bPeaks is a simple approach to perform peak calling from ChIPseq data. Our general philosophy is to provide an easy-to-use tool, well-adapted for small eukaryotic genomes ( lower 20 Mb). bPeaks uses a combination of 4 cutoffs (T1, T2, T3 and T4)
to mimic "good peak" properties as described by biologists who visually inspect the ChIP-seq data on a genome browser. For yeast genomes, bPeaks calculates the proportion of peaks that fall in promoter sequences. These peaks are good candidates
as protein binding sites. Help is available throughout the analysis represented by blue question marks. Data is available on github (Data folder) to test the application. The launch of an analysis takes place in 5 steps in bPeaks analyzer :
A dataframe with sequencing results of the IP sample. This dataframe has three columns (chromosome, position, number of sequences) and should have been created with the dataReading function
- Control sample
A dataframe with sequencing results of the control sample. This dataframe has three columns (chromosome, position, number of sequences) and should have been created with the dataReading function
A simplified import system has been set up as well as a previewer to check the correct settings for reading imported files.
Step 2 : Import annotation data
To enrich the exploration in bPeaks explorer, two types of annotations can be imported:
- CDS positions
Not mandatory. A table (matrix) with positions of CDS (genes). Four columns are required (chromosome, starting position, ending position, strand (W or C), description). CDS positions for several yeast species are stored in bPeaks package (see
the dataset yeastCDS and also peakLocation function)
- Genome sequence
Not mandatory. To get the peaks sequences. Format : .fasta. This file must be the same as the one used when aligning the reads in the reference genome.
Step 3 : bPeaks parameters
Many parameters can be changed before starting an analysis. In this stage, the most important ones are present.
- Windows size
Size of the sliding windows to scan chromosomes
- Windows overlap
Size of the overlap between two successive windows
- IP coeff
Threshold T1. Value for the multiplicative parameter that will be combined with the value of the mean genome-wide read depth (see baseLineCalc). As an illustration, if the IPcoeff = 6, it means that to be selected, the IP signal should be GREATER
than 6 * (the mean genome-wide read depth). Note that a vector with different values can be specified, the bPeaks analysis will be therefore repeated using successively each value for peak detection. For a list of values, separate them by
; (i.e : 2;3 ).
- Control coeff
Threshold T2. Value for the multiplicative parameter that will be combined with the value of the mean genome-wide read depth (see baseLineCalc). As an illustration, if the controlCoeff = 2, it means that to be selected, the control signal should
be LOWER than 2 * (the mean genome-wide read depth). Note that a vector with different values can be specified, the bPeaks analysis will be therefore repeated using successively each value for peak detection. For a list of values, separate
them by ; (i.e : 2;3 ).
- Log2FC
Threshold T3. Threshold to consider log2(IP/control) values as sufficiently important to be interesting. Note that a vector with different values can be specified, the bPeaks analysis will be therefore repeated using successively each value
for peak detection. For a list of values, separate them by ; (i.e : 2;3 ).
- Average quantiles
Threshold T4. Threshold to consider (log2(IP) + log2(control)) / 2 as sufficiently important to be interesting. This parameter ensures that the analyzed genomic region has enough sequencing coverage to be reliable. These threshold should be
between [0, 1] and refers to the quantile value of the global distribution observed with the analyzed chromosome. For a list of values, separate them by ; (i.e : 2;3 ).
Step 4 : Advanced parameters
Additional parameters are also available to manage the results more finely:
- Result name
Name for output files created during bPeaks procedure
- Peak drawing
TRUE or FLASE. If TRUE, the function peakDrawing is called and PDF files with graphical representations of detected peaks are created.
- Prom Size
Size of the genomic regions to be considered as "upstream" to the annotated genomic features (see documentation of the function peakLocation for more information).
- Without overlap
If TRUE, this option allows to filter peak that are located in a promoter AND a CDS.
- Smoothing value
The number (n/2) of surrounding positions to use for mean calculation in the dataSmoothing function
Step 5 : Output parameters
Last parameters used by bPeaks analyzer to organize results :
- Folder name
Folder name where results will be saved
- Graphical outputs
TRUE or FLASE. If TRUE, PBC, Lorenz curve and read repartition will be ploted.
- Graphical extention
Graphical extention of quality controls
Launching the analysis
Once all parameters have been saved, the analysis can be started. When the RUN button reappears, bPeaks application is ready for a new analysis. Once the analysis is complete, a summary of the results can be read in the table at the bottom of
the page. If the results suit you, you just have to download the result (be careful: the data are deleted between each analysis!) and use bPeaks exmplorer to explore the results.


--- layout: article article: true permalink: /blog/article/neural-network title: "Neural network" cover: "neural-network.jpg" description: "neural network?" time_reading_minutes: "30" categories: ["Machine Learning"] ---


Form
Forms to request changes to your AGE allocation for the 2016 to 2017 and the 2017 to 2018 financial year or to request a new allocation.
XLSM , 109KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
XLSM , 107KB
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
The apprenticeship frameworks funding and AGE performance-management rules describes the process to request an increase to your Apprenticeship Grant for Employers (AGE) allocation for the 2017 to 2018 financial year (for starts 1 January to 30 April 2017).
You must request an increase if you are likely to exceed your allocation. You can also use the form to request a new allocation for the 2017 to 2018 financial year if you have not previously been allocated one, but you must already have a contract with us for 16 to 18 apprenticeships or adult skills budget funding.The form will be available until 27 April 2017.
Version 3 of the apprenticeship frameworks funding and AGE performance-management rules gave a deadline date for requesting growth for the 2016 to 2017 financial year as 16 December 2016.
The opportunity to request growth has been extended to 27 April 2017.
Growth requests are subject to budget availability. If you have additional queries, please contact your Business Operations Provider Manager.
You can find more information about the Apprenticeship Grant for Employers on GOV.UK.
Published: 3 August 2016
Updated: 23 February 2017


Those LFD resources contain animations played in the cutscenes, the missions objective screens that appear in the PDA, and the game menus.
ANIMs are quite logically a collection of DELTs.
Note: the .anm extension is a convention adopted by add-on developers when writing conversion programs, there are no real ANM files in DARK FORCES.
Their format is quite simple:
ANIM_Header IS
| { | ||
| NbDELT | int | // number of embedded DELTs |
| } |
Then follows each DELT, encoded as :
ANIM_DELTData IS
| { | ||
| DELTSize | long | // the size of the embedded DELT |
| aDELT | bytes[n] | // a complete DELT resource |
| } |


Although it may load faster if the website is stored locally, updates will require you to replace Simple.css. To help with this issue, we are hosting Simple.css on this website. All that you have to do is follow the instructions on the head article and instead of adding src="Simple.css", you will add src="https://www.ariel100araya.github.io/Simple.css/Simple.css" (Note: The link is case sensitive)


Robots in hospitals can be quite handy to navigate around the hospital
Lumbersexual meh sustainable Thundercats meditation kogi. Tilde Pitchfork vegan, gentrify minim elit semiotics non messenger bag Austin which roasted ...
Lumbersexual meh sustainable Thundercats meditation kogi. Tilde Pitchfork vegan, gentrify minim elit semiotics non messenger bag Austin which roasted ...
Lumbersexual meh sustainable Thundercats meditation kogi. Tilde Pitchfork vegan, gentrify minim elit semiotics non messenger bag Austin which roasted ...
Lumbersexual meh sustainable Thundercats meditation kogi. Tilde Pitchfork vegan, gentrify minim elit semiotics non messenger bag Austin which roasted ...
Lumbersexual meh sustainable Thundercats meditation kogi. Tilde Pitchfork vegan, gentrify minim elit semiotics non messenger bag Austin which roasted ...
Lumbersexual meh sustainable Thundercats meditation kogi. Tilde Pitchfork vegan, gentrify minim elit semiotics non messenger bag Austin which roasted ...


