In 2022, The Proactiv Company makers of the #1 selling acne regimen, is announcing its rebrand and repositioning under the new name Alchemee. [ 20 ]  In early 2022, Alchemee announces its acquisition by Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (NYSE: TARO)  [ 21 ]


Proactiv is a registered trademark of Alchemee/Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. The brand's primary products are three-step kits comprising a cleanser, toner/treatment and lotion/moisturizer, which sells for $36 a month in the United States.


The Revitalizing Toner contains  glycolic acid , Aloe Barbadensis leaf juice, and  witch hazel , an  astringent . [ 22 ] [ 23 ]  The active ingredient in the cleanser and lotion, outside Europe, is a 2.5% concentration of micro-crystal  benzoyl peroxide . Benzoyl peroxide has been used since 1934 to kill  Cutibacterium acnes , the bacterium that causes acne. [ 24 ]  Several over-the-counter acne treatments contain it, including  Clean & Clear ,  Clearasil ,  Doctor's Dermatologic Formula ,  Neutrogena Advanced Systems ,  PanOxyl  and  Stridex . [ 25 ] [ 26 ]


In 2013, Proactiv+ was introduced, it is a  paraben -free three-step kit comprising an exfoliating cleanser (Skin Smoothing Exfoliator), treatment (Pore Targeting Treatment) and hydrating moisturizer (Complexion Perfecting Hydrator). The exfoliator contains 2.5% micro-crystal benzoyl peroxide, the treatment contains 2.5% encapsulated benzoyl peroxide, and a moisturizer with 0.5% salicylic acid. It is more hydrating than the original program and designed for dry-to-sensitive skin types. [ 5 ]


Proactiv is aimed at customers with mild to moderate acne. [ 22 ]  According to a 2011 review, there have been few studies examining its efficacy. [ 3 ]  A 2007 study saw inflammatory lesions reduced by 39% in subjects using a combination of  butenafine  and benzoyl peroxide, compared with 34% in those using Proactiv containing only benzoyl peroxide. [ 3 ] [ 27 ]  A physician suggested in  Salon  that its three-step system might make it easier for teenagers to comply, but that the key to its success lay with its celebrity endorsements. [ 25 ]


In 2011,  Consumer Reports  compared Proactiv (2.5% benzoyl peroxide) with two less expensive products, AcneFree (2.5% benzoyl peroxide) and OXY Maximum (10% benzoyl peroxide). [ 28 ]  At the time a two-month supply of Proactiv cost around $40 in the US, AcneFree $20 and OXY Maximum $5. [ 8 ]  Eighty-three subjects, aged 14 to 40, used one of the products twice a day for eight weeks. The magazine reported that, no matter which product was used, after two weeks around 75% of subjects saw a 35% reduction in blemishes on average. After eight weeks, around 50–66% saw a 40% reduction on average. [ 28 ]


Benzoyl peroxide can have a drying effect on the skin, can cause  erythema  (redness) and fine scaling, though these effects are usually mild, and can increase sensitivity to sunlight. One in 500 may experience  allergic contact dermatitis . It is categorized as a  pregnancy category  C agent, "suggesting that its use in pregnancy may not be prudent," according to a literature review in the  Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology . [ n 1 ]  If benzoyl peroxide comes into contact with clothing it is likely to bleach it. [ 29 ]


The US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) warned in 2014 that over-the-counter acne products containing benzoyl peroxide and/or salicylic acid, including Proactiv, can cause severe irritation, as well as rare but life-threatening allergic reactions. Consumers were advised to stop using the products if they experience hives or itching, and to seek emergency medical attention if they feel faint, or experience throat tightness, breathing problems, or swelling of the eyes, face, lips or tongue. The FDA noted that it remains unclear whether the reactions are caused by the active ingredients, inactive ingredients or a combination. [ 30 ]


Proactiv is marketed and distributed by Guthy-Renker, and is responsible for about half the company's revenue. [ 14 ] [ 16 ]  Sales of Proactiv amounted to $800 million as of 2010. [ 7 ]  70% of sales were in the United States as of 2007. [ 22 ]


The product is available in some stores, including  Boots  in the UK, [ 31 ]  and in kiosks and vending machines (known as  ZoomShops ) in malls and airports through a partnership between American Kiosk Management and Guthy-Renker . [ 32 ] [ 33 ]  But the product is mostly sold online or through a toll-free number directly by Guthy-Renker; 60% of Proactiv orders were placed online as of 2010. [ 34 ]  In 2016, Proactive began selling their products at  Ulta Beauty . [ 35 ]


Alchemee sells Proactiv as part of a  continuity program , also known as a  negative-option offer , whereby customers are sent repeat orders of the program until they cancel their subscription. [ 8 ] [ 36 ]  When purchasing directly from the company, customers automatically become members of a Proactiv club. A month after ordering, and every three months thereafter, they are sent a three-month supply costing $34.95 (in the US as of 2022). They are billed monthly until they cancel the subscription. [ 37 ]  The approach is based on the  customer lifetime value  model. [ 38 ]


At the time Guthy-Renker owned Proactiv, they had a media budget of $200 million for the brand, much of it spent on air-time, and was spending another $12–15 million a year on celebrity endorsements. [ 7 ]   Justin Bieber  for example, was paid $3 million over two years. [ 34 ]  Its infomercials have featured celebrities who have themselves suffered from acne problems; the list includes  Jennifer Love Hewitt ,  Kelly Clarkson ,  P. Diddy ,  Avril Lavigne ,  Lindsay Lohan ,  Alyssa Milano ,  Katy Perry ,  Jessica Simpson ,  Britney Spears ,  Kendall Jenner  and  Vanessa Williams . [ 12 ]


According to the  New York Times , until 2010 Proactiv infomercials were "fast-talking" and "hard-selling"; an announcer repeatedly advised viewers to "call now," and offered faster shipping if the order was placed within three minutes. As infomercials became less popular, Proactiv sales stalled. [ 39 ]  Since 2010 Guthy-Renker has tried to move the brand into the mainstream cosmetics market, focusing on quality rather than price. [ 7 ]  It began advertising on network television during shows like  American Idol , and in  Elle ,  InStyle  and  People  magazines. [ 39 ]


In 2012, the  Advertising Standards Authority  (ASA) in the UK banned some of Proactiv's advertising as misleading. A viewer complained that the celebrities were likely to have used the US version of Proactiv, which differs from the UK version. According to the ASA, the celebrities had signed statements saying they had used the UK version for a few weeks one to three years earlier, but the advertisements gave the appearance that they had continued to benefit from it, so the viewer's complaint was upheld. [ 40 ]


"Potential Signals of Serious Risks/New Safety Information Identified by the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) between July – September 2013" , Food and Drug Administration, November 1, 2013, updated September 10, 2015.


Mark Sweney (July 18, 2012),  "Katy Perry and Justin Bieber zit ad campaign banned" ,  The Guardian


Pulpe de Vie  is a French organic cosmetics brand created in 2009.


Back in  France  in 2009 after a sabbatical year in  South America , [ 2 ]  Julie Ducret, together with an investor partner, created Bio Provence within the Marseille Innovation business incubator. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


In 2014, a 150,000 euros fundraising exercise was completed with various partners, including  Bpifrance  and  Crédit Agricole . [ 5 ]


After 2015, the company made a strategical change: initially listed in para pharmacies and organic stores, it switched to large-scale distribution, increasing production from 5,000 to 10,000 units. [ 6 ]


In 2017, a second fundraising exercise of 400,000 euros was announced was announced. [ 2 ]


In 2018, its export policy was suspended  to refocus on the French market, in particular by developing marketing on social networks, for example, through partnering with influencers. [ 7 ]


In 2021, the brand invested in the hard discount sector and resold 450  Lidl  out of 1,006 stores in France. [ 8 ]


In 2023, the company completed a new funding round of 1.7 million euros to start exporting and triple its growth by 2026. [ 1 ]


With  Ecocert [ 9 ]  and Cosmébio [ 10 ]  certified products, Pulpe de Vie, targets women aged twenty to thirty-five by focusing on the packaging [ 11 ]  and prices not exceeding twenty euros. [ 12 ]


Inspired by the  local purchasing  approach, [ 6 ]  the company works with around twenty regional producers, [ 12 ]  collecting their "ugly" and unsold fruits as part of an effort to combat  food waste , [ 4 ] [ 7 ]  Purchases are made by a service provider based in  Sisteron [ 11 ]  while the subcontracting laboratory is located in  La Fare-les-Oliviers . [ 4 ]


Rozalex  was a brand of Rozalex Limited, a subsidiary of the  Chloride Electrical Storage Company [ 1 ]  credited with being the first company in the United Kingdom to commercialise topical  barrier cream  for use in an industrial setting. [ 2 ]


The cream was originally developed for use in their  Exide  works at  Clifton Junction  near  Manchester . Battery manufacture was labour-intensive and used hazardous materials, so skin irritation and  contact dermatitis  were rife among workers. Chloride began researching and developing a barrier cream that could help protect workers and increase productivity.


The company was founded in 1929 [ 3 ]  as a spin-off of The Chloride Electrical Storage Co. Ltd.


In 1969,  Newton, Chambers & Company [ 4 ]  acquired Rozalex Limited and the brand sat along other household names such as IZAL and Zalpon.


In 1972, Newton, Chambers & Co was acquired by the  Central & Sheerwood Trust , an Investment banking and financial services group.


In 1973, Central & Sheerwood Trust sold the IZAL operation, which included Rozalex, to  Sterling Winthrop 's, Sterling Industrial.


In 1981, Sterling Industrial acquired the Kerodex range of industrial barrier creams and merged them into the Rozalex Range.


In 1987,  Unilever  acquired Sterling Industrial strategically to push into the business-to-business hygiene, janitorial, and floor care sectors.


In 2002, Unilever sold the main equity share of its business-to-business division (Lever Industrial-DiverseyLever) to  SC Johnson  to form  JohnsonDiversey .


In 2008, JohnsonDiversey divested the Rozalex brand to Present Value Limited, and Rozalex Limited was reinstated. [ 5 ]


In 2010, Rozalex sponsored the  Ginetta G50  car of the Barwell Motorsport team in the 2010 British Touring Car Championship TOCA series driven by Julien Draper.


In 2011, Rozalex sponsored the Barwell Motorsport team's Aston Martin GT4 car at the 2011 British GT Championship, driven by Peter Erceg and Tiff Needell.


