Formalities requirements in the Galapagos can change on a daily basis. Noonsite endevours to post details of the latest known situation.
It is not permitted to anchor anywhere but in an official port.
EMERGENCY STOP - 72 hours
Every vessel has the right to request an emergency stop (whether it be for mechanical, medical or other reasons). However clearly the authorities in the Galapagos are very strict on permitting boats this privelige. It is up to the harbourmaster to decide the reality of the emergency and to evaluate the time he will allow.
If you are pemitted an emergency stop, you will need to use an agent to complete the necessary paperwork.
If you plan to simply stop in the Galapagos to re-fuel, then the same clearance procedure for a 20 day stop will have to be followed (with the same fees). It is not possible to obtain fuel unless you are registered in the system and have authorisation from the Capitaneria. After clearance is completed, obtaining fuel should take one working day. Note that Isabela does not have fuel.
Do not use this strategy as a free pass to "see the sights" as this will only cause problems and quite possibly bring stricter controls into play and prevent those from stopping in an emergency who really need to.
If a yacht stays longer than the allowed time to deal with the emergency, they must pay all the usual fees.
A 20-DAY STOPOVER / ONE PORT - without an Autographo
If you decide to go for this option, it is very important that your zarpe from Panama/Mainland Ecuador does not have a Galapagos port as the destination. It must state an alternative destination, such as Marquesas (or wherever port is next after the Galapagos), as this allows the Port Captain to grant up to 20 days on a "detour" stopover (as stipulated by Article 50 - see below) for a boat in transit (should he wish).
Yachts with a Galapagos port of entry as their zarpe destination will likely have problems if they don't have an Autographo and may well be turned away and/or fined (yachts were denied entry into Puerto Vilamil in 2016, and others only given a 2-3 day stay at the same port).
The Galapagos does not recognise or allow the normal 72 hour breathing space to rest etc. before checking in. They allow 12 hours only, however in the first 12 hours you can take on provisions and water.
After this time the port captain will grant permission for a stop, the length of which is at his discretion, however is normally a maximum of 20 days if you have arrived without an Autographo (cruising permit). Port Captains do change however, and some are more "difficult" than others.
It appears that the length of stay may depend on the number of yachts already anchored in the bay. As the Galapagos becomes an important stopover for yachts on passage, the length of stay applied to individual yachts may have to be reduced to allow for the limited anchoring space and facilities, and the ever-increasing number of yachts.
Disadvantages of the No Autographo Option:
A 30+ DAY STOP / MULTIPLE PORTS - with an Autographo
Yachts arriving with an Autographo in hand, are given up to 30 days with the possibility of a 30 day extension, and may be able to visit the following inhabited ports:
- Pto. B. Moreno, Isla San Cristobal (Wreck Bay)
- Pto. Ayora, Isla Santa Cruz (Academy Bay)
- Pto. Villamil, Isla Isabela
- Pto. Seymour, Isla Baltra
- Pto. Ibarra, Isla Floreana
Cruisers who have obtained an Autographo will automatically be issued a National Zarpe for the Galapagos.
For more information on Autographos see Documents.
These are the provisions of Article 50 of the Galapagos Law (see Documents).
Arrival - Ports of Entry
Boats must proceed directly to one of the official Ports of Entry: Puerto Ayora in Santa Cruz, Puerto Baquerizo in San Cristobal and Puerto Villamill in Isabela (see note below). These are the only ports where boats may clear in.
Do your research carefully as to the best port of entry based on your requirements.
Note on Isabela: Isabela is "not officially" a Port of Entry and there are hardly any services there (no fuel or ATM) and no Immigration official. In the past cruisers have reported that clearing-in here has not presented any problems and the local agent ('JC') handles the paperwork, however in 2016 there have been reports of a new Port Captain, entry being denied and only a few days stay being granted for those without an autographo.
Yachts arriving should not stop anywhere but a Port of Entry, nor must anyone go ashore in the national park without an official guide (except for a handful of sites where access without a guide is permitted - see Restrictions). Yachts may be boarded at any time to check if one has a guide. The penalty is a fine for stopping at outer islands without permission. All the local boats have guides on board who are in radio contact with the port authority and will immediately report any yacht breaking the regulations.
Clearance Procedure - Agents
Under current law in all ports of Ecuador it is mandatory to use an agent to check in with the port captain for any stay of more than 1 day. That includes the Galapagos islands.
The agent acts as a go-between for your dealings with the port captain and he will collect the fees for your entry into the harbour.
Note: If wanting to organise an Autographo, then be sure to secure an agent at least 2 months prior to arrival, as it normally takes 6 weeks to process all paperwork. If not, it may still be beneficial to contact an agent in advance of your visit so that your details are in the system and you are aware of all costs. This is not mandatory but it is advisable to have previously arranged an agent. The Agent's fees vary. This fee is sometimes negotiable and it's up to you to decide which agent you take.
It is important to get a clear statement from the agent which charges his fee covers. See fees section for the various charges applicable in the Galapagos.
On completion of the clearing in procedure the agent must give you the original "factura", which is a receipt from the port captain detailing the fees charged. It should not be a photocopy.
Noonsite does not recommend any particular agent but there is a list of Clearance agents here. It can be useful to look at reports from cruisers for their various experiences.
Other Clearance Procedures
You will be boarded by a number of officials either all at once or at different times, and usually on the same day as each other - but sometimes not. Be patient - your agent will guide you through the procedure. Officials will include Galapagos National Park officials, an official from the Ministry of Environment, a Doctor and an official from the Harbour Master. Expect anything from 6-10 officials in total.
This report from a Galapagos visit in March 2014 gives you a good idea what each official is looking for/requires.
It is possible the Navy will come on board to do an inspection, and check for foreign food, animals, guns and contraband.
