Frederick Valentine Melsheimer
Infobox Scientist name = Frederick Valentine Melsheimer image width = caption = birth date = birth date|1749|9|25|mf=y birth place = Negenborn, Brunswick death date = death date and age|1814|6|30|1749|9|25|mf=y death place = Hanover, Pennsylvania
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Infobox_Scientist

name = Frederick Valentine Melsheimer

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birth_date = birth date|1749|9|25|mf=y

birth_place = Negenborn, Brunswick

death_date = death date and age|1814|6|30|1749|9|25|mf=y

death_place = Hanover, Pennsylvania

residence =

citizenship = American

nationality = German

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field = Entomology

work_institution = Religious minister

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footnotes = The Reverend Frederick Valentine Melsheimer (September 25, 1749, Negenborn, Brunswick &ndash; June 30, 1814, Hanover, Pennsylvania) was a Lutheran clergyman and early American entomologist, called the "Father of American Entomology" by successor Thomas Say. He was the author of the first major entomological work in the United States: "A Catalogue of Insects of Pennsylvania" (1806), a sixty-page work that describes 1,363 species of beetles.

Melsheimer studied at the university in Helmstadt from 1772 to 1776 before becoming chaplain to the Duke of Brunswick's Hessian Dragoons Regiment. With this regiment he arrived in Canada in 1776 to fight alongside British troops in the American Revolutionary War. He was taken prisoner by the American army on August 16, 1777 following their victory at the Battle of Bennington and remained in prison for fourteen months. After being released on parole, he resigned from his office of chaplain and began to preach in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He married Maria Agnes Man on June 3, 1779.

He service in many parishes in the Hanover region exerted a strong influence on the German colonists of Pennsylvania, and his entomological interests were said to "furnish some of his parishioners with mild amusement". His insect collection, inherited and increased by his second son Frederick Ernst Melsheimer and his son's friend Daniel Ziegler, was eventually purchased by Harvard University and formed the basis for what is now the largest university-owned collection of insects in the United States. His "Catalogue" was intended to be a three volume work, but illness prevented publication of more than the first volume, in 1806.

Melsheimer was also interested in mineralogy and astronomy, and served as Professor of Languages at the recently-founded Franklin College. Two of his eleven children also devoted themselves to natural history: John Frederick Melsheimer and Frederick Ernst Melsheimer (1782-1873). He died in 1814 of lung disease.

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