Created on 29/05/2012
@author: victor
Bases: object
K-Means like algorithm with medoids (so that the cluster prototype is always a member of the dataset). It has 3 different initial seeding implementations.
Assigns each element to a cluster (updating its class), depending on which medoid is closer.
@param medoids: The medoid list. @param condensed_matrix: The dataset’s distance matrix.
Checks if the medoid list has changed. If not, then the algorithm has converged.
@param current: The current medoid list in this step. @param last: The medoid list of the previous step.
@return: True if the lists are equal, False otherwise.
@see seeding_types
@param k: The number of medoids we need. @param number_of_elements: Number of elements of the dataset.
@return: The medoid list.
It generates a map defining the relationship between cluster classes and medoids. For instance if k = 3 and our medoid list is [10, 23, 50], class 0 corresponds to medoid 10, so cluster_id_map[10] = class 0
@param medoids: The medoid list.
@return: A medoid to class dictionary.
Says which medoid is closer to an element.
@param element: The element of the dataset we want to test. @param condensed_matrix: The dataset’s distance matrix.
@return: The closer medoid to this element.
The first k medoids are selected running the gromos algorithm with an initial cutoff defined in ‘seeding_max_cutoff’ until it gets at least k clusters. If it can’t, it will use the random seeding strategy.
@param k: The number of medoids we need(and thus the number of clusters we want GROMOS to produce) @param seeding_max_cutoff: The initial seeding cutoff to use with the gromos algorithm.
@return: The medoid list.
Does the actual clustering. @param kwargs: Dictionary with this mandatory keys:
‘k’: Number of clusters to generate.
- ‘seeding_type’: One of the initial medoid selectors available (@see seeding_types() ).
If seeding type is ‘GROMOS’, ‘seeding_max_cutoff’ must be also defined, containing the cutoff that the GROMOS Algorithm will use.
Returns k random medoids.
@param k: The number of medoids we need.
@return: The medoid list.
Does the initial seeding using the stated seeding process.
@param k: The number of medoids we need. @param seeding_max_cutoff: The initial seeding cutoff to use with the GROMOS algorithm. @param seeding_type: The seeding process type (@see seeding_types() )
@return: The initial medoids.
Convenience function to build the details string.
@return: a string representation of the initial seeding type.
GROMOS: Uses GROMOS to get the initial medoids. Useful if clusters are well separated.
medoid. Useful if we suspect that sequence order and geometrical likeness are correlated (for instance with MD sequences).
RANDOM: Uses a random choice of elements from the dataset as initial medoids.
Created on 27/05/2013
@author: victor
Bases: object


| XMEGA Application Note | |||||
These settings are all controlled with the fuses.
The JTAG interface can also be disabled from software, which is done in these code examples.
Further, it is important to disable all unused peripherals/modules and define the state of all I/O pins (don't leave them floating).
Only VCC and GND are assumed to be connected in the generic code examples, so pull-up is enabled on all I/O pins.
Copyright (c) 2009 Atmel Corporation. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of Atmel may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
4. This software may only be redistributed and used in connection with an Atmel AVR product.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL ATMEL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE
| Generated on Mon Nov 9 13:44:26 2009 for XMEGA power consumption evaluation code by 1.5.9 |


{% extends 'styleguide/example.html' %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %} {% block demo %} {% crispy checkboxes_form %} {% endblock demo %} {% block code %}
Located in corehq.apps.styleguide.example_forms
from django import forms from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy, gettext as _ from crispy_forms import layout as crispy from crispy_forms import bootstrap as twbscrispy from corehq.apps.hqwebapp import crispy as hqcrispy class CheckboxesForm(forms.Form): send_email = forms.BooleanField( label=gettext_lazy("This checkbox is badly aligned"), required=False, ) recipient = forms.CharField( label=gettext_lazy("Email recipient"), ) send_to_self = forms.BooleanField( label=gettext_lazy("Also send to myself"), required=False, ) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(CheckboxesForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.helper = hqcrispy.HQFormHelper() self.helper.form_method = 'POST' self.helper.form_action = '#' self.helper.layout = crispy.Layout( crispy.Fieldset( _("Basic Information"), hqcrispy.B3MultiField( _("Send email when complete"), "send_email", ), crispy.Field('recipient'), crispy.Field('send_to_self'), ), hqcrispy.FormActions( twbscrispy.StrictButton( _("Save"), type="submit", css_class="btn btn-primary", ), hqcrispy.LinkButton( _("Cancel"), '#', css_class="btn btn-default", ), ), ){% endblock code %}


Numbers 23:5
And the LORD put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak.


Barca Stars To Be Paid Lifetime Salaries Thanks To Messi?
by Kurt BuckerfieldIt has seemingly been revealed that, because of Lionel Messi's important goal against Manchester United in the 2008/09 UEFA Champions League final, all of the club's past and present winners of European titles are being paid a lifetime salary.
CR7 In Trouble? Sarri On Claims Superstar Left Stadium Early
United were beaten 2-0 by the Catalan giants in Rome a decade ago, courtesy of goals from striker Samuel Eto'o and superstar Messi.
According to GiveMeSport, it was due to that game that then-president Joan Laporta set up a scheme that would see all of Barca's former and present players paid lifetime salaries, with more than 290 players believed to be on the payroll.
One of them is Juan Carlos Heredia, who spent five years with the Blaugrana between 1974 and 1979 and won the 1979 Cup Winners' Cup with the club, and he has since opened up about the agreement, one that he credits Messi for.
Earn Airtime & Data With Soccer Laduma's Social Media App - Download Now
"When Barcelona won the Champions League final in Rome against Manchester United with a goal from Messi, the club president declared that all those who were European champions with Barcelona were going to receive a salary for life," he told The Tactical Room.
"And he fulfilled it."
11 Stars Who Snubbed Barca For Real Madrid
The Catalans have won 17 European titles in their history, consisting of five Champions Leagues, four UEFA Cup Winners' Cups, five UEFA Super Cups and three Inter-Cities Fairs Cups.


