Harriet Hall  notes that the specialty may not be needed at all because medicine already takes a holistic approach to treating a patient. [ 11 ]  A 2007 review of the literature generated from 1951 to 2004 finds that most dermatologists and psychologists recommend a synthesis of treatment rather than seeing another specialist. [ 12 ]


Association for Psychoneurocutaneous Medicine of North America (APMNA)


The  Quality of Life Index for Atopic Dermatitis  (QoLIAD) is a disease specific  patient reported outcome  which measures the impact that  atopic dermatitis  (AD) has on a given patient's  quality of life . [ 1 ]


It is a 25-item  questionnaire  for patients over the age of 16 [ 2 ]  with a maximum score of 25 and is restricted to yes or no answers. [ 3 ]  Higher scores on the QoLIAD indicate a greater negative influence that the disease has on quality of life. [ 4 ]


The QoLIAD was developed in 2004 and funded by  Novartis Pharma AG , Switzerland. It was produced in several countries and the content was derived from 65 qualitative interviews with patients in the UK, Italy and Netherlands. The initial version of the measure was produced in UK English and it was then translated for the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, France and the US. A Spanish version was then later developed. Further tests were implemented to validate the measure and it was administered to 300 patients in each country to finalize the instrument. [ 5 ]


The institutions involved in the development of the QoLIAD are: Galen Research (United Kingdom),  Erasmus University  (The Netherlands),  University of Greifswald  (Germany),  University of Verona  (Italy), C.H.U Bichat (France), 3D Health Research (Spain) and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (USA). [ 5 ]


The QoLIAD has been translated into seven languages other than UK English. [ 6 ]  They include German, Spanish and Japanese.


The QoLIAD has also been utilized to assess the effectiveness of new treatments of atopic dermatitis. This includes studies looking into educational intervention, [ 4 ] [ 7 ]  topical  corticosteroids [ 8 ]  and  pimecrolimus . [ 9 ]


Rete pegs  (also known as  rete processes  or  rete ridges ) are the  epithelial  extensions that project into the underlying connective tissue in both  skin  and  mucous membranes .


In the epithelium of the mouth, the  attached gingiva  exhibit rete pegs, while the  sulcular [ 2 ]  and  junctional epithelia  do not. [ 3 ]   Scar tissue  lacks rete pegs and scars tend to shear off more easily than normal tissue as a result. [ 1 ]


Also known as  papillae , they are downward thickenings of the  epidermis  between the  dermal papillae .


Rook's Textbook of Dermatology  is a leading textbook of  dermatology  published by Wiley. The ninth edition was published in 2016.


The first edition of  Rook's  was published in two volumes by  Blackwell Scientific Publications  in Oxford in 1968. It was jointly edited by  Arthur Rook ,  Darrell Wilkinson  and  John Ebling . [ 1 ]  Rook was the editor of the  British Journal of Dermatology  from 1968 to 1974 [ 2 ]  a dermatologist at  Addenbrooke's Hospital , Cambridge, and a medical historian. [ 3 ]


An online version was introduced for the eighth edition in 2010. [ 4 ]


The ninth edition in four volumes was published by Wiley in 2016. [ 5 ]


This article about a  medical book  is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Summer penile syndrome  (also known as 'Lions Mane Penis') [ 1 ]  is a seasonal pediatric medical condition characterized by redness, swelling ( edema ), and itching ( pruritus ) of the penile skin. [ 2 ]


Summer penile syndrome is usually caused by  chigger  bites on the penis, or, more rarely by exposure of the genital region to plants like poison ivy, sumac, and oak. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  The majority of cases occur in the summer months, with the clothing associated with warmer weather making penis-arachnid and penis-plant contact more likely. [ 1 ]


First line treatments for Summer penile syndrome include oral  antihistamines  and  cold compresses . In extreme cases where the sufferer is in severe pain or is unable to pass urine, systemic  corticosteroids  are considered. [ 3 ]


This  pediatrics  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Surgical treatments of ingrown toenails  include a number of different options. If conservative treatment of a minor  ingrown toenail  does not succeed or if the ingrown toenail is severe, surgical management by a podiatrist is recommended. [ 1 ]  The initial surgical approach is typically a partial avulsion of the  nail plate  known as a  wedge resection  or a complete removal of the toenail. [ 1 ]  If the ingrown toenail recurs despite this treatment, destruction of the germinal matrix with  phenol  is recommended. [ 1 ]  As an alternative, one may use 10% sodium hydroxide which is less toxic [ 2 ]  or trichloroacetic acid which may give faster healing time. [ 3 ]   Antibiotics  are not needed if surgery is performed.


The physician will perform an  onychectomy  in which the nail along the edge that is growing into the skin is cut away ( ablated ) and the offending piece of nail is pulled out. Any infection is surgically drained. This process is referred to as a "wedge resection" or simple surgical  ablation  and is not permanent (i.e., the nail will re-grow from the matrix). The entire procedure may be performed in a physician's office in approximately thirty to forty-five minutes depending on the extent of the problem. The patient is allowed to go home the same day and the recovery time is anywhere from two weeks to two months barring any complications such as infection. As a follow-up, a physician may prescribe an  oral  or  topical  antibiotic or a special soak to be used for about a week after the surgery. Some use "lateral onychoplasty," or "wedge resection," as the method of choice for ingrown toenails. A wide wedge resection, with a total cleaning (removal) of nail matrix, has a nearly 100% success rate. [ citation needed ]   Some physicians will not perform a complete nail avulsion (removal) except under extreme circumstances.  In most cases, these physicians will remove both sides of a toenail (even if one side is not currently ingrown) and coat the nail matrix on both sides with a chemical or acid (usually phenol) to prevent re-growth.  This leaves most of the nail intact, but ensures that the problem of ingrowth will not recur. There are possible disadvantages if the nail matrix is not coated with the applicable chemical or acid (phenol) and is allowed to re-grow; this method is prone to failure. Also, the underlying condition can still become symptomatic if the nail grows back within a year: the nail matrix could be growing a nail that is too curved, thick, wide or otherwise irregular to allow normal growth. Furthermore, the flesh can become injured by concussion, tight socks, quick twisting motions while walking, or simply  because the nail is growing incorrectly (likely too wide). This hypersensitivity to continued injury can mean chronic ingrowth; the solution is nearly always edge avulsion by the more effective procedure of phenolisation.


In case of recurrence after complete removal, and if the patient never felt any pain before inflammation occurred, the condition is more likely to be  onychia  which is often confused for an ingrown or ingrowing nail ( onychocryptosis ). Complete removal of the whole nail is a simple procedure.  Anaesthetic  is injected and the nail is removed quickly by pulling it outward from the toe. The patient can function normally right after the procedure and most of the discomfort goes away in a few days. The entire procedure can be performed in approximately 20 minutes and is less complex than the wedge resection. The nail often grows back, however, and in most cases it can cause more problems by becoming ingrown again. It can get injured by concussion and in some cases grows back too thick, too wide or deformed. This procedure can result in chronic ingrown nails causing more pain. Accordingly, in some cases as determined by a doctor, the nail matrix is coated with a chemical (usually  phenol ) so none of the nail will ever grow back. This is known as a permanent or full nail  avulsion , or full matrixectomy, phenolisation, or full phenol avulsion. As can be seen in the images below, the nail-less toe does not look like a normal toe.  Fake nails  or  nail varnish  can still be applied to the area to provide a normal appearance. In a few cases phenolisation is not successful and has to be repeated. Podiatrists routinely warn patients of this possibility of regrowth. [ 4 ]


The Vandenbos procedure was first described by Vandenbos and Bowers in 1959 in the US Armed Forces Medical Journal. [ 5 ]  They reported on 55 patients, all without recurrences. Since 1988 Dr. Henry Chapeskie has performed this procedure on over 2,700 patients who had no recurrences. Unlike other procedures, the Vandenbos procedure does  not  touch the nail. In this procedure, the affected toe is anesthetized with a digital block and a tourniquet is applied. An incision is made proximally from the base of the nail about 5 mm (leaving the nail bed intact) then extended toward the side of the toe/toenail in an elliptical sweep to end up under the tip of the nail about 3–4 mm in from the edge. It is important that all the skin at the edge of the nail be removed. The excision must be adequate leaving a soft tissue deficiency measuring 1.5 × 3 cm. A portion of the lateral aspect of the distal phalanx is occasionally exposed without fear of infection. Antibiotics are not necessary as the wound is left open to close by secondary intention. Postoperative management involves soaking of the toe in warm water 3 times/day for 15–20 minutes. The wound is healed in 4–6 weeks. No cases of  osteomyelitis  have been reported. After healing, the nail fold skin remains low and tight at the side of the nail. The rationale is that the nail itself is usually healthy, but overgrown by skin; when walking, the bilateral nail folds are pressed upwards, which is why narrowing the nail causes excessive recurrences, contrary to narrowing the nail fold. [ 6 ]


In difficult or recurrent cases of  onychocryptosis  (ingrown toenail) the patient's symptoms persist necessitating a permanent operative solution. The "avulsion procedure" is simple but the surgeon must be skilled enough to accomplish total destruction, and removal of, the nail matrix. Another disadvantage is the long healing and recovery time(> 2 months). In these cases, the best method is the Syme procedure, that means total nail matrix removal + skin flap transfer + phalanx partial osteotomy + stitching. [ citation needed ]


Following injection of a local anaesthetic at the base of the toenail and perhaps application of a tourniquet, the surgeon will remove ( ablate ) the edge of the nail growing into the flesh and destroy the matrix area with  phenol  to permanently and selectively ablate the matrix that is producing the ingrown portion of the nail (i.e., the nail margin).  This is known as a partial matrixectomy, phenolisation, phenol  avulsion  or partial nail avulsion with matrix phenolisation. Also, any infection is surgically drained. After this procedure, other suggestions on aftercare will be made, such as salt water bathing of the toe. The purpose of the procedure is to prevent re-growth where the matrix was cauterized. After the procedure, the nail is slightly narrower (usually one millimeter or so) and is barely noticeable a year later. The surgery is advantageous because it can be performed in the doctor's office under local anesthesia and recovery time is minimal. There is no visible scar on the surgery site and a nominal chance of recurrence. However, if the phenol is improperly or inadequately applied, the nail matrix can regenerate from its partial cauterization and grow a new nail. This will result in a recurrence of the ingrown nail in approximately 4–6 months as the skin that the original ingrown nail grew under would also recover from the procedure. The recovery of the skin on either side of the nail is standard in this type of procedure. Many patients who have a minor recurrence of the ingrown nail often have the procedure performed again. However, in cases of severe recurrence, a podiatrist can perform the procedure again or resort to a more involved, permanent solution such as removal of the entire nail or the Vandenbos Procedure.


