content: # String encodings and numeric representations
  import json
  import re
  from typing import (
      Any,
      Callable,
      Iterable,
      Sequence,
  )
  
  from eth_abi.encoding import (
      BaseArrayEncoder,
  )
  from eth_typing import (
      HexStr,
      Primitives,
      TypeStr,
  )
  from eth_utils import (
      add_0x_prefix,
      encode_hex,
      is_bytes,
      is_hex,
      is_list_like,
      remove_0x_prefix,
      to_bytes,
      to_hex,
  )
  from eth_utils.toolz import (
      curry,
  )
  from hexbytes import (
      HexBytes,
  )
  from pydantic import (
      BaseModel,
  )
  
  from web3._utils.abi import (
      is_address_type,
      is_array_type,
      is_bool_type,
      is_bytes_type,
      is_int_type,
      is_string_type,
      is_uint_type,
      size_of_type,
      sub_type_of_array_type,
  )
  from web3._utils.validation import (
      validate_abi_type,
      validate_abi_value,
  )
  from web3.datastructures import (
      AttributeDict,
  )
  from web3.exceptions import (
      Web3TypeError,
      Web3ValueError,
  )
  
  
  def hex_encode_abi_type(
      abi_type: TypeStr, value: Any, force_size: int | None = None
  ) -> HexStr:
      """
      Encodes value into a hex string in format of abi_type
      """
      validate_abi_type(abi_type)
      validate_abi_value(abi_type, value)
  
      data_size = force_size or size_of_type(abi_type)
      if is_array_type(abi_type):
          sub_type = sub_type_of_array_type(abi_type)
          return HexStr(
              "".join(
                  [remove_0x_prefix(hex_encode_abi_type(sub_type, v, 256)) for v in value]
              )
          )
      elif is_bool_type(abi_type):
          return to_hex_with_size(value, data_size)
      elif is_uint_type(abi_type):
          return to_hex_with_size(value, data_size)
      elif is_int_type(abi_type):
          return to_hex_twos_compliment(value, data_size)
      elif is_address_type(abi_type):
          return pad_hex(value, data_size)
      elif is_bytes_type(abi_type):
          if is_bytes(value):
              return encode_hex(value)
          else:
              return value
      elif is_string_type(abi_type):
          return to_hex(text=value)
      else:
          raise Web3ValueError(f"Unsupported ABI type: {abi_type}")
  
  
  def to_hex_twos_compliment(value: Any, bit_size: int) -> HexStr:
      """
      Converts integer value to twos compliment hex representation with given bit_size
      """
      if value >= 0:
          return to_hex_with_size(value, bit_size)
  
      value = (1 << bit_size) + value
      hex_value = hex(value)
      hex_value = HexStr(hex_value.rstrip("L"))
      return hex_value
  
  
  def to_hex_with_size(value: Any, bit_size: int) -> HexStr:
      """
      Converts a value to hex with given bit_size:
      """
      return pad_hex(to_hex(value), bit_size)
  
  
  def pad_hex(value: Any, bit_size: int) -> HexStr:
      """
      Pads a hex string up to the given bit_size
      """
      value = remove_0x_prefix(value)
      return add_0x_prefix(value.zfill(int(bit_size / 4)))
  
  
  def trim_hex(hexstr: HexStr) -> HexStr:
      if hexstr.startswith("0x0"):
          hexstr = HexStr(re.sub("^0x0+", "0x", hexstr))
          if hexstr == "0x":
              hexstr = HexStr("0x0")
      return hexstr
  
  
  @curry
  def pad_bytes(fill_with: bytes, num_bytes: int, unpadded: bytes) -> bytes:
      return unpadded.rjust(num_bytes, fill_with)
  
  
  zpad_bytes = pad_bytes(b"\0")
  
  
  @curry
  def text_if_str(
      to_type: Callable[..., str], text_or_primitive: Primitives | HexStr | str
  ) -> str:
      """
      Convert to a type, assuming that strings can be only unicode text (not a hexstr)
  
      @param to_type is a function that takes the arguments (primitive, hexstr=hexstr,
          text=text), eg~ to_bytes, to_text, to_hex, to_int, etc
      @param text_or_primitive in bytes, str, or int.
      """
      if isinstance(text_or_primitive, str):
          (primitive, text) = (None, text_or_primitive)
      else:
          (primitive, text) = (text_or_primitive, None)
      return to_type(primitive, text=text)
  
  
  @curry
  def hexstr_if_str(
      to_type: Callable[..., HexStr], hexstr_or_primitive: Primitives | HexStr | str
  ) -> HexStr:
      """
      Convert to a type, assuming that strings can be only hexstr (not unicode text)
  