public interface HttpMessageContext
HttpMessageContext
contains all of the per-request state information and encapsulates the client request,
server response, container handler for authentication callbacks, and the subject representing the caller.| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
cleanClientSubject()
Convenience method to clean the subject associated with this context.
|
AuthenticationStatus |
doNothing()
Instructs the container to "do nothing".
|
AuthenticationStatus |
forward(java.lang.String path)
Forwards to another resource (Jakarta Servlet, Jakarta Server Pages file, or HTML file) on the server.
|
AuthenticationParameters |
getAuthParameters()
Returns the parameters that were provided with the SecurityContext#authenticate(AuthParameters) call.
|
java.security.Principal |
getCallerPrincipal()
Gets the Principal set by a call to notifyContainerAboutLogin().
|
javax.security.auth.Subject |
getClientSubject()
Returns the subject for which authentication is to take place.
|
java.util.Set<java.lang.String> |
getGroups()
Gets the groups set by a call to notifyContainerAboutLogin().
|
javax.security.auth.callback.CallbackHandler |
getHandler()
Returns the low level Jakarta Authentication handler that the runtime provided when creating this
HttpMessageContext , and which this context uses to communicate the authentication details to the runtime. |
MessageInfo |
getMessageInfo()
Returns the the low level Jakarta Authentication message info instance for the current request.
|
HttpServletRequest |
getRequest()
Returns the request object associated with the current request.
|
HttpServletResponse |
getResponse()
Returns the response object associated with the current request.
|
boolean |
isAuthenticationRequest()
Checks if the current call to an authentication mechanism is the result from the
application calling
SecurityContext.authenticate(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, AuthenticationParameters) |
boolean |
isProtected()
Checks if the currently requested resource is protected or not.
|
boolean |
isRegisterSession()
Check if the runtime has been asked to register an authentication session duing the current request.
|
AuthenticationStatus |
notifyContainerAboutLogin(CredentialValidationResult result)
Convenience method intended to pass the
CredentialValidationResult result of an
identity store directly on to the container. |
AuthenticationStatus |
notifyContainerAboutLogin(java.security.Principal principal,
java.util.Set<java.lang.String> groups)
Asks the container to register the given caller principal and groups in order to make
them available to the application for use with
SecurityContext.isCallerInRole(String) etc. |
AuthenticationStatus |
notifyContainerAboutLogin(java.lang.String callername,
java.util.Set<java.lang.String> groups)
Asks the container to register the given caller name and groups in order to make
them available to the application for use with
SecurityContext.isCallerInRole(String) etc. |
AuthenticationStatus |
redirect(java.lang.String location)
Sets the response status to SC_FOUND 302 (Found)
|
AuthenticationStatus |
responseNotFound()
Sets the response status to 404 (not found).
|
AuthenticationStatus |
responseUnauthorized()
Sets the response status to 401 (unauthorized).
|
void |
setRegisterSession(java.lang.String callerName,
java.util.Set<java.lang.String> groups)
Asks the runtime to register an authentication session.
|
void |
setRequest(HttpServletRequest request)
Sets the request object.
|
void |
setResponse(HttpServletResponse response)
Set the response object.
|
HttpMessageContext |
withRequest(HttpServletRequest request)
Sets the request object.
|
boolean isProtected()
web.xml
.boolean isAuthenticationRequest()
SecurityContext.authenticate(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, AuthenticationParameters)
If SecurityContext#authenticate was not called, the authentication mechanism may have been invoked by the container at the start of a request.
boolean isRegisterSession()
void setRegisterSession(java.lang.String callerName, java.util.Set<java.lang.String> groups)
HttpAuthenticationMechanism
has to manually re-authenticate with the runtime at the start of each request.callerName
- the caller name for which authentication should be be rememberedgroups
- the groups for which authentication should be remembered.void cleanClientSubject()
Cleaning this subject is done as defined by the Servlet Container Profile of Jakarta Authentication
for the ServerAuthModule#cleanSubject method and the
HttpAuthenticationMechanism.cleanSubject(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, HttpMessageContext)
method defined by this specification.
AuthenticationParameters getAuthParameters()
javax.security.auth.callback.CallbackHandler getHandler()
HttpMessageContext
, and which this context uses to communicate the authentication details to the runtime.
Note: This is a low level object that most higher level code would not need to use directly.
MessageInfo getMessageInfo()
Note: This is a low level object that most higher level code would not need to use directly.
javax.security.auth.Subject getClientSubject()
Note: This is a low level object that most higher level code would not need to use directly.
HttpServletRequest getRequest()
void setRequest(HttpServletRequest request)
request
- the request object to be setHttpMessageContext withRequest(HttpServletRequest request)
request
- the request object to be set.HttpServletResponse getResponse()
void setResponse(HttpServletResponse response)
response
- the response object to be set.AuthenticationStatus redirect(java.lang.String location)
As a convenience this method returns SEND_CONTINUE, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
location
- the location to redirect toAuthenticationStatus.SEND_CONTINUE
HttpServletResponse.sendRedirect(String)
AuthenticationStatus forward(java.lang.String path)
As a convenience this method returns SEND_CONTINUE, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
path
- a String specifying the pathname to the resource.AuthenticationStatus.SEND_CONTINUE
RequestDispatcher.forward(jakarta.servlet.ServletRequest, jakarta.servlet.ServletResponse)
AuthenticationStatus responseUnauthorized()
As a convenience this method returns SEND_FAILURE, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
AuthenticationStatus.SEND_FAILURE
AuthenticationStatus responseNotFound()
As a convenience this method returns SEND_FAILURE, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
AuthenticationStatus.SEND_FAILURE
AuthenticationStatus notifyContainerAboutLogin(java.lang.String callername, java.util.Set<java.lang.String> groups)
SecurityContext.isCallerInRole(String)
etc.
Note that after this call returned, the authenticated identity will not be immediately active. This will only take place (should no errors occur) after the authentication mechanism in which this call takes place returns control back to the container (runtime).
As a convenience this method returns SUCCESS, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
callername
- the caller name that will become the caller principalgroups
- the groups associated with the caller principalAuthenticationStatus.SUCCESS
AuthenticationStatus notifyContainerAboutLogin(java.security.Principal principal, java.util.Set<java.lang.String> groups)
SecurityContext.isCallerInRole(String)
etc.
Note that this call may result in the container establishing two caller principals to represent the caller's identity -- the Principal provided here as the principal parameter, and a second principal used as the container's representation of the caller identity. A second principal is added only if the container uses a different Principal type to represent the caller. If the types are the same, only one Principal is added.
If a second principal is added, the value returned by Principal.getName()
will be the same for both principals.
When two principals are added, the container's caller principal is returned from
SecurityContext.getCallerPrincipal()
, and the principal supplied here
as a parameter can be retrieved using SecurityContext.getPrincipalsByType(Class)
.
When only one is added, it is returned by SecurityContext.getCallerPrincipal()
.
Note that after this call returned, the authenticated identity will not be immediately active. This will only take place (should no errors occur) after the authentication mechanism in which this call takes place returns control back to the container (runtime).
As a convenience this method returns SUCCESS, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
principal
- the Principal that will become the caller principalgroups
- the groups associated with the caller principalAuthenticationStatus.SUCCESS
AuthenticationStatus notifyContainerAboutLogin(CredentialValidationResult result)
CredentialValidationResult
result of an
identity store directly on to the container.
If the outcome from the given CredentialValidationResult.getStatus()
equals
CredentialValidationResult.Status.VALID
, the CallerPrincipal
and groups are obtained from the
CredentialValidationResult
and passed into
notifyContainerAboutLogin(Principal, Set)
.
If the outcome from the given CredentialValidationResult.getStatus()
is not
equal to CredentialValidationResult.Status.VALID
a failure result is returned.
result
- a CredentialValidationResult which is inspected for its status and from which the principal and groups
are taken.AuthenticationStatus.SUCCESS
if CredentialValidationResult.getStatus()
equals CredentialValidationResult.Status.VALID
otherwise AuthenticationStatus.SEND_FAILURE
AuthenticationStatus doNothing()
When intending to do nothing, a Jakarta Security authentication mechanism has to indicate this explicitly via its return value.
As a convenience this method returns NOT_DONE, so this method can be used in
one fluent return statement from an HttpAuthenticationMechanism
AuthenticationStatus.NOT_DONE
java.security.Principal getCallerPrincipal()
java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getGroups()


The Contender (2000) 1 star out of 4. Starring Joan Allen, Gary Oldman, Jeff Bridges, Christian Slater, Sam Elliott and William Petersen. Written and directed by Rod Lurie. Rated R.
It's bad enough that this year's political campaigns are more about style and sound bytes than substance.
Now we have "The Contender," a pretentious political pot-boiler that will do to political movies what "Roller Boogie" did to disco.
How lame is "The Contender?" Probably the Gore-Bush debates will ignite more sparks and offer more excitement than this tedious, overblown, filibuster of a feature.
Not only that, the movie lacks the courage of its convictions, proving a lame, cop-out ending.
And that is too bad because "The Contender" had potential to be an interesting examination about morals, the double standard and the nuts-and-bolts of political machinations.