Teledermatology  is a subspecialty in the medical field of  dermatology  and probably one of the most common applications of  telemedicine  and  e-health . [ 1 ]  In teledermatology, telecommunication technologies are used to exchange medical information (concerning skin conditions and  tumours  of the skin) over a distance using audio, visual, and data communication. Applications comprise health care management such as diagnoses, consultation, and treatment as well as (continuous) education. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


The dermatologists Perednia and Brown were the first to coin the term "teledermatology" in 1995. In a scientific publication, they described the value of a teledermatologic service in a rural area underserved by dermatologists. [ 5 ]


Teledermatology (as telemedicine) is practised on the basis of two concepts:  Store and forward  (SAF)  and  real time/live interactive teledermatology . Hybrid modes also exist (combining SAF and real time applications).


The SAF method is most commonly used in teledermatology: It involves sending (forwarding) digital images associated with (anonymous) medical information to the data storage unit of a consulted specialist. It can be as easy as sending an email with a digital image of a lesion to seek advice for a skin condition. Advantages of this method are that it does not demand the presence of both parties at the same time and does not usually require expensive equipment.


In real-time/ live interactive teledermatology applications, provider and individuals usually interact via live  videoconferencing . It may also involve  remote surgery  and the use of telerobotic microscopes in dermatopathology. This mode generally requires more sophisticated and costly technology than used in the SAF mode. Both participants must be available at the same time.


There is insufficient evidence to support teledermatology in diagnosing and triaging patients for specialist care. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine its effectiveness. [ 6 ]


Direct consultation  involves an individual with a skin condition contacting a dermatologist via telecommunication to request diagnosis and treatment. In this field, mobile applications of teledermatology gain importance.


Telediagnosis  in the absence of personal contact with health care workers to the individual is complex. It requires active participation of the individual and without appropriate guidance may lead to improper management. However, as a  triage  tool, leading the individual directly to the appropriate specialist for his/her disease, could be very valuable in the near future.


Specialist referral  is a major area of application in teledermatology A general practitioner (or other medical professional) that sees the individual consults a specialist/ specialised centre via telecommunication to get a second opinion. The specialist then helps the GP in rendering a diagnosis, providing management options et cetera. [ 7 ]


Home telehealth/telehomecare  involves an individual with a chronic condition being examined and managed remotely at home. An important field of interest of telehomecare in dermatology is the follow-up treatment of individuals with skin conditions requiring regular follow-up such as  crural ulcers  or  psoriasis  management. Crural ulcers are a common skin condition that needs follow up visits up to twice a week demanding significant time commitments by the individuals in addition to causing a financial burden on the health care system. [ 8 ]  Psoriasis is experienced by 3.2% of adults in the United States, and emerging research on teledermatology treatment of this condition suggests increased access to specialty care with positive patient satisfaction, outcomes, and cost savings. [ 9 ]


Medical education/continuous education  are a major advantage of telemedicine/e-health. Numerous universities offer online courses, computer-based training and Web applications in this field principally aimed at medical students. Specialist training courses via internet are also available, particularly in  dermoscopy . [ 10 ]


General medical/health information  may be accessed by non-professionals, such as individuals affected by a skin condition, and their relatives, through the internet. They are also able to join peer support groups with others affected by the same condition. [ 11 ]


In teledermoscopy, digital dermoscopic  lesion  images (with or without clinical images) are transmitted electronically to a specialist for examination. This can be done on the web-based telediagnostic network Campus Medicus.


Dermoscopy  (dermatoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is the technical field of using an epiluminescence  microscope  for viewing skin lesions in magnification in-vivo. It is particularly useful in the early detection of malignant skin lesions (i.e., melanoma). Digital dermoscopic images can be taken with a  digital camera  attached to a dermatoscope or special video cameras suited for dermoscopy, e.g. the  Fotofinder . Since dermoscopy is based on examination of a two-dimensional image it is very well suited for digital imaging and teledermatology.


Teledermatopathology is the transmission of dermatopathologic images either in real-time with the aid of a robotic microscope or using a store-and-forward system (transmission as a single file). In the latter method (SAF) a rather new development is the introduction of virtual slide systems (VSS). [ 12 ]


Virtual slides are made by digitally scanning an entire glass slide at a high  resolution  and then sending the images to a storage system. These can be then assessed on a computer screen similar to conventional microscopy, allowing the  pathologist  to maneuver around the image and view every part of the slide at any magnification.


This is the transmission of crucial medical data and dermoscopic as well as clinical images to a pathologist who renders the conventional histopathologic diagnosis.


In the everyday clinical setting, skin  biopsies  are taken by the physician directly responsible for the individual and are assessed by a dermatopathologist. This pathologist has most likely never seen the clinical aspect of the lesion and might not have any information about the person. These limitations can be overcome by teledermoscopically aided dermatopathology whereby a patient history and clinical data may increase the sensitivity of  diagnosis . [ 13 ]


Additionally it has been shown that provision of such data may improve the level of diagnostic confidence held by the assessing dermatopathologists.


Mobile telemedicine is a system in which at least one participant (the person seeking advice or the doctor, for instance) uses wireless or mobile equipment [ 14 ]  (i.e. mobile phones, handheld devices), in contrast to conventional stationary  telemedicine  platforms. Travellers who develop skin lesions as well as doctors who are on the move in hospital/non-hospital area can benefit from this new development in teledermatology. To facilitate access to medical advice and enable individuals to play a more active role in managing their own health status, mobile teledermatology seems to be especially suited for patient filtering or  triage . (i.e. referral based on the severity and character of their skin condition). Another possible practical application is for follow-up of individuals with chronic skin conditions. [ 15 ]  However, currently available studies show a high rate of missed skin cancers including melanoma, and there is not enough robust data to recommend this method of diagnosis. [ 16 ]


Not all cases are suitable for teledermatology. The type of cases suited for teledermatology is a topic, which requires more studies. Some studies have observed that eczema and follicular lesions were diagnosed with relatively more certainty, while in some other studies it was seen that diagnoses were made with more certainty in cases like viral warts, herpes zoster, acne vulgaris, irritant dermatitis, vitiligo, and superficial bacterial and fungal infections. Unlike in western studies where pigmented lesions suspicious of melanomas are one of the most referred cases for teledermatology (with or without teledermatoscopy), Asian studies have fewer cases referred based on the suspicion of melanoma. [ 17 ]


24% of the population in England and Wales seek medical advice for a skin condition, and approximately 6% of patients presenting with a skin problem are referred for specialist advice each year. [ 18 ]


The Department of Health encourages the use of digital technology in key areas to support delivery of the quality, innovation, productivity, and prevention (QIPP). This includes the introduction of digital or online services to deliver greater convenience for patients and to free up face-to-face clinical time for individuals who really need it. [ 19 ]


Brazil has had a high influx of white-skinned European immigrants from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, Poland, Russia, etc., for many centuries. High  ultraviolet  content of  solar  exposure of skin leads to a high  prevalence  of lesions, especially skin cancer, with almost 200,000 diagnosed cases per year (30% of call cancer cases in the country). [ 20 ]  Teledermatology and teledermoscopy services both at the level of public and private medicine have been implemented since 2005 in almost all states, particularly in Southern states where prevalence is higher. The Ministry of Health and the state's Health Secretaries have funded several initiatives within the framework of the Brazilian Primary Care Telehealth Program, such as in the state of  Santa Catarina , where all municipalities have access to a teledermatology diagnosis and triage system headed by the  Federal University of Santa Catarina [ 21 ]  In the private sector, several initiatives have also taken place, such as a joint effort by the  Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital  of São Paulo's Telemedicine Center and the Municipal Health Secretary to provide teledermatology services to public health units, and was very useful to reduce queues, prioritize and expedite care for the more urgent cases of cancer care. [ 22 ]  In addition, several private telemedicine services and  startups  experienced growth during the  COVID-19   pandemic  in the country.


Teledermatology and teledermoscopy currently exist in different forms in Australia. They assist with combatting the high  skin cancer  rates and allows rural patients to access specialist advice without having to travel. However,  store-and-forward  teledermatology or teledermoscopy are not currently funded under the Australian national health scheme called  Medicare . Research has been done into the economic impact of funding teledermoscopy in the Australian setting, finding that it would cost around $2 for every day that diagnosis or treatment was expedited. [ 23 ]  Australian dermatologists have been reported as reflecting on teledermoscopy by saying "that it is valuable, [and] advanced dermatology service" but given the option "they would prefer face-to-face consultation with patients where possible to allow for a full body examination". [ 24 ]


Systematic review of economic evidence


Roland Tomb   is a Lebanese-French author,  bioethicist  and  dermatologist  born in 1958 in  Beirut , Lebanon. He held office as the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Beirut's  Saint Joseph University  from 2011 to 2023. He is the chairperson of the Department of Bioethics at this same university, and is an active member of  UNESCO's  committees concerned with bioethics.


Tomb attended high school in Lebanon the Jesuit institution  Collège Notre-Dame de Jamhour , graduating in 1976. [ 1 ]  He pursued his medical studies in Paris, at the Faculty of Medicine Pierre et Marie Curie (part of  Sorbonne University ), [ 2 ]   and then obtain his M.D. in 1989 from  Louis Pasteur University  (today part of the  University of Strasbourg ). The subject of his thesis, supervised by Pr Edouard Grosshans, was the rediscovery of formerly described skin diseases. [ 3 ]


When practicing medicine in Strasbourg, where he became assistant clinical director, also taught and conducted research, directed the allergology clinic for 8 years, and also obtained a DEA (Degree of Profound studies) in pharmacology and pharmacochemistry. [ 4 ]   Tomb relocated to Lebanon in 1993. He started directing the dermatology department at the  Hotel-Dieu de France  Hospital in Beirut, and was named professor. [ 4 ]  In 2011, Tomb was elected Dean of Saint Joseph University's Faculty of Medicine . [ 5 ]  He was reelected twice to this position for four-year mandates, in 2015 and in 2019. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  During his tenure as dean, Tomb signed numerous conventions and agreements with French, Swiss and Belgian universities and research centers, concerning academic collaboration and student exchanges. He notably initiated the construction of a simulation center and a new high-tech medical school . [ 8 ]


Tomb is a member and former president of the Lebanese Society of Dermatologists, [ 9 ]  a member of the Société Française de Dermatologie, [ 4 ]  and the vice-president of the Association des Dermatologistes Francophones. [ 10 ] [ 2 ]  He is also a board member of the Lebanese Order of Physicians. [ 2 ]


Tomb is the author or co-author of more than 300 articles in medical journals internationally. [ 11 ]  In addition, he has authored or contributed to the following collective medical works:


At Saint Joseph University's Faculty of Medicine, Tomb created a diploma in medical ethics and was named Chair of bioethics. He was also the president of the ethics committee of the Hotel-Dieu de France hospital in Beirut, and the president of the ethics committee of the Lebanese Order of physicians. [ 4 ]