In 2011, Rozalex sponsored the  Greenpower Education Trust  promoting sustainable engineering to young people.


In 2011, Rozalex teamed up with Goodwood to supply limited edition tins of handcare products for the 2011  Goodwood Revival .


In 2012, Present Value divested the Rozalex brand to Hughen Limited. Rozalex is currently a fully trading subsidiary of Hughen Limited.


In 2013, Rozalex launched a new Pouch Dispensing System (PDS) for the Industrial / Engineering / Automotive / Marine / Construction and Energy sectors.


Selsun Blue  is an  over-the-counter   brand  of  dandruff   shampoo  now owned by  Sanofi . First made by  Abbott Laboratories , the brand was bought by  Chattem  in 2002. Chattem was acquired by  Sanofi  in 2010, although in some markets, it is sold by  Rohto Pharmaceutical  instead. Selsun Blue has been marketed as a more effective alternative to brand leader  Head & Shoulders  due to its superior performance in randomized trials. [ 1 ]


Over the counter Selsun Blue contains 1%  selenium sulfide  as its active ingredient in its most popular version [ 2 ]  (the word "Selsun" is a portmanteau of  sel enium  su lfide +  n ).  Chattem announced that on November 1, 2005, they would introduce a new line of shampoos under the brand name Selsun Salon.  These contained a different active ingredient than Selsun Blue,  pyrithione zinc  1%, and are oriented toward the higher-end shampoo market. Other active ingredients such as salicylic acid and botanicals are in other versions of Selsun Blue brand dandruff shampoo.


In 2011, the Selsun Blue brand consisted of 15 products spread across two brand segments, Naturals and Base.  The Naturals line of products contains the active ingredient  salicylic acid  in addition to 8 moisturizers & botanicals plus vitamins B5 & E.  Salicylic acid  is a  keratolytic  agent that assists with cell shedding or flaking. [ 3 ]   The base brand consists of six types including Medicated with menthol, 2-in-1, Normal to Oily, Moisturizing, Itchy Dry Scalp, and Deep Cleansing with micro beads. [ 4 ]   The first four types contain the active ingredient selenium sulfide which has been shown to have anti-fungal properties. More specifically, selenium sulfide, an anti-infective agent, relieves itching and flaking of the scalp and removes the dry, scaly particles commonly referred to as  dandruff  or  seborrhea . Selenium sulfide is also used to treat  tinea versicolor , a fungal infection of the skin. [ 5 ]


Deep Cleansing was launched by Chattem in January 2011.  In addition to the active ingredient salicylic acid, the product contains scrubbing micro beads.


Like Chattem’s other products, Selsun Blue is sold through mass merchandisers, drug and food retailers.


SpazzStick  is a  caffeinated   lip balm . It was created by Richie Holschen, the only police officer in the remote  Alaskan  village of  Kaktovik , who needed to protect his lips and remain alert in an area so cold that coffee freezes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  When he first started making the product in 2004, he did so out of the police station. [ 3 ]


Tecnu  is an  over-the-counter  skin cleanser manufactured by  Tec Laboratories , a  pharmaceutical  company based in  Albany, Oregon . It is intended for use by humans and furry pets after topical exposure to  urushiol , the active ingredient in  poison oak ,  poison ivy , and  poison sumac . [ 1 ]   Tecnu is made from deodorized  mineral spirits , water,  propylene glycol , octylphenoxy-polythoxethanol, mixed  fatty acid  soap, and fragrance.


The cleanser was invented by former  Mead Johnson  executive and  chemist  Robert Smith during the early 1960s. Tecnu, for "Technically New," was intended to remove  radioactive fallout  dust from skin. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Several years later, his wife discovered another use for the cleanser. After an exposure to poison oak, she washed with Tecnu and did not get  urushiol-induced contact dermatitis . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


In 1977, the company began to market Tecnu to  foresters ,  firefighters ,  surveyors , and utility crews. It has since become a popular remedy for gardeners and others who live and work around poison ivy. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Tecnu's effectiveness for postexposure treatment has been confirmed in a nonrandomized study, in which the authors concluded: "Our study showed 70%, 61.8%, and 56.4% protection with Tecnu, Goop, and  Dial , respectively, when compared to the  positive control , or to the possible maximum response, with a cost per ounce (in a local drug and automotive store) of $1.25, $0.07, and $0.07, respectively, for a decrease in protection that is nonsignificant." [ 8 ]   A survey article is also available. [ 9 ]


Theraderm  is an American manufacturer of clinical-grade  skin care  products, including  anti-aging creams  and  moisturizers , as well as an acne system under an alternate brand: Reversion. The company was founded in 1996 by board-certified  plastic and reconstructive surgeon  James Beckman, M.D., who is also a biochemist and adjunct associate professor of dermatology at UAMS Medical School. [ 1 ]  The company is headquartered in  Springdale, Arkansas .


In 1978, Dr. James Beckman set up a private practice for plastic and reconstructive surgery in  Mountain Home, Arkansas . After treating a number of burn patients, Dr. Beckman developed a cream, Beckman's Skin Care Cream, for restoring mobility and function to patients with skin-grafted hands. [ 2 ]


After further development and discovering new ingredients, he created a second product, resulting in a two-step system that moisturized skin and also reduced the appearance of lines and wrinkles. In 1996, the company was founded (initially as Therapon Skin Health), and even more research and development led to the four-step Skin Renewal System. This system  is still sold by the company today, along with a number of other products that each target a unique skin concern. [ 3 ]


Thirteen Lune  is an  e-commerce  beauty website launched in 2020 and based in  West Hollywood . [ 1 ]


Thirteen Lune was co-founded by Nyakio Grieco, a Los Angeles-based beauty entrepreneur, and Patrick Herning, the CEO of plus-sized fashion brand  11 Honoré . [ 2 ]  The company initially launched with 13 brands. [ 3 ]  By the end of 2021 the company carried 100 brands. [ 3 ]


In October 2021, JCPenney announced a partnership with Thirteen Lune to bring their items into 10 of the retailer's physical stores. [ 1 ]  In January 2021, Thirteen Lune raised $1 million from  Sean Combs ,  Gwyneth Paltrow , [ 4 ]   Naomi Watts ,  Gregg Renfrew , Tracey Cunningham (Mèche salon),  Nicole Avant , [ 4 ]  Patrick Finnegan (venture capitalist) and Sydney Holland (Urban and The Mystic). [ 5 ]


In November 2021, Thirteen Lune closed a $3 million funding round by Fearless Fund, Capstar Ventures, Fab Ventures,  Swiftarc Ventures  and  Gaingels . [ 6 ]


In September 2022,  JCPenney  announced plans to expand its partnership, adding Thirteen Lune products to more than 600 stores around the country, while also ending its brick-and-mortar relationship with  Sephora . [ 7 ]  In addition to offering 65  BIPOC -owned beauty brands, the store's associates will also receive training on how to address diverse beauty needs. [ 7 ]


Thirteen Lune is a  direct-to-consumer  company that highlights skin care, makeup, hair care and wellness items almost exclusively (90%) from Black and Brown-owned companies. [ 3 ]  Their products are primarily targeted at under-represented people of color. [ 8 ]  The remaining 10% represent Ally Brands, which are selected brands the retailer recognizes for their continued efforts to "be exclusive in product assortment and promote change beyond beauty." [ 8 ]


This article about a commerce website is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


vbeauté  was founded by  Julie Macklowe  to provide women with Swiss made anti-age skincare products. vbeauté is a skin care line based on advanced botanical technology using  plant stem cell  complexes. Macklowe launched vbeauté on November 1, 2011. [ 1 ]   vbeauté's range of products include: peptide-based anti-aging face and eye serums, moisturizers, eye cream, sunscreen, and a face cleanser and exfoliator. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
vbeauté’s key ingredient in all of their products is Swiss Alpine Rose, a cold-resistant plant from the  Swiss Alps .  Together, along with several other botanical ingredients, these plant extracts combine to form a complex compound which has anti-aging and protective properties. All vbeauté products are formulated in Switzerland, free of fragrance and parabens, and dermatologist and allergy tested. [ 5 ]


vbeauté was launched by investor and former hedge fund manager  Julie Macklowe  in 2011. During her travels, Macklowe could not find a suitable skincare product to meet her everyday needs. She then partnered with molecular scientists from the Centre de Recherches Biocosmétiques (CRB High Performance Care) of  Geneva  to formulate her products. By 2011, Macklowe had raised over $4,000,000 for lab work and testing.  The skin care line's main ingredient contains stem cells from the Alpine Rose flower. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


Macklowe launched vbeauté at a charity event coinciding with her 35th birthday. [ 8 ]  At the time of its launch in November 2011, the line was carried at 37 stores, some of which include:  Neiman Marcus ,  Fred Segal ,  Nordstroms , and  Bergdorf Goodman . [ 7 ]


Initially, vbeauté was launched at Bergdorf Goodman's, a luxury goods department store based in New York City.  After two years at Bergdorf's, the company appeared on the Home Shopping Network. [ 9 ]  vbeauté is the first luxury skincare line that took exactly the same products, ingredients, and packaging offered at higher price points at  Bergdorf Goodman , and brought the same quality at more affordable pricing via  HSN . [ 9 ]


In 2019 the company went out of business. [ 10 ]


The product was featured in  O Magazine , which called it "a gorgeous way to keep jet lag at bay." [ 11 ]  In 2013, vbeauté expanded to be sold at Look Boutiques in Duane Reade and Walgreens stores in  New York City ,  Los Angeles , and  Miami . [ 12 ]   Macklowe's goal for the company is to provide lightweight and affordable skin care products, saying that, “When I think about all of the luxury lines out there, they feel like they were almost made for my mother. They’re heavy, and their price points were also of such. I want to keep everything really affordable.” [ 13 ]


The vbeauté line offers a total of 8 products with 4 new products launching in 2016, as well as an extension to the line slated for 2017. [ citation needed ]  The different types of products offered by vbeauté include: light anti-aging serum,  exfoliant, foaming cleanser, moisturizer, peptide-based eye crème, and intense brightening treatment. [ citation needed ]


The products can be bought together as part of the "It Kit" or individually, in larger amounts. All of vbeauté’s products are fragrance free, dermatologist and allergy tested, and paraben free, due to Macklowe’s personal issues with sensitive skin. [ 14 ]


Veet , formerly called  Neet  and  Immac , is a Canadian brand of  chemical depilatory  products manufactured by the British-Dutch company  Reckitt Benckiser . [ 1 ]  Hair removal cream, lotions, gel, mousse, and wax products are produced under this brand, with differing variants being sold internationally. Previous products produced under the Neet and Immac brands were similar to those produced today.


