until 1991 Russian name forms are given first, with Belarusian (then commonly called Byelorussian or Belorussian) forms in parentheses. For records after 1991 the Belarusian forms are given first instead, with Russian equivalents in parentheses. Both forms are transliterated using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system. All dates after 1584 are in New Style (NS) format.

Russian Governors-general of Mogilyov, Pskov (to 1776) and Polotsk (from 1776)

(with title Namestnik)(in Mogilyov)

Jun 1772 - Feb 1782 Graf Zakhar Grigoryevich (b. 1722 - d. 1784) Chernyshyov (Chernyshev)

Feb 1782 - Dec 1796 Pyotr Bogdanovich Passek (b. 1736 - d. 1804) Dec 1796 - Feb 1802 Post abolished

Russian Military governors of Belorussia and Chief administrators of Civil affairs for

Vitebsk and Mogilyov Governorates (in Vitebsk; with rights of governor-general)

27 Feb 1802 - 1803 Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Rimskiy- (b. 1753 - d. 1840)

Korsakov 1803 - 1806 Ivan Ivanovich Mikhel'son (b. 1740 - d. 1807)

(Johann von Michelsohnen) 1806 - 1811 Vacant 3 Apr 1811 - 1812 Gertsog Aleksandr Vyurtembergskiy (b. 1771 - d. 1833) (= Alexander Friedrich Karl Herzog von Würtemberg)(1st time)

Russian Governors-general of Minsk, Izyaslav (from 1795, Volhynia) and Bratslav

(from 1795, Podolia)(with title Namestnik) (in Minsk)May 1793 Graf Mikhail Nikitich Krechetnikov (b. 1729 - d. 1793) May 1793 - Dec 1796 Timofey Ivanovich Tutol'min (b. 1740 - d. 1809)

Russian Chief administrators of Civil affairs for Minsk Governorate

(with rights of governor-general)1796 - 1801 the Military governors of Kamenets-Podol'skiy

1801 - 1808 the Military governors of Kiev

1808 - 1812 Vacant

French Governor of Minsk Department Jul 1812 - Nov 1812 Mikołaj Bogdan Kajetan Oppeln- (b. 1772 - d. 1817)

Bronikowski (= Nicolas Bronikowski)

French Governor of Grodno Department Jul 1812 - Dec 1812 Jean Antoine Brun (b. 1761 - d. 1826) French Governor of Byalistok (Białystok) Department Jul 1812 - 24 Dec 1812 Jacques Martin Madeleine Ferrière (b. 1771 - d. 1813) French Governors of Witebsk (Vitebsk) Province Aug 1812 - Sep 1812 Henri François Marie, comte (b. 1769 - d. 1831)

Charpentier Sep 1812 - Nov 1812 François René Pouget de Cailloux (b. 1767 - d. 1851) French Governor of Mohilew/Mohilef (Moghilev) Province Aug 1812 - Nov 1812 Pedro de Almeida Portugal, (b. 1754 - d. 1813)

marquês de Alorna

Russian Military governor of Belorussia and Chief administrator of Civil affairs

for Vitebsk and Mogilyov Governorates (in Vitebsk; with rights of governor-general)

1812 - 1814 Vacant 1814 - Aug 1822 Gertsog Aleksandr Vyurtembergskiy (s.a.) (2nd time) Russian Governors-general of Vitebsk, Mogilyov, Smolensk and (to 1831) Kaluga (in Vitebsk)

1823 - 22 May 1836 Knyaz' Nikolay Nikolayevich (b. 1777 - d. 1837)

Khovanskiy 22 May 1836 - 1846 Pyotr Nikolayevich Dyakov (b. 1788 - d. 1860) 1846 - 10 Jun 1853 Knyaz' Andrey Mikhaylovich Golitsyn(b. 1792 - d. 1863) 6 Aug 1853 -1854 Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev (b. 1797 - d. 1880) 1854 - 29 Feb 1856 Knyaz' Mikhail Aleksandrovich (b. 1802 - d. 1883)

Urusov

29 Feb 1856 - 1863 Post abolished

Russian Chief administrators of Civil affairs for Vitebsk and Mogilyov Governorates

(with rights of governor-general)1863 - 1869 the Governors-general of Vilnius

Russian Military governors (from 1831, temporary military governors) of Minsk and Chief administrators of Civil affairs for Minsk Governorate (with rights of governor-general)1812 - 1815 Gavriil Aleksandrovich Ignatyev (b. 1768 - d. 1852)