In 2009, Tomb obtained a Doctorat d'État (Ph.D.) in Life Sciences with a focus on philosophy and bioethics from  Aix-Marseilles . The thesis, supervised by Pr Pierre Le Coz, tackled the bioethical stakes of male circumcision. [ 18 ]  In 2022, he published a book,  Histoire de la Circoncision,  based on his thesis's findings, which has been reviewed internationally. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ]


In 2014, he was named rapporteur at UNESCO's intergovernmental bioethics committee. [ 23 ]  In 2016, he was named a member of  UNESCO's   International Bioethics Committee  (IGBC), [ 24 ]  of which he became one of the vice-chairpeople in 2018. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]  In addition, he was a member of the Lebanese National Consultative Committee of Bioethics from 2010 to 2018. [ 27 ]


Tomb is a member of the Board of Advisors of the Alexis and Anne-Marie Habib Foundation that provides financial educational support for Lebanese youth. [ 28 ]  He has had minor roles in two films,  Beyrouth Hotel  (2011) and  In the Battlefields  (2004), both by French-Lebanese filmmaker  Danielle Arbid . [ 29 ]  He has studied ancient Oriental languages at the Institut catholique de Paris and the Faculté de théologie protestante de Strasbourg. [ 4 ]  He also contributed to several history books, among them:


On 19 May 2014, Tomb was made Officer of the Lebanese Order of the Cedar. [ 34 ]


Verrucous lupus erythematosus   presents with non- pruritic  papulonodular lesions on the arms and hands, resembling  keratoacanthoma  or hypertrophic  lichen planus . [ 1 ]


Skin care  or  skincare  is a range of practices that support  skin  integrity, enhance its appearance, and relieve skin conditions. They can include nutrition, avoidance of excessive sun exposure, and appropriate use of emollients. Practices that enhance appearance include the use of  cosmetics ,  botulinum ,  exfoliation ,  fillers ,  laser resurfacing ,  microdermabrasion , peels,  retinol  therapy, [ 1 ]  and ultrasonic skin treatment. [ 2 ]  Skin care is a routine daily procedure in many settings, such as skin that is either too dry or too moist, and prevention of  dermatitis  and prevention of skin injuries. [ 3 ]


Skin care is a part of the treatment of  wound healing ,  radiation therapy  and some medications.


Skin care is at the interface of  cosmetics [ 4 ]  and  dermatology . [ 5 ]


The US  Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act  defines cosmetics as products intended to cleanse or beautify (for instance, shampoos and lipstick). A separate category exists for medications, which are intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, or to affect the structure or function of the body (for instance, sunscreens and acne creams), although some products, such as moisturizing sunscreens and anti-dandruff shampoos, are regulated within both categories. [ 4 ] [ 6 ]


Skin care differs from  dermatology  by its inclusion of non-physician professionals, such as  estheticians  and wound care nursing staff. [ 1 ] [ 7 ]  Skin care includes modifications of individual behavior and of environmental and working conditions. [ 7 ]


Guidelines for neonatal skin care have been developed. Nevertheless, the pediatric and dermatological communities have not reached a consensus on best cleansing practices, as good  quality scientific evidence  is scarce. [ 8 ]  Immersion in water seems superior to washing alone, and use of synthetic  detergents  or mild liquid baby cleansers seems comparable or superior to water alone. [ 8 ]


Dermatologists normally recommend that children wash their skin with a mild cleanser, use moisturizing lotion as needed, and wear sunscreen every day. [ 9 ]


Adolescents may be influenced by  social media marketing  to buy expensive skin care products, which are often not appropriate for their age (e.g.,  "anti-ageing" serums , which are for middle-aged and elderly people). [ 9 ]


Skin ageing is associated with increased skin vulnerability, [ 10 ]  and the texture and colour of the skin can change over time. Although wrinkles occur naturally due to ageing, smoking can intensify the appearance of wrinkles. Sunspots, dryness,  wrinkles , and  melanomas  can occur from  UV  exposure over time, whether it be through the  sun  or through  tanning beds . Exposure to UV can make skin less elastic. Skin problems including  pruritus  are common in the elderly but are often inadequately addressed. [ 11 ]  A literature review of studies assessing the maintenance of skin integrity in the elderly found most studies to have low  levels of evidence , but the review concluded that skin-cleansing with synthetic  detergents  or  amphoteric   surfactants  induced less skin dryness than using soap and water. [ 10 ]   Moisturizers  with  humectants  helped with skin dryness and skin barrier occlusive reduced skin injuries. [ 10 ]  When taking baths or showers, using warm water rather than hot water can aid with dryness.


There is limited evidence that moisturizing soap bar; combinations of water soak, oil soak, and lotion are effective in maintaining the skin integrity of elderly people when compared to standard care. [ 12 ]


A  systematic review  examined the benefits and clinical efficacy of routine skin care activities, such as  washing , bathing, and applying  lotions , in acute and long-term care adult settings. The study led to a proposed 2-step program targeting adults with intact or preclinically damaged skin. [ 13 ]


Sun protection is an important aspect of skin care. Though the sun is beneficial in order for the human body to get its daily dose of vitamin D, unprotected excessive sunlight can cause extreme damage to the skin.  Ultraviolet  (UVA and UVB) radiation in the sun's rays can cause sunburn in varying degrees, early ageing and an increased risk of skin cancer. [ 14 ]  UV exposure can cause patches of uneven skin tone and dry out the skin. It can reduce skin's elasticity and encourage sagging and wrinkle formation.


Sunscreen  can protect the skin from sun damage; sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before exposure and should be re-applied every four hours. Sunscreen should be applied to all areas of the skin that will be exposed to sunlight, and at least a tablespoon (25 ml) should be applied to each limb, the face, chest, and back, to ensure thorough coverage. Many tinted moisturizers, foundations and primers now contain some form of SPF.


Sunscreens may come in the form of creams, gels or lotions; their  SPF  number indicates their effectiveness in protecting the skin from the sun's radiation. There are sunscreens available to suit every skin type; in particular, those with oily skin should choose non-comedogenic sunscreens; those with dry skins should choose sunscreens with moisturizers to help keep skin hydrated, and those with sensitive skin should choose unscented, hypoallergenic sunscreen and spot-test in an inconspicuous place (such as the inside of the elbow or behind the ear) to ensure that it does not irritate the skin.


According to the American Academy of Dermatology, between 40 and 50 million Americans develop acne each year. [ 15 ]  Although many associate acne with adolescence, acne can occur at any age, with its causes including heredity, hormones, menstruation, food, and emotional stress. [ 15 ]


Those with inflammatory acne should exfoliate with caution as the procedure may make conditions worse and consult a dermatologist before treatment. [ 15 ]  Some anti-acne creams contain drying agents such as  benzoyl peroxide  (in concentrations of 2.5 - 10% ). [ 16 ]


Pressure sores are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue as a result of prolonged pressure on the skin. A known example of a pressure sore is a bedsore called a pressure ulcer.


When cleaning the stoma area, plain warm water should be use and dry wipe to gently clean around the stoma. Pat gently and make sure not to rub the area. Put all used wipes in a disposable bag and wash your hands after.


Wound healing is a complex and fragile process in which the skin repairs itself after injury. It is susceptible to interruption or failure that creates non-healing chronic wounds. [ 17 ]


Radiation induces skin reactions in the treated area, particularly in the  axilla , head and neck,  perineum  and skin fold regions. [ 18 ]  Formulations with moisturising, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and wound healing properties are often used, but no preferred approach or individual product has been identified as best practice. [ 18 ] [ 19 ]  Soft silicone dressings that act as barriers to friction may be helpful. [ 18 ]  In breast cancer,  calendula  cream may reduce the severity of radiation effects on the dark spot corrector. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]   Deodorant  use after completing radiation treatment has been controversial but is now recommended for practice. [ 20 ]


Epidermal growth factor receptor  (EGFR) inhibitors are medications used in cancer treatment. These medications commonly cause skin and nail problems, including rashes, dry skin and  paronychia . [ 21 ]  Preventive intensive moisturizing with emollient ointments several times, avoidance of water-based creams and water soaks (although in certain circumstances white vinegar or potassium permanganate soaks may help), protection the skin from excessive exposure to sunshine, and soap substitutes which are less dehydrating for the skin than normal soaps, as well as shampoos that reduce the risk of scalp folliculitis, are recommended. Treatment measures with topical antibiotic medication can be helpful. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ]


Cosmeceuticals  are topically applied, combination products that bring together  cosmetics  and "biologically active ingredients". Products which are similar in perceived benefits but ingested orally are known as  nutricosmetics . According to the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ), the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act "does not recognize any such category as "cosmeceuticals." A product can be a drug, a cosmetic, or a combination of both, but the term "cosmeceutical" has no meaning under the law". Drugs are subject to an intensive review and approval process by FDA. Cosmetics, and these related products, although regulated, are not approved by FDA prior to sale.


Elaborate skin care routines are promoted on social media platforms such as  TikTok . [ 9 ]   This has led to children and teens using harsh and inappropriate products, such as  anti-aging products , which provide no benefit to young skin and may be harmful. [ 9 ]   It has also encouraged children and teens to wear  sunscreen  every day. [ 9 ]


Skin care procedures include use of botulinum; [ 24 ]  exfoliation; fillers;  laser medicine  in cosmetic resurfacing,  hair removal ,  vitiligo ,  port-wine stain  and  tattoo removal ;  photodynamic therapy ; microdermabrasion; peels; retinol therapy. [ 1 ]


Ingredients of cosmetic products  are listed following  International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) .
These INCI names often differ greatly from systematic  chemical nomenclature  or from more common  trivial names .


The below tables are sorted as follows:


Aburatorigami  ( あぶらとり紙 ,  lit.   ' oil removal paper ' )  is a traditional Japanese facial oil  blotting paper .  Aburatorigami  absorbs excess oil, thereby eliminating shine from the face.
 Aburatorigami  has traditionally been used by  kabuki  actors and  geisha  when wearing  oshiroi  (traditional white makeup), to keep makeup looking fresh throughout performances.