Veet's hair removal products contain  thioglycolic acid  and  potassium hydroxide . These ingredients react to generate the  depilatory chemical  potassium thioglycolate, which according to the company, increases hair loss. The effect is to break the  disulfide bonds  of the  keratin  molecules in hair. [ 2 ]   This reduces the  tensile strength  of the keratin so greatly that the hair can be wiped away.


Previously called "Neet," the hair removal product was originally manufactured by the Hannibal Pharmaceutical Company. In 1918 the company registered “Neet” as a trademark in Canada. [ 3 ]  Shortly thereafter, in 1921, the company filed for a trademark in the United States, with the subsequent trademark being granted in 1922. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  In 1958; however, the trademark for Neet was transferred to the  American Home Products Corporation . Today, Reckitt Benckiser Group PLC, holds the trademark, having acquired it in 1990 (then called Reckitt & Colman (Overseas) Limited). [ 4 ]


The Veet name was established in 1922 in the UK,  vite  meaning "quickly" in the  French language . [ 6 ]  The name was used in some European countries but was not used universally. For example, while the product was sold as Veet in France, [ 7 ]  the product was sold in Canada and the United States as Neet until 2002, when the Veet name was first used commercially in those countries. [ 8 ]


As for 2021, Veet has developed products for different types of skin such as normal, dry and sensitive. Additionally, they have expanded from wax strips to creams and selling a device called "Sensitive Precision" to style face, bikini and underarm. [ 9 ]


Veet was advertised in the 1920s (then known as Neet) as a product that was "faster than shaving", was called "the ready to use hair removing cream," and was initially sold for about fifty  cents  in the United States. [ 10 ]


More recent advertising campaigns have used university students as spokespersons for their products [ 11 ]  or contained political commentary, such as the "No More Bush" ads after the  2008 United States Presidential Election . [ 12 ]


Some advertising from Veet has been controversial.  A test website for the product in France offended some online users by claiming that the product was "good for the pussy." [ 13 ]  A representative of Veet addressed the situation stating, "We wanted to create an ad campaign that was a bit humorous and offbeat...we didn't want to shock, but we're not the experts on that."  The manager reported there were several complaints about the website, and it was summarily taken down so as not to "tarnish the brand's image." [ 14 ]


In April 2014, Veet released a number of controversial commercials. These were poorly received across social media, drawing wide criticism for their unkind depiction of unshaven women as being masculine. [ 15 ]


The  AIM at Melanoma Foundation   (AIM)  is a nonprofit organization focused on  melanoma  research. [ 1 ]


AIM was created as a collaboration between the Charlie Guild Foundation and  James A. Schlipmann Melanoma Cancer Foundation . [ 2 ]


AIM is a partner of the  Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer . [ 3 ]


In the first quarter of 2021, the foundation received a $10,000 grant from  Pfizer  for a project titled “From the Clinic to the Living Room”. [ 4 ]  Additional industry sponsors include: [ 5 ]


The  American Academy of Dermatology  ( AAD ) is a non-profit professional organization of  dermatologists  in the  United States  and  Canada , based in  Rosemont, Illinois , near  Chicago . It was founded in 1938 and has more than 20,500 members. The Academy grants fellowships and associate memberships, as well as fellowships for nonresidents of the United States or Canada. [ 3 ]  Since 1979, the AAD also publishes a monthly  medical journal , the  Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . [ 4 ]


To become a Fellow of the American Academy of Dermatology (FAAD), a physician must be a resident of the United States of America or Canada and certified by the  American Board of Dermatology  or in dermatology by the  Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


To become an associate member, a physician must have three years of experience in practice or as a teacher or graduate student of dermatology and must have had training that qualifies for examination by the American Board of Dermatology or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. [ 5 ]


In 1938, the American Academy of Dermatology and Syphilology was founded at an organizational meeting at the  Statler Hotel  in  Detroit , Michigan. [ 7 ]


The Sulzberger Institute for Dermatologic Education was a grant-giving organization that funds research technology of education. [ 8 ]


The American Academy of Dermatology Political Action Committee (SKINPAC) donated nearly $1.3 million to both Democratic and Republican office-seekers during the 2016 election cycle. The PAC raised more than $1.4 million from 1,700 donors, who gave more than $200 each, with 49 donors, mostly dermatologists, making the maximum donation allowed by law, $5,000 each. [ 9 ]


SKINPAC gave: [ 9 ]


Donations in the 2016 cycle were slightly down (6.6%) from the 2014 cycle. The PAC spent an additional $29,900 with the Mammen Group, a DC-based direct mail agency and $28,800 with Prevail Strategies, a political consulting and public affairs company. [ 10 ]


The  American Board of Dermatology  ( ABD ), located in  Newton, Massachusetts , United States, certifies physicians in  dermatology ,  dermatopathology , and pediatric dermatology. Board-certified physicians are known as diplomates. Since its inception in 1932, the ABD has certified over 15,000 physicians. The ABD was one of the original four sponsoring organizations of the  American Board of Medical Specialties  (ABMS). [ 1 ]  Dermatologists possess expertise in all aspects of healthy and diseased skin through basic scientific research and clinical care. In addition to the wide range of medical diseases, dermatologists have practices devoted to skin surgery (including aesthetic procedures), care of children with skin disease, immunologic diseases of the skin and pathology of the skin. Dermatologists play an important role in the maintenance of the general public health in educating people about sun avoidance, sun protection and the signs of  skin cancer .


The  American Board of Dermatology and Syphilology  was incorporated in 1932 in order to set standards in the field of dermatology and to assure the adequate training and experience of those physicians wishing to call themselves dermatologists. Evaluation of the skin was instrumental in the diagnosis of syphilis before serologic studies became available. In 1955, the name was changed to the American Board of Dermatology. [ 2 ]


The ABD originally had nine directors but has expanded to 17, reflecting the increasing complexity of the field and in response to the public demand for physician accountability in matters of quality assurance. A major new role for the ABD lies in the rigorous maintenance of certification program that enrolls physicians in a lifelong certification process encompassing a variety of quality measures and outcomes.


Initial certification is attained after post-graduate medical education, and the notation "board-certified" attests to the physician's successful mastery of a body of knowledge and set of skills. The ABMS and its affiliated boards strive for the highest standards to assure the public that a board-certified physician is current in medical knowledge and practices medicine ethically.


To assure ongoing competence, maintenance of certification was enacted. As of 2006, all dermatologists successful in initial certification enter MOC. [ 3 ]  Through periodic self-assessment of medical knowledge, communication skills, patient safety and practice quality measures, physicians in MOC continue to document the high standards they have achieved.


Maintenance of Certification has four elements: [ 4 ]


The  American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology  ( AOBD ) is an organization that provides  board certification  to qualified  Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine  (D.O.) who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the skin ( dermatologists ). The board is one of 18  medical specialty  certifying boards of the  American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists  approved by the  American Osteopathic Association  (AOA). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


AOBD was established in 1945. [ 3 ]  It is one of two certifying boards for dermatologists in the United States. The other certifying authority is the  American Board of Dermatology , a member board of the  American Board of Medical Specialties . As of 2023, 687 osteopathic physicians held active certification with the AOBD. [ 4 ]  In addition to the fellows of the American Board of Dermatology, board certified osteopathic dermatologists are eligible for admission into the American Society for Mohs Surgery. [ 5 ]


Initial certification is available to osteopathic dermatologists who have successfully completed an AOA-approved  residency  in dermatology, two years of practice, successful completion of clinical and written exams. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  Diplomates of the American Osteopathic Board of Dermatology requires osteopathic dermatologists to renew their certification every ten years to avoid expiration of their board certified status. [ 8 ]


The AOBD also oversees examinations for osteopathic dermatologists that seek to subspecialize in the fields of  Mohs micrographic surgery  and  dermatopathology . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]


The Australasian College of Dermatologists  ( ACD ) is an accredited specialist  medical college  comprising medical practitioners with specialist training in  dermatology .


The Australasian College of Dermatologists was founded in 1967. There are currently over 550 Fellows of the College [ 1 ]  and over 100 registrars (doctors in training). [ citation needed ]


The ACD is the only recognised body for training as a dermatologist in Australia. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  It is a member of the Council of Presidents of Medical Colleges. [ 6 ]


Australia and  New Zealand  have relatively high rates of both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, thought to be due to combinations of fair-skinned population, temperate to subtropical locations and outdoor lifestyle with high sun exposure. [ 7 ]


Traditionally dermatology training was undertaken as part of General Physician training. In the 1960s, dermatologists in NSW and Victoria thought that a separate College was warranted. [ citation needed ]


The College was inaugurated as the Australian College of Dermatologists on 1 May 1967. [ 8 ]


Candidates complete a four-year  fellowship  to be admitted as a Fellow of the ACD. [ citation needed ]


Dermatologists are medical specialists and should be differentiated from primary-care doctors who work at "skin screening" clinics. All specialist dermatologists have a very high level of training and practice experience in their field. There is less regulation of primary-care skin clinics where quality and experience may therefore vary. [ citation needed ]


In New Zealand, advanced training in dermatology can be done through the  Royal Australasian College of Physicians . [ 9 ]


The ACD publishes  The Australasian Journal of Dermatology [ 10 ]  and position statements (e.g. "Sun Protection and Sunscreen"). [ 11 ]


The  British Association of Dermatologists  is a charity established in 1920 whose charitable objects are the practice, teaching, training, and research of  dermatology .  It produces the  British Journal of Dermatology , a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal and organises annual conferences.


This article about a charitable organisation in the United Kingdom is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Centro Studi GISED  is an  Italian  research association with legal personality registered with no. 2096/2004 at the R.E.A. Register in  Bergamo  ( Italy ). It is a  non-profit  association established in 2002, and it develops research and educational programs with the aim of improving scientific knowledge, assistance and transparent and specific information to the public with regard to the main  dermatological diseases .