1815 - 1831 Vacant

1831 Knyaz' Nikolay Andreyevich (b. 1792 - d. 1847)

Dolgorukiy

1831 - 1832 Graf Sergey Grigoryevich Stroganov (b. 1794 - d. 1882)

1832 - 1856 the Military governors of Vilnius as

governors-general of Minsk

1856 - 1861 Vacant

1861 Nikolay Matveyevich Yafimovich (b. 1804 - d. 1874)

1861 - 1862 Sergey Yegorovich Kushelev (b. 1821 - d. 1890)

1862 - 1863 the Military governors of Vilnius as

governors-general of Minsk

1863 - 1864 Vasiliy Ivanovich Zabolotskiy (b. 1807 - d. 1877)1864 - 1870 the Governors-general of Vilnius as

governors-general of Minsk

1870 Post abolished

Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of Belarus and the Western Front ("Ispolkom")

9 Nov 1917 - 9 Dec 1917 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov (b. 1886 - d. 1925) RSDRP-B

(Alyaksandr Fyodaravich Myasnikow

= Aleksandr Teodorosi Myasnikyan)

Chairmen of the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of the

West Region Executive Committee and the Western Front

9 Dec 1917 - Dec 1917 Nikolay Vladimirovich Rogozinskiy (b. 1886 - d. 1941) RSDRP-B

(Mikalay Uladzimiravich Rohozinski)

Chairman of the Rada of the All-Byelorussian Congress

29 Dec 1917 - 31 Dec 1917 Ivan Nikitovich Sereda (b. 1879 - d. 1943?) BSG (Ivan "Yanka" Mikitavich Syerada)

Chairmen of the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of theWest Region Executive Committee and the Western Front 30 Jan 1918 - 16 Sep 1918 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov (s.a.) RKP

16 Sep 1918 - 1 Jan 1919 Semyon Varfolomeyevich Ivanov (b. 1880 - d. 1955) RKP

(Syamyon Varfalamyeyevich Ivanow)

Commander of the 1st Polish Corps in Russia (in Minsk)

19 Feb 1918 - 21 Feb 1918 Iosif Romanovich Dovbor-Musnitskiy(b. 1867 - d. 1937) Mil

(Yazep Romanovich Dovbor-Musnitski

= Józef Dowbor-Musńicki)

German Commanders of the 10th Army (in Minsk)

21 Feb 1918 - 29 Mar 1918 Emil Gottfried Hermann von (b. 1848 - d. 1918) Mil

Eichhorn

29 Mar 1918 - 9 Dec 1918 Erich Georg Sebastian von (b. 1861 - d. 1922) Mil

Falkenhayn

Chairmen of the Executive Committee of the Rada of

the All-Byelorussian Congress (operating underground)

31 Dec 1917 - 3 Jan 1918 Tomash Tomashevich Grib (b. 1895 - d. 1938) BPSR

(Tamash Tamashavich Hryb)

3 Jan 1918 - 19 Mar 1918 Iosif Yakovlevich Voronko (b. 1891 - d. 1952) BSG

(Yazep Yakawlyevich Varonka)

President of the Rada of the Byelorussian People's Republic

19 Mar 1918 - 14 May 1918 Ivan Nikitovich Sereda (s.a.) BSG

(Ivan "Yanka" Mikitavich Syerada)

14 May 1918 - 10 Dec 1918 Iosif Yuryevich Lyosik (b. 1884 - d. 1940) SDP

(Yazep Yuryevich Lyosik)

(in opposition to 13 Dec 1919)

Chairman of the Provisional Councils of Government Workers' and Peasants of Byelorussia

5 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919 Dmitriy Fyodorovich Zhilunovich (b. 1887 - d. 1937) KPB-B

(Z'mitser Khvedaravich Zhylunovich)

3 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919 Aleksandr Fyodorovich Myasnikov (s.a.) KPB-B

27 Feb 1919 - 25 Aug 1919 part of Lithuanian-Belorussian Socialist Soviet Republic(see Lithuania) 8 Aug 1919 - 11 Jul 1920 Polish occupation

11 Jul 1920 - 31 Jul 1920 Soviet Russian occupation

Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee31 Jul 1920 - 18 Dec 1920 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (b. 1892 - d. 1937) KPB-B

(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)