In modern times it has been growing in popularity for everyday use amongst women and men for its various skincare and makeup benefits. [ 1 ]   Aburatorigami  also works well to keep the balance of water and oil in the skin and prevents skin problems. [ 2 ]


Traditional  aburatorigami  is made from only the finest grade of the blotting paper  abaca  leaf, rather than  pulp  or  rice paper . Although sometimes known as  Manila hemp ,  Cebu hemp , or  Davao hemp , the abaca plant is not related to true  hemp . [ 3 ]  The  Philippine Bureau of Fiber and Inspection Service  defines a total of 15 grades of abaca, the highest of which are derived from the leaf sheaths located closest to the center of the abaca stem. [ 4 ]


Aburatorigami  is essentially a by-product of the gold-leaf production process, effectively using material that might otherwise be thrown away. [ 5 ]  After  aburatorigami  is used, it can be  composted  and degraded naturally back into the earth. No oil-based chemicals are used in its production. As a result,  aburatorigami  has relatively low  environmental impact . [ 5 ]


Aburatorigami  was discovered for its oil-absorbing qualities several hundred years ago but was effectively present as a by-product of the  gold leaf  making process over a thousand years ago in  Kyoto . Originally called  hakuuchi-gami , gold leaf artisans in  Kanazawa  used this specialty paper to protect the gold during the vigorous goldbeating technique. [ 2 ]


During the  Heian period  (794–1192 CE), the demand was extremely high, as gold was used in decorating temples and in providing the  emperor  and the nobility with high-quality furnishings and crafts. Thus, much  hakuuchi-gami  was taken to Kyoto as wrapping for delicate gold leaf. [ 2 ]


During the  Edo period  (1603–1867), its popularity spread as its notability for absorbing oil and refreshing the complexion grew. [ 2 ]


During the  Edo period ,  Minamiza , the first  kabuki  theater of Japan, was built in Kyoto in 1610. The kabuki actors, like  geisha , were especially grateful to have a product that would help keep their thick makeup on while absorbing excess oil and sweat, for their performances in non-air-conditioned theaters. [ 2 ]  As a result, the culture of  aburatorigami  began to flourish in Kyoto. [ 2 ]


Aburatorigami  were given to geisha in Kyoto as a small present by the gold artisans who would linger around the  teahouses , the exclusive establishments also known as  ochaya . Geisha wore thick white foundation with limited time to touch up their makeup during performances. Geisha would also use  aburatorigami  to prepare and set their makeup, as they would commonly entertain for hours. [ 2 ]


Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories, Limited  ( Hebrew :  אהבה ,  Love ) is an Israeli  cosmetics  company with headquarters in  Lod [ 1 ]  that manufactures  skin care  products made of mud and mineral-based compounds from the  Dead Sea .  The company has flagship stores in Israel, Germany, Hungary, South Korea, the Philippines and Singapore. [ 2 ]  As of 2015 [update] , Ahava income was more than US$150 million a year. [ 3 ]  In 2015, the Chinese conglomerate  Fosun International  agreed to purchase a controlling share of the company, which has been valuated to ca. NIS 300 million ($77 million USD). [ 4 ]


Ahava products have been the target of the  Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions  movement because it operates in an  Israeli settlement  in the  West Bank . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ]


The company's administrative headquarters are currently located in  Holon , while the main manufacturing plant and showroom are in  Mitzpe Shalem , [ a 1 ]  an  Israeli settlement  and  kibbutz  located on the Dead Sea in the  West Bank . [ 9 ] [ 10 ]


Ziva Gilad, a  spa  technician, came up with the idea of marketing  Dead Sea  mud after watching women tourists scooping up the mud to take home. [ 11 ]  Ahava was founded in 1988 as a single stand selling bottles of body scrub to tourists, generating $1 million that year. [ 12 ]


As of 2010, Ahava is the only cosmetics company licensed by the Israeli government that is legally permitted to mine raw materials at the Dead Sea. [ 11 ]  On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, there are approximately fifty small companies producing cosmetics, but only 15 have a global presence. Israel has imported raw materials for its Dead Sea mud cosmetics from Jordan since 1994. [ 3 ]


In 2009, Ahava took on new shareholder  Shamrock Holdings , the investment company owned by  Disney Family , which purchased 20% of Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories from its existing shareholders. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]  The company has 200 employees, 180 of them in Israel. [ 14 ]


In 2009, the company reported sales of nearly $150 million a year. In the United States, the largest overseas market for Ahava products, the company signed distribution deals with  Lord & Taylor ,  Nordstrom  and the beauty-supply chain  Ulta . [ 11 ]


In 2011, Elana Drell Szyfer, former Senior Vice President of Global Marketing for  Estee Lauder , was appointed general manager of Ahava North America. [ 15 ]  In 2013, Szyfer left to work for  Kenneth Cole Productions . [ 16 ]


As of 2011, Ahava's shareholders included Hamashbir Holdings, Gaon Holdings,  Kibbutz Ein Gedi ,  Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem  and  Kibbutz Kalya . Of these kibbutzim,
 Mitzpe Shalem  and  Kalya  are located north of the Green Line, in the West Bank. [ 17 ]  As of 2015, Ahava is controlled by Gaon Holdings, the Livnat family and Shamrock Holdings who together own 53% of the company; Kibbutz Mitzpeh Shalem holds 35%, Kibbutz Kalia 5.8%, and a group of local kibbutzim another 6.7%. [ 4 ]


In 2015, the Chinese conglomerate  Fosun International  agreed to purchase a controlling share of the company, which as a whole has been valuated to ca. NIS 300 million (USD 77 million). [ 4 ]


In March 2016, under its new ownership, it was reported that Ahava is moving its factory at Kibbutz Mitzpe Shalem to the Tamar Regional Council in order to avoid the EU directives against trade with companies operating in illegal settlements and pressure from the international BDS movement. [ 18 ]  However, the statement released by Ahava mentions only the opening of an additional facility at Ein Gedi, not to the closure of the existing plan at Ein Gedi. [ 19 ]


Ahava product lines include a basic product for all skin types; other products for dry, sensitive skin and for men’s skin; and anti-aging products for face and body. [ 20 ]  Product lines include hand cream, foot cream, facial cleanser, body milk, facial nourishing cream, facial moisturizer, moisturizing shower cream and body cream. [ 21 ]  Some products claim to use citrus and citrus products as a source of vitamins and minerals. [ 20 ]


Dead Sea mud, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is believed to have benefits for deep cleansing and stimulation of the skin. Minerals extracted from Dead Sea water such as calcium, magnesium and potassium, are said to improve the metabolism, stimulate circulation and aid in the natural repair of cells. [ 22 ]   In 2009, Ahava Dermud range of skincare products was shown to have protective,  anti-oxidant  and  anti-inflammatory  properties that antagonize biological effects of  UVB radiation  on skin, reducing skin photodamage, photoaging, oxidative stress and  inflammation  in skin pathologies. [ 23 ]


Therapy with mud packs for conditions such as osteoarthritis is relatively expensive and requires the assistance of a therapist and a treatment room. In the wake of these limitations, Ahava developed mud compresses used in the home which are heated in a microwave
oven or a pot of hot water and placed over painful joints. A clinical research by the  Ben Gurion University of the Negev , supported in part by a grant from "Ahava" concluded that the group treated with natural mud compresses had a reduction of 20% or more in Knee  Osteoarthritis  pain scores at treatment completion, at one month, and at three months, compared to the control group. [ 24 ]


Embracing the trend toward more natural ingredients in cosmetics, Ahava purifies its own water and, according to the company, employs minimally invasive techniques to harvest mud and minerals. Ingredients are not tested on animals and Ahava products are packaged in recyclable containers. [ 11 ]


Ahava is one of several Israeli cosmetics companies researching  nanotechnology  applications. The company has established an R&D program to research  nanoemulsion  and nanosuspension with mud  nanoparticles . [ 22 ]


Ahava operates its own laboratory for cell and organ culture. It is the coordinator of SkinTreat (FP-7) and a partner in nanoReTox (FP-7) founded by Cellage, a European research consortium the specializes in skin cellular Ageing (FP-5). [ 25 ]  Ahava developed a laboratory model for in-vitro NP screening that is employed for studying inflammatory processes using UV- irradiated human skin organ cultures. [ 25 ]


There is a controversy about whether Ahava is in breach of international law, due to the location of the factory on the West Bank section of the Dead Sea shore. According to a 2012 report by  Who Profits? , Ahava extracts mud from the occupied portion of the Dead Sea shore. Ahava is the only company that has an Israeli permit to extract mud for commercial purposes. [ 26 ]


Ahava's factory itself is located in the occupied West Bank, triggering global protests. [ 27 ]  Ahava is licensed to extract mud from the West Bank section of the Dead Sea coast. [ 28 ]  According to human rights organization  B'Tselem , several Israeli commercial ventures in the West Bank, including Ahava, breach the  Hague Convention  on the Law and Customs of War on Land, which prohibits exploitation of resources in occupied territory. [ 29 ]


Ahava's position is that the facility in Mitzpe Shalem is legal and that there is no recognized right of any people's other than Israel to the West Bank and that the mud is excavated from the Israeli part of the Dead Sea. [ 30 ] [ 31 ]  Ahava's CEO has threatened legal action against boycotters. [ 30 ]


Boycott campaigns have been organized by organizations such as  Code Pink , which says that Ahava's products come from "stolen Palestinian natural resources in the occupied territory of the Palestinian West Bank", and are produced in Mitzpe Shalem. [ 5 ]


In 2012, the British  Natural History Museum  was denounced in a letter signed by a group of 21 prominent academics and cultural figures for participating in a joint European Union-funded research programme with Ahava. The signatories said that "[Ahava-DSL] extracts, processes and exports Palestinian resources to generate profits that fund an illegal settlement. Israel's settlement project has been held... to break international law. Organisations which aid and abet this process may well themselves be found to be in violation." The museum said Ahava-DSL was chosen from a list approved by the European Commission and they "would not participate in any academic or educational boycotts that could restrict academic freedom". [ 32 ]


As part of the  economic agreement  between Israel and the  European Union , Israel cannot label products made in the West Bank as "made in Israel"; products made in the West Bank are subject to higher tariffs compared to products made in Israel. [ 33 ]  In November 2009, Dutch MP Van Bommel (Socialist Party) asked Dutch FM Verhagen (CDA) whether or not Ahava products that were marketed at the time in the Netherlands originated from the Palestinian Territories. If so, Ahava would not be entitled to a tax-exemption at Dutch customs. [ 34 ]  Verhagen promised to launch an investigation through the Dutch customs authority. [ 35 ]  In February 2010, the state-secretary of Economic Affairs Heemskerk responded to Van Bommel through a letter to the Dutch Parliament, saying records for the years 2007–2009 indicated that Dutch customs had not given tax-exemption to Ahava products. [ 34 ]


Ahava's store in a fashionable street of London's West End closed in September 2011 after constant protests by anti-Israeli activists. Owners of the surrounding stores complained to the landlord  Shaftesbury plc  that the repeated protests were affecting their business. A pro-Israeli group also held fortnightly counter-demonstrations, which attracted renewed controversy when members of the far-right  English Defence League  turned up, unasked, and joined in the demonstrations in support of Ahava. [ 36 ] [ 37 ]


In January 2011, Managing Director for the retail chain  John Lewis , Andy Street, stated that it had stopped stocking Ahava products: [ 38 ]


As a socially responsible retailer, John Lewis takes very seriously the treatment of workers and their working conditions. We expect all our suppliers not only to obey the law, but also to respect the rights, interests, and well-being of their employees, their communities, and the environment.