The Italian Group for Epidemiological Research in Dermatology (GISED) was set up within the Italian Society of Dermatology and Venereology (formerly SIDEV, now SIDEMAST) in 1986 as a working group focusing on epidemiological research. It was a joint initiative of Prof. Tullio Cainelli, director of the Department of Dermatology,  University of Milan  at Ospedali Riuniti of Bergamo, and Prof. Alfredo Rebora, director of the Department of Dermatology,  University of Genoa . In the Scientific Committee were involved. Prof. Giuseppe Zina, director of the Department of Dermatology,  University of Turin , and Dr. Gianni Tognoni of the  Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research . Dr. Luigi Naldi, at that time a young investigator at the Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of the Mario Negri Institute in Milan, was the person in charge of the organization of the coordinating centre. The headquarters of the coordinating centre had been located for several years, until March 2009, at the Dermatology Unit of Ospedali Riuniti of Bergamo.


Since its founding in 1986, GISED grew progressively. Its activities ranged over the years from descriptive  epidemiology  to etiological research, randomized  clinical trials , registers, and  systematic reviews . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  A total of 50 academic and clinical centres contributed to these projects. Over the years, formal courses on research methodology and on  Evidence Based Medicine  were also organized. Overall, GISED proved to be not only an effective collaborative network but also a valuable tool for education and dissemination of an epidemiological and methodological culture. Over the years, several contacts have been established at the international level (among the others, the EuroSCAR and RegiSCAR networks, the European Dermato-Epidemiology Network (EDEN), the  Cochrane Collaboration ).


A limiting factor for further possible development of GISED activities was the lack of a formal structure and legal basis for the coordinating centre. For this reason, in 2002, the Centro Studi GISED association was founded. Dr. Luigi Naldi was elected president, assisted by a scientific Board composed by the most active members of the group. In 2003, Centro Studi GISED got formal recognition as a non-profit association by the  Lombardy Region  and was registered in the Register of Companies (REA) with the n. 2096. Again in 2003, an agreement with the Inter-University Centre Thomas Chalmers at the University of Milan was signed and Centro Studi GISED became a component of the Italian Cochrane Network.


Besides coordinating the research projects of the GISED network, Centro Studi GISED began to develop its own projects with particular attention to clinical research, combination of basic research and clinical research (translational research),  imaging  and information techniques in dermatology. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  In 2008, GISED ceased to be a working group of SIDEMAST and was maintained as an informal group of people interested in working in multi-centre studies, the "GISED network". The headquarters of the Association were at Ospedali Riuniti of Bergamo until March 2009, when they moved to the Matteo Rota Hospital, collaborating with the newly formed Research Foundation Ospedale Maggiore of Bergamo (FROM). From 2009 to 2011 another office, primarily dedicated to the development of innovative imaging systems in dermatology, was activated at the Kilometro Rosso Science and Technology Park in Stezzano. In March 2018, Centro Studi GISED moved its headquarters to via Clara Maffei 4 in Bergamo, at the officies made available by the Health Protection Agency (ATS) of Bergamo.


DEBRA  (formerly known as DebRA) is the name of an international medical  research   charity  dedicated to securing effective drug treatments and ultimately cures for every type of  epidermolysis bullosa , with national groups in over 40 countries including in the  United Kingdom  and the  United States . [ 1 ]


"Debra" is the first name of the daughter of Phyllis Hilton, the original founder of the organisation in the UK, which began as a support group for parents, guardians and carers of other young children with the condition.


Although the  backronym  of Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association has been used by DEBRA UK [ 2 ]  in the past, the organisation provides information, research funding and support for  all  forms of EB, not just dystrophic, which is one of three main sub-types of the condition; the others being EB simplex and junctional EB.


The DebRA US organisation have continued to use the aforementioned acronym DEBRA for the Dystrophic EB Research Association of America since their formation in 1980.


Epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic condition that in its most severe forms affects all of the body's linings, the skin, the linings of the mouth and oesophagus, and even the eyes. [ 3 ]  In its most severe forms the linings blister or rip away from the flesh under the lightest of frictions. For example, rolling over in bed can cause skin to tear away from behind the ears, and the sufferer may wake up with up to 30 blisters each morning.


There is no treatment bar the lancing and draining of these blisters to stop their growth. Sufferers of the severest form die prematurely of skin cancer (their life expectancy is usually reduced by 30–40 years); in some, death occurs in infancy. Each day sufferers face a battle against fluid loss and infections due to open wounds. Blistering can also affect inner body linings, such as the mouth and throat. Sufferers of the severest forms have difficulties with eating due to the rawness in their mouths and often have to have a feeding tube fitted.


EB has a number of distinct forms: in the least severe form, blistering is confined to the hands and feet. In more severe cases, the whole body is affected and wounds heal very slowly, giving rise to scarring, physical deformity and significant disability.


DEBRA UK is the national medical research charity and patient support organisation for individuals and families affected by EB. There are at least 5,000 people living with this devastating condition in the UK and 500,000 people worldwide. [ citation needed ]


DEBRA UK was founded in 1978 and provides an enhanced specialist EB nursing service, in partnership with the NHS, to deliver optimal healthcare to children and adults living with EB and community support staff to work directly with families. The charity also commissions research into the condition with the aim of finding effective drug treatments and, ultimately, a cure for EB. DEBRA UK has over 90 charity shops across the country. Donations and proceeds from shops fund services for epidermolysis bullosa affected families and medical research into the condition. [ 4 ]


Debra of America was founded in 1980 by Arlene Pessar and her son, Eric Lopez, who was born with epidermolysis bullosa. [ 5 ]  It is the only U.S. nonprofit organization that provides all-inclusive support to the EB community, through funding research for a cure and by providing free programs and services for those with EB. The mission of debra of America is to improve the quality of life for all people living in the United States with EB, their families, and caregivers, through free programs and services [ 6 ]  while funding research to find a cure and treatments for EB. [ 7 ]


In 2015, Debra of America launched a series of TV and web commercials alongside a campaign titled #ItWontHurtToWatch [ 8 ]  These commercials, produced by health and wellness advertising agency  HAVAS Worldwide Tonic , are intended to spread awareness of the debilitating rare disease.


A list of national groups may be found at DEBRA International. [ 9 ]


The  Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft e.V.  ( DDG , German Dermatological Society; " e.V. " meaning "registered association") is a scientific specialized society for  dermatology  in  Germany . [ 1 ]  It is a member of the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF).


The aim is the promotion of scientific and professional concerns of dermatology,  venereology  and  allergology  and the support of specialization areas in dermatology,  andrology ,  phlebology , and  lymphology ,  proctology , operative dermatology and dermatooncology, dermatological  radiotherapy , dermatological  microbiology , occupational and environmental dermatology, and  derma histology , as well as  prevention  and  rehabilitation . The DDG also operates as advisor for German and international governments and authorities, public and non-public organizations, medical and  scientific societies , institutions, clinics, and individuals in scientific and professional quests. It was founded in 1889 in  Prague  and comprises almost 3,600 full and associated members. The society is based in  Berlin , where they operate a joint office with the  BVDD, Berufsverband der Deutschen Dermatologen  (Professional Association of Germany's dermatologists). In 1998 these two organizations founded the  DDA, Deutsche Dermatologische Akademie  (German dermatological academy), which is committed to the continued and advanced education of dermatologists.


The DDG employs several different working groups which are dedicated to the science of specific topics and publish recommendations and guidelines. [ 2 ]  Among these working groups are:


The DDG is an association of German-speaking dermatologists and therefore collaborates closely with the dermatological professional societies of  Austria  (ÖGDV) and Switzerland (SGDV). It is also a member of the International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS), the international umbrella organization of all scientific professional societies in the field of dermatology. The DDG also is represented in the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), the  European Dermatology Forum  (EDF), the  European Society Dermatological Research  (ESDR), and the Union of  European Union Medical Specialists  (UEMS). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The publication organ of the DDG is the magazine  Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  (ISSN 1610-0387), published by  Wiley Online Library , and the society awards different scientific prizes, such as "Deutschen Neurodermitis Preis", "Deutschen Psoriasis Preis", "Oscar-Gans-Preis" [ 8 ]  etc. [ 9 ]  and grants research  fellowships . [ 10 ]


Commemorating the 70th anniversary of the death of  Karl Herxheimer , who was a  Jewish  dermatologist from  Frankfurt am Main  in  Nazi Germany , the society organized a  Karl Herxheimer  commemoration lecture on 6 December 2012 and set up a memorial stone in the Jewish  graveyard  in Frankfurt.


The award of the Karl Herxheimer Medal is the highest honor in German dermatology. [ 11 ]  It is given to outstanding scholars in the field of dermatovenerology in memory of the great doctor, teacher and researcher Karl Herxheimer.


The  European Board of Dermatology-Venereology  (EBDV) represents the specialties of  dermatology  and  venereology  within the  European Union of Medical Specialists  (UEMS). [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  The EBDV is responsible for setting the charter of training in dermatology-venereology, [ 3 ]  the guidelines for the log book of training and visitation of training centres [ 1 ]  and the European board examination in dermatology-venereology [ 4 ]  in  UEMS  member states.


The UEMS-EBDV board examination covers the specialties of  dermatology  and  venereology  and has been held annually since 2006. [ 1 ]  Trainees are eligible to sit the examination when they have fulfilled the requirements of their national training body or when approaching the end of their training. [ 5 ]  Candidates who successfully passed the board examination and are certified specialists in a  UEMS  member state can call themselves 'Fellow of the European Board of Dermatology-Venereology' (FEBDV), other successful candidates are considered 'European Board Certified'. [ 6 ]  The European examinations are compulsory in some member states. [ 7 ]


This article about a medical organization or association is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


International Dermoscopy Society (IDS)   is a  non-governmental organization  offering comprehensive promotion of dermoscopy, also known as  dermatoscopy . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  It has over 16,000 international members from over 160 countries.


Dermoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in dermatology for correct identification and management of skin tumors, inflammatory skin conditions and skin infections. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  Hans Peter Soyer (Past President), Rainer Hofmann-Wellenhof (Treasurer) and Giuseppe Argenziano (Past President) founded the society in 2003 in Graz, Austria, which is also home to the society's head offices. The current President is Aimilios Lallas and the General Secretary is Caterina Longo.


Every three years, the IDS hosts a world congress and its 6th World Congress of Dermoscopy, [ 6 ]  will be held in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 2024. Each year, the IDS also organizes scientific meetings at the annual international congresses organized by the  American Academy of Dermatology  and the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.


The IDS’ official medical journal is  Dermatology Practical & Conceptual  (DPC). The DPC journal is an international, peer-reviewed and open-access journal indexed on PubMed. The journal focuses on clinical research articles within the field of dermatology.


The IDS is also an Affiliated Member Society of the  International League of Dermatological Societies .