President of the Byelorussian Provisional Government

14 Nov 1920 - 28 Nov 1920 Stanislav Nikodimovich Bulak- (b. 1883 - d. 1940) Mil

Balakhovich

(Stanislaw Nikadzimavich Bulak-Balakhovich)

(in rebellion, in Slutsk)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee18 Dec 1920 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (s.a.) KPB-B

German Commander-in-chief of Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte)

28 Jun 1941 - 1 Sep 1941 Fedor von Bock (b. 1880 - d. 1945) Mil

Generalkommissare für Weissruthenien1 Sep 1941 - 22 Sep 1943 Wilhelm Paul Richard Kube (b. 1887 - d. 1943) NSDAP 22 Sep 1943 - 27 Sep 1943 Vacant

27 Sep 1943 - 3 Jul 1944 Curt von Gottberg (acting) (b. 1896 - d. 1945) NSDAP Chairmen of the Supreme Council 25 Aug 1991 - 26 Jan 1994 Stanislaw Stanislavavich (b. 1934 - d. 2022) Non-party Shushkyevich (Stanislav Stanislavovich Shushkevich)

(acting to 19 Sep 1991)

26 Jan 1994 - 28 Jan 1994 Vyachaslaw Mikalayevich Kuznyatsow (b. 1947) Non-party (Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Kuznetsov) (acting) 28 Jan 1994 - 20 Jul 1994 Myechyslaw Ivanavich Hryb (b. 1938) Non-party (Mechislav Ivanovich Grib) President 20 Jul 1994 - Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Lukashenka (b. 1954) Non-party (Aleksandr Grigoryevich Lukashenko)

Intendant of Minsk Department, President of administrative commission

Jul 1812 - Nov 1812 Sébastien Louis Saulnier (b. 1790 - d. 1835)

Intendant of Grodno Department, President of administrative commission

Jul 1812 - Dec 1812 François Boleslas Casimir Duval de (b. 1780 - d. 1842)

Chassenon de Curzay

Intendant of Byalistok (Białystok) Department, President of administrative commission

Jul 1812 - Dec 1812 Adrien Louis-Jules Cochelet (b. 1788 - d. 1858)

Intendant of Witebsk (Vitebsk) Province

Aug 1812 - Nov 1812 Amédée David, marquis de Pastoret (b. 1791 - d. 1857)

Intendant of Mohilew/Mohilef (Moghilev) Province

Aug 1812 - Nov 1812 Alfred Louis Marie Fesquet, baron (b. 1771 - d.af.1832)

de Baulche

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of Western Region and Front9 Dec 1917 - Jan 1918 Karl Ivanovich Lander (b. 1883 - d. 1937) RSDRP-B(Karl Ivanavich Landar)

(= Kārlis Landers)

Jan 1918 - 21 Feb 1918 Moisey Iosifovich Kalmanovich (b. 1887 - d. 1937) RKP

(Maysyey Iosifavich Kalmanovich)

Chairmen of the People's Secretariat (in rebellion) 21 Feb 1918 - 14 May 1918 Iosif Yakovlevich Voronko (b. 1891 - d. 1952) BSG (Yazep Yakawlyevich Varonka)14 May 1918 - 21 Jul 1918 Roman Aleksandrovich Skirmunt (b. 1868 - d. 1939) Non-party?

(Raman Alyaksandravich Skirmunt)21 Jul 1918 - 11 Oct 1918 Ivan Nikitovich Sereda (s.a.) PSF

(Ivan "Yanka" Mikitavich Syerada)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (in rebellion)

11 Oct 1918 - 10 Dec 1918 Anton Ivanovich Lutskevich (b. 1884 - d. 1942) SDP

(Anton Ivanavich Lutskyevich)

(1st time)(in exile 3 Dec 1918-1 Dec 1919)

13 Dec 1919 - 28 Feb 1920 Anton Ivanovich Lutskyevich (s.a.) SDP

(2nd time)

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars18 Dec 1920 - 17 Mar 1924 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (s.a.) KPB-B

(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)