In September, 2011, South African Industry Minister Rob Davies agreed in principle that goods manufactured in the occupied territories should not be labelled as a product of Israel since that is misleading. Davies said: "We're persuaded it's in the interest of South African consumers to know whether their products are coming from Israel or from the occupied territories." [ 6 ]  The new South African rules will ensure that such products, such as Ahava, are labeled "product of illegal settlement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories" before they can be sold in South Africa. [ 39 ]


Prior to this, South African activists had submitted an affidavit to the South African Police Service accusing retailer, Wellness Warehouse, and local Ahava importer, SDV Pharmaceuticals, of violating South African trade law by selling Ahava products carrying false labels of origin. [ 40 ]


In May 2012, South Africa’s Minister of Trade and Industry announced new labelling rules for Israeli settlement goods; [ 7 ]  Ahava was mentioned by name as a company whose goods were fraudulently labeled as “Product of Israel” when their place of origin is the occupied Palestinian Territories.


Anti-aging creams  are predominantly  moisturizer -based  skin care  products marketed with unproven claims of making the consumer look younger by reducing, masking or preventing signs of skin  aging .  Anti-aging supplements  are ingestible products promoted to diminish the effects of aging, including  vitamin supplements , powders, and teas. [ 1 ]


In the United States, anti-aging products are commonly marketed with false  health claims , and are deemed to be among various scams on consumers. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  Since 2007, the US  Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) has issued dozens of  warning letters  to manufacturers of skin care products with false marketing – including supposed anti-aging effects – about the benefits of such products, which are not authorized to be marketed as  drugs  that would require FDA approval to be safe and effective for treating the aging process. [ 4 ] [ 2 ]


Social media marketing  has been effective at getting children and teenagers to buy anti-aging skin care products. [ 5 ]


Traditionally, anti-aging creams have been marketed towards women, but products specifically targeting men are common in the 21st century. [ 6 ]  Marketing of anti-aging products has been criticized as reinforcing  ageism , particularly against women. [ 7 ]  Anti-aging promotions specifically reinforce the belief that older people should look like middle-aged people, and that old age comes with a loss of gender identity. [ 8 ]


Aqueous Cream BP , also known as  sorbolene , is a light,  hydrocarbon -based  emulsion , which is officially registered in the  British Pharmacopoeia  and categorised by the  British National Formulary  as a  non-proprietary emollient preparation . [ 1 ]  It is used as a topical, external medicine,  emollient  moisturiser, and general-purpose substitute for toiletries such as soap, shower gel,  shaving cream , and  lip salve .


The common ingredients are:


British researchers found evidence that using the cream to moisturize areas affected by  eczema  may actually aggravate the condition. [ 2 ]  They suggested this was due to skin-thinning effects of a detergent  sodium lauryl sulfate . The National Eczema Society recommends alternatives such as white soft paraffin wax or other types of emollient without such a high content of sodium lauryl sulfate. [ 3 ]


Baby oil  is an inert  oil  used to keep  skin  soft and supple, named for its use on babies and also often used on adults for skincare and massage.


The  skin  of an infant, especially a  premature  one, is sensitive, thin, and fragile. The skin's neutral  pH  on the surface significantly reduces the protection against excessive  bacterial  growth. The  epidermis  and  dermis  are thinner than those of adults and the  epidermal barrier  is not yet fully developed. Consequences can for example be dry skin,  infections ,  peeling , blister formation and poor  thermoregulation . The application of different  oils  to the skin of the newborn is routinely practiced in many countries. In general, these oils are used for cleansing, to maintain the skin's moisture and to protect its surface. Additionally, baby oil is used for the  massage  of newborns and as additive in  lotions  and  creams . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


Some baby oils are based on  mineral oil ; others are based on  vegetable oils .


Typical components of baby oils are the highly purified  mineral oil  products, such as  liquid paraffin  (INCI name: paraffinum liquidum) and  petroleum jelly  (INCI name: petrolatum). These compounds are odorless and tasteless, dermatologically tested and approved, not allergenic, and  hydrophobic ; they contain no  pesticides  or  herbicides .  Preservatives  and  antioxidants  are not necessary, because, unlike vegetable oils, paraffins cannot become rancid. [ 3 ]  Nevertheless, the use of mineral oil in cosmetics is being criticized. Natural-cosmetic companies claim that mineral oil causes skin occlusion. Conventional cosmetic manufacturers and dermatologists and cosmetic chemists argue against that, and studies have shown no statistical difference between paraffin oil and vegetable oils in skin penetration and skin occlusion. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  On the contrary, petrolatum-based preparations have been shown to be effective to the skin barrier function, even in premature infants. [ 6 ]


Vegetable oils are produced by plants with the highest concentration being present in  seeds  and  fruits . About 95% of each vegetable oil is primarily composed of  triglycerides .  Coconut oil  and  palm oil  contain mainly  saturated fatty acids , while other oils largely contain  unsaturated fatty acids , for example  oleic acid  and  linoleic acid . Accompanying substances in vegetable oils are, inter alia,  phospholipids ,  glycolipids ,  sulfolipids ,  squalene ,  carotenoids ,  vitamin E ,  polyphenols  and triterpene  alcohols . [ 7 ]  To avoid rancidity, preservatives or antioxidants are added to baby oils based on vegetable oils. [ 3 ]  On cosmetic products, these oils are listed according to the  International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients  (INCI), e.g.: [ 8 ]


Vegetable oils are not to be confused with  essential oils , both being sourced from plants. [ 7 ]


Baby oils are largely used as skin care products and their principal use remains as skin moisturizers. In particular, baby oils find application in the treatment of various skin diseases like  atopic dermatitis ,  xerosis ,  psoriasis  and other  eczematous  conditions. [ 7 ]  Another area of use is the oil massage of the newborn which has been a tradition in India and other Asian countries since time immemorial. [ 2 ]


In addition to its principal usage, liquid paraffin-based baby oil is commonly used in the automotive maintenance industry as a fuel for  diagnostic smoke test machines , which generate smoke used to detect leaks in engine induction systems, brake system, manifolds, gaskets and similar sealed systems. When heated to approximately 300°C in a low oxygen environment, liquid paraffin creates a thick and visible smoke which is injected into the sealed system. Leaks in a system can easily be found by observing the place at which smoke escapes.


Baby powder  is an  astringent   powder  used for preventing  diaper rash  and for  cosmetic  uses.  It may be composed of  talc  (in which case it is also called  talcum powder ),  corn starch  or  potato starch . [ 1 ]  It may contain additional ingredients such as  fragrances . Baby powder can also be used as a  dry shampoo ,  cleaning agent  (to remove grease stains), and  air freshener . [ 2 ]


Talcum powder, if inhaled, may cause  aspiration pneumonia  and  granuloma . [ 3 ]  Severe cases may lead to chronic respiratory problems and death. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  The particles in corn starch powder are larger and less likely to be inhaled. [ 6 ]


Some studies have found a statistical relationship between talcum powder applied to the  perineal  area by female babies and the incidence of  ovarian cancer , but there is not a consensus about  causality . [ 7 ] [ 8 ]  In 2016, more than 1,000 women in the United States  sued   Johnson & Johnson  for covering up the possible  cancer  risk associated with its baby powder. [ 9 ]  In 1975, an official at the US federal  Food and Drug Administration  stated that "No mother was going to powder her baby with 1% of a known  carcinogen  irregardless [sic] of the large safety factor" as a comment on the testing methodology that J&J backed. [ 10 ]  The company stopped selling talc-based baby powder in the United States and Canada in 2020 [ 11 ]  and has said it will stop all talc sales worldwide by 2023, switching to a  corn starch -based formula. However, Johnson & Johnson says that its talc-based baby powder does not contain asbestos and is safe to use. [ 12 ]


This  material -related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


A  barrier cream  is a  topical formulation  used in industrial applications and as a cosmetic to place a physical barrier between the skin and contaminants that may irritate the skin ( contact dermatitis  or  occupational dermatitis ). [ 1 ]  There are many other terms for creams designed to protect skin from harmful substances, including skin protective creams, pre-work creams, antisolvent gels, protective ointments, [ 2 ]  and  shielding lotions . [ 3 ]  Three classes of barrier creams are used: water repellent creams, water-soluble creams, and creams designed for special applications. [ 4 ]  Barrier creams may contain substances such as  zinc oxide ,  talc  or  kaolin  to layer over the skin. [ 5 ]  For hand care they are designed to protect against the harm from detergents and other irritants. [ 6 ]


The efficacy of barrier creams is controversial. [ 5 ]  They have not been demonstrated to be useful in preventing  hand eczema . [ 7 ]  A 2018  Cochrane review  concluded that the use of moisturizers alone or in combination with barrier creams may result in important protective effects for the prevention of  Occupational Irritant Hand Dermatitis  (OIHD). [ 1 ]  They are a poor substitute for protective clothing for workers. [ 8 ]  Gloves provide a greater protection than barrier creams. [ 9 ]  However they are reasonably effective for the protection of the face against some airborne substances. [ 8 ]


Some evidence suggests that improper use of barrier cream could cause a harmful rather than a beneficial effect. [ 6 ]  Skin that has been moisturized by barrier cream may be more susceptible to irritation by  sodium lauryl sulfate , which can permeate hydrated skin more easily because of its  hydrophilia . [ 5 ]  Barrier creams that contain  petroleum jelly  or certain oils may cause rubber or latex gloves to deteriorate. [ 5 ]


For hand care they are designed to protect against the harm from detergents and other irritants. [ 6 ]  To help prevent the spread of  pathogens , health care providers are required to wash their hands frequently. [ 10 ]  Frequent hand washing can result in chronic damage termed  irritant contact dermatitis  which includes dryness, irritation, itching, and more seriously, cracking and bleeding. [ 10 ]  Irritant contact dermatitis is very common among nurses, ranging from 25% to 55%, with as many as 85% relating a history of having skin problems. [ 10 ]  The  World Health Organization  has considered the use of barrier creams and has found their efficacy to be "equivocal" and too expensive to be considered in health-care settings where resources are limited. [ 10 ]


The  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  found "Two recent randomized, controlled trials that evaluated the skin condition of caregivers demonstrated that barrier creams did not yield better results than did the control lotion or vehicle used. As a result, whether barrier creams are effective in preventing irritant contact dermatitis among health-care workers remains unknown." [ 11 ]


The Great Ormond Street Hospital Manual of Children's Nursing Practices 2012 book found that "disposable nappies are effective in drawing fluid away from the skin and can be changed less frequently in the absence of stools, making regular application of barrier creams unnecessary in most children." [ 12 ]