Environmental Checks (GNP Inspection)
As of January 2014, all yacht arrivals will be subject to an Environmental Risk Assessment. These new rules give approval to conduct an interview with the captain on arrival and will include a hull inspection of the boat by a diver from the GNP. It is, therefore, advisable to have the hull thoroughly (perhaps professionally) cleaned prior to leaving your previous port and to even have a certificate showing it has been done, if possible. Also do your own hull inspection (if conditions allow) before arrival.
A certificate showing when the last coating of anti-fouling was applied may also be requested.
The cost of the GNP inspection is borne by the visitor and is charged per person on board. The ministerial approval also gives the GNP the authority to demand that if a yacht fails to meet their requirements (reasonable level of risk), they must leave the Galapagos Marine Reserve. If assessed (and it can take up to 3 days to know if you have passed or not), you may be required to exit the marine reserve (40 miles offshore), carry out remedial cleaning work on your hull and re-enter.
Additional note: If moving between islands, be sure to check your hull before arriving in the next port as you may be inspected on arrival there as well (for example going from San Cristobal to Santa Cruz).
The black water system will be checked and a notice must be posted below saying "Do not discharge Black waters into the sea" (this must be near the engine room).
A second notice must be posted on the outside stating "Do not throw garbage overboard".
The fresh food on board may be inspected.
A fumigation certificate must be produced, and the fumigation must have been done with an approved product. Your certificate may or may not be deemed sufficient. If not, your boat will have to be sprayed in the Galapagos for an additional charge.
Also to be carried on board:-
1) Absorbent towels, for fuel, in case of a spillage.
2) Biodegradable or Ecofriendly soap.
See Noonsite/Galapagos/Documents page below.
Pre-Medical Inspection
A new requirement for 2015 is that all crew must be seen by a doctor who will verify they are fit and healthy. There is no cost for this check, however exactly how it is carried out has still yet to be confirmed.
Immigration
The Immigration office must be visited next. It is advisable to use your agent for immigration although the procedures are simple and previously it was possible to do it yourself. Some agents will include immigration in their fee. It is best to check.
Office hours are quite flexible, but permits are difficult to obtain at weekends or on public holidays, so boats arriving at such time may wait to complete formalities on the first working day.
Extending your Stay
If arriving without an Autographo, after 20 days, special permission is required to extend your stay from the port captain, which the agent can assist with. There is normally no extra charge from the port captain to stay longer than 20 days, if the need is genuine, and he may come and inspect the problem to see for himself.
Departure
The port captain will issue a domestic zarpe for the next port. The agent will handle the clearing out so let him know a couple of days before to be sure it all goes smoothly.
Always take time to look through the reports from cruisers - adjacent - to see the latest information we have received from those visiting the Galapagos.
Last updated March 2016.
Passports must be valid for 6 months beyond your stay. You will need colour copies of the passports and ships papers. Take your crew with you.
It is the "vessel" that gets 20 days leave to remain, crew visas are country dependent.
Nationals of the following countries require a visa and should approach the Consulate of Ecuador of their residence (list may change without notice): Algeria, Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Lybia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan, Palestine Authority, Panama, People's Republic of China, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tunisia and Vietnam.
Nationals of other countries do not require a visa for stays of up to 90 days or will be granted a T-3 card on arrival also valid for 90 days.
See Fees for current immigration charges.
Crew leaving the ship in Galapagos do not have their passports stamped when the boat departs. The passport gets stamped when the crew leaves by plane. There is no other paperwork.
Last updated January 2015.
Firearms must be declared and will be sealed on board.
If ordering spare parts to be delivered to the Galapagos, expect long delays with Ecuador customs. Cruisers have reported waiting 3 weeks for an express delivery, claiming “yacht in transit” will save some duty costs, but will also slow the process further. Duty charges might run to 33% or more depending on the item.
See also the Restrictions section on this page.
Last updated January 2015.
Your agent will list the documents required from you. These will include:-
Passport details, boat registration details, fumigation certificate, black water certification for the boat (can be a statement from the skipper regarding presence of holding tank).
Autographo or Cruising Permit
Those who wish to stop longer in the archipelago (longer than 20 days), and/or visit more than their Port of Entry on their own boat, must obtain an autographo (cruising permit). These can be obtained for between 1 and 5 ports and must be applied for through an agent.
The procedure for obtaining an autographo is lengthy (between 6 and 8 weeks) but can be done by email and fax and many cruisers say it was well worth the effort. Note that the authorities have a quota for yachts, of between four and six per month, although these quotas change from year to year. Therefore applications for autographos may not always be successful. Apparently large crews of more than four or five are not desired, as they are suspected of being on an unofficial charter. Any type of chartering by foreign yachts in the national park is not permitted.
Each Autographo is always an individual permit and itineraries are customised. Some agents for example, will "allow" Floreana as one of the 5 ports if applying for a 5 port autographo, others not. Also note that each port on the itinerary can only be visited once, it is not a permit to just cruise wherever you want.
On each island there are limited "free" sites where cruisers can visit without an official guide. However, if intending to explore the National Park in depth, an Official Naturalist Guide has to be hired at a fee of $200 per person per day, and has to be paid to the national park + all the administration fees. The process is long and expensive. There are about 40 places around the islands where tourists with guides may go ashore.