Chairman of the Council of Ministers 7 Apr 1990 - 22 Jul 1994 Vyachaslaw Frantsavich Kyebich (b. 1936 - d. 2020) KPB;1991 (Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich) Non-party Prime ministers 22 Jul 1994 - 18 Nov 1996 Mikhail Mikalayevich Chyhir' (b. 1948) Non-party (Mikhail Nikolayevich Chigir) 18 Nov 1996 - 18 Feb 2000 Syarhyey Stsyapanavich Linh (b. 1937) Non-party (Sergey Stepanovich Ling) (acting to 19 Feb 1997) 18 Feb 2000 - 1 Oct 2001 Uladzimir Vasilyevich Yarmoshyn (b. 1942) Non-party (Vladimir Vasilyevich Yermoshin) (acting to 14 Mar 2000) 1 Oct 2001 - 10 Jul 2003 Hyenadz' Vasilyevich Navitski (b. 1949) Non-party (Gennadiy Vasilyevich Novitskiy) (acting to 10 Oct 2001) 10 Jul 2003 - 28 Dec 2010 Syarhyey Syarhyeyevich Sidorski (b. 1954) Non-party (Sergey Sergeyevich Sidorskiy) (acting to 19 Dec 2003 and 8 - 18 Apr 2006) 28 Dec 2010 - 27 Dec 2014 Mikhail Uladzimiravich Myasnikovich(b. 1950) Non-party (Mikhail Vladimirovich Myasnikovich) 27 Dec 2014 - 18 Aug 2018 Andrey Uladzimiravich Kabyakow (b. 1960) Non-party

(Andrey Vladimirovich Kobyakov)

18 Aug 2018 - 4 Jun 2020 Syarhyey Mikalayevich Rumas (b. 1969) Non-party

(Sergey Nikolayevich Rumas)

4 Jun 2020 - Raman Alyaksandravіch Halouchanka (b. 1973) Non-party

(Roman Aleksandrovich Golovchenko)

Byelorussian Republic in Exile

1920 - 1995 Exile Rada Flag

1919 - 1920, Re-adopted 1925

Chairmen of the Rada (acting as Presidents) 13 Dec 1919 - 8 Mar 1928 Pyotra Antonavich Krechewski (b. 1879 - d. 1928) PSF (Pyotr Antonovich Krechevskiy) (in Kaunas to Apr 1923, then Berlin exile) 8 Mar 1928 - 6 Mar 1943 Vasil' Ivanavich Zakharka (b. 1877 - d. 1943) PSF (Vasiliy Ivanovich Zakharko) (in Prague exile) 6 Mar 1943 - 29 May 1970 Mikalay Syamyonavich Abramchyk (b. 1903 - d. 1970) (Nikolay Semyonovich Abramchik) (in Prague to 1945, then in Paris exile) 29 May 1970 - 27 Nov 1982 Vintsent Antonavіch Zhuk- (b. 1903 - d. 1989) Hryshkevich (in Canada exile) (Vikentiy Antonovich Zhuk-Grishkevich) 27 Nov 1982 - 31 Aug 1997 Yazep Symonavіch Sazhych (b. 1917 - d. 2007) BNP (Iosif Simonovich Sazhich) (in U.S. exile) 31 Aug 1997 - Ivonka Uladzimirawna Survilla (f) (b. 1936) (Ivonka Vladimirovna Survilla) (in Canada exile)Chairmen of the Council of People's Ministers 13 Dec 1919 - 23 May 1923 Vaclaw Yustynavich Lastowski (b. 1883 - d. 1938) PSR (Vatslav Yustinovich Lastovskiy) (in Kaunas to Apr 1923, then Berlin) 23 May 1923 - Oct 1925 Alyaksandar Ivanavich Ts'vikyevich (b. 1888 - d. 1937) PSF (Aleksandr Ivanovich Ts'vikevich) (in Berlin exile) 12 Dec 1925 - 6 Mar 1943 Vasil' Ivanavich Zacharka (s.a.) PSF (in Prague in exile) 6 Mar 1943 - Mar 1946 Mikalay Syamyonavich Abramchyk (s.a.) Mar 1946 - Jun 1948 Awhyen Todaravich Kalubovich (b. 1910 - d. 1987) (Yevgeniy Fyodorovich Kolubovich) (in West Germany exile)

Byelorussian Central Rada (in opposition to exile BNR Rada)

Chairmen of the Central Rada21 Dec 1943 - 24 Sep 1945 Radaslaw Kazіmіravіch Astrowski (b. 1887 - d. 1976) Non-party (Radoslav Kazimirovich Ostrovskiy) (from 30 Jun 1944, in Germany exile) (1st time)24 Sep 1945 - 24 Sep 1948 Vacant