Barrier creams have been used in industry to protect workers' skin from the contaminants encountered in occupations such as nurses, hairdressers, employees in the food processing industry, cleaners, metal workers, printers, bricklayers etc. [ 1 ]


A 2018  Cochrane review  concluded that the use of moisturizers alone or in combination with barrier creams may result in important protective effects for the prevention of  Occupational Irritant Hand Dermatitis  (OIHD) [ 1 ]   Barrier creams can be applied before exposure to potential irritants, [ 13 ]  but are not typically used as the main protection against hazardous substances. [ 14 ]  They are a poor substitute for protective clothing for workers; [ 8 ]  in particular, gloves provide greater protection. [ 9 ]  However barrier creams are reasonably effective for protection of the face against some airborne substances. [ 8 ]  Active barrier creams containing silicone, tartaric acid, glycerin, and other ingredients are said to be beneficial for some chromate-sensitive construction workers. [ 8 ]


The efficacy of barrier creams is controversial. [ 5 ]  They have not been demonstrated to be useful in preventing  hand eczema . [ 7 ]  According to the  National Safety Council , "shielding lotions can keep the skin from drying out". [ 3 ]


A 2002 review found "some reports indicate that inappropriate BC (barrier cream) application might induce a deleterious rather than a beneficial effect." [ 6 ]  Skin that has been moisturized by barrier cream may be more susceptible to irritation by  sodium lauryl sulfate , which can permeate hydrated skin more easily due to its  hydrophilia . [ 5 ]  When handling hazardous molecules such as  sodium hydroxide , ingredients in barrier cream could react and induce  skin irritation . [ 5 ]  Barrier creams that contain  petroleum jelly  or certain oils may cause  rubber  or  latex gloves  to deteriorate. [ 5 ]


The mechanism of barrier cream varies by product. [ 5 ]  Three categories of barrier creams are used: water repellent creams, water-soluble creams, and creams designed for special applications. [ 4 ]   Moisturizing  barrier cream acts as a lubricating film on the skin to prevent depletion of water ( transepidermal water loss ) in the skin's outermost layer, the  stratum corneum . [ 5 ]  This may have a protective effect against  irritant contact dermatitis  and  allergic contact dermatitis , which often result from such depletion. [ 5 ]  These barrier creams can be classed as occlusives (which prevent loss through a  hydrophobic  effect),  humectants  (which absorb water from the  dermis  and environment due to  hygroscopy ), or hydrating agents (which both moisturize the skin and maintain its water content). [ 5 ]  Barrier creams may contain substances such as  zinc oxide ,  talc  or  kaolin  to layer over the skin. [ 5 ]  Other barrier creams are intended to protect the skin from some external agents, though they are not sufficient to provide a complete barrier. [ 5 ]


Bath salts  are water-soluble, pulverized  minerals  that are added to water to be used for  bathing . It is said that these salts improve cleaning, enhance the enjoyment of bathing, and serve as a vehicle for cosmetic agents. [ 1 ]  Bath salts have been developed which mimic the properties of natural mineral baths or  hot springs . [ 2 ]  Some bath salts contain  glycerine  so the product will act as an  emollient ,  humectant , or  lubricant . Fragrances and colors are often added to bath salts; the fragrances are used to increase the users' enjoyment of the bathing experience.


Substances often labeled as bath salts include  magnesium sulfate  (Epsom salts),  sodium chloride  (table salt),  sodium bicarbonate  (baking soda),  sodium hexametaphosphate  (Calgon, amorphous/glassy sodium metaphosphate),  sodium sesquicarbonate ,  sodium citrate  and formerly  borax .  Glycerin , or liquid glycerin, is another common ingredient in bath salts.


Fragrances and colors are often added to bath salts; in fact, one purpose of salts is as a vehicle or  diluent  to extend fragrances which are otherwise too potent for convenient use. Other common additives to bath salts are oils (agglomerating the salts to form amorphous granules, the product being called "bath beads" or "bath oil beads"), foaming agents, and effervescent agents. Bath salts may be packaged for sale in boxes or bags. Their appearance is often considered attractive or appealing, and they may be sold in transparent containers, showing off, for example, the needlelike appearance of  sodium sesquicarbonate  crystals.


Some bath salts act as  water softeners  and change the way  soap  rinses.


High concentrations of salts increase the  density  of the water and increase  buoyancy , which makes the body feel lighter in the bath. Very high concentrations of salts in water are used in many  isolation tank  therapies. Isolation tanks are special baths with enclosures which block out all light. Researchers have also studied their use in treating  arthritis . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]


Bath fizzies are material products designed to effervesce in bathwater.  They come in the form of amorphous grains of homogeneous mixture, packaged in a box, jar, or envelope; single-use envelopes of mixed powders; and solid boluses of homogeneous or inhomogeneous mixture called  bath bombs . Bath fizzies are a form of bath salts in that the products of their use include a salt solution in addition to the carbon dioxide bubbles which are their definitive feature.  Their ingredients must include one or more acid(s) and one or more water-soluble bicarbonate, sesquicarbonate, and/or carbonate.  In addition they commonly include coloring, fragrance, and/or other water-soluble, water-dispersible, and/or volatile ingredients for esthetic, cosmetic, or skin soothing purposes.  This principle of effervescing while releasing other ingredients is the same that has been used by  tableted products for children to produce their own carbonated beverages .


Even though bath additives containing emollient are sometimes suggested for the treatment  atopic dermatitis , their use does not provide any benefits for the symptoms. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


A number of powdered  recreational   designer drugs  are now named "bath salts", referring to an incident where illegal drugs were distributed in packages disguised as bath salts, often in shops selling  drug paraphernalia  such as  head shops . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]  The white powder, granules, or  crystals  often resemble true bath salts such as  Epsom salts . The drugs' packaging often states "not for human consumption" in an effort to evade  drug prohibition laws . [ 10 ]


BB cream  is a marketing term that stands for  blemish balm ,  blemish base ,  beblesh balm , and in Western markets,  beauty balm , beauty blend... Products marketed as BB creams are generally designed to serve as a  foundation ,  moisturizer , and  sunscreen  all at once.


The marketing term " CC cream " was invented later and sometimes stands for Color Correction cream. Products marketed as CC creams claim to serve the same function as BB creams, with greater emphasis on homogenizing skin color. [ 2 ]  Differences between BB creams and CC creams vary from brand to brand.


What became BB cream was originally formulated in the 1960s in Germany by dermatologist Dr. Christine Schrammek to protect her patients' skin after facial peels and surgery. It was popularized by beauty trends in South Korea and later spread across the globe.  [ 1 ] [ 3 ]


BB creams come in a variety of different formulations. [ 1 ]  Because Korean companies focused initially on the Korean and East Asian markets, they are offered in a limited number of hues. Instead of offering multiple shades for different  skin colors , most formulae are designed to oxidize to match the user's skin tone. [ 4 ]  The skin-whitening properties of the cream as sold in the Asian market are an important element in its popularity. [ 5 ]


The cream is promoted as a multi-tasker and all-in-one treatment, but Korean women mostly use it as an alternative to foundation, particularly those with Western formulations that tend to be too heavy for their tastes. The coverage is often mineral-based, and is intended to both cover and treat blemishes such as acne, sun spots, and age spots. Some brands claim anti-wrinkle, anti-inflammatory, and soothing effects for their products. Several contain  hyaluronic acid  and  vitamin C .


BB creams make up 13 percent of the cosmetics market in South Korea. Some Korean brands also offer BB creams for men. [ 6 ]  Notable Korean brands include  Etude House ,  HIDEHERE ,  Missha ,  Nature Republic ,  Skin Food ,  Sulhwasoo ,  The Face Shop ,  SKIN79 ,  Innisfree ,  Banila Co.  and CLIO.


Western cosmetics companies began to launch BB creams in the Western market in 2012, though some of these creams have been criticized for lacking the skin-caring functions that BB creams normally have, and for being no more than tinted moisturizer. [ citation needed ]  Early arrivals included  Boscia ,  Clinique ,  Dior ,  Estée Lauder ,  Garnier ,  Marcelle ,  Maybelline ,  Revlon  and  Smashbox . [ 7 ]   Lab Series  makes a BB cream for men. [ 8 ]  Certain BB creams have been tailored for Western markets: Estée Lauder, for example, has not included the whitening properties in their formulation for North America. [ 9 ]


BB creams advertised as  cruelty-free  include Smashbox (owned by  Estée Lauder ) and  The Body Shop  (owned by  Natura & Co ). [ 10 ]  The definition of "cruelty-free" varies. The Body Shop BB cream is certified by the Leaping Bunny Program, which means, according to the certification process, that no new animal testing has been used in any phase of product development by the company, its laboratories, or the suppliers of its ingredients. [ 11 ]  As of May 2013,  Amore Pacific , which has as its subsidiaries  Etude House  and  Laneige , has ended animal testing on all ingredients and cosmetics. [ 12 ]


Products certified as cruelty-free may still contain  animal products  and may not be suitable for  vegans . Vegan BB creams include the Superdrug own brand BB cream, [ 13 ]  BB cream souffles from Haut Cosmetics, 100% Pure Cosmetics, Multi-Mineral BB Cream from Pacifica, [ 14 ]  and the Evenly Radiant BB Crème from Dermae. [ 15 ]


Beauty.AI  is a mobile  beauty pageant  for humans and a contest for  programmers  developing algorithms for evaluating human appearance. The  mobile app  and  website  created by Youth Laboratories that uses  artificial intelligence  technology to evaluate people's external appearance through certain algorithms, such as symmetry, facial blemishes, wrinkles, estimated age and age appearance, and comparisons to actors and models. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]


The Beauty.AI 2.0 contest caused great concern over important ethical issues with  deep neural networks  such as age, race and gender bias and lead to the creation of the Diversity.AI think tank dedicated to developing new methods for uncovering and managing bias in artificially intelligent systems. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  Beauty.AI was also an attempt to find approaches on how machines can perceive  human face  through evaluating particular features, commonly associated with health and beauty.


The Beauty.AI app was created by Youth Laboratories, a company based out of Russia and Hong Kong that focuses on facial skin analytics. [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  The bioinformation company Insilico Medicine assists in the Beauty.AI app by testing its deep learning techniques to the app. [ 7 ]  One goal of the app is to reduce the need for human and animal testing as well as improving people's overall health. [ 7 ]  Its first contest was started in December 2016, and the results were announced in August 2016. [ 8 ]  More than 60,000 people submitted entries into the contest. [ 9 ]


The  mobile app  uses  artificial intelligence  technology to inspect photographs for certain facial features in order to both determine a person's beauty through artificial means by multiple robots. [ 7 ]


Part of the Beauty.AI app's purpose is to collect visual and  anecdotal data  to improve its creator's Youth Laboratories skin analyst skills. [ 7 ]


There were a total of 44 individuals from different age groups and genders judged as the most attractive, with 37  white entrants , six  Asian entrants , and one  dark-skinned entrant . [ 6 ]  The app has received criticism from  social justice advocates  and computer science professionals.