      @param to_type is a function that takes the arguments (primitive, hexstr=hexstr,
          text=text), eg~ to_bytes, to_text, to_hex, to_int, etc
      @param hexstr_or_primitive in bytes, str, or int.
      """
      if isinstance(hexstr_or_primitive, str):
          (primitive, hexstr) = (None, hexstr_or_primitive)
          if remove_0x_prefix(HexStr(hexstr)) and not is_hex(hexstr):
              raise Web3ValueError(
                  "when sending a str, it must be a hex string. "
                  f"Got: {hexstr_or_primitive!r}"
              )
      else:
          (primitive, hexstr) = (hexstr_or_primitive, None)
      return to_type(primitive, hexstr=hexstr)
  
  
  class FriendlyJsonSerde:
      """
      Friendly JSON serializer & deserializer
  
      When encoding or decoding fails, this class collects
      information on which fields failed, to show more
      helpful information in the raised error messages.
      """
  
      def _json_mapping_errors(self, mapping: dict[Any, Any]) -> Iterable[str]:
          for key, val in mapping.items():
              try:
                  self._friendly_json_encode(val)
              except TypeError as exc:
                  yield f"{key!r}: because ({exc})"
  
      def _json_list_errors(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> Iterable[str]:
          for index, element in enumerate(iterable):
              try:
                  self._friendly_json_encode(element)
              except TypeError as exc:
                  yield f"{index}: because ({exc})"
  
      def _friendly_json_encode(
          self, obj: dict[Any, Any], cls: type[json.JSONEncoder] | None = None
      ) -> str:
          try:
              encoded = json.dumps(obj, cls=cls)
              return encoded
          except TypeError as full_exception:
              if hasattr(obj, "items"):
                  item_errors = "; ".join(self._json_mapping_errors(obj))
                  raise Web3TypeError(
                      f"dict had unencodable value at keys: {{{item_errors}}}"
                  )
              elif is_list_like(obj):
                  element_errors = "; ".join(self._json_list_errors(obj))
                  raise Web3TypeError(
                      f"list had unencodable value at index: [{element_errors}]"
                  )
              else:
                  raise full_exception
  
      def json_decode(self, json_str: str) -> dict[Any, Any]:
          try:
              decoded = json.loads(json_str)
              return decoded
          except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError as exc:
              err_msg = f"Could not decode {json_str!r} because of {exc}."
              # Calling code may rely on catching JSONDecodeError to recognize bad json
              # so we have to re-raise the same type.
              raise json.decoder.JSONDecodeError(err_msg, exc.doc, exc.pos)
  
      def json_encode(
          self, obj: dict[Any, Any], cls: type[json.JSONEncoder] | None = None
      ) -> str:
          try:
              return self._friendly_json_encode(obj, cls=cls)
          except TypeError as exc:
              raise Web3TypeError(f"Could not encode to JSON: {exc}")
  
  
  def to_4byte_hex(hex_or_str_or_bytes: HexStr | str | bytes | int) -> HexStr:
      size_of_4bytes = 4 * 8
      byte_str = hexstr_if_str(to_bytes, hex_or_str_or_bytes)
      if len(byte_str) > 4:
          raise Web3ValueError(
              f"expected value of size 4 bytes. Got: {len(byte_str)} bytes"
          )
      hex_str = encode_hex(byte_str)
      return pad_hex(hex_str, size_of_4bytes)
  
  
  class DynamicArrayPackedEncoder(BaseArrayEncoder):
      is_dynamic = True
  
      def encode(self, value: Sequence[Any]) -> bytes:
          encoded_elements = self.encode_elements(value)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
          encoded_value = encoded_elements
  
          return encoded_value
  
  
  #  TODO: Replace with eth-abi packed encoder once web3 requires eth-abi>=2
  def encode_single_packed(_type: TypeStr, value: Any) -> bytes:
      import codecs
  
      from eth_abi import (
          grammar as abi_type_parser,
      )
      from eth_abi.registry import (
          has_arrlist,
          registry,
      )
  
      abi_type = abi_type_parser.parse(_type)
      if has_arrlist(_type):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
          item_encoder = registry.get_encoder(abi_type.item_type.to_type_str())
          if abi_type.arrlist[-1] != 1:
              return DynamicArrayPackedEncoder(item_encoder=item_encoder).encode(value)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]  # noqa: E501
          else:
              raise NotImplementedError(
                  "Fixed arrays are not implemented in this packed encoder prototype"
              )
      elif abi_type.base == "string":
          return codecs.encode(value, "utf8")
      elif abi_type.base == "bytes":
          return value
      return None
  
  
  class Web3JsonEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
      def default(self, obj: Any) -> dict[Any, Any] | HexStr:
          if isinstance(obj, AttributeDict):
              return obj.__dict__
          elif isinstance(obj, (HexBytes, bytes)):
              return to_hex(obj)
          elif isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
              # TODO: For now we can assume all BaseModel objects behave this way, but
              #  internally we will start to use the CamelModel from eth-utils. Perhaps
              #  we should check for that type instead.
              return obj.model_dump(by_alias=True)
          return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
  
  
  def to_json(obj: dict[Any, Any]) -> str:
      """
      Convert a complex object (like a transaction object) to a JSON string
      """
      return FriendlyJsonSerde().json_encode(obj, cls=Web3JsonEncoder)
  