In "The Contender," the vice president has died in office, and now President Jackson Evans (Jeff Bridges) must fill his position.
His nominee is a centrist woman senator, Laine Hanson (Joan Allen). The opposition is led by a conservative House elder, Rep. Sheldon Runyan from Illinois (Gary Oldman).
"The Contender" isn't a movie; it's a boring two-hour-plus civics lecture. The characters don't speak dialogue, they spout politically correct slogans guaranteed to warm the cockles of any liberal. It is a movie overbaked with platitudes and clichés about democracy, the rights of privacy and the majesty of government.
Writer-director Rod Lurie has created a ham-fisted, clunky diatribe that is about as entertaining as reading the "Congressional Record."  Lurie is as subtle as Roseanne singing `The Star Spangled Banner.'
He despises hypocrisy, male chauvinism and zealots - especially political ones - witch hunts, persecution and McCarthyism. Well, gee, with the exception perhaps of Jesse Helms, who among us doesn't?
In fairness, it should be noted that the actors give their all. Allen is lovely combination of steel and sex as the senator who will not yield on her principles even if it costs her the vice presidency as well as her reputation.
Oldman is not as spontaneous and overripe as he has been in features such as "Air Force One." Of course, he just can't say his lines. He fiddles with his hair, and fusses around as if he's primping for a Mr. Congressman beauty contest.
Bridges gives a sly performance as a president who acts like a good ‘ole boy, but in reality is a shrewd player.
Also featured is Christian Slater as a young congressman with a conscience - an endangered species.
No, in this political season the best thing to do is veto "The Contender." It definitely does not get my vote.
Bloom is the film critic at the Journal and Courier in Lafayette, IN. He can be reached by e-mail at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Reviews by Bob Bloom can be found on the Web at the Internet Movie Database: http://www.imdb.com/M/reviews_by?Bob+Bloom
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


SBCTF 2016 (Submissions Closed)
Sevens - 150
What is the sum of all (not just common) multiples of 2, 3, 5, and 7 from 1 to 1,000,000,000.
Submit
live_help
Adder - 200
What is the sum of all integers in this text file? There are 10,000 integers in the file, each separated by a newline character.
Submit
live_help
Dr. Cinco, M.D. - 250
Dr. C has forgotten his password again. Now, all he has left is this odd line of text. The only thing he can remember about his password is that it was in the following form: an american state, a president, and a number (0, 10000). It may have looked something like "NewMexicoLincoln123". What is his password?
Submit
live_help
Service - 50
One what date will this domain name expire?
Format: MMDDYYYY
Submit
live_help


We will look at code.
var x = 'foo'; var y = x + " bar"; var a = 3; var b = function () { return 4; } console.log(a < b);
Now for a fenced code block.
5.times do |something| puts "something" end


Overview
AsciiDoctor editor is an asciidoctor editor plugin for eclipse
Features
What has changed between releases, what's new ?
Please look into
Release history (GitHub)
Where can I find more information about this plugin?
You can look into the
Wiki (GitHub)


Output: assignment1-public-tests.gtp
|
| Date: | January 29, 2018 3:48:12 PM MST |
| Host: | ah (Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-5500U CPU @ 2.40GHz) |
| Command: |
python3 Go1.py |
name
= Go1
version
= 0.1
cputime
? Unknown command
boardsize 9
=
clear_board
=
komi 7.5
=
play W C9
=
play W D9
=
play W D8
=
play W D7
=
play W E8
=
play W F8
=
play W G7
=
play W E6
=
play W F6
=
play W F5
=
play W E4
=
play W F4
=
play W G4
=
play W F3
=
play W F1
=
play W G1
=
play W G2
=
play B B9
=
play B B8
=
play B C8
=
play B C7
=
play B D6
=
play B D5
=
play B D4
=
play B D3
=
play B E5
=
play B E3
=
play B E2
=
play B E1
=
play B F2
=
10 score
#?[W\+14.5]
= W+14.5
boardsize 7
=
clear_board
=
komi 0.5
=
play W A5
=
play W B5
=
play W C5
=
play W C4
=
play W C3
=
play W C2
=
play W C1
=
play W A2
=
play W D7
=
play W D6
=
play W E6
=
play W F6
=
play W G6
=
play W F7
=
play W G7
=
play B B7
=
play B A6
=
play B B6
=
play B C6
=
play B D5
=
play B E5
=
play B F5
=
play B G5
=
play B D4
=
play B D3
=
play B D2
=
play B E2
=
play B E1
=
play B F3
=
play B G2
=
20 score
#?[B\+0.5]
= B+0.5
cputime
? Unknown command
quit
=
Generated on 1/29/18 3:48 PM by gogui-regress 1.4.9 (http://gogui.sf.net)


Do you see a group of stars int he winter night sky shaped like the letter V? This is the face of Taurus, the Bull. The bull glares down from above with bright stars for eyes. Two stars shine from the sharp tips of the bulls horns.
A small cluster of stars sits on the bull’s shoulder. These are the Pleiades. To Iroquois, these stars were young boys who spent their days dancing. One day, the boys danced and danced, until they began to rise into the air. Higher and higher they flew. They rose far up into the heavens and became the star cluster we see today.


One, builds on a minimal design
A Demo Theme for a mkpage project
One is a minimal theme. It uses a single page template, a CSS file
and a single embeddible SVG file. It demonstrates basic usage of the
mkpage command in a Bash script (see mk-one.bash).
Site navigation is managed in a Markdown file named nav.md. That
file renders as a single level UL element. Other markdown files
provide the main body content for the three pages of the site
(index, about, contact).
If you are building a website that fits well into a single page
then this theme is a good starting point for experimentation.
The components
- page.tmpl is the template used to render all HTML pages
- css/site.css is the CSS used to define the sites design
- assets/logo.svg is an embeddible logo to demonostrate embedding SVG images in HTML
The following template variables (replaceable content) are used.
- page.tmpl example output index.html
- .Logo - path to the SVG that will be embedded in the HTML
- .CSS - text of path to the CSS file
- .SiteTitle - text of title
- .SiteSlogan - text of site slogan if available
- .SiteInfo - text site info
- .SiteCopyright - text of license info
- .Content - name of markdown file containing the content for the page
- .Nav - name of the markdown file containing site navigation
The content
This demo site includes three pages of content for demonstration purposes
- index.md - this page
- contacts.md - an example contacts page
- about.md - an example about page