The regulations for pleasure craft are very precise:
Those who do not intend to visit any of the National Park areas will be considered to be a vessel in transit. This comes under the international rules that permit the entry of vessels to international ports for a minimum time of 72 hours and therefore would not require additional procedures to enter Galapagos territorial waters.
a) They must have the entry permit from the relevant naval organization to enter territorial waters. According to the stipulations of the article 138 of the Galapagos National Park Administrative Statute, vessels with a capacity of up to 30 persons must have the authorisation of the National Park Administration Office.
b) On arrival at the islands, they must inform the port captain and pay the correspondent tariffs for lights, buoys and anchorage fee. Additionally they must complete immigration formalities.
c) The visitor entry fee must be paid at the National Park office. They will receive an itinerary to the visitors sites within the park based on the availability due to site capacity standards.
d) Additionally, every vessel that wishes to visit National Park areas under this system must contract the services of a licensed guide authorised by the National Park Service. This guide will sleep on board and accompany the shore party BUT as no dinghy may be left on the shore, one crew member will be required to remain with the yacht.
e) According to article 142 of the mentioned statute, every vessel that comes to the Galapagos Islands must submit to quarantine inspections and present the fumigation certificate of the last port of call.
f) Changes in the original crew entering Galapagos is not permitted except in the case of emergencies.
Fumigation, Sanitation and Garbage Documents
The Ministry of Environment official is interested in fumigation and sanitation. He will want to see a fumigation certificate and a sanitation certificate.
You must have a fumigation certificate from the last port; if not you will have to have your vessel fumigated in the islands (see Fees). It must also be carried out with an approved product. If coming from Panama speak to your Panama Canal agent.
A sanitation certificate (black water holding tank confirmation) can be self-certified. This can be as simple as a statement from the skipper that the boat has a holding tank for sewage and black water. Make your own including details of your holding tanks then sign, date it and ideally boat stamp it. In addition, there must be posted below (near the engine compartment) a notice stating ' Do not discharge Black waters into the sea '
A certificate showing that the hull was professionally cleaned before leaving your previous port is also advisable.
Garbage needs to be divided into organic, recyclable or trash.
On the outside of the boat there must be a notice posted stating ' Do not throw garbage overboard'
Last updated February 2015.
Various fees need to be paid and do vary from port to port and agent to agent. The most expensive port appears to be Santa Cruz. All official expenses have to be paid in “cash” on the islands, paying with a Credit Card is not an option.
As a summary:-
For a 1 Island visit - Expect to pay around $600 to $700 for a yacht with 2 persons on board. Each additional person on board will incur an additional $100 National Parks permit fee.
For a 2-5 island visit - this requires an Autographo which only your agent can obtain. Total cost, including agent fees, should be approx. $1,200-$1,500 for a 2 person boat (excluding zarpe fees). Each additional person will cost $100 for the National Parks permit. Normally an Autographo is obtained via e-mail well in advance of your arrival.
In addition, there is a fee of $30 per boat ('migration fee') for moving between ports. This does not apply to a 1 island visit.
Port Fees
These are approximate, they do tend to vary a little depending on which agent you use:
Service and reception on arrival: Approx. $224 (this is a Harbour Master fee and based on your gross tonnage so around $13 per tonne).
Quarantine/Introduce Species (ABG) inspection: $100.
GNP Enviromental inspection: $50/person on crew list.
Governing Council fee: $20 per person.
Copies and transport for authorities: $50.
Garbage disposal: $30.
There is also an anchorage fee based on gross tonnage.
The port captain will require a further US$18 for your zarpe when you leave.
Immigration Fees
A personal immigration card per person costs $15 and there are no costs for clearing out.
The immigration fee per boat for in and out clearance is $31.
Agent Fees
The choice of which agent you use is entirely yours to make. The fees for the agent are not fixed.
For a one-port stop (including port captain and Immigration, taxis and copies of passports), US$200-250 is the normal asking price for an average size yacht.
Agent fees for an autographo are between $450 - $650.
It is not uncommon to get fees reduced if you negotiate. If the fees asked for are unacceptable you may ask for another agent. Ask for a clear breakdown of which fees your agent is including in his total cost.
National Park Fees
There is an admission fee to the Galapagos National Park area of $100 per person ($50 per child under 12) and must be paid by anyone visiting the Park area. Ensure that your agent obtains your park pass and gives it to you to keep on board.
National Park Cruising Fees
This is $200 per person, per day. You will hear this high dollar figure quoted occasionally. This daily fee DOES NOT apply to the average cruiser who is moving from island to island, anchoring in the major ports. It only applies to (typically) larger luxury yachts who want to actually cruise the park areas outside the major ports.
These boats are also required to take on a licensed guide who will cost $350 or more per day for this service.
Fumigation
A fumigation fee of $70 may be charged on boats that stay longer than 72 hours. If yachts arrive without a fumigation certificate, the fee to obtain one in the Galapagos is $4 per metre of the yacht's length.
As of January 2014: Hull & Environmental Inspections
There is an ABG inspection fee of $100 ('Introduced species inspection') and also a GNP Environmental inspection charge of $50/person.
Other Fees
Zarpes cost $18 each.
Overtime must be paid outside office hours, 08:00-17:00 Monday to Friday. The overtime fees are almost double the normal fee. Request that your agent complete clearing DURING office hours.
There are also municipal fees occasionally collected in the main ports and always collected from incoming passengers at one of the two airports.
All fees quoted here are in US$ and are subject to change by the Ecuadorian government without notice.
Last updated March 2015.
New Rules 2014 - Environmental Risk Assessment
This new rule is what most cruisers are concerned about. In January 2014, the Galapagos National Park received ministerial approval to make law its rules applying to the arrival of foreign boats in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. The changes give approval to conduct an interview with the captain on arrival to complete an environmental risk assessment of each boat.
The assessment of risk is now known to include an inspection of the hull of each boat with a diver from the GNP. The inspection could simply be a look from the surface, a snorkel of your hull or an actual dive with tanks – it seems to be luck of the draw. It is advisable to have your hull thoroughly, perhaps professionally, cleaned before departing for the Galapagos and, if possible, to have a certificate to show this has been done. To be extra sure, weather permitting, jump in and give the boat a final clean 50 miles offshore. Filming the cleaning and taking pictures will also provide proof that your boat is not a problem.