The International League of Dermatological Societies  (ILDS) is a  non-governmental organization  that works closely with the  World Health Organization . It was founded in 1935, but because of  World War II  no congresses were held until 1952. It is governed by the International Committee of Dermatology.


The ILDS is the parent organization of the International Foundation for Dermatology, [ 1 ]  founded in 1987.


After the publication of  ICD-10 , the ILDS produced a series of compatible extensions for use in  dermatology .


The  International Society of Dermatopathology  is a non-profit, international  society  for the discipline of  dermatopathology  which was founded in 1979.  It is based in  Half Moon Bay , California, US. [ 1 ]


It publishes a peer-reviewed journal,  The American Journal of Dermatopathology  (AJDP). [ 2 ]  It was founded by Helmut Kerl, MD; Gérald E. Piérard, MD; Jorge Sánchez, MD; and the late A. Bernard Ackerman, MD. [ 3 ]


The  National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF)  is one of the world's largest nonprofit organization [ citation needed ]  serving people with  psoriasis  and  psoriatic arthritis . The NPF provides information and services to help people manage their condition while supporting research to find a cure. In addition to serving more than 3 million people annually through patient and professional health education and  advocacy  initiatives, the NPF has funded more than $10 million in psoriatic disease  research grants  and fellowships.


The National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) focuses on improving the health of people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Through the organization's work to increase research, improve access to care, and expand knowledge of the psoriatic disease, the NPF aims to: [ citation needed ]


The NPF works to increase the number of dollars, scientists, and quality research projects devoted to psoriatic disease to find better treatments and a cure.


Each year, the NPF awards Discovery Grants and Translational Grants to support the start-up of new and innovative studies.


NPF Discovery Grants are one-year awards of up to $75,000 that fund researchers to explore preliminary ideas and conduct proof-of-concept experiments. The goal is to stimulate the development of new research programs in the field of psoriatic disease that are capable of competing for long-term funding from the National Institutes of Health or other agencies in the future. Funded research areas include, but are not limited to, genetics, cell biology, immunology, and epidemiology/health services. [ 5 ]


NPF Translational Grants' are two-year awards up to $200,000 total that is focused on moving scientific discoveries generated during laboratory or clinical research into projects that clearly benefit patients. In 2015, the National Psoriasis Foundation and the Arthritis National Research Foundation collaborated on a special Psoriatic Arthritis Research Grant. [ 6 ]


To address the shortage of clinicians with in-depth knowledge of the psoriatic disease, the National Psoriasis Foundation awards annual Medical Dermatology Fellowships. The fellowships, one-year awards up to $50,000, aim to increase the number of scientists focused on studying and treating psoriatic disease by encouraging young scientists to become physician researchers and dedicate their careers to psoriatic disease. [ 7 ]


The National Psoriasis Victor Henschel BioBank is a collection of biological samples and clinical information used by qualified scientists to advance the field of psoriasis genetics. It is one of the largest collections of psoriasis DNA samples in the United States. [ 8 ]


As the catalyst for psoriatic disease research, NPF is dedicated to promoting patient involvement in research studies and clinical trials. NPF offers research and clinical trial referral services that provide targeted outreach to people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. [ 9 ]


The National Psoriasis Foundation focuses on changing policy to increase the federal government's attention on psoriatic disease, and to ensure that people get access to the treatments and medical specialists they need to best manage their condition.


Through the collective efforts of tens of thousands of advocates nationwide, NPF works to:


The National Psoriasis Foundation provides people with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and their healthcare providers the latest information, education, and critical support services so they can best manage their condition and improve overall health and well-being.


Free health webcasts from leading psoriatic disease experts arm people with information to reduce pain, inflammation, and itching; clear skin; loosen joints; better understand future treatment options; and decrease their risk for related conditions associated with psoriatic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. [ 11 ]


More than Skin Deep is a series of live patient-focused events held nationwide. This educational program provides people with the latest information from leading experts to best manage their condition. [ 12 ]


The NPF offers people who are newly diagnosed support from trained peer mentors with its Psoriasis One-to-One mentor program. Additionally, the organization has a health educator on staff who is available to answer questions about psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, treatment options, and related topics.


The NPF also offers professional education for healthcare providers with CME events and other programs. [ 13 ]


Founded and headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Psoriasis Foundation opened its second office in Alexandria, Virginia, in 2013. As of 2015, the organization has 10 Community Divisions in Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Florida South, Florida West, Los Angeles, New York City, Northern California, Portland, San Diego, and Washington, D.C. These community divisions, led by a National Psoriasis Foundation community development manager and a group of volunteers, focus on fundraising, patient and health care provider outreach, grassroots advocacy and local education.


Team NPF is a group of everyday people with or without psoriatic disease who are walking, running, cycling, and DIY-ing for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis cure. Team NPF Walks are held in communities around the country. In August 2015, the National Psoriasis Foundation hosted its inaugural Team NPF Cycle event. [ 14 ]


The National Psoriasis Foundation is a  501(c)(3)   nonprofit organization .


In 2012, the organization received Charity Navigator's four-star rating, its highest rating, for its sound fiscal management and commitment to accountability and transparency. [ 15 ]  The NPF receives funding and support from individuals affected by psoriatic disease and their families, friends, and medical providers. Corporations and foundations also fund the education, advocacy, and research programs that help people with psoriatic disease better manage their condition and improve their overall health.


The National Rosacea Society  ( NRS ) is a  501(c)   nonprofit organization  dedicated to improving the lives of the estimated 16 million Americans who suffer from  rosacea , a chronic facial skin disorder. Its mission is to raise awareness, provide health information, and support medical research that may lead to improvement in the management, prevention, and potential cure for rosacea. [ 1 ]


Although rosacea was first described by  Guy de Chauliac  in the 14th century and included Chaucer's  The Canterbury Tales , [ 2 ]  when the National Rosacea Society was founded in 1992 rosacea was still considered a rare disease, and its first approved treatment, topical  metronidazole , received  orphan drug  designation by the  U.S. Food and Drug Administration  in the belief that fewer than 200,000 Americans suffered from it. [ 3 ]  It soon became evident that rosacea affected the lives of millions, who had previously failed to realize they had a medical condition that could be treated. A 2018 study estimated global incidence of rosacea to be more than 5%, or equivalent to around 415 million. [ 4 ]


The National Rosacea Society designates each April as Rosacea Awareness Month [ 5 ]  and conducts national communications, public relations, and social media activities throughout the year. The society also produces patient education materials. [ 6 ]


In 2024, the Society launched a Seal of Acceptance program to identify gentle skin care and cosmetic products that have been clinically tested and evaluated to be unlikely to irritate rosacea skin. [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


In 1999, [ 9 ]  the National Rosacea Society launched a patient-funded research grants program to support scientific research into potential causes and other key aspects of rosacea that may lead to improvements in its management, prevention, or potential cure. Because the etiology of rosacea is unknown, a high priority in awarding grants is given to studies relating to such areas as the pathogenesis, progression, mechanism of action, cell biology, and potential genetic factors of rosacea. Research in such areas as epidemiology, predisposition, quality of life, and relationships with environmental and lifestyle factors may also be funded. [ 10 ]


Since its inception, more than $1.5 million has been awarded to support more than 70 studies. [ 11 ]


To provide a basis for meaningful scientific investigation, the NRS organized a consensus committee and review panel of 21 medical experts to establish a standard definition and classification system for rosacea, published in 2002, [ 12 ]  as well as a standard grading system published in 2004. [ 13 ]  The classification system was instrumental in establishing the clinical subtypes—erythematotelangiectatic rosacea, papulopustular rosacea, phymatous rosacea, and ocular rosacea—commonly used to describe the disease. [ 14 ] [ 15 ]  In 2009, an NRS consensus committee and review panel of 26 medical experts published standard management options for rosacea. [ 16 ] [ 17 ]


In 2017, an NRS consensus committee and review panel of 28 medical experts published an updated classification and pathophysiology of rosacea, [ 18 ]  reflecting the increased understanding of the disease and its progression gained in the 15 years since the original classification was published. The updated classification shifted focus away from subtypes to a phenotype approach to diagnosis. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]  The article was accompanied by an editorial on rosacea comorbidities and areas for future research. [ 21 ]


In 2020, an NRS consensus committee and review panel of 27 medical experts published updates standard management options for rosacea, [ 22 ]  intended to provide a comprehensive summary of treatment options for the respective phenotypes identified in the updated standard classification of rosacea, and recommending that physicians to tailor therapy to each patient's individual case. [ 23 ]


The  New Zealand Dermatological Society  is a  not-for-profit  incorporated  society  for  dermatologists  in  New Zealand . Its website for public education,  DermNet , was started in 1996. [ 1 ]


The  Saudi Society of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery  (in  Arabic   الجمعية السعودية لأمراض وجراحة الجلد ), commonly abbreviated as SSDDS, (formerly  The Saudi Society of Dermatology and Venereology ), is a scientific organization that was established in 1989.


Dr. Sami Al Sogair has been attributed to the foundation of the  society , who also stands as its president since 1989 until 1994.


In 1994, an SSDDS election installed Dr Omar AlSheikh as president, succeeded by Dr Sami Alsuwaidan.
Dr. Abdullah Sulaiman Alakeel is the current president of the society. [ citation needed ]


The 13th National Symposium of the SSDDS was held on 30–31 December 2009. [ 2 ]


The  Sindh Institute of Skin Diseases  ( Urdu :  سندھ ادارہ برائے امراضِ جِلد ) known as Skin Hospital or Chamra Hospital ( Urdu :  چمڑہ ہسپتال ) is a 50-bed  dermatological   hospital .  It is the only public sector skin hospital in  Karachi  and is located in the Regal Chowk area. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


This hundred-bed hospital specializes in skin diseases exclusively. It does not charge any fees for services and is governed by the  Government of Sindh Province . Over 4,000 outpatients visit the hospital daily. [ 1 ]


The hospital has a minor operation theater that is used for surgical procedures like excision and  biopsies . The  pathology  laboratory has a facility for routine blood tests along with other special tests like fungal scraping,  Tzanck smear , LD bodies, tests for  syphilis ,  hepatitis B  and C virus,  HIV  serology—all performed free of charge. [ 1 ]


Procedures like electric  cauterization , chemical cautery and  cryotherapy  are also performed. A facility for  light therapy  is also available. [ 1 ]


The head of the hospital in 2018 was Iqbal Soomro. [ 1 ]


The site where the hospital has been located since Pakistani independence was before 1947 a centre for treatment of socially transmitted diseases.  After 1947, it was converted to a centre for skin and social hygiene and treatment of lepers.  The 50-bed hospital for treatment of skin diseases was established in the 1990s. [ 3 ]


This article about a hospital in Pakistan is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


The  Unilever Research & Development Port Sunlight Laboratory  is the multinational consumer goods company  Unilever 's main research and development facility in the United Kingdom. It is located in  Bebington , Merseyside.