Collocation
-
group
harp_collocation
The HARP Collocation module contains the functionality that deals with collocation two datasets of products. The two datasets are referred to as dataset A (primary) and dataset B (secondary). The result of a collocation is a list of pairs. Each pair references a measurement from dataset A (using the source product name and measurement index within that product) and a measurement from dataset B. Each collocation pair also gets a unique collocation_index sequence number. For each collocation criteria used in the matchup the actual difference is stored as part of the pair as well. Collocation results can be written to and read from a csv file.
Typedefs
-
typedef struct harp_collocation_pair_struct
harp_collocation_pair
-
typedef struct harp_collocation_result_struct
harp_collocation_result
Functions
-
int
harp_collocation_result_new
(harp_collocation_result **new_collocation_result, int num_differences, const char **difference_variable_name, const char **difference_unit) Create a new collocation result set
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
new_collocation_result
: Pointer to the C variable where the new result set will be stored.num_differences
: The number of differences that have been calculated per pair for the collocation resultdifference_variable_name
: An array of variable names describing the type of difference for each calculated differencedifference_unit
: An array of units for each calculated difference
-
void
harp_collocation_result_delete
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result) Remove a collocation result set
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be removed.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_sort_by_a
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result) Sort the collocation result pairs by dataset A Results will be sorted first by product index of A and then by sample index of A
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be sorted in place.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_sort_by_b
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result) Sort the collocation result pairs by dataset B Results will be sorted first by product index of B and then by sample index of B
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be sorted in place.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_sort_by_collocation_index
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result) Sort the collocation result pairs by collocation index
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be sorted in place.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_filter_for_source_product_a
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result, const char *source_product) Filter collocation result set for a specific product from dataset A Only results that contain the referenced source product will be retained.
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be filtered in place.source_product
: source product reference from dataset A that should be filtered on.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_filter_for_source_product_b
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result, const char *source_product) Filter collocation result set for a specific product from dataset B Only results that contain the referenced source product will be retained.
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be filtered in place.source_product
: source product reference from dataset B that should be filtered on.
-
static int
find_collocation_pair_for_collocation_index
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result, long collocation_index, long *index)
-
int
harp_collocation_result_filter_for_collocation_indices
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result, long num_indices, int32_t *collocation_index) Filter collocation result set for the specified list of collocation indices. The collocation result pairs will be sorted according to the order in the provided collocation_index parameter. If a collocation index cannot be found in the collocation_result set then an error will be thrown.
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be filtered in place.num_indices
: Number of items in the collocation_index parameter.collocation_index
: Array of collocation index values to match against the collocation_result set.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_add_pair
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result, long collocation_index, const char *source_product_a, long index_a, const char *source_product_b, long index_b, int num_differences, const double *difference) Add collocation result entry to a result set
- Note
- this function will not check for uniqueness of the collocation_index values in the resulting set
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set that will be extendedcollocation_index
: Unique index of the pair in the overall collocation resultsource_product_a
: Name of the source_product attribute of the product from dataset Aindex_a
: Value of the index variable for the matching sample in the product from dataset Asource_product_b
: Name of the source_product attribute of the product from dataset Bindex_b
: Value of the index variable for the matching sample in the product from dataset Bnum_differences
: Number of calculated differences (should equal the number of differences with which the collocation result was initialized)difference
: Array of difference values
-
int
harp_collocation_result_remove_pair_at_index
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result, long index) Remove collocation result entry from a result set
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Result set from which to remove the entryindex
: Zero-based index in the collocation result set of the entry that should be removed
-
int
harp_collocation_result_read
(const char *collocation_result_filename, harp_collocation_result **new_collocation_result) Read collocation result set from a csv file The csv file should follow the HARP format for collocation result files.
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result_filename
: Full file path to the csv file.new_collocation_result
: Pointer to the C variable where the new result set will be stored.
-
int
harp_collocation_result_write
(const char *collocation_result_filename, harp_collocation_result *collocation_result) Read collocation result set to a csv file The csv file will follow the HARP format for collocation result files.
- Return
0
, Success.-1
, Error occurred (check harp_errno).
- Parameters
collocation_result_filename
: Full file path to the csv file.collocation_result
: Collocation result set that will be written to file.
-
void
harp_collocation_result_swap_datasets
(harp_collocation_result *collocation_result) Swap the columns of this collocation result inplace.
This swaps datasets A and B (such that A becomes B and B becomes A).
- Parameters
collocation_result
: Collocation result whose datasets should be swapped.
-
struct
harp_collocation_pair_struct
- #include <harp.h>
Entry for a single matched pair for a collocation between a dataset A and dataset B
-
struct
harp_collocation_result_struct
- #include <harp.h>
HARP Collocation result
-
typedef struct harp_collocation_pair_struct


Sales Highlights Exceeded quarterly targets Signed a 5-year contract with CallInsure for V.O.I.C.E. training program Rated as Best Service Team in Diallonics customer satisfaction survey


1.First Name
2.Last Name
3.Address
4.Pin Code
5.Gender
Male
Female
6.Cuisine
(Select atleast two items)
Mexican
Italian
French
American
Caribbean
Country
State
Reset Form
Submit Form
First Name
Last Name
Address
Pin Code
Gender
Food
Country
State


|
Vienna Vulkan Engine
|
Base class of all renderers. More...
#include <VERenderer.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| VERenderer () | |
| Constructor. | |
| virtual | ~VERenderer () |
| Destructor. | |
| virtual void | updateCmdBuffers () |
| this function is calledby the scene manager if the tree changed | |
| virtual VmaAllocator | getVmaAllocator () |
| virtual VkPhysicalDevice | getPhysicalDevice () |
| virtual VkDevice | getDevice () |
| virtual VkSurfaceKHR | getSurface () |
| virtual VkQueue | getGraphicsQueue () |
| virtual VkCommandPool | getCommandPool () |
| virtual VkFormat | getSwapChainImageFormat () |
| virtual VkExtent2D | getSwapChainExtent () |
| virtual uint32_t | getSwapChainNumber () |
| virtual uint32_t | getImageIndex () |
| virtual VkImage | getSwapChainImage () |
| virtual VESubrender * | getOverlay () |
| virtual void | addEntityToSubrenderer (VEEntity *pEntity) |
| Add a new entity to a subrenderer. More... | |
| virtual void | removeEntityFromSubrenderers (VEEntity *pEntity) |
| Remove an entity from all subrenderers. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| virtual void | initRenderer () |
| Initialize the base class. | |
| virtual void | closeRenderer () |
| Close the base class. | |
| virtual void | createSubrenderers () |
| Base class does not create subrennderers directly. | |
| virtual void | addSubrenderer (VESubrender *pSub) |
| Initialize and register a subrenderer. More... | |
| virtual VESubrender * | getSubrenderer (VESubrender::veSubrenderType) |
| Find a subrenderer of a certain type. More... | |
| virtual void | destroySubrenderers () |
| Destroy all subrenderers. | |
| virtual void | drawFrame () |
| Draw one frame. | |
| virtual void | prepareOverlay () |
| Draw the overlay (GUI) | |
| virtual void | drawOverlay () |
| Draw the overlay (GUI) | |
| virtual void | presentFrame () |
| Present the newl drawn frame. | |
| virtual void | recreateSwapchain () |
| Recreate the swap chain. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| VkPhysicalDevice | m_physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE |
| Vulkan physical device handle. | |
| VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures | m_deviceFeatures = {} |
| Features of the physical device. | |
| VkPhysicalDeviceLimits | m_deviceLimits = {} |
| Limits of the physical device. | |
| VkDevice | m_device |
| Vulkan logical device handle. | |
| VkQueue | m_graphicsQueue |
| Vulkan graphics queue. | |
| VkQueue | m_presentQueue |
| Vulkan present queue. | |
| VmaAllocator | m_vmaAllocator |
| VMA allocator. | |
| VkCommandPool | m_commandPool |
| Command pool of this thread. | |
| VkSurfaceKHR | m_surface |
| Vulkan KHR surface. | |
| VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR | m_surfaceCapabilities |
| Surface capabilities. | |
| VkSurfaceFormatKHR | m_surfaceFormat |
| Surface format. | |
| VkSwapchainKHR | m_swapChain |
| Vulkan KHR swapchain. | |
| std::vector< VkImage > | m_swapChainImages |
| A list of the swap chain images. | |
| VkFormat | m_swapChainImageFormat |
| Swap chain image format. | |
| VkExtent2D | m_swapChainExtent |
| Image extent of the swap chain images. | |
| std::vector< VkImageView > | m_swapChainImageViews |
| Image views of the swap chain images. | |
| uint32_t | m_imageIndex = 0 |
| Index of the current swapchain image. | |
| std::vector< VESubrender * > | m_subrenderers |
| Subrenderers for lit objects. | |
| VESubrender * | m_subrenderShadow =nullptr |
| Pointer to the shadow subrenderer. | |
| VESubrender * | m_subrenderOverlay = nullptr |
| Pointer to the overlay subrenderer. | |
Base class of all renderers.
A VERenderer is responsible for rendering a frame. It creates resources for this, and manages the whole rendering process. However, it does not directly call vkDraw(...). Instead for this it creates and uses a list of VESubrender classes that are responsible for handling different entity types.
|
virtual |
Add a new entity to a subrenderer.
Subrenderers manage resources and drawing of entities. Thus this function determines which subrenderer fits best to the entity. The entity is then added to this subrenderer.
| [in] | pEntity | Pointer to the entity to be added |
|
protectedvirtual |
Initialize and register a subrenderer.
| [in] | pSub | Pointer to the subrenderer to be initialized and registered |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
protectedvirtual |
Find a subrenderer of a certain type.
| [in] | type | The type that is searched for |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
inlinevirtual |
|
virtual |
Remove an entity from all subrenderers.
Subrenderers manage resources and drawing of entities. This function removes a given entity from all subrenderers that it was associated with
| [in] | pEntity | Pointer to the entity to be removed |