The cost of this is borne by the visitor and the fee is $50 per person on board. The ministerial approval also gives the GNP the authority to demand that if a yacht fails to meet their requirements (reasonable level of risk), they must leave the Galapagos Marine Reserve. If assessed (and it can take up to 3 days to know if you have passed or not), you may be required to exit the marine reserve (40 miles offshore), at your own expense, carry out remedial cleaning work on your hull and re-enter.
Other Restrictions
Yachts are forbidden to anchor anywhere but in the official ports on each island and each of these places must be listed on your itinerary. Plan carefully as you may not be allowed to back-track.
NOTE: The National Park area: extends 40 miles out of a line drawn between the outermost point of each island.
Vessels arriving in Galapagos entering the protection zone established by law, i.e. 40 nautical miles from the baseline, are subject to regulations governing the transport of products that may endanger Galapagos.
Only waste for recycling can be left on the islands. This is not collected from boats (except in Puerto Ayora) and must be taken by taxi to the recycling centre and paid to be disposed of. All waste on board must be separated into organic, recyclable and trash.
In order to prepare your waste properly en-route to the Islands, read this article by the WWF on how to reduce your human footprint.
Lifejackets must be worn when using a dinghy.
The following sites are those that can be visited on your own without a day tour or certified Naturalist guide on the 3 main islands:
San Cristóbal
Playa Ochoa
Cerro tijeretas
Cerro chino
Laguna el junco
Santa Cruz
Media Luna (highlands - The tortoise reserve)
Las grietas
Tortuga bay
Los túneles
Isabela
The wall of tears
Las tintoreras
Fuel
It is illegal for foreigners ("extranjeros") to buy fuel at the Ecuadorian subsidised price. The International price for foreigners is approximately double this local price.
Agents can supply fuel; $6 per gallon (2014), including $1 for the agent organising delivery to your yacht via means of jerry cans (which he will supply).
Alternatively, the Capitania will issue a permit for you to independently go to a filling station with jerry cans. Including the cost of the water taxi and taxi to the filling station, this is still cheaper than using an agent, although considerably harder work.
Large fines have been levied or threatened for breaking these laws.
Note that the maximum amount of diesel supplied to each visiting yacht is 400 gallons (without additional paperwork). To apply for more than 400 gallons you must use an agent, who will submit the paperwork to the Navy.
It is necessary to have on board, absorbent towels in case of a spillage of fuel.
Last updated February 2015.
Animals must be confined on board.
Should your pet be sick or die, please inform SESA-GAL at once.
Last updated March 2013.


Martin Hofmann
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>2014-01-23
A common stumbling block when porting C source software are
functions that are missing on the target platform, albeit often
common and standardized like C99’s round()
function or POSIX’s
strcasecmp()
. By the technique presented here, these “little”
functions can be added to the compilation for porting, without
the need to change either the source code or the installed
compiler and environment.
Frequently, open source software uses functions and macros which are more or less common and standardized, but are not available in the target compilation environment — a notorious case is Microsoft Visual C/C++ on Windows (MSVC) with its lack of support for POSIX and C99 features and library functions. The usual workaround is to use the preprocessor for contraptions like this:
#include <stdarg.h> /* MSVC: Lacking 'va_copy' of C99. */
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define va_copy(a,b) ((a)=(b)) /* Workaround in MSVC. */
#endif
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <string.h>
#define strcasecmp _stricmp /* Does the job in MSVC. */
#else
#include <strings.h> /* MSVC: Not available (is POSIX). */
#endif
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES /* Make 'M_PI' visible in MSVC. */
#endif
#include <math.h> /* MSVC: Lacking C99 extensions. */
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#define isnan _isnan /* Does the job in MSVC. */
#endif
{
/* ... */
va_copy(a, b); /* Maps to assignment hack in MSVC. */
strcasecmp(s, t); /* Maps to _stricmp() in MSVC. */
phi = M_PI; /* Available in MSVC because
* _USE_MATH_DEFINES was defined before
* inclusion of <math.h> */
if (isnan(phi)) { /* Maps to _isnan() in MSVC. */
/*...*/
}
}
Repeating this kind of ad hoc modifications is tedious, error prone and introduces gratitious forks of the original source code. A better solution would be to adapt the compilation process in a manner that
allows to use the original source code without modification, and
also avoids changes to the installed compiler, its headers and libraries.
Despite the fact that this work originated from grappling with MSVC, the following solution is not specific to this environment.
The first goal requires that the headers actually included are not the pristine headers of the installed compiler. By the second goal, the workaround hacks are not to be inserted in those installed headers either, but we must direct the preprocessor to find the “adapted” header files elsewhere — before it finds the compiler’s own headers1.
Let’s say we put our modified headers in a special directory
named2 posc
, containing all the modifications, emulations
and adaptations we need:
posc/stdio.h
posc/strings.h
We then put this directory in front of the include search path (Windows command shell notation):
set INCLUDE=.\posc;%INCLUDE%
Now the modified headers will be found during a compilation, as a kind of “facade” in front of the real system headers. We want these faux “facade” headers not to be complete extended copies of the real ones, but only to contain the needed adaptations; they thus need in turn to include the real standard headers.
However, we can not reference the real headers of the compiler from our “facade” headers in the usual way:
#include <stdio.h>
This would again find the adapted “faux” header, leading to an infinite recursion and in the case of MSVC to the
fatal error C1014: too many include files : depth = 1024
A remedy is to specify the standard headers with their full
pathname. For MSVC, we can use the VCINSTALLDIR
environment
variable and make the path to the compiler’s standard headers
available as a preprocessor macro:
C:\posc> REM Generate macro definition header:
C:\posc> ECHO "#define POSC_STDDIR %VCINSTALLDIR%\include\" >posc_hdrdir.h
C:\posc> MORE posc_hdrdir.h
#define POSC_STDDIR C:\Program Files\MSVC2003\include\
But this fails if all standard headers are not in one and the
same directory, or they are to be found in the “Platform SDK”
etc. A solution that is both more convenient and also more
flexible and robust is to employ the preprocessor itself to
find the locations of all the needed standard headers and use
this to compile a list of macro definitions pointing to them.