However,  Alex Zhavoronkov , PhD, chief science officer of Youth Laboratories and chief technology officer Konstantin Kiselev, both for Youth Laboratories, noted that a lack of data may have contributed to these results. [ 6 ]  Also, Kiselev added that another issue was that approximately 75% of entrants were white Europeans, whereas only 7% and 1% were from India and Africa, respectively. [ 6 ]  Kiselev stated that they would work on doing more and better outreach to these areas to improve in this area. [ 6 ]  Despite this, it was said by Dr. Zhavoronkov that the AI would discard photos of dark-skinned people if the lighting is too poor. [ 6 ]  Dr. Zhavoronkov vowed to weed out the issues for the next beauty pageant and to try to avoid a similar controversy in the future. [ 10 ]


Borak  or  burak [ 1 ]  is a cosmetic  face powder  or paste that is applied on the face for protection from the sun. It is traditionally used by the  Sama-Bajau  people of the  Philippines ,  Malaysia , and  Indonesia .


Borak is most commonly used by Sama-Bajau women to protect the face and exposed skin areas from the harsh tropical sun at sea. [ 2 ]  Ingredients can include  talcum  powder,  rice flour ,  turmeric , and other ingredients. [ 3 ]


When dry, borak is in  powder  form. The powder is first soaked in water to form a paste before being applied on the face. [ 3 ]  The paste can be a yellowish color or sometimes white.


In  Myanmar ,  thanaka , a yellow-white cosmetic paste made of ground tree bark, is traditionally used for sun protection. In  Madagascar , a paste of wood called  masonjoany  is worn for decoration as well as for sun protection. [ 4 ]


C-beauty , or  Chinese beauty  is an umbrella term encompassing contemporary beauty products, practises, and ideals originating from  China . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]  China has the second largest beauty market in the world, after the United States. [ 3 ]  Common C-beauty products include  cosmetics ,  skin care ,  hair care ,  perfumes , and  nail art . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]  C-beauty often incorporates influences from  traditional Chinese medicine  and  Chinese art . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]


Chinese beauty products are known for their elaborate packaging, rapid innovation, and cost-effectiveness due to the high expectations of Chinese consumers. [ 10 ] [ 11 ]  As the Chinese market is intensely competitive, some C-beauty brands have multiple product lines in the works simultaneously. They may take only three to six months to conceptualize, launch, and manufacture a product line. [ 12 ]


Pechoin , founded in 1931, is China's oldest skin care brand. [ 13 ]  Lip muds are a cosmetic product invented by Chinese brand INTO YOU, and later adopted by several other Chinese brands. [ 11 ] [ 14 ]  C-beauty content creators are credited for popularizing the skincare routine of Vitamin C and Vitamin A serums at different times of day via the "Morning C, Night A" slogan. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ]  C-beauty products that are heavily influenced by  Chinese culture  may be characterized as being part of a broader social movement known as "guócháo" (国潮) or "China chic", which celebrates traditional Chinese culture. [ 18 ] [ 9 ]


K-beauty  became popular in China in 2012 and South Korea surpassed the United States and Japan in 2015 to become the second largest exporter of cosmetics to China after France. However, the popularity of K-beauty declined sharply starting from 2018 due to a combination of unappealing packaging, low efficacy, unreasonable prices, and an over-reliance on the popularity of the  Korean Wave  rather than focusing on the quality of the products themselves to maintain consumer interest. This provided the opportunity for domestic C-beauty brands to grow their market share as they offered a more diverse range of higher quality products at more affordable prices compared to K-beauty. [ 19 ] [ 20 ]


The intense competition of the Chinese beauty market has caused Chinese companies to expand into overseas markets. [ 21 ]  Skincare brand Herborist was the earliest to expand, opening its first European flagship store in  Paris  in 2015. [ 22 ]  In 2016, Chinese cosmetics brand Kailijumei's color-changing, flower lipsticks became a viral sensation overseas. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ]  One of the most internationally successful C-beauty brands is Flower Knows. [ 26 ] [ 27 ]


Within a five-year span, from 2017 to 2022, the C-beauty industry doubled its market share. In 2022, C-beauty brands surpassed international competitors in sales within China. [ 28 ]  China exported US$4.85 billion worth of cosmetics in 2021. [ 29 ]  In 2023, the C-beauty market value was worth US$67.18 billion. [ 30 ]  In the early 2020s, Chinese makeup styles and cosmetics became popular in  Japan . [ 31 ] [ 32 ]


In 2021, the practice of  gua sha  facial massage and jade rollers became viral in the West through  TikTok . [ 33 ] [ 34 ]  Although this faced criticisms of  cultural appropriation  as most brands selling Chinese facial tools in the West were not of Chinese origin and Western influencers were promoting gua sha massage methods with no basis in  traditional Chinese medicine . [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ]


A broad range of Chinese makeup styles and techniques have been labelled "Douyin makeup" in the West, named after the Chinese version for  TikTok . [ 38 ] [ 39 ]  However, the majority of these makeup trends have nothing to do with Douyin, and people in China do not use the term "Douyin makeup" themselves. Chinese people simply refer to the makeup styles collectively as "Chinese makeup" or by the specific names of the styles. [ 40 ]


Since 2014, cosmetics manufactured and sold in China do not require animal testing if reliable safety assessment reports are provided, although it continued to require animal testing for imported products from other countries. This law was amended in 2021, when foreign companies were allowed to export cosmetics to China without animal testing. [ 41 ]


Calamine , also known as  calamine lotion , is a medication made from powdered  calamine mineral  that is used to treat mild  itchiness . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]  Conditions treated include  sunburn , insect bites,  poison ivy ,  poison oak , and other mild skin conditions. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]  It may also help dry out secretions resulting from skin irritation. [ 1 ]  It is applied on the skin as a  cream  or  lotion . [ 2 ]


Side effects may include skin irritation. [ 4 ]  It is considered to be safe in  pregnancy . [ 4 ]  Calamine is a combination of  zinc oxide  and 0.5%   ferric oxide  (Fe 2 O 3 ). [ 6 ]  The lotion is produced with additional ingredients such as  phenol  and  calcium hydroxide . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]


The use of calamine lotion dates back as far as 1500 BC. [ 8 ]  It is on the  World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . [ 9 ]  Calamine is available  over-the-counter  as a  generic medication . [ 5 ]


Calamine is used to treat  itchiness . [ 2 ]  This includes  sunburn , insect bite, or other mild skin conditions. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]


The  FDA  recommends applying some topical over-the-counter skin products, such as calamine, to absorb the weeping of the skin caused by poisonous plants such as  poison ivy ,  poison oak , and  poison sumac . For relieving the pain or itching caused by these plants, the FDA document recommends a cold water compress and topical  corticosteroids . [ 10 ]


A  callus shaver  (also called a  credo knife ) is a tool for the medical and cosmetic removal of a  callus , mainly on the feet (see also  pedicure ), or hands. Technically speaking, its function is the abrasive treatment of  hyperkeratotic  skin lesions.


The callus shaver consists of a handle, which is usually arched, and a blade made of ceramic or metal. Because the shaver is very sharp, injuries can result from careless use. [ 1 ]  For this reason the shaver is illegal to be used by  beauty salons  in some places in the United States. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  A  cellulitis  infection is possible if the skin is cut, especially if the shaver is shared with others and not properly sterilized. In very severe cases,  amputation  or death can result. [ 5 ]


Treatment with a callus shaver should involve the user in a longer-term care plan. Calluses are usually several skin layers deep, which means that treatment must be repeated several times on the affected area (usually the feet) if it is to remain callus free. However, there should be a period of a few days between the individual treatments, otherwise skin irritations and/or an even thicker callus may occur. [ 3 ] [ 2 ]


The callus shaver should not be confused with a  foot file  (foot rasp), which is used during the after-treatment of working with a callus shaver.


The callus shaver and other instruments date back to the instruments mentioned by the Frenchman Nicolas-Laurent LaForest in his 1782 book "L'art de soigner les pieds". [ 6 ]


Calmurid  was the name of a skin cream manufactured by Galderma (now discontinued due to safety reasons). Calmurid Cream contained the active ingredients  lactic acid  and  urea , [ 1 ]  whereas  Calmurid HC  contained an additional ingredient, the mild  corticosteroid   hydrocortisone .


Owing to lactic acid's  keratolytic  properties (to break down hard skin cells) and urea's hydrating properties, Calmurid was used primarily in the treatment of dry, scaly skin.  Ichthyosis  and general  dermatitis  in the absence of  inflammation  are some of its indications.


When the extra steroid component is added (as in Calmurid HC), it was used to treat dry, scaly skin that is accompanied by inflammation of the skin. This may include various forms of  eczema . The presence of a corticosteroid, however, means that the cream needed to be used sparingly and only for the shortest time period due to possible side effects that could occur due to systemic absorption of the steroid.


Composition: Urea 100 mg/g and lactic acid 50 mg/g in an emulsified base containing betaine monohydrate,  glyceryl monostearate , diethanolamine cetylphosphate complex, hard fat, cholesterol, sodium chloride, purified water.


This  pharmacology -related article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


Capitol School of Hairstyling & Esthetics  (Capitol School of Hair Design) is a nationally accredited  cosmetology  and  esthetics  school located in  Omaha, Nebraska . It was founded in 1923. [ 1 ]
Capitol School of Hairstyling & Esthetics is a member of the  Omaha Chamber of Commerce  and accredited by the  Better Business Bureau  of  Nebraska . The school is approved by the Nebraska State Board of Education, accredited by the National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences (NACCAS), and licensed by the Nebraska State Board of Cosmetology. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]


Eric Hahn won the title "World's Tallest Mohawk" from  Guinness Book of World Records  on November 14, 2008, at Capitol School. [ 4 ]


Lyal McCaig, the owner and Director of Education for Capitol, was named "Legend of Hair" by  Omaha Magazine  shortly before he died in 2007. [ 5 ]


Caudalie  is a French skincare company that is specialized in  vinotherapy . It is known for its skincare products crafted from the harnessed extracts of grapes and grapevines. On the family estate, the discovery of a hot spring 1,500 feet underground inspired the creation of the first Vinotherapy Spa.


Caudalie takes its name from the unit of measurement, the Caudalie, pronounced ko-da-li, used in  oenology , the study of wine.