Welcome to the Ontology Search tool!
Use it to search ontologies in the NCBO BioPortal and create data validations directly from the results.
Webulous - developed by EMBL-EBI Powered by NCBO BioPortal


| 118 | (A) | The secounde persone : es the sonne . that sent was tiłł erthe |
| 113 | (C) | ¶ The secunde persone þe sone sent was to erþe |
| 114 | (D) | þe seconde persone þe sone sent was to erthe |
| 112 | (E) | ¶ The secunde person þe sone . sent was to erthe |
| (Ex) | ---- no text ---- | |
| 117 | (L) | þe secunde persone þe sone sent was to erþe |
| 111 | (P) | þe secund person he sent was to þe erth |
| 113 | (U) | ¶ The secunde persone the sonn / sent was to erthe |
| (V) | ---- no text ---- |


HI,
I'm trying to compile the firmware for emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 emonTH node. I've setup everything according to documentation (git cloned all the libraries today).
Compile fails with the following message:
emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20.cpp: In function ‘void setup()’:
emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20.cpp:115:13: error: could not convert ‘Serial’ to ‘bool’
What might be the problem here?
One other question: If I would like to allow for higher resolution measurements (a reading every 10 seconds) is this all what I need to change
- const int time_between_readings= 1;
+ const int time_between_readings= 10;
- Sleepy::loseSomeTime(time_between_readings*60*1000);
+ Sleepy::loseSomeTime(time_between_readings*1000);
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
What version of the arduino IDE are you running? I think the serial bool error may be associated with older versions of the arduino IDE.
To answer your second question, yes that should do it.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Just tested on 1.05 and 1.55 and it works on both.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
I installed all this on Ubuntu Precise (12.04 LTS) ... I'm gonna retry the compile on latest and greatest Arch Linux install. Thanks for testing.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
I can confirm it works flawlessly on Arch Linux. Thanks again.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Hi
I got the same error when compiling that sketch (and Tx one).
I am also using arduino 1.0 on Ubuntu 12.04 LTS.
I have to modify it like this
- if (Serial) debug = 1; else debug=0;
+ debug = 1;
I want to keep on using Ubuntu. Any idea ?
Eric
EDIT : another strange behaviour : I can't directly see all sketches I downloaded with git in the menu "File->Sketchbook/OpenEnergyMonitor"... To open those missing sketches, I have to go in "File/open'" and select the ino file. Then, I got the following message : "the file xxxx.ino needs to be inside a sketch folder named xxxx. Cretate this folder, move the file and continue". I have no choice to disagree so I accept but it will be a mess in my sketchbook soon ...
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Hi,
You have to modify in file>preferences the sketchbook location to your git directory.
After an Open/Close of arduino it should appears in your sketchbook, but it may still not work (for me) : link failed cause lib not found.
I'm rather new with Arduino but I find a way to compile/link:
sudo apt-get install arduino arduino-core (something like that)
Install 1.05 Arduino and unzip in any directory
Start your new 1.05 tool. Change Sketchbook location if needed.
More important : Import lib using Sktech/import library/add library. You may have to rename lib if you have errors.
Loop for all lib.
Then restart Arduino and then everything should be OK.
Kits.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Hi,
I had already set the sketchbook location in file>preferences. It's not the problem. I can see some sketches in "File->Sketchbook/OpenEnergyMonitor/..." but not all. I can only see ino files that are store in a parent folder named with the same name.
As an example, I can see 'emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20.ino' that is in the folder
'./sketchbook/OpenEnergyMonitor/emonTH/emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20/'
I can't see 'temperature_search.ino' that is in the folder
'./sketchbook/OpenEnergyMonitor/emonTH/Simple emonTH Sensor Test/emonTH_temperature_search.
Arduino IDE ask me to move it to
'./sketchbook/OpenEnergyMonitor/emonTH/Simple emonTH Sensor Test/emonTH_temperature_search/'temperature_search/
By the way, it's not a big deal compared the compilation issue described above (main subject of that thread)
Is there any user of Arduino IDE on Ubuntu facing the same bug ?
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Yes, I am using Arduino 1.0.5 on Ubuntu 12.04 and I don't have any problems. My "OpenEnergy" directory is a subdirectory of my Home Folder, and below that my directory structure is essentially the same as the Windows 8.1 section here: http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/buildingblocks/installing-arduino-libr...
I don't use Git to manage the downloads though.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Hi,
me too I'm facing a compile failure even if it's different from the one described above.
I made a new installation of arduino, emonlib (git cloned) on Debian 7. The setup should be correct as this is not the first time I setup the arduino environment with emon stuff.
In my case I have the following error compiling whatever emonTx sketch (well, I just tried some of them):
I have the same result with both the arduino package installed from Debian repos (1.0.1) and with Arduino 1.0.5.
On github I see that jeelib/RF69.h has been checked-in 2 days ago. Trying to compile the RF12demo example provided along with the jeelib library everything works fine.
Any idea?
Regards,
Federico.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
JeeLib downloaded 5 minutes ago works for me on the emonTH file mentioned at the top of this thread, but I get the same error with the emonTx V2 sketch. Federico, which sketches (as well as that one) are giving you problems?
At first sight, it appears to be a library conflict.
EDIT:
It's a naming conflict, "freq" is what it's objecting to. I have not yet tracked it down, the immediate work-around is in both RF69.h and RF69.cpp, change the name of the parameter "freq" to "f" (or whatever you wish).
EDIT 2:
In the basic sketch "emonTx_CT123_Voltage.ino", on line 47, we have:
#define freq RF12_433MHZ
and in RF12.h we have:
#define RF12_433MHZ 1 ///< RFM12B 433 MHz frequency band.
#define RF12_868MHZ 2 ///< RFM12B 868 MHz frequency band.
#define RF12_915MHZ 3 ///< RFM12B 915 MHz frequency band.
so when the sketch goes through the preprocessor, "freq" is replaced by the numeric constant "1" (or "2" or "3"). You can't have a numeric constant as the name of a parameter into a function, which is why it is objecting in RF69.h
The long-term solution is to rename "freq" inside all the emon sketches. It would probably be a good idea to follow convention and use "FREQ" instead.
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
I migrated from Arduino IDE 1.0 to 1.5.5 and it solved my two problems :
- the compilation bug evoked at the beginning of that thread: "Could not convert ‘Serial’ to ‘bool’" ..
- the naming issue that i tried to described above
I also manage to compile the TX V2 sketch named "EmonTx_CT123_Voltage without any problem.
Regards,
Eric
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Thanks for the heads up regarding the naming issue on the new JeeLib, I've changed 'freq' to RF_freq to fix the issue. Changes have been pushed to Git: https://github.com/openenergymonitor/emonTxFirmware/
Re: emonTH_DHT22_DS18B20 compile failure
Hi,
sorry for my late feedback.
Robert, thank you for debugging the issue and thanks to Glyn too for the quick workaround.
Now everything works fine.
Best regards,
Federico.


What is SE?
Software Engineering is the study and application of engineering to the design, development, and maintenance of software.
Become a SE
Great software is not programmed but engineered!