A simple tool written in Standard C (see “Usage” below) can do
this. This gives us a generated header file like the following
posc/posc_hdrdir.h
:
#define POSC_STDDIR C:\Program Files\MSVC2003\VC7\INCLUDE
#define POSC_ASSERT_HDR "C:\Program Files\MSVC2003\VC7\INCLUDE\assert.h"
#define POSC_CTYPE_HDR "C:\Program Files\MSVC2003\VC7\INCLUDE\ctype.h"
/* ... more definitions ... */
#define POSC_TIME_HDR "C:\Program Files\MSVC2003\VC7\INCLUDE\time.h"
Together with a fixed main include file posc/posc.h
with the
following content3 …
#ifndef POSC_H_INCLUDED
#define POSC_H_INCLUDED
#include "posc_hdrdir.h"
#define POSC_XSTR(s) #s
#define POSC_STR(s) POSC_XSTR(s)
#ifdef _WIN32
# define POSC_XCONC(s1, s2) POSC_STR(s1 ## \\ ## s2)
#else
# define POSC_XCONC(s1, s2) POSC_STR(s1 ## / ## s2)
#endif
#define POSC_CONC(s1,s2) POSC_XCONC(s1,s2)
#define POSC_HEADER(h) POSC_CONC(POSC_STDDIR, h)
/* ... */
#endif /* POSC_H_INCLUDED */
… we are ready to compose our “faux” header files: they rely on the defined location macros4 to include the system’s header files and add whatever workarounds are needed.
As an example, we make the va_copy
workaround macro from
the introductory example available to any source program that
includes <stdarg.h>
— by creating our own posc/stdarg.h
containing this:
#ifndef POSC_STDARG_H_INCLUDED
#define POSC_STDARG_H_INCLUDED
#include "posc.h"
#include POSC_STDARG_HDR /* The compiler's real <stdarg.h>. */
#ifndef va_copy /* Safety net. */
# define va_copy(lhs, rhs) ((lhs) = (rhs))
#endif
#endif /* POSC_STDARG_H_INCLUDED */
The POSIX-defined string utilities are equally simple to provide
in a selfmade posc/strings.h
header5:
#ifndef POSC_STRINGS_H_INCLUDED
#define POSC_STRINGS_H_INCLUDED
#include "posc.h"
#ifdef _MSC_VER
/*
* Include prototypes for _stricmp and _strnicmp, or we could
* write out the prototypes here.
*/
# include POSC_STRING_HDR /* The compiler's real <string.h>. */
# define strcasecmp _stricmp
# define strncasecmp _strnicmp
#endif
#endif /* POSC_STRINGS_H_INCLUDED */
Further candidates for this technique (with respect to MSVC) comprise:
M_PI
etc._USE_MATH_DEFINES
is defined.isnan()
etc._isnan()
etc.round()
etc.vsnprintf()
etc._vsnprintf()
and
_vscprintf()
functions.getopt()
etc.Though POSC is really rather a technique than a library, a distribution package is available containing:
findhdrdir.c
to find the locations of the 18
Standard6 C headers and then generate the posc_hdrdir.h
file accordingly.posc.h
main header file.stdbool.h
etc.snprintf()
and vsnprintf()
for MSVC.getopt()
function.nmake
Makefile to bring all this to work.Setting up for use is simple:
Unpack the archive into a directory eg. named posc
.
Open a command shell with the environment set up for the compiler.
In the directory posc
, run nmake
. (This generates
posc_hdrdir.h
and the library posc.lib
.)
To actually compile you source code with POSC,
posc
directory to the preprocessor include
path andposc
directory to the library search path.For example, using the command line compiler cl
, this can
be specified as:
cl /I.\posc source.c /link /LIBPATH:.\posc
The POSC headers add posc.lib
as a default library if needed7
so you don’t need to indicate the library explicitly.
Here are some hopefully useful links that came up when preparing this text:
MSVC-specific
snprintf()
and
MSVC.<stdint.h>
and
MSVC.<math.h>
and
MSVC.<inttypes.h>
and
MSVC.<stdint.h>
for MSVC at Google Code.General
getopt()
function.poshlib
.snprintf()
by Holger
Weiß.Strictly speaking, we enter the realm of undefined behaviour here …↩
The name “POSC” was chosen because this string (1) seems to be not used by another library; (2) can be construed as an acronym of “Porting of Standard C Code”, or “Porting Open Source C Code” or “Porting Scaffold” or …; (3) could suggest a vicinity to the Portable Open Source Harness poshlib
.↩
You are not expected to understand this macro tinkering ;-)↩
The ability to use macros in #include
directives is a seldom-used feature in C — and on this occasion a very useful one!↩
As strings.h
is an addition to the existing headers, our technique is not really needed in this case — but the header certainly belongs into this same toolkit.↩
By “Standard C” we mean C90 here (ISO 9899-1990).↩
Using the MSVC #pragma comment( lib, "posc.lib" )
.↩


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Invoice #: 123
Created: January 1, 2015
Due: February 1, 2015
Sparksuite, Inc.
12345 Sunny Road
Sunnyville, CA 12345
Acme Corp.