In 1993, during the harvest at  Château Smith Haut Lafitte , Mathilde Thomas and her husband Bertrand Thomas met Professor Joseph Vercauteren, a  polyphenols  specialist from the Pharmacy University in  Bordeaux  and his research team. Mr. Vercauteren shared one of his discoveries with them - that PCOs (procyanidolic oligomers) extracted from grape-seeds, are more effective than  vitamin E  against free radicals. [ 1 ]


In 1995, Mathilde and Bertrand Thomas launched Caudalie by developing three products containing stabilized grape-seed polyphenols with anti-aging properties. [ 2 ]


In 1996, Caudalie signed a research agreement with the Bordeaux Pharmacy Faculty and created a team of researchers, leading to the development of two further patents, Resveratrol [ 3 ]  and Viniferine. [ 4 ]


In September 1999, Mathilde and Bertrand Thomas created their first Vinothérapie Spa [ 5 ]  in the grounds of Château Smith Haut Lafitte. This spa combines water from a natural hot water spring with extracts from grapes and the grapevine.


Early in 2013, Caudalie opened its first boutique in Brazil. [ 6 ]


In 2015, Caudalie filed a new patent following the discovery of combining vine stalk Resveratrol [ 7 ]  with  hyaluronic acid . This also marked the launch of a new anti-ageing range, Resveratrol[Lift].


In 2017, Caudalie opened its New York flagship boutique 'La Maison Caudalie' [ 8 ]  in the  Meatpacking District , NYC.


In 2018, Caudalie opened its Natural Formulation Laboratory as well as a new site in Gidy, near Orleans, France.


In 2018, Caudalie launched Vinopure, a new range designed specifically for oily, blemish-prone skin types. The range was awarded a  Marie Claire  Prix d'excellence de la Beauté in 2019. [ 9 ]


In 2019, Caudalie launched a new line of eco-friendly sun care products in support of Coral Guardian, a company which plants corals in Indonesia. [ 10 ]


Caudalie is an independent and family-owned business. In 2018, Mathilde Thomas was presented with a French Legion of Honor award by Prime Minister,  Edouard Philippe , for her entrepreneurial achievements and commitment to creating products which are both eco-friendly and effective.  [ 11 ]


Caudalie has its own Natural Formulation Laboratory situated in  Gidy ,  France  and works in partnership with Harvard Medical School and anti-ageing guru, Dr David Sinclair, to develop patents to combat skin ageing. [ 12 ]


Caudalie also follows a strict ingredients charter named its “cosm-ethics” charter, [ 13 ]  which bans the use of phthalates, phenoxyethanol, mineral oils, parabens, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, synthetic coloring agents as well as ingredients of animal origin in its product formulas.


Since 2012, Caudalie has been a member of the " 1% for the Planet " [ 14 ]  network and thus contributes 1% of its worldwide turnover to organizations committed to protecting the environment.


Caudalie also supports various associations such as the WWF,  Surfrider , Nordesta, Pur Project, NFF, Coeur de Floret and is committed to planting 8 million trees by 2021.


Caudalie offers products for face, body and hair. The brand typically uses natural, active ingredients while using the nutrients of grapevines and grapes.


Caudalie's products are sold in over 27 countries [ 15 ]  worldwide:


The brand also has 8 Vinotherapie Spas as well as more than 36 Boutique-SPAs around the world.


CC cream  is a marketing term coined in the wake of the marketing term  Blemish Balm  cream or  Beauty Balm .   "CC cream" is used by some brands to mean Color Control cream, or Color Correcting cream, and some brands claim to reduce the appearance of skin redness or sallowness or to improve uneven skin tone. BB creams and CC creams are both tinted  moisturizers  containing  sun protection . There is no scientific definition for either term, nor is there quantifiable basis for difference between BB creams and CC creams: differences between the two vary from brand to brand.  BB (Blemish Balm) cream  was originally formulated in  Germany  and has, in recent years, gained popularity in  Asia , especially  South Korea , and is also gaining popularity in  Europe  and  North America .


Coverage can vary greatly among the different brands, [ 1 ]  and differences are more often than not minimal when compared to BB creams. [ 2 ]  Some users apply them as  primers  rather than as a replacement for  foundation . Most cosmetics companies offer both BB- and CC-creams without any particular market leader in 2016.


This  product  article is a  stub . You can help Wikipedia by  expanding it .


A  Certified Organic Sunscreen [ 1 ] , also known as  Petrochemical-Free Sunscreen , is a third party certified [ 2 ]   sunscreen  product consisting of certified and approved organic ingredients, with typically  zinc oxide  acting as the photo-protector. An organic sunscreen is verified and approved by a certifier to international or national organic standards, such as NSF/ANSI 305 and  USDA  organic, which define production and labelling requirements for personal care products containing organic ingredients. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]  These standards are complemented by existing sunscreen regulatory bodies such as the FDA that regulate the efficacy of the sunscreen, safety and permitted ingredients. Generally speaking, sunscreen has photo-protective properties that reduce the risk of skin cancer and ageing with relation to the  SPF  value and proper application. [ 5 ] [ 6 ]


Certified organic sunscreen is part of a broader trend towards certified organic cosmetics [ 7 ]  and certified natural cosmetics. [ 8 ]  Especially in the sunscreen market, developers have been 'pushed' [ 3 ]  towards alternatives to petrochemical UV filters due to their lack of safety data [ 9 ]  and their detrimental ecological effects, [ 3 ]  which has resulted in various petrochemical UV filters being banned in different countries and ecological areas. [ 10 ]


Organisations that manage standards and certifiers generally provide allowances for natural ingredients, such as water, as well as minerals such zinc oxide and titanium dioxide towards their organic calculation [ 11 ] [ 12 ]  as they have photo-protective properties and a well regarded safety profile. [ 3 ]


Certified Organic refers to the processing and production of a personal care product without the use of synthetic pesticides, herbicides, petrochemicals, aromatic hydrocarbons and other contaminants or practices. [ 13 ] [ 1 ]  Petrochemical suppliers may promote their ingredients as organic compounds; however, it is essential not to confuse this with the term "organic" or "certified organic". In this context, "organic compounds" simply means that the substances are derived from petroleum sources. Marketing products under organic is protected by consumer commissions such as the  Australian Competition & Consumer Commission  and other national bodies. [ 1 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]


Created by Non-For Profit Organization  NSF , it is a standard designed for products intended for external use on any part of the body. [ 16 ]  This specific standard allows using the "contains organic ingredients" label for products containing at least 70% organic ingredients. [ 16 ]


Source: [ 17 ]


Due to the fact that the FDA does not define or regulate the term “organic” in personal care products, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has taken responsibility. The USDA has been regulating organic cosmetics and personal care products since 2001, under the National Organic Program. [ 18 ]  Unlike personal care products, sunscreen is regulated by the FDA as an OTC drug and thus has a GRASE monograph, so it is possible that the FDA may expand its role in regulating organic sunscreen in the future. Currently, only zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been determined by the FDA to be generally recognised as safe and effective (GRASE). [ 9 ]


The ISO 16128 is a guideline defined by the  International Organization for Standardization  which establishes how to numerically determine the degree of natural and organic origin of a product based on the single ingredients which compose its formulation. The ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organisation with a membership of 169 national standards bodies. [ 19 ]  The ISO:16128 standard aims to contribute to the UN's Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 12 [ 20 ] [ 21 ]


The  Cosmos  Natural and Organic standard was established in 2002, and is the first voluntary standard harmonized at the European level. [ 3 ]  COSMOS standard prohibits petrochemical UV filters in cosmetic product. The standards permit the utilization of minerals such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, contingent upon their acquisition via meticulously defined industrial processes, owing to their lack of agricultural origins. [ 3 ]  It does not calculate natural minerals, such as zinc oxide, towards the organic percentage of a product,  as the standard was heavily adapted off of existing organic agricultural standards. [ clarification needed ] [ 22 ] [ 2 ] [ 23 ]


Natrue  was created in 2007. The first Natrue labelled product launched in 2009. There are now over 7,000 Natrue certified products. [ 24 ]  The standard is for natural and organic cosmetics.


Certified organic sunscreens or products must comply with certifiers 'green list' of ingredients that are considered safe and represent their organic standard. [ 25 ]  Ingredients that are not permitted generally include: silicones,  parabens ,  microplastics , synthetic fragrances, synthetic colorants, petrochemicals and certain preservatives such as  phenoxyethanol . [ 25 ] [ 26 ]  As well as contaminants such as  heavy metals ,  pesticides , aromatic hydrocarbons,  dioxins , PCBs, radiation, [ 27 ]  mycotoxins, nitrates, nitrosamines. [ 13 ]


Major organic certifiers prohibit animal testing for the product to carry their label [ 28 ]  and European certifiers generally require the ingredients to be non-GMO. [ 25 ] [ 26 ]  Organic certifiers do not allow the use of synthetic pesticides or chemical fertilisers in the production of certified organic ingredients. [ 13 ]  Cross contamination [ 29 ]  has been citied as a major cause of benzene contamination in sunscreens, and organic production practices typically prohibit this practice by requiring organic only production facilities. [ 30 ]   Reported [ 31 ]  cases of benzene contamination [ 32 ]  have resulted in sunscreen recalls [ 33 ]  initiated by regulators such as the TGA [ 34 ]  and FDA or voluntarily by the brand. [ 35 ]  Other reasons why the contamination likely occurred was the degradation of benzene-based (hydrocarbon) ingredients, [ 36 ]  such as petrochemical UV filters [ 37 ]  or from supply chain neglect. [ 38 ]  Most notably Valisure, an independent Connecticut based laboratory, found benzene contamination in products such as sunscreen, deodorant, and hand sanitiser resulting in over 25 million products being recalled in the US since 2019. [ 39 ] [ clarification needed ]


Certified organic and natural UV protectors Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide, "TiO2 and ZnO[,] represent the only effective alternatives to ultraviolet (UV) filters of petrochemical origin regarding photoprotection, and they contribute significantly to the safety of consumers who use them." [ 3 ]


Certified Organic Sunscreen bans the use of all petrochemicals active ingredients that are generally regarded as harmful to the environment such as  Avobenzone ,  Oxybenzone ,  Octinoxate . [ 40 ]  Avobenzone, for example, is one of the most frequently used UV filters on the market and  [ 41 ] [ 42 ]  has been shown to cause damage to marine ecosystems such as coral reefs and harm marine life. [ 43 ] [ 41 ] [ 10 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ]  Avobenzone has also been shown to absorb into the bloodstream after application in an FDA funded study. [ 46 ]   Oxybenzone  and  Octinoxate  were also both banned in Hawaii over studies showing toxicity towards marine life. [ 47 ]


A  chemical peel  is a treatment used to improve and smooth the texture of the  skin . The skin on the face is most commonly treated, but peels can also be performed on the body.  Chemical peels are intended to remove the outermost layers of the skin. To accomplish this task, the chosen peel solution induces a controlled injury to the skin, which causes the skin to peel. This process leads to smoother skin can improve fine lines, acne scars, and pigment. Medium depth peels must be performed by a medical provider (MD, NP, RN, or AP Esthetician in certain states).