Aim high, dream big, become a Software Engineer!
JOIN SELAB NOW!
Train yourself to become a SE @ SELab.
SELab currently conducts a great research in various topics within the field of SE. A multi-lab collaborative government funcded projects with HYU (Seoul) are also being conducted. In addition, various studies on CS & SE topics are provided as well as weekly research seminars!
SELab. Benefits
SELab provides a great benefits towards your ME/PhD Research:
- RA / TA scholarship to cover part or full tuition
- fundings from projects living cost
- own space equipped with latest 27" iMac + additional monitor
- stationeries and access to printer, scanner, file server, web server, thread programming server
- monthly lab. lunch & frequent dinner + drinks & MT to ski field with free snowboarding lessons
- personalized lab jacket


Changelog
| Date (PST) | Description |
|---|---|
| 2017-12-06 | Various revisions made in intro ; Who is this for? section |
| 2016-11-21 | Part 8 added |
| 2016-11-18 | Various edits and revisions |
| 2016-11-17 | Part 7 added ; minor edit (by GitHub user stayliv3) |
| 2016-11-16 | Various revisions and edits (1 by Dylan Holland) (1 by GitHub user stayliv3) |
| 2016-11-13 | Part 6 added ; Added resources section ; MIPS setup instructions added to Introduction ; Link to MIPS instruction set added in Part 3 wrap-up ; minor edits&revision |
| 2016-11-12 | Part 5 added ; Minor re-wording in Part 1 & 4 |
MIPS is a CPU architecture that has been used in various embedded systems from the Game Boy Advance to the Sony PlayStation. It is a simple enough architecture learn and is a good stepping stone if one wants to learn assembly for other CPU architectures, such as those found in personal computers.
This is a tutorial that aims to give a thorough walkthrough of usage and the general thought process behind writing assembly.
The Markdown files used to write this tutorial, and the makefile are available on GitHub, see the section Contributing.
This tutorial was written as assembly can be quite intimidating however enriching learning it can be. Sometimes it helps to learn by examples where one is kind of walked through it and the thought process is explained step-by-step. If you already are comfortable with other assembly architectures, then this may not be so useful.
Learning assembly is a must if one hopes to get a solid understanding of how higher-level programming languages like C, or even Java or Python eventually translate (compile) to actual instructions. In many ways however, knowing this will help you better implement algorithms as you get used to thinking at a more basic level.
Also, if you ever intend to use debugging software like gdb
, or want to
reverse-engineer software, with things like Cheat Engine to hack videogames
(Just do it in single-player please ;) ) assembly is a must-know. Of course,
don't take me too literally here, as with things like Cheat Engine or gdb
,
you'll be using a different architecture that will be a bit more complicated
than MIPS, but not too much. This is a good starting ground.
If you also wanna write a compiler, or otherwise wanna work low-level for other reasons, MIPS is a good place to get your feet wet. But, if this applies to you, I doubt you needed an explanation.
In a fundamental sense, one can theoretically learn assembly easier than other programming languages, such as Python or C++. This is because it is the most basic level of direction. But, here in the real world, assembly is actually much more difficult to write software in, even trivial applications can easily become a headache in assembly.
There's no OOP to learn, inheritance, lambdas, or anything like that. There is a simplicity you may learn to appreciate. Of course, you'll also gain an appreciation of many higher-level language features ;) I promise it's fun, though.
MIPS is a RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set), so learning the basics is much simpler, and can focus on the actual programming. It is simpler to learn than the architecture used in standard personal computers: x86-64 or even ARM commonly used in smart phones.
Implementations of MIPS simulators (In particular, MARS) I've found to be much simpler and easier to use than those for LLVM or LC3 or ARM. (Don't read this as negativity about LLVM and LC3, those are very good projects with a lot of smart people.)
Actually runs on native hardware. Unlike things like LC3.
If you know any basic programming, you should be fine, if you know C or C++ you're golden.
You will hear both registers and memory talked about. A register is a memory unit that is inside the CPU as opposed to memory that we can perform actions directly with. For data that isn't in one of your few registers, you must load it from memory into a registerbefore you can do things like math with it. If this doesn't quite make sense, it should make sense as you go through this tutorial and have a bit more context.
I highly recommend the MARS simulator (available here) for running these MIPS code samples. It runs on Windows, Mac, Linux, and since it's a Java .jar, likely also will run on *BSD too, but I can't attest to that. Running a program involves a two step process:
This will translate what you wrote to the actual machine language, and prepare for actually running your code.
This will run your assembled code, note you must assemble it first.
This is a very good general reference. MIPS is a simple enough architecture to read all of. Useful to lookup the different branching instructions available, math, etc.
There are many different system services, MARS supports most, if not all of these. With these things we cna do thing like read from user input and write to the screen.
This is the same link in the previous section, but placed here also for consistency.
This tutorial was written in GitHub, and uses a Python markdown module, and uses a makefile to build it, you can see it and contribute here.
Let's get our very first Hello, World! program!
This is the only time we'll do it like this, but we'll just look at the completed source code then examine it.
.data
hello: .asciiz "Hello, World!\n"
.text
la $a0, hello
li $v0, 4
syscall
li
syscall
We'll need to declare a few places in memory for our data. Well, we only need
one place this time. The lines beginning with . are mainly for the assembler to
organize the parts of the program for us. A part for "variable declarations", a
part for our actual code, etc. .data
is for where we will pre-define
different variables in memory.
.data
Now that we've marked where we're gonna store our data. Here, we declare a
place in memory for a null-terminated string, "Hello, World!\n"
the \n is
the newline character. The hello:
is a label for this place in memory.
hello: .asciiz "Hello, World!\n"
Let's mark the section where we'll have actual legitimate instructions.
.text
Let's store our string into a register, we need to load the address of our
string into the$a0
register. This is the register that the print service
takes its argument from. The instruction to do this is la
. la
means
"Load address", this loads the address we labelled hello into $a0
.
la $a0, hello
So now that we have our string in the register, ready to be used as an argument
for the print string service, we need to actually specify this service. A
table with all the different services and their numbers can be found
here.
The specific service that is executed is determined by the value in the
register $v0
. The print string service is 4
. We have a specific
instruction that will set an exact value into this register, li
, which is
"Load immediate". It is very similar to the instruction above. (In fact, they
can be interchangable in some cases, but it's not recommended to think of them
this way, for readability.) This instruction is when we have a specific value
in our code, usually a literal like below. Effectively, we are doing
$v0 = 4
.
li $v0, 4
Now that we've actually set the instruction, we need to actually use the
syscall
instruction to use a system service. It'll check the arguments in
the various registers that the specific service, and execute accordingly. This
service we're using only takes an argument at $a0
which shall contain the
address of our string.
syscall
Now, we've printed "Hello, World!", we could theoretically just stop here. But,
the best practice in software is that we exit with an exit signal 0, exit
success. This will be a system service like last time, just making a call to
exit, marking a succesful run. This is like return 0
in C. Most languages
automatically do this for you.
li $v0, 10
And then now that we've specified our service, we make our system call, and we are good.
syscall
Here's the source code with comments.
.data
hello: .asciiz "Hello, World!\n"
.text
la $a0, hello #argument to print str
li $v0, 4 #print syscall
syscall #make syscall
li $v0, 10 #exit syscall
syscall #tell OS to do the syscall
li
means "Load immediate" and la
means "Load address". li
is for
when we have a specific number, a literal as it is called in other languages,
to put into the spot in memory. Whereas la
will load an address into it.
A typical program will declare a few spots in memory for variables pre-hand in
the .data
section, and the actual instructions proper in .text
.