Tandy Tan
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Payment Method
Credit Card #
Credit Card
5XXXXXXXXXXXXXX3
Item
Unit Cost
Quantity
Price
$
$300.00
$
$75.00
$
$10.00
Add row
Sub-total:
$385.00
Tax:
5
%
Total:
$404.25.00


§501-32 Reference to examiner; report; election to proceed. Immediately after the filing of an application the court shall enter an order referring it to one of the examiners of title, who shall search the records and investigate all facts stated in the application, or otherwise brought to the examiner's notice, and file in the case a report thereon, concluding with a certificate of the examiner's opinion upon the title. The registrar shall give notice to the applicant of the filing of the report. If the opinion of the examiner is adverse to the applicant the applicant shall be allowed by the court a reasonable time in which to elect to proceed further or to withdraw the applicant's application. The election shall be made in writing and filed with the registrar. [L 1903, c 56, §30; RL 1925, §3219; RL 1935, §5023; RL 1945, §12623; RL 1955, §342-24; HRS §501-32; gen ch 1985]
Rules of Court
Examiners, see RLC rule 10.
Case Notes
Cited: 32 H. 813, 816.


This is the paragraph about stuff I am interested in. My favorite website is Google. It is the best website in the world wide web. Blah blah blah.


##
What’s up fellow Steemians! You might have heard of Neuschwanstein Castle, which inspired Sleeping Beauty’s castle in Disneyland? So follow me today to visit this famous palace nestled in the idyllic Bavarian Alps! :)
大家好呀~ 你们听过德国的网红新天鹅堡吧？没错，就是迪士尼乐园里睡美人城堡的原型！据说也启发了1950年建成的灰姑娘城堡。今天就请跟我到巴伐利亚州，一路上山来看看这个梦幻城堡和它周围让人惊艳的自然环境。
##
As you can see from the map of my phone, the castle is located on a hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in the southwest of Germany. Most visitors start the trip from Hohenschwangau where the ticket center is located.
##
The route map I found on a road sign:
##
Some easy walking at the beginning:
##
En route I got this view of the castle - Hohenschwangau perched on a little hill, and the brilliant sunset. This older castle was where King Ludwig II spent his childhood, and it had been overshadowed by the shing new castle ever since its completion.
##
Actually Neuschwanstein Castle was originally called New Hohenschwangau Castle, and it’s given a new name after Ludwig II’s death. Literally meaning “New Swan Stone Castle”, it is a reference to the influential and controversial composer Richard Wagner’s character, the Swan Night.
King Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned the castle as a retreat on a rugged cliff in 1868, 2 years after he lost his powers as a result of the Austro-Prussian War. However, he never saw the final Neuschwanstein castle. The last towers were only finished 6 years after his sudden death in 1886.
After this charming Romanesque Revival palace was opened to the public, it quickly became one of the most visited castles in the world. Its white limestone façade and blue turrets are said to be real-life inspiration for the Disney Cinderella castle as well.
##
Pictures and commentaries on my way - the castle seen from the west and the northwest:
##
Getting closer:
##
Looking up at the Neuschwanstein Castle:
##
The tunnel inside:
##
Below is the view I captured from the very high Marienbrücke” (Mary’s bridge), situated above Pöllat gorge. What impressed me the most was not the Neuschwanstein Castle itself, but rather how it blended into the stunning natural settings around.
I visited it in September when the surrounding foliage just started to turn yellow, while green was still the dominant color. Judging from the photos I saw taken in other seasons, this place is amazingly beautiful all year round. I’d love to visit it in future in other times of the year and to do more hikings in the forests nearby.
##
After crossing the bridge, I found a narrow trail leading high up. Thinking that it would be a great vantage point for photos, I decided to hike along:
##
The trail was almost blocked at the end, and I had to climb with my hands at the last part. But it’s a lot of fun to explore, and it’s rewarding to see the panoramic view in the golden hour. :)
##
View from that hilltop:
The head image in this post was taken from the same vantage point, and it’s my entry to @qurator’s Photo Friday competition.
So that’s it for today. Have you visited this world-renowned palace? How’s your experience? Tell me in the comments please! :)
图文 by Donica多
Photos shot with iPhone 7
Thank you for visiting! Please tell me what you think. Exchange makes change! =)
If you like my content, please support me by commenting / following / upvoting / resteeming.
感谢来访！你的关注/点赞/留言/转发就是对我最好的支持~ 下次见！:)
##
Here are some of my travel shots. Check out my posts on Steemit World Map, and follow me for more adventures around the globe! :)
下面是我的一些旅途摄影。欢迎查看我的Steemit世界地图，跟我一起环游世界~！
!steemitworldmap 47.557455 lat 10.749940 long d3scr
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘#216 Follow Me to Neuschwanstein Castle 🏰 🇩🇪 | 梦幻新天鹅堡’


Santa Maria is often called "The Island of the Sun" as it tends to be warm and dry and has many fine sand beaches. The Island's traditional houses have white chimneys and blue bars which are a heritage of the first settlers here from Southern Portugal. The landscape is either dry and limestoned or luxuriant with vineyards. It is the oldest Azorean Island as well as the only one resting on the African geological plate. Famous for its handicrafts and pastry!
Position 35° 56'45"N, 25° 08'54"W (marina)
Check-in & check-out procedures can be completed in the marina office.
Last updated September 2015.
If the ferry is manoeuvring in the harbour, it is advisable to wait outside.
The marina here is very quiet and well sheltered.
Last updated December 2015.


Set your target currency value and hit Alert Me. You can set as many alert as you want.
Email will be sent Once your target value has reached. Only alert email. No spam or no marketing emails.
 But choose the highest currency rate provider.


This page builds edX course templates. Put in your selections, click the "Create downloadable file" button, and you'll be able to download a tar file suitable for uploading to edX. Remember that uploading this file will overwrite anything that currently exists in your course, so use this early in your process.
To run this with a blank course instead of preexisting boilerplate, leave the Boilerplate source file line blank.
Created by Colin Fredericks for HarvardX, March 2019. Source code available on GitHub.