Unilever's predecessor companies conducted research in Bebington from 1890 and the first dedicated research building was built in 1911 by  Lever Brothers . Unilever was formed in 1929, and until 1951 Port Sunlight was its main research laboratory worldwide.


In the 1920s the former site researched  vitamin A  and  D  in margarine. [ 1 ]


It created a research division in 1961. In the early 1960s the site researched  colloid  chemistry,  surface active phenomena ,  rheology  of dispersions, surface chemistry, fluorescence of dyestuffs,  adsorbed films  on liquids,  germicides , timber technology (for West Africa), and  paper chromatography . Organic chemists, physical chemists and physicists worked there. In the 1960s the site was run by  Unilever Research . In 1964, newly-employed scientists would be earning £1,450. New buildings in the mid-1960s meant more staff.


In early 1963, 40 scientists working on margarine and edible oils, moved to the company's new site at  Welwyn  in  Hertfordshire . [ 2 ]


In the 1960s it had strong family links with both  Wirral Grammar School for Boys , and the associated girls' grammar school. [ 3 ]


In 1965 the site installed an  IBM System/360  (128k storage) computer at Port Sunlight, connected with  time-sharing  to  IBM 1050  consoles at other sites; it claimed to be the first time such a computer system had been installed in the UK for industrial research, and that networked across the country.


In February 1964, planning permission was applied for a site at Spital, on Port Sunlight golf course. By 1964 the site had an  IBM 1620  computer. In 1965 the site formed an Operational Research Section at Port Sunlight, and their computers used  PL/I  and  Fortran  IV. In 1967 statisticians used  control charts ,  timeseries  analysis,  multivariate analysis  and  stochastic processes . From early 1969 the consoles at the site were  IBM 2780  with the  MFT2  and  HASP II operating systems. By 1969, new laboratories were built.


In 1976, Dr Gordon Tiddy of Unilever studied  lyotropic liquid crystals  with the  University of Leeds  Chemistry department. In 1978, the site carried out  inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy  with  Leicester Polytechnic  on an  SRC  CASE studentship. In 1979 their statistical computer packages were  NAG , and  GLIM 1–3 .


In the 1970s scientists at Port Sunlight discovered  tetraacetylethylenediamine  (TAED), which allows clothes to be washed at lower temperatures.


By the 1970s, Unilever was also the UK's largest food processing company, and the world's second-largest company, outside the US. [ 4 ]


In 1981 the site conducted work with the  University of Oxford , involving free radicals,  spin trapping  and redox-active enzymes with Dr (later Professor)  Allen Hill . In 1987 it conducted fluorescence-coupled  surface plasmon resonance  research with  Durham University Department of Physics .


In 2017, Anglo-Dutch Unilever opened a £24m Advanced Manufacturing Centre, built by BAM Construction (owned by the Dutch  Royal BAM Group ), at the site, [ 5 ]  with a Materials Innovation Factory [ 6 ]  at the  University of Liverpool , helped by the Regional Growth Fund.


Construction of the new £3m centre began in summer 1967. [ 7 ]
Staff moved in from March 1969. [ 8 ]


It was officially opened on Monday 20 July 1970 by Sir  Eric Rideal . [ 9 ]
The gross floor area of the research centre was 207,000 sq ft. Including ancillary buildings it was 350,000 sq ft. [ 10 ]


The next door £40m Manufacturing Technology Centre was built from July 1992, by Tarmac Construction. [ 11 ]
opening in May 1995; the new site included different types of  pilot plants , and the five-storey Powder Technology Pilot Plant. [ 12 ]


The first building was built in 1942, at a cost of £172,000, and with enlargements it was 160,000 sq ft by the early 1960s. A £270,000 extension, adding 27,000 sq ft was started in January 1963.
As part of the extension, a 250-seat demonstration theatre was added, with a revolving stage, for research conferences. The site had around 150 scientists and about 200 assistants.


Unilever is the world's third-largest cosmetics company, after  L'Oréal  and P&G.


In the 1960s Unilever Research worked with  J. D. Bernal  of Birkbeck College. [ 30 ]


The site is on the west side of the railway, between  Spital railway station , to the south, and  Port Sunlight railway station  to the north.


By 1970 its research division had 4,600 scientists with a budget of £32 million (current value £625.2 million), rising to £219 million in 1983 (current value £933.4 million), then £330 million in 1987 (current value £1172.4 million). By the end of the 1980s there were around 400 scientists at Port Sunlight. [ citation needed ]


Over 750 scientists are currently [ when? ]  based at the laboratory. It conducts research for products including  Dove ,  Sunsilk  and  Domestos .


Unilever operates similar research facilities in  Vlaardingen ,  Colworth , Shanghai,  Bangalore  and  Trumbull . Research was earlier carried out at 455 London Road ( A315 ) in  Isleworth  from 1950 to 1980, it looked at hair, skin and teeth; this research moved to Bebington at the end of 1980. American research was at  Edgewater, New Jersey , where  Vincent Lamberti  invented Dove soap. The industry is represented by the  UK Cleaning Products Industry Association .


Unilever had a  defined benefit pension plan  up until 2019. [ 31 ]


Physical examination shows thickened and bumpy nasal skin; and pink patches with telangiectasia and red papules on the face, most prominently on the medial cheeks and forehead. This is rhinophyma, and he also has associated papulopustular rosacea. General skincare (emollients, soap substitutes) and lifestyle advice is important in managing rosacea in general. Keeping a symptom diary to identify and avoid triggers (eg, foods, hot beverages, spices, alcohol) for flare-ups can be helpful. Cool compresses are often used for flushing and various topical or systemic medications may be considered for symptom control. Sunscreens may help as many sufferers experience exacerbation with sunshine. This patient was prescribed the tetracycline antibiotic doxycycline, and advised to avoid spicy foods, alcohol, caffeine, and stress. He was also recommended to seek plastic surgery consultation to consider cosmetic facial resurfacing. Oral isotretinoin has also been reported to be useful in treating rhinophyma; the drug reduces the enlarged sebaceous glands that characterize rhinophyma. See: Rhinophyma.


This is a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC is a common skin cancer derived from keratinocytes. It is invasive and can sometimes metastasise and be fatal. The mortality rate is around 25%. SCC usually begins as a tender erythematous papule or nodule. It usually has surface scales. It tends to grow faster than basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Some SCCs can bleed or ulcerate. They are usually located on sun-exposed sites such as the face, lips, ears, bald scalp, forearms, hands, and lower legs. Most SCCs arise from actinic keratoses (AK) or SCC in situ. SCCs are five times more common in solid organ transplant recipients who are on systemic immunosuppressants. The longer the period of immunosuppression, the greater the risk of SCC development. Education regarding this risk of skin cancer, its early presenting features, and rapid access to specialists is essential. Vigilant sun protection is essential for high-risk patients. Patients should be advised to minimise sun/ultraviolet (UV) light exposure and wear sun protective clothing such as a wide-brimmed hat, long-sleeved shirt, and long pants. They should also apply SPF 50+ sunscreen with UVA and UVB blocking properties regularly when outdoors. Oral acitretin has been shown to reduce SCC development in solid organ transplant recipients by 2030%. See: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.


Physical examination shows: She was diagnosed with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. This uncommon skin condition has an unclear cause. Current studies support a bacterial aetiology (a gram-positive actinomycete Dietzia papillomatosis) and the condition responds well to antibiotics. Differential diagnoses include tinea versicolor (excluded by direct mycology) and acanthosis nigricans. Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis usually clears with a tetracycline antibiotic. This patient was prescribed minocycline, and the rash resolved. See: Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis.


Physical examination shows monomorphic pink papules and fine pustules with areas of redness and telangiectasia. She was diagnosed with papulopustular rosacea. Alcohol, spicy foods, hot beverages, and alcohol are frequently cited food triggers. Sunshine usually makes rosacea worse, though in a small minority it actually helps. Drugs that cause flushing may make rosacea worse. General skincare and lifestyle advice is important in managing rosacea. Keeping a symptom diary to identify and avoid triggers for flare-ups can be helpful. Cool compresses are often used for flushing and various topical or systemic medications may be considered for symptom control. This patient was prescribed oral doxycycline and advised to avoid sun exposure (see: Sun protection). Her symptoms responded gratifyingly. See: Rosacea.


Physical examination shows reticulate red-brown hyperpigmentation with telangiectasia and atrophy on the lateral cheeks and sides of the neck. This is poikiloderma of Civatte, which is typically seen on sun-exposed areas such as the lateral cheeks and sides of the neck, and spares the shaded area under the chin. This is a common and benign skin condition more frequently seen in post-menopausal women. Poikiloderma is characterised by hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, and atrophy within the same lesion. In some instances, photosensitising fragrance constituents in personal care products may be responsible. Use a UVA- and UVB-blocking sunscreen, and avoid perfumed products on the affected area. Hydroquinone and retinoid creams may help. Intense pulsed light or pulsed dye laser are both advocated to reduce both the telangiectasia and hyperpigmentation. See: Poikiloderma of Civatte.


This is chronic perioral dermatitis. It usually consists of erythematous papules arranged around the chin and nasolabial folds. Similar lesions may develop at the outer canthi. Occasionally pustules develop, and it may be mistaken for a bacterial infectionor acne. In the latter condition comedones (blackheads and whiteheads) are present. In perioral dermatitis, topical products, especially topical steroids, should generally be stopped as they can worsen the condition. Mild cases may resolve with this zero-therapy approach. In moderate or severe cases, oral tetracycline antibiotics result in rapid resolution and a gratified patient! Topical pimecrolimus is an alternative. This patient was prescribed trimethoprim as she was allergic to tetracyclines, and instructed to use gentle facial products, avoid fragrances and sun exposure, and refrain from using topical steroids. See: Periorificial dermatitis.