9 May 1948 - 17 Oct 1976 Radaslaw Kazіmіravіch Astrowski (s.a.) (in [W.]Germany exile to 1956, then in U.S.) (2nd time) 4 Jul 1977 - 6 Dec 1987 Nikandar Myadzeyka (b. 1914 - d. 1987) (Nikandar Medeyko)17 Sep 1988 - 24 Apr 1995 Mikhas Mikhaylavich Zuy (b. 1909 - d. 1995) (Mikhail Mikhaylovich Zuy) (in Sydney, Australia exile)

¹During the Polish and Russian occupation, there were two rebel revivals in part of the country of the Belarussian People's Republic.

Territorial Disputes: Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its border with Belarus.

Party abbreviations: BPR = Byelaruskaya Patryyatychnaya Partyya/Belorusskaya Patrioticheskaya Partiya (authoritarian, to 1996 named Belarusian Patriotic Movement, est.1995); Mil = Military;

- Former parties: BNP = Byelaruskaya Nyezalyezhnitskaya Partyya (Belorussian Independence Party, est.1939/40); BSG = Byelaruskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Hramada/Belorusskiy Sotsialisticheskaya Gromada (Belorussian Socialist Union, 1903-1918, split into PSF, PSR and SDP); KPB = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya Byelarusi(Communist Party of Byelorussia, communist,state party, former KPB-B, 13 Oct 1952-25 Aug 1991); KPB-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolsheviki) Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya (Balshaviki) Byelarusi (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Byelorussia, communist, merged 4 Mar 1919 - 5 Sep 1920 into Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia, state party, 31 Dec 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 and 5 Sep 1920 - 13 Oct 1952, renamed KPB); NSDAP = Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party, Nazi fascist, authoritarian, German nationalist, 1920-1945); PSF = Belorusskaya Partiya Sotsyalistov-Federalistov/Byelaruskaya Partyya Satsyyalistaw-Fyederalistaw (Belorussian Party of Socialist-Federalists, split from BSG, 1918-1921); PSR = Belorusskaya Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov/Byelaruskaya Partyya Satsyyalistaw-Revalyutsyyanyeraw (Belorussian Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, split from BSG, 1918-1924); RKP =Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]);RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); SDP = Belorusskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Partiya/Byelaruskaya Satsyyal-Demakratychnaya Partyya (Belorussian Social Democratic Party, split from BSG, 1918-1924)

Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

5 Jan 1919 - 3 Feb 1919;

27 Feb 1919 - 31 Jul 1920 "Litbel"

3 Feb 1919 - 27 Feb 1919

31 Jul 1920 - 11 Apr 1927

11 Apr 1927 - 5 Apr 1937

5 Apr 1937 - 27 Mar 1952

27 Mar 1952 - 25 Aug 1991

Capital: Minsk

Hear SSR Anthem

"Dzyarzhawny Himn

Byelaruskay Savyetskay Satsyyalistychnay Respubliki" ("Gosudarstvennyy Gimn

Belorusskoy Sovetskoy

Sotsialisticheskoy

Respubliki")

(State Anthem of

Byelorussian S.S.R.)

(24 Sep 1955-1991)

---------------------------------------------

Former Anthem

"Internatsyyanal"

(The Internationale)

(1919-1922, de facto possibly) Constitution

(13 Feb 1937-14 Apr 1978)

----------------------------------

Constitution

(14 Apr 1978)

------------------------------------------

Constitutions

(3 Feb 1919, 11 Apr 1927) Population: 9,560,000 (1980)

1,541,000 (1923)

International Organizations/Treaties (1945-1991): ENMOD, ESCR, IAEA, ILO, Inmarsat, ITU, NTBT, OST, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UPU, WFP, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Byelorussian oblasts

Note: Russian names with Byelorussian (Belarusian) in parentheses until 27 Jul 1990, then Byelorussian (Belarusian) names with Russian in parentheses using a modified BGN/PCGN romanization system.

5 Jan 1919 Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (Savetskaya

Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika Belarus'/Sotsialisticheskaya

Sovetskaya RespublikaBelorussiya)(s.a.)

27 Feb 1919 - 1 Sep 1919 Merged into Socialist Conciliar ("Soviet") Republic of

Lithuania and Belorussia ("Litbel"), under Russian pressure

(see under Lithuania).