Gecode::LinIntExpr Class Reference
Linear expressions over integer variables. More...
#include <minimodel.hh>
Classes | |
| class | Node |
| Nodes for linear expressions. More... | |
Public Types | |
| enum | NodeType { NT_CONST, NT_VAR_INT, NT_VAR_BOOL, NT_NONLIN, NT_SUM_INT, NT_SUM_BOOL, NT_ADD, NT_SUB, NT_MUL } |
Type of linear expression. More... | |
Public Member Functions | |
| LinIntExpr (void) | |
| Default constructor. | |
| LinIntExpr (int c) | |
| Create expression for constant c. | |
| LinIntExpr (const IntVar &x, int a=1) | |
| Create expression. | |
| LinIntExpr (const BoolVar &x, int a=1) | |
| Create expression. | |
| LinIntExpr (const IntVarArgs &x) | |
| Create sum expression. | |
| LinIntExpr (const IntArgs &a, const IntVarArgs &x) | |
| Create sum expression. | |
| LinIntExpr (const BoolVarArgs &x) | |
| Create sum expression. | |
| LinIntExpr (const IntArgs &a, const BoolVarArgs &x) | |
| Create sum expression. | |
| LinIntExpr (const LinIntExpr &e) | |
| Copy constructor. | |
| LinIntExpr (const LinIntExpr &e0, NodeType t, const LinIntExpr &e1) | |
| Create expression for type and subexpressions. | |
| LinIntExpr (const LinIntExpr &e0, NodeType t, int c) | |
| Create expression for type and subexpression. | |
| LinIntExpr (int a, const LinIntExpr &e) | |
| Create expression for multiplication. | |
| LinIntExpr (NonLinIntExpr *e) | |
| Create non-linear expression. | |
| const LinIntExpr & | operator= (const LinIntExpr &e) |
| Assignment operator. | |
| void | post (Home home, IntRelType irt, IntPropLevel ipl) const |
| Post propagator. | |
| void | post (Home home, IntRelType irt, const BoolVar &b, IntPropLevel ipl) const |
| Post reified propagator. | |
| IntVar | post (Home home, IntPropLevel ipl) const |
| Post propagator and return variable for value. | |
| NonLinIntExpr * | nle (void) const |
| Return non-linear expression inside, or NULL if not non-linear. | |
| ~LinIntExpr (void) | |
| Destructor. |
Detailed Description
Linear expressions over integer variables.
Definition at line 142 of file minimodel.hh.
Member Enumeration Documentation
Type of linear expression.
- Enumerator:
Definition at line 152 of file minimodel.hh.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | void | ) |
Default constructor.
Definition at line 353 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | int | c | ) |
Create expression for constant c.
Definition at line 361 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const IntVar & | x, | |
| int | a = 1 | |||
| ) |
Create expression.
Definition at line 371 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const BoolVar & | x, | |
| int | a = 1 | |||
| ) |
Create expression.
Definition at line 381 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const IntVarArgs & | x | ) | [explicit] |
Create sum expression.
Definition at line 391 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const IntArgs & | a, | |
| const IntVarArgs & | x | |||
| ) |
Create sum expression.
Definition at line 406 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const BoolVarArgs & | x | ) | [explicit] |
Create sum expression.
Definition at line 423 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const IntArgs & | a, | |
| const BoolVarArgs & | x | |||
| ) |
Create sum expression.
Definition at line 438 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const LinIntExpr & | e | ) |
Copy constructor.
Definition at line 144 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const LinIntExpr & | e0, | |
| NodeType | t, | |||
| const LinIntExpr & | e1 | |||
| ) |
Create expression for type and subexpressions.
Definition at line 455 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | const LinIntExpr & | e0, | |
| NodeType | t, | |||
| int | c | |||
| ) |
Create expression for type and subexpression.
Definition at line 464 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | int | a, | |
| const LinIntExpr & | e | |||
| ) |
Create expression for multiplication.
Definition at line 474 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::LinIntExpr | ( | NonLinIntExpr * | e | ) | [explicit] |
Create non-linear expression.
Definition at line 484 of file int-expr.cpp.
| Gecode::LinIntExpr::~LinIntExpr | ( | void | ) |
Destructor.
Definition at line 504 of file int-expr.cpp.
Member Function Documentation
| const LinIntExpr & Gecode::LinIntExpr::operator= | ( | const LinIntExpr & | e | ) |
Assignment operator.
Definition at line 495 of file int-expr.cpp.
| void Gecode::LinIntExpr::post | ( | Home | home, | |
| IntRelType | irt, | |||
| IntPropLevel | ipl | |||
| ) | const |
Post propagator.
Definition at line 160 of file int-expr.cpp.
| void Gecode::LinIntExpr::post | ( | Home | home, | |
| IntRelType | irt, | |||
| const BoolVar & | b, | |||
| IntPropLevel | ipl | |||
| ) | const |
Post reified propagator.
Definition at line 227 of file int-expr.cpp.
| IntVar Gecode::LinIntExpr::post | ( | Home | home, | |
| IntPropLevel | ipl | |||
| ) | const |
Post propagator and return variable for value.
Definition at line 285 of file int-expr.cpp.
| NonLinIntExpr * Gecode::LinIntExpr::nle | ( | void | ) | const |
Return non-linear expression inside, or NULL if not non-linear.
Definition at line 349 of file int-expr.cpp.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- gecode/minimodel.hh (Revision: 15172)
- gecode/minimodel/int-expr.cpp (Revision: 15141)


Skins Wire: Python Image Library

Lately I have been having fun with the PIL (Python Image Library). I have been developing a script that opens a bunch of random images from a folder, then edits them (merging mostly), and saves them to a new folders. It is currently in two notebooks - the first (skins) opens up the files and saves them to an output folder. The second (wirePIL) opens up those images in the output folder, edits them again, and saves them.