The most likely diagnosis is erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. It is more common in elderly men with a sun-damaged bald scalp, a history of actinic keratoses, and/or a history of SCCs or basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the scalp. It is usually diagnosed by its characteristic clinical appearance. Initially, a small area of the scalp becomes red, crusted, and irritated. Crusting and superficial pustulation usually overlies a moist, eroded surface. Extensive disease can result in scarring and extensive alopecia. SCC can develop in the scars. Potent or ultrapotent topical steroids will suppress the inflammatory changes. Gradual reduction in the potency of topical steroid used over a 6-month period may result in cure. Failure to respond to this should prompt biopsyto exclude malignancy. There is some evidence for using oral zinc sulfate, topical calcipotriol, and topical dapsone. Oral retinoids may also be tried. Maintenance therapy with sun protection and intermittent moderate-potency topical steroids can provide long-term relief. See:Erosive pustular dermatosis.


Erythema multiforme is an immune-mediated condition generally characterised by target lesions which can blister centrally, and can also include erosions or bullae in the mucosae of the mouth, genitals, or conjunctivae. The target skin lesions may be pruritic and mucosal erosions can be very painful. The patient may experience fatigue, myalgias, and fevers Viral infections such asherpes simplexvirus (HSV) are often, although not always, involved in the development of this condition. SJS/TEN tends to produce coalescing lesions affecting more than 10% of the body surface area and is usually drug induced. Mycoplasma pneumonia-induced rash and mucositis has recently been distinguished from erythema multiforme; the skin lesions are less prominent and it carries a better prognosis than erythema multiforme triggered by other agents. Erythema multiforme is generally self-limiting and symptoms usually resolve in 46 weeks. Oralantihistaminesortopical steroidsmay be used for itch if required. It may recur with subsequent attacks of herpes simplex if this is the trigger and if frequent suppressive antiviral therapy may be indicated. In erythema multiforme major with severe mucosal erosion, support of oral intake (eg, lidocaine oral gel and nutritional supplements) may be necessary. Prednisoneis often used in practice to reduce the length of the illness and its severity, but its use is not strongly evidence-based. See:Erythema multiforme.


This is Hailey-Hailey disease. It is also calledbenign familial pemphigus. It is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis. It is due to a mutation in theATP2C1gene, causing dysfunction of a Golgi-associated protein and interfering with cellular calcium signalling. The onset of disease is usually during the second or third decade, but sometimes delayed into the fourth or fifth decade. It mainly affects the major body folds such as the axillary, inframammary, and groin folds, and sometimes the trunk. Widespread separation of the epidermal keratinocytes (acantholysis) resulting in a dilapidated brick wall appearance. There may be mild dyskeratosis. Direct immunofluorescenceis negative in Hailey-Hailey disease. There is currently no cure for Hailey-Hailey disease. Avoidance of triggers and symptom management are the mainstay of management. General measures include wearing lightweight clothing, antiseptic washes or bleach baths, and humectants. Symptom management options may include intermittenttopicalorintralesional steroids, topicalcalcineurin inhibitors,botulinum toxininjections, and low dose naltrexone. See:Benign familial pemphigus.


The diagnosis iskeratosis pilaris rubra. This condition is a variant ofkeratosis pilaris, and there are often typical lesions of keratosis pilaris on the upper arms and thighs. There may also be discernible pigmentation as well as redness on the cheeks, and it may extend onto the neck (often referred to as erythromelanosis faciei et coli). It is easier to discern in pale skin individuals. It is often associated withatopic eczemaand ichthyosis vulgaris. Emollients containingurea,lactic acidorsalicylic acid,ortopical retinoidsmay diminish the scale. Definitive treatments to reduce the redness includepulsed dye laserto help with erythema orlaser-assistedhair removalfor ingrown hairs. Differential diagnoses include: For more information, seeKeratosis pilaris.


Urticaria pigmentosa, also known asmaculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, is due to abnormal collection of mast cells in the skin causing brown patches and freckles. It is the commonest type of cutaneousmastocytosis. It commonly affects infants, with first patches appearing at a few months of age. In young children, it is common for the patches to blister when rubbed. 50 to 70% of cases undergo spontaneous resolution before adolescence. Most children with urticaria pigmentosa do not require any treatment. Treatment modalities include: Children with urticaria pigmentosa may developanaphylaxisor anaphylactoid reactions to bee and wasp stings, hence it is advisable for them to carry an injectableadrenaline(epinephrine) kit.


Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) usually begins as a tender erythematous papule or nodule that may have a variable amount of hyperkeratosis. Older lesions may ulcerate. It is generally located on sun-exposed sites and usually enlarges over a period of months. They can arise in old scars, and in areas that have been subject to irradiation. Cutaneous SCC nearly always requiressurgical excision. Other methods of removal include: Cutaneous SCC can bleed or ulcerate if the lesion continues to grow. It can also become a nidus forinfectionsuch ascellulitis. Cutaneous SCC can also be invasive. In some cases, it may metastasise to both the lymph nodes and beyond, and be fatal.


There are annular, indurated, urticated plaques, with petechiae and purpura centrally in some areas. There are also targetoid lesions. Given the morphology and history of the rash, the differential diagnoses included: With the histology showing leukocytoclastic vasculitisin specimen one (arm), the likely diagnosis is urticarial vasculitis. Weals lasting more than 24 hrs, bruising, and pain with itch are typical clinical findings. Treatment is based on the systemic effects and the extent of cutaneous involvement. As this patient was very symptomatic, he was started on a weaning course of prednisoneand antihistamines (cetirizine 20 mg twice daily). Other potential treatment options for urticarial vasculitis include dapsone, colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, or immunosuppressive medications such as ciclosporin or azathioprine. Consideration should be given to possible underlying causes such as SLE, Sjogren syndrome, gammopathies, leukaemia, internal cancers, hepatitis B and the use of some drugs, although many cases are idiopathic.


Crusted scabies is a highly contagious hyperinfestation with Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis a parasitic mites, presenting in immunocompromised patients. It is previously known as Norwegian scabies. It is estimated that individuals with crusted scabies have up to 4,000 mites/g of skin. Patients are often infested with over 1 million mites. The majority of patients with normal scabies are infested with only with around 1020 mites. Scabies is readily diagnosed clinically and confirmed by identification of mites or eggs on dermoscopic or microscopic examination of burrows or scale in crusted disease. Treatment requires oral ivermectinand topical insecticides: Family members, carers, and close contacts should also be screened for scabies and treated accordingly. Regardless of examination findings, all family members who have had close contact with the index case should be treated with a topical scabicide and should repeat treatment in one week. Risk factors for crusted scabies include:


The swiss cheese pattern is consistent with mid-borderline leprosy. Diagnosis can be confirmed via skin biopsyfor histopathology, and slit-skin smear for bacterial index (Bl) and morphological index (MI). After confirming the diagnosis, multi-drug therapy (MDT) should be initiated according to the type/grading of leprosy. For more information, see our page on leprosy.


The likely diagnosis is incontinentia pigmenti (IP). It is a rare genetic condition characterised by skin, eyes, teeth, and CNS abnormalities. The characteristic skin lesions of IP present at birth or develop in the first few weeks of life in about 90% of patients and tend to be linear or follow the lines of Blaschko. Incontinentia pigmenti is an X-linked dominant disorder, caused by mutation in the NF-kB essential modulator (NEMO or IKBKG) gene, which encodes for a protein that protects against TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Male patients with milder NEMO mutations may present with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. IP has 4 stages (some of which may be absent or overlapping) of cutaneous finding that follow the lines of Blaschko(with the exception of stage 4).


This rash shows the classical deck chair sign, a clinical pattern characterised by selective sparing of skin folds and flexures in an erythematous eruption. Often widespread papules coalesce to form plaques,the papular component can be seen in the images. Deck chair sign is characteristic of papuloerythroderma of Ofuji (PEO). It has also been observed in: A high index of suspicion is needed to rule out associated malignancy. Comprehensive investigations including skin biopsy, tumour markers, and imaging are recommended.


Diagnosis: Linear IgA bullous disease (LABD) LABD is an autoimmune vesiculobullous disease. It can be idiopathic; secondary to medications or infections; or associated with some underlying disease (eg, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, malignancy). Vancomycin is the most common drug associated with LABD. Lesions typically appear 24 hours to 15 days after the first dose. Differential diagnoses: Blisters are sometimes seen showing thestring of beads sign with a large central blister surrounded by smaller peripheral ones as depicted in the image. The gold standard for diagnosis is direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin which demonstrates linear deposition of IgA at the dermoepidermal junction. Skin biopsy shows subepidermal blisters with a predominantly neutrophilic dermal infiltrate. In the case of drug-induced LABD, many cases will resolve with withdrawal of the offending agent. In more severe or idiopathic cases, treatment options include:


Clinically this resembles milia en plaque. However, the lesion is slightly infiltrated and other granulomatous conditions (eg, sarcoid) may be considered. Histology confirmed lichen planus follicularis tumidus, a very rare variant of lichen planus. A full skin check is needed for other signs of cutaneous or mucosal lichen planus. The retro-auricular site is the location of predilection. Lichen planus follicularis tumidus is in essence a chronic-relapsing disease, and very resistant to treatment. Ultrapotent topical steroids, systemic steroids, and retinoids (topicalor oral isotretinoin) have been suggested. In the case of our patient, the lesion was surgically excised.


This is an orf of the finger and a result of a zoonotic infection that often occurs in a person who have been handling sheep (such as lambing season in this farmer) or goats. Orf lesions are generally solitary or few in number, and can be tender. They occur most commonly on the fingers, hands or forearms but can appear on the face. Patients are largely asymptomatic although some may have some systemic upset or associated lymphadenopathy. In immunosuppressed individuals, they can develop into larger, persistent, or fungating lesions. Orf is caused by the parapoxvirus, Orfviridae. This infection is usually diagnosed clinically but can be confirmed on a viral swab, skin biopsy, or vesicular fluid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It can also be identified by electron microscopy. Orf is a self-limiting condition that usually resolves in 6 to 12 weeks. Secondary bacterial infectionand regional adenitis may require antibiotics. Orf can also be associated with immunologic reactions such as erythema multiforme, other non-specific toxic erythemas, and pemphigoid. The lesion should be covered to prevent transmission. It is highly transmissible between animals but human-to-human transmission is rare. It is advisable to use gloves or wash hands with antiseptics thoroughly when handling infected animals. People can develop recurrent orf infections, but some immunity to the virus is acquired after the first infection so that it is less severe on subsequent occasions.