1 Sep 1919 "Litbel" is dissolved in exile in Smolensk, Russia.

31 Jul 1920 Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (restored)

16 Jan 1921 Union Treaty with the Russian S.F.S.R.

30 Dec 1922 Founding component of the Soviet Union (see under Russia).

19 Feb 1937 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (Belaruskaya Savetskaya

Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika/Belorusskaya Sovetskaya

Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika).

28 Jun 1941 - 3 Jul 1944 Minsk (eventually all Belarus) occupied by Germany, from 1 Sep

1941 the central part of Belarus is part of Reichskommissariat

Ostland (see under Latvia).

27 Jul 1990 State sovereignty declared.

19 Sep 1991 Republic of Belarus (RespublikaBelarus').

10 Dec 1991 Independence declared.

Executive Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

(Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia

10 May 1921 - 11 May 1922 Vilgelm Georgiyevich Knorin (b. 1890 - d. 1939)

(Knorinsh) (1st time)

(Vilhelm Heorhiyevich Knoryn [Knorynsh]

= Vilhelms Knoriņ)

11 May 1922 - 12 Feb 1924 Vatslav Antonovich Bogutskiy (b. 1884 - d. 1937)

(Vatslaw Antonavich Bahutski

= Wacław Bogucki)

12 Feb 1924 - 29 Sep 1924 Aleksandr Nikolayevich Asatkin- (b. 1885 - d. 1937)

Vladimirskiy

(Alyaksandr Mikalayevich Asatkin-

Uladzimerski)

(interim to 15 May 1924)

29 Sep 1924 - 12 Dec 1925 Aleksandr Ivanovich Krinitskiy (b. 1894 - d. 1937)

(Alyaksandr Ivanavich Krynitski)

First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

of Byelorussia (from 13 Oct 1952, Communist Party of Byelorussia)

12 Dec 1925 - 5 May 1927 Aleksandr Ivanovich Krinitskiy (s.a.)

5 May 1927 - 1 Dec 1928 Vilgelm Georgiyevich Knorin (s.a.)

(Knorinsh) (2nd time)

1 Dec 1928 - 5 Nov 1929 Yan Borisovich Gamarnik (b. 1894 - d. 1937)

(Yan Barysavich Hamarnik)

5 Nov 1929 - 8 Jan 1930 Ivan Antonovich Vasilyevich (b. 1894 - d. 1937)

(Ivan Antonavich Vasilyevich)

(acting)

8 Jan 1930 - 23 Jan 1932 Konstantin Venyaminovich Gey (b. 1896 - d. 1939)

(Kanstantsin Vyenyyaminavich Hyey)

23 Jan 1932 - 18 Mar 1937 Nikolay Fyodorovich Gikalo (b. 1897 - d. 1938)

(Mikalay Todaravich Hikala)

18 Mar 1937 - 29 Jul 1937 Vasiliy Fomich Sharangovich (b. 1897 - d. 1938)

(Vasil' Famich Sharanhovich)

29 Jul 1937 - 11 Aug 1937 Yakov Arkadyevich Yakovlev (acting)(b. 1896 - d. 1938)

(Yakaw Arkadzyevich Yakawlyew)

11 Aug 1937 - 19 Jun 1938 Aleksey Alekseyevich Volkov (b. 1889 - d. 1942)

(Alyeksey Alyeksyeyevich Vawkow)(acting) 19 Jun 1938 - 7 Mar 1947 Panteleymon Kondratyevich (b. 1902 - d. 1984) Ponomarenko (Pantsyelyaymon Kandratsyevich Panamarenka)

(in Russian SFSR exile 28 Jun 1941 - 3 Jul 1944)

7 Mar 1947 - 3 Jun 1950 Nikolay Ivanovich Gusarov (b. 1905 - d. 1985) (Mikalay Ivanavich Husaraw)

3 Jun 1950 - 28 Jul 1956 Nikolay Semyonovich Patolichev (b. 1908 - d. 1989)

(Mikalay Syamyonavich Patolichaw)

28 Jul 1956 - 30 Mar 1965 Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov (b. 1914 - d. 1989)

(Kiryl Trafimavich Mazuraw)

30 Mar 1965 - 4 Oct 1980 Pyotr Mironovich Masherov (b. 1918 - d. 1980)

(Pyotra Mironavich Masheraw)

4 Oct 1980 - 16 Oct 1980 Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov (b. 1931 - d. 1992)

(Uladzimir Ihnatavich Brovikaw)