I also have got text added to the images - I'm using 'A Film By William Mckee' for now, this could be changed to anything else (great for opening titles/credits).
Here's an example of what I've done with some screen caps from Cassies episode in Skins Season 6:

The code can be found on github: skins and wirePIL


THE SKULLS (2000) / * 1/2
Directed by Rob Cohen. Screenplay by John Pogue. Starring Joshua Jackson, Paul Walker, Craig T Nelson. Running time: 106 minutes. Rated AA (MFCB). Reviewed on April 2nd, 2000.
By SHANNON PATRICK SULLIVAN
I'd be hard-pressed to name a movie more average than "The Skulls".=20 Scripting, acting, direction -- none of them are bad, exactly, but none=20 of them manage to impress much, either. This is the sort of movie where, if you're paying any sort of attention, you can easily predict the plot twists (to use the term loosely) before the first five minutes are up... and probably come up with better ones, too. "The Skulls" is utterly lacking in spark or invention, barely enjoyable as a mindless popcorn movie.
"The Skulls" is inspired by Skull and Bones, a real Yale "secret" society. This movie, too, takes place at Yale, though in one of several bizarre decisions by screenwriter John Pogue, the university is never named -- despite the abundance of the letter 'Y', the name of the school sports team, and other signs which should make the setting obvious. Luke McNamara (Joshua Jackson) is a "townie" who has built himself up from meagre roots. Now he's a scholarship student and the star of the school rowing team, and has attracted the attention of the Skulls.
Inducted into the secret society, Luke is paired with Caleb Mandrake=20 (Paul Walker); the two become "soulmates", intended to watch each other's= =20 back. Caleb's father, Supreme Court hopeful Judge Litten Mandrake (Craig T Nelson) is the chairman of the Skulls, but their relationship is strained over Caleb's indecision about his future. At first, life as a Skull seems grand: Luke is given money, a car, women. But his newfound status -- and the all-pervasive secrecy of the Skulls -- begins to cause tension between him and his best friends Will (Hill Harper) and Chloe (Leslie Bibb).
To make matters worse, Will is covertly working on an expose of the=20 Skulls. This leads to a confrontation with Caleb and Will's death, which the Skulls make to look like a suicide. Luke decides to betray his benefactors and tell the police what he knows, but soon discovers that the Skulls' power truly is as far-reaching as they claim.
Despite starting from a promising premise, the script for "The Skulls"=20 leaves much to be desired. Having come up with the basis for the movie, it appears Pogue was content to write the rest of it with his brain stuck in neutral. Usually, a conspiracy film at least hands its audience a few unexpected twists to keep the suspense high, but even that is lacking here. There is a feeling of inevitability surrounding the proceedings, an unfortunate sense that we've seen all this before -- and often done=20 better.
But the movie's biggest problem is its conception of the Skulls itself. Although they are obviously supposed to appear powerful and fearsome (right from the start, we're told three Presidents have been Skulls and the CIA owes its origins to them), the members instead come across as a bunch of squabbling, scheming incompetents. I find it difficult to believe that a society could remain so secret and so successful for two centuries with its membership stabbing one another in the back at every opportunity.
But wait, there's another problem: just how "secret" are the Skulls anyhow? Everyone on campus has heard of them, which isn't surprising given that they advertise with a bloody great symbol on the roof of their building. The night they induct new recruits is common knowledge, and each member has a skull branded into his arm for all to see. (The movie dubiously has the recruits don wristwatches afterward, as if this will cover up the brand forevermore.) Their videotape records are cleverly hidden in a secret room behind a bookcase in the campus library, accessed by moving a certain book. This would be a foolproof scheme, I guess, if it hadn't also appeared in about two hundred episodes of "Scooby Doo". Even the Skulls' attempt to cover up Will's death are hamfisted. He has smacked his head off the floor, so they make it look as if he hanged himself; wouldn't it be a lot more convincing to just throw him off a building?
One good thing about "The Skulls" is that, in addition to main star Jackson, a very good, action-oriented role is provided for Bibb as well.=20 To feature a woman who isn't entirely helpless is a rarity enough for the genre; to feature one whose deeds are so pivotal to the outcome is unusual indeed. Although wooden in places, Bibb does a capable job in a=20 commendable role, and it is only unfortunate that her contribution does not extend to the movie's lackluster climax.
Jackson, although not a prototypical action hero in appearance, isn't bad here either. He does a good job of portraying Luke as a man torn between two worlds: not just between the Skulls and his friends, but between his "misspent youth" and current Ivy League life as well. Sadly, his and Bibb's chemistry leaves something to be desired; a sex scene, for example, feels token and unnatural.
The rest of the cast is less impressive. Walker is given a lot of potential as Caleb, but doesn't really run with it, turning in a performance that is passable at best. Harper is vapid, albeit in a transparently scripted, purely functional role. William Petersen, as Senator Ames Levritt (who may or may not be Luke's only ally in the Skulls) appears to be doing his best Bill Clinton impersonation throughout. And Craig T Nelson is hard to take seriously in a dull and cliched part, especially given that he seems to have borrowed Patrick Stewart's mustache from "Masterminds".
Given that it boasts an intriguing premise and a couple of good young castmembers, "The Skulls" could have been much better. As it is, this is a mostly forgettable exercise in the paucity of the creative process. The teenage market, at which this film is obviously aimed, has endured movies much worse than this one. But it deserves better than "The Skulls", too.
Copyright =A9 2000 Shannon Patrick Sullivan. Archived at http://www.physics.mun.ca/~sps/movies/TheSkulls.html
_______________________________________________________________________ / Shannon Patrick Sullivan | "We are all in the gutter, but some of us \ | | are looking at the stars." | \<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| -- Oscar Wilde /
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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