This rash and history is classical for erysipelas. Erysipelas is a superficial form of cellulitis, a potentially serious bacterial infection affecting the skin. Erysipelas affects the upper dermis and extends into the superficial cutaneous lymphatics. Almost all erysipelas are caused by Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes). Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Haemophilus influenzae have also been found rarely to cause erysipelas. Oral or intravenous penicillin is the antibiotic of first choice. Erythromycin, roxithromycin, or pristinamycin may be used in patients with penicillin allergy. Vancomycin may be used for facial erysipelas caused by MRSA and treatment duration is usually for 10 to 14 days. Erysipelas tend to recur in up to one-third of patients due to existing lymphoedema or poor lymphatic drainage as a complication of the condition.


Infantile haemangioma of the periorbital region, caused by the rapid growth of capillary blood vessels on the surface of the skin. Infantile haemangiomas characteristically develop in the first few weeks of life, up to three months of age. In view of its rapid progression and proximity to the eye, this patient underwent an MRI of the brain to exclude any extension in the orbit or brain. If the haemangioma is not in a high risk area, patients may not need further investigation or treatment. Infantile haemangiomas can be managed by observation only, as most will undergo spontaneous resolution by the age of 6, but may be treated with an oral beta-blocker. This causes resolution of the lesion by contracting the blood vessels and decreasing blood flow to the area. Treatment duration is dependent on the response, but can continue for up to 18 months. The indications for beta blockade include obliteration of the visual axis by the haemangioma, severe organ dysfunction as a result of the haemangioma, bleeding (often in the napkin area due to trauma) and cosmetic concerns. Some thin lesions may be amenable to the topical beta blocker timolol.


Drug-induced epidermal necrolysis. Differential diagnoses include: Since the lesions affected >30% of the body surface area with a history of taking supplements, and there was no malignancy suspected, the diagnosis suggests drug induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. This is a dermatological emergency. Eye care: Mouth care: Nutrition: Airway: Genitourinary care: Prevent recurrence: Systemic corticosteroids (12 mg/kg/day for 35 days) and ciclosporin could be used, although this remains controversial. The skin lesions will ultimately heal and any pigmentary changes will resolve. Potential long term problems include:


A skin biopsy was obtained including subcutaneous fat, which demonstrated collagen bundles extending into the reticular dermis, enclosing the eccrine glands and blood vessels. With the clinical and histological findings, the likely diagnosis is plaque morphoea (morphea). There are many subtypes of morphoea such as plaque, linear, generalised, and pansclerotic. It is important to evaluate the patient for systemic symptoms and with laboratory tests such as ANA, anti-histone antibodies, and anti-SS DNA antibodies. In patients with superficial circumscribed lesions, topical treatments are appropriatesuch as: For patients with more widespread lesions and deep morphoea, consider: Rapidly progressive lesions require treatment with systemic corticosteroids or methotrexate. Morphoea can be chronically active or relapsing and remitting. Deep tissue involvement (eg, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone) can lead to deformity and dysfunction.


The likely diagnosis is collodion baby, a rare congenital disorder due to a mutation of certain genes which manifest as a tight, clear sheath covering their skin called a collodion membrane, that usually dries and peels off during the first few weeks of life. The most common underlying diseases: Other rarer conditions that may present with a collodion membrane include: 10% of collodion babies have normal underlying skin  a mild presentation known as self-healing collodion baby. Management requires the expertise of a dermatologist and the paediatric team. The baby is initially kept in a humidified, neutral-temperature environment like an incubator. Other supportive treatments such as intravenous fluid and tube feeding may also be required to maintain hydration and nutrition. The skin should be kept soft to try and reduce scaling. The collodion membrane must not be debrided. Treatment may include: Collodion babies are at high risk of complications. The cracking and peeling of the membrane increases the risk of infectionfrom microorganisms. These infants are also at risk for: Prognosis depends upon the particular underlying condition.


This is recurrent erythema multiforme. He has some target-like lesionsthat are characteristic of this eruption. Recurrent disease is usually triggered either by intermittent drug exposure, or herpes simplex infections which may be overt or covert. It is important to accurately elucidate drug exposure history and seek symptoms of cold sores which can occur around the mouth, on the genitalia, or even affecting the uterine cervix. The lesions of erythema multiforme can be treated by a super potent topical steroid which will reduce symptoms and hasten resolution. If evidence of herpes simplex as a trigger can be found, then suppressive long-term oral aciclovir may be an option if the eruption is sufficiently problematic and frequent to merit this. If a drug is suspected it should be avoided.


The superficial brown scaly patches are highly suggestive of a yeast infection called pityriasis versicolor  it is due to a yeast called Malasseziaand not a dermatophyte fungus. The best way to confirm the diagnosis is by taking skin scrapings. The yeast pseudohyphae and spores are said to resemble spaghetti and meatballs when looked at using a potassium hydroxide wet preparation on microscopy. Unfortunately it does not respond to oral terbinafine, which is highly active against dermatophyte fungi but not the causative yeast. It can be treated by using topical azole shampoos or creams, or a short course of oral itraconazole. See: Pityriasis versicolor.


This is bilateral lower leg eczema, and it is often multifactorial. There is often underlying venous incompetence, compounded by both irritantor allergic contact dermatitis. It is often bilateral, which cellulitis is almost never! Rest, elevation, potassium permanganate compresses or soaks, a topical steroid to suppress the eczema, and compression. Doppler ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) should be measured to assess the safety of high compression bandaging. Consideration should be given to what is being used topically, and patch testingis indicated to exclude an allergic contact dermatitis to a medicament dressing or bandage. See: Venous eczema.


The picture looks like acute discoid eczema there are exuding, excoriated, weepy well-defined plaques on the lower legs. Affected individuals are often atopic. Wet exuding lesions can be dried out with the use of one in 10,000 potassium permanganate soaks. Thereafter, a potent steroidand antibiotic combination cream will be needed to suppress the eczema and prevent the development of secondary staphylococcal superinfection. See: Discoid eczema.


There is a patchy and confluent erythematous rash studded with fine pseudo pustules andperipheral circular peeling seen over the abdomen. The likely cause is lamotrigine-induced generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP). Lamotrigine is a widely used antiepileptic commonly producing cutaneous side effects (incidence 10%). However, this is the first report of lamotrigine-induced GPP. Other differential diagnoses would include: After stopping the offending drug (lamotrigine in this case), the first-line treatment for generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP) would include acitretin, ciclosporin, or methotrexate. If this is insufficient, a biologic agentcould be considered. It is important to note that glucocorticosteroidstypically flare pustular psoriasis, particularly on withdrawal, so are contraindicated for GPP.


The likely cause of his reaction to the beach henna tattoo is an allergic contact dermatitis to the black dye chemical paraphenylenediamine (PPD). Although the tattoo solution does contain some henna, this is much less likely to be the sensitiser. The reaction will settle with the use of a topical steroid. However, he is now sensitised to PPD, and should he use a PPD-containing hair dye in the future, he will have a reaction to this. PPD-allergic individuals may also react to some azo clothing dyes, PABA-containing sunscreens, amine local anaesthetics(benzocaine and procaine), sulfonamides, and sulfone drugs. See: Tattoo-associated skin reactions.


There are clustered erosions on the left side of the palate. (They started with a prodrome of soreness and then vesicles developed, which have now eroded.) The recurrent nature of the eruption occurring in the same area of the palate and the clustering of the vesicles and later erosions is typical of herpes simplexvirus (HSV) infection, usually HSV type 1. By taking viral swabs this can be subjected to either viral culture or PCR. Aciclovir 200 mg five times a day for 5 days and chlorhexidine mouthwash twice a day for 5 days are reasonable options for an acute attack. Repetitive frequent recurrences may need long term suppressive aciclovir.


This is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)overlapping with psoriasis. There are no randomised controlled trials for concomitant SLE and psoriasis, as limited cases are reported worldwide. Apremilast 30 mg oral twice daily and methylprednisolone25 mg oral once daily along with sunscreen and topical steroids were used. She responded very well and is now in complete clinical remission. Antimalarials were avoided as although these can be very helpful for the joint and skin manifestations of SLE, they can cause an exacerbation of psoriasis. Interleukin (IL) 17A inhibitors may help both diseases; TNF antagonists may exacerbate SLE.


Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a group of papulosquamous dermatoses. There are 5 major types of PRP, plus an HIV-associated type has been described. The distinction is mostly based on age of onset and distribution. Adult classic form (type 1) is the most common form. Localised PRP can be treated with topical emollients and medium-potency topical corticosteroids. Extensive or disabling PRP usually requires systemic treatment. Treatment options include:


Sweet syndrome(acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis). It is a type of neutrophilic dermatosis. Sweet syndrome usually has an acute onset of erythematous, oedematous plum coloured papules and plaques that are tender but not pruritic, with the face and trunk being the common areas to be affected. Lesions may occur in the mouth and conjunctivitis and episcleritis are well reported. There is often peripheral blood neutrophilia and fever. A dense neutrophilic dermal infiltrate with disintegration of neutrophils producing nuclear dust. There should not be inflammatory changes in the blood vessels, which distinguishes it from a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. The exact cause for neutrophilic dermatosis is unknown. Sweet syndrome can be caused by underlying disorders such as: In mild disease, neutrophilic dermatosis may respond to topical corticosteroids. In moderate-to-severe disease, the treatment options are:


Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), also known as toxic pustuloderma. AGEP is an uncommon pustular drug eruption characterised by superficial pustules coalescing to form pustular lakes on an erythematous base. There is superficial epidermal detachment in areas where the pustules have become confluent. The time interval between drug ingestion and onset is short (23 days). Occasionally it may be localised to limited areas of skin such as the face (acute localised exanthematous pustulosis) Over 90% cases of AGEP are provoked by medications, most often beta-lactam antibiotics (eg, penicillins, cephalosporins). Other medications include tetracyclines, sulfonamides, oral antifungals, hydroxychloroquine, carbamazepine, calcium-channel blockers and more. Viral infections such as EBV, CMV, Hepatitis B, adenovirus and enterovirus are also common triggers of AGEP in children.


Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms. It is a rare dermatosis that usually presents in the 2nd decade of life with equal sex incidence. It is an exaggeration of the normal finger wrinkling that occurs when fingers are soaked in water for a prolonged period. The exact pathology is unknown, however it is likely due to salt imbalance in the skin cells, resulting in increased water retention and transepidermal water loss. Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms has a strong association with cystic fibrosis (CF), affecting up to 84% of patients with CF and 35% of carriers. It can be the first presenting sign of CF carrier status in otherwise healthy individuals or non-classical CF. It can also be drug related (aspirin and COX inhibitors).