(1st time) (acting)

16 Oct 1980 - 11 Jan 1983 Tikhon Yakovlevich Kiselyov (b. 1917 - d. 1983)

(Tsikhan Yakawlyevich Kisyalyow)

11 Jan 1983 - 13 Jan 1983 Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov (s.a.) (2nd time) (acting)

13 Jan 1983 - 6 Feb 1987 Nikolay Nikitovich Slyunkov (b. 1929 - d. 2022)

(Mikalay Mikitavich Slyunkow)

6 Feb 1987 - 30 Nov 1990 Yefrem Yevseyevich Sokolov (b. 1926 - d. 2022)

(Yafrem Jawsyeyevich Sakalow)

30 Nov 1990 - 23 Aug 1991 Anatoliy Aleksandrovich Malofeyev (b. 1933 - d. 2022)

(Anatol Alyaksandravich Malafyeyew)

Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee

31 Jul 1920 - 18 Dec 1920 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (b. 1892 - d. 1937) KPB-B

(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee

18 Dec 1920 - 16 Jun 1937 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (s.a.) KPB-B

16 Jun 1937 - 7 Jul 1937 .... (acting)

7 Jul 1937 - 14 Nov 1937 Mikhail Osipovich Stakun (b. 1893 - d. 1943) KPB-B

(Mikhail Vosipavich Stakun)

14 Nov 1937 - 27 Jul 1938 Nikifor Yakovlyevich Natalyevich (b. 1900 - d. 1964) KPB-B

(Nichypar Yakawlyevich Natalyevich)

(acting)

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

27 Jul 1938 - 17 Mar 1948 Nikifor Yakovlyevich Natalyevich (s.a.) KPB-B

(in Russian SFSR exile 28 Jun 1941 - 3 Jul 1944)

17 Mar 1948 - 2 Dec 1967 Vasiliy Ivanovich Kozlov (b. 1903 - d. 1967) KPB-B;1952

(Vasil' Ivanavich Kazlow) KPB

2 Dec 1967 - 22 Jan 1968 Fyodor Anisimovich Surganov (b. 1911 - d. 1976) KPB

(Fyodar Anisimavich Surhanaw)

(1st time)

+ Valentina Alekseyevna Klochkova(b. 1924 - d.af.2010)KPB

(Valyantsina Alyaksyeyewna Klachkova)

(f)(1st time)

(acting)

22 Jan 1968 - 13 Jun 1971 Sergey Osipovich Pritytskiy (b. 1913 - d. 1971) KPB

(Syarhyey Vosipavich Prytytski)

13 Jun 1971 - 16 Jul 1971 Fyodor Anisimovich Surganov (s.a.) KPB

(2nd time)

+ Valentina Alekseyevna Klochkova (s.a.) KPB

(f) (2nd time)

+ Ivan Frolovich Klimov (b. 1903 - d. 1991) KPB

(Ivan Frolavich Klimaw)

(acting)

16 Jul 1971 - 26 Dec 1976 Fyodor Anisimovich Surganov (s.a.) KPB

(3rd time)

27 Dec 1976 - 28 Feb 1977 Vladimir Yeliseyevich Lobanok (b. 1907 - d. 1984) KPB

(Uladzimir Yelisyeyevich Labanok)

+ Zinaida Mikhaylovna (b. 1941) KPB

Bychkovskaya (f)

(Zinaida Mikhaylawna Bychkowskaya)

(acting)

28 Feb 1977 - 29 Nov 1985 Ivan Yevteyevich Polyakov (b. 1914 - d. 2004) KPB

(Ivan Yawtsyeyevich Palyakow)

29 Nov 1985 - 28 Jul 1989 Georgiy Stanislavovich Tarazevich (b. 1938 - d. 2003) KPB

(Heorhiy Stanislavavich Tarazyevich)

28 Jul 1989 - 15 May 1990 Nikolay Ivanovich Dementey (b. 1930 - d. 2018) KPB

(Mikalay Ivanavich Dzyemyantsyey)

Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet

15 May 1990 - 25 Aug 1991 Nikolay Ivanovich Dementey (s.a.) KPB

25 Aug 1991 - 25 Dec 1991 Stanislav Stanislavovich (b. 1934 - d. 2022) Non-party

Shushkevich

(Stanislaw Stanislavavich Shushkyevich)

(acting to 19 Sep 1991; continues to 26 Jan 1994)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars

18 Dec 1920 - 17 Mar 1924 Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov (s.a.) KPB-B

(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)

17 Mar 1924 - 7 May 1927 Iosif Aleksandrovich Adamovich (b. 1896 - d. 1937) KPB-B

(YazepAlyaksandravich Adamovich)

7 May 1927 - 30 May 1937 Nikolay Matveyevich Goloded (b. 1894 - d. 1937) KPB-B

(Mikalay Matsvyeyevich Haladzyed)

30 May 1937 - 8 Sep 1937 Danila Ivanovich Volkovich (b. 1900 - d. 1937) KPB-B

(Danila Ivanavich Valkovich)

8 Sep 1937 - 10 Sep 1937 .... (acting)

10 Sep 1937 - 28 Jul 1938 Afanasiy Fyodorovich Kovalyov (b. 1903 - d. 1993) KPB-B

(Afanasiy Fyodaravich Kavalyow)

28 Jul 1938 - 28 Jun 1940 Kuz'ma Venediktovich Kiselyov (b. 1903 - d. 1977) KPB-B

(Kuz'ma Vyenyedyktavich Kisyalyow)

28 Jun 1940 - 7 Feb 1944 Ivan Semyonovich Bylinskiy (b. 1903 - d. 1976) KPB-B

(Ivan Syamyonavich Bylinski)

(in Russian SFSR exile 28 Jun 1941 - 7 Feb 1944)

7 Feb 1944 - 27 Mar 1946 Panteleymon Kondratyevich (s.a.) KPB-B

Ponomarenko

(Pantsyelyaymon Kandratsyevich Panamarenka)

(in Russian SFSR exile to 3 Jul 1944)

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

27 Mar 1946 - 17 Mar 1948 Panteleymon Kondratyevich (s.a.) KPB-B

Ponomarenko

17 Mar 1948 - 25 Jun 1953 Aleksey Yefimovich Kleshchyov (b. 1905 - d. 1968) KPB-B;1952

(Alyaksyey Yawkhimavich Klyashchow) KPB

25 Jun 1953 - 28 Jul 1956 Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov (s.a.) KPB

(Kiryl Trafimavich Mazuraw)

28 Jul 1956 - 9 Apr 1959 Nikolay Yefremovich Avkhimovich (b. 1907 - d. 1996) KPB

(Mikalay Yafremavich Awkhimovich)

9 Apr 1959 - 11 Dec 1978 Tikhon Yakovlevich Kiselyov (s.a.) KPB

(Tsikhan Yakawlyevich Kisyalyow)

11 Dec 1978 - 8 Jul 1983 Aleksandr Nikiforovich Aksyonov (b. 1924 - d. 2009) KPB

(Alyaksandr Nichyparavich Aksyonaw)

8 Jul 1983 - 10 Jan 1986 Vladimir Ignatyevich Brovikov (s.a.) KPB

(Uladzimir Ihnatavich Brovikaw)

10 Jan 1986 - 7 Apr 1990 Mikhail Vasilyevich Kovalyov (b. 1925 - d. 2007) KPB

(Mikhail Vasilyevich Kavalyow)

7 Apr 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Vyacheslav Frantsevich Kebich (b. 1936 - d. 2020) KPB;1991

(Vyachaslaw Frantsavich Kyebich) Non-party

(continues to 22 Jul 1994)

Pro-Soviet Resistance to German Occupation

Note: The Byelorussian Partisan Units, subordinated to the Central Staff of the Partisan Units in Moscow, controlled almost 60% of the territory by the end of 1943.

Chief of Staff of the Byelorussian Partisan Units 9 Sep 1942 - 14 Nov 1944 Pyotr Zakharovich Kalinin (b. 1902 - d. 1966) Mil + KPB-B (Pyotra Zakharavich Kalinin)

Party abbreviations:KPB = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya Byelarusi(Communist Party of Byelorussia, communist,state party, former KPB-B, 13 Oct 1952-25 Aug 1991); KPB-B = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolsheviki) Belorussii/Kamunistychnaya Partyya (Balshaviki) Byelarusi (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Byelorussia, communist, merged 4 Mar 1919 - 5 Sep 1920 into Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia, state party, 31 Dec 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 and 5 Sep 1920 - 13 Oct 1952, renamed KPB);Mil = Military

© Ben Cahoon