Most I/O will be done with syscalls that take their arguments in specific
registers like $a0
.
This will be a simple enough program. Get two integers, then print their sum.
First, we declare a spot in memory to store our integers, and for our
strings to display when we want user input. .word
refers to the amount of
data we can address at a time, this is the size of a spot in memory like a
register. This is a bit more of a complicated thing that I'm letting on, but
this is "good enough" for our purposes here. It is a 32 bit integer. 4 bytes.
Neat. And after that data declaration, we'll output to user telling them to
give us an integer.
.data
a:.word 0
b:.word 0
givea: .asciiz "A:"
giveb: .asciiz "B:"
.text
la $a0, givea #Load string
li $v0, 4 #Set syscall to print string
syscall
Let's read an integer from the user. To do that, we'll be doing another syscall
specifically, 5, and the result is returned in $v0
.
li $v0, 5 #read integer service. Integer returned in $v0
syscall
Let's go ahead and store the result into memory. Generally speaking, storing
data into registers is risky. This is because external function calls and
system services do not make the guarantee that registers will be preserved
after its call. In MARS MIPS, this isn't necessary. So, for demonstration
purposes, we'll just store it in the register. We'll be using the
instruction sw
that stores the word
in the first argument, which is a
register, into the second argument, a place in memory.
sw $v0, a
Let's do the same process, but for b
...
la $a0, giveb
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5
syscall
sw $v0, b
Our words are stored in memory, we have both of them, so let's put them into
our registers so we can use them in a math operation. The first loads the value
at a
into $a0
, the second loading the value at b
into $a1
.
lw $a0, a
lw $a1, b
So, we have both of our integers (words) in our registers. If you remember,
I said that we can only do math on the values currently in the registers.
The add
instruction stores the results of the last 2 arguments,
into the first. For add x y z
, x
will store the results of y + z
.
add $a0, $a0, $a1
And now that we have our math, we'll be using the print integer service, which
is syscall #1. It prints the current integer stored at $a0
which we
cleverly already stored the results in from the last operation. This is is
where I find assembly programming to be most enjoyable, slight little
improvements in your code like that.
li $v0, 1
syscall
And then, for the farewell, the good old syscall
saying we've had no
issues and time to exit.
li $v0, 10
syscall
.data
a:.word 0
b:.word 0
givea: .asciiz "A:"
giveb: .asciiz "B:"
.text
# Read integer a
la $a0, givea #Load string
li $v0, 4 #Set syscall to print string
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service. Integer returned in $v0
syscall
sw $v0, a #store our integer into the memory location a.
# Read integer b
la $a0, giveb
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service.
syscall
sw $v0, b #store our integer into the memory location b.
lw $a0, a
lw $a1, b
add $a0, $a0, $a1 #arg0 = arg1+arg2
li $v0, 1 #print integer service, it prints the integer stored at register $a0
syscall
#exit
li $v0, 10
syscall
Often-times we need to get used to moving data around by storing them in
memory with instructions like sw
and math instructions will store
a register with the sum of two registers.
Get input from user, then repeat it. This program will demonstrate allocation of memory and storing strings.
This time, we won't bother declaring in variables using .data
, and just go
straight to the instructions in .text
.text
Before we can take a string input, we need to make sure there is a place for it
in memory. That is to say, we will be allocating. We'll be doing something
akin to malloc
in C or C++. We'll be using the sbrk system service. It'll
declare a number of bytes and returns its address so that we can store and use
variables in that spot. It will store $a0
number of bytes, and returns its
address in $v0
.
li $a0, 400
li $v0, 9
syscall
Next, we'll be using the read string service. It'll store at the address stored
in $a0
and it will only read up to a specific number of bytes, $a1
number of bytes. We need to make sure it doesn't read more bytes than we know
are allocated, otherwise we'll overflow and write to memory we shouldn't be.
Now, so the first step is to move the address of the data we allocated to
$a0
so our read string instruction will read to it. To move from register
to register with la
, we need to use a () syntax. This is because
frequently, there'll be an offset from that. For now though, we don't have to
worry about that.
la $a0, ($v0)
Okay, and now let's set the limit on the number of bytes we will read...
li $a1, 400
Now, if you remember, our memory allocation service only takes two arguments,
in $a0
and in $a1
, abd we've already loaded our address in $a0
and
the limit on bytes to read in $a1
, so now let's make the call.
syscall
Now generally, we would have copied the address into memory using sw
, and
in other architectures/other implementations, that address would have been lost
if we didn't make a copy elsewhere before we made that last call. MARS is more
forgiving, however. So, the location of our string is still stored at $a0
.
And if you remember, our print string argument reads the string at the address
stored at... $a0
... So our print string argument is already set, we just
need to specify the service.
li $v0, 4
And then, print that string.
syscall
And then like always, we need to exit our program, so let's do that.
li $v0, 10
syscall
.text
li $a0, 500 #allocate 400 bytes
li $v0, 9 #set syscall to allocate memory
syscall
la $a0,($v0) #set the target address for the read string
li $a1, 500 #set max number of chars to read
li $v0, 8 #set syscall to read string
syscall
li $v0,4 #set syscall to print string
syscall
li $v0,10 #exit cleanly with EXIT_SUCCESS
syscall
To allocate a large amount of data, we have to allocate it by using a system service, and then it will give us the location of where it allocated the memory where we will then print it.
Get two integers from the user, state if they're equal or not.
So, if you've done the Part 2, A+B, then the beginning of this part should look pretty familiar. First, let's declare spots in memory for our data.
.data
a: .word 0
b: .word 0
givea: .asciiz "Integer A:"
giveb: .asciiz "Integer B:"
neqstr: .asciiz "Integers not equal.\n"
eqstr: .asciiz "Integers are equal.\n"
Let's read our first integer A, this is pretty much copy-pasted from Part 2.
.text
# Read integer a
la $a0, givea
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5
syscall
sw $v0, a
Let's get the second integer B, this one is going to be slightly different from last time.
la $a0, giveb
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service.
syscall
Our integer B is in $v0
, last time we stored it in memory. This time we
wont'. But we still need to do our comparison operation, and have to do it on
our registers, so let's load A.
lw $a0, a
And now, we need to compare the values. At the low-level, we need to use
branching. To do branching, we will make a comparison, and then depending
on that result, either: Jump to a specified label or: nothing. In this case,
we will use beq
, given two arguments, it will jump to a label if its two
register arguments are equal. Otherwise, nothing happens. Let's call this label
equals
.
beq $a0, $v0, equals
We haven't actually made our equals
label yet, between the equals
label
and that last line, we need to put our code we want to execute, that is, the if
they're not equal. Since both equals and not equals cases will print, we don't
need to put it in our not equals section, so all we need to do between our
equals
section and right here, is to load the string and jump to our
procedure for print and exit. We have the j
instruction that will always
go to a specific label.
la $a0, neqstr
j printandexit
Okay, now, we have our not equals, so let's make our equals section. We'll first need a label. You'll notice this is the same syntax as when we mark spots in memory for our data, this is no coincidence, since instructions are in memory just like our data.
equals:
And then, let's do our similar procedure for equals.
la $a0, eqstr
j printandexit
Let's make our final procedure, printandexit. We will print whatever string is
in $a0
, which we would've already dealt with loading.
printandexit:
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
.data
a: .word 0
b: .word 0
givea: .asciiz "Integer A:"
giveb: .asciiz "Integer B:"
neqstr: .asciiz "Integers not equal.\n"
eqstr: .asciiz "Integers are equal.\n"
.text
# Read integer a
la $a0, givea #Load string
li $v0, 4 #Set syscall to print string
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service. Integer returned in $v0
syscall
sw $v0, a #store our integer into the memory location a.
# Read integer b
la $a0, giveb
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service.
syscall
lw $a0, a
beq $a0, $v0, equals # if not equals, then it just goes to next line.
la $a0, neqstr #If we get here, then A != B
j printandexit #without this jump, we would also execute the equals procedure
equals: #Sets the string-to-print as the output for A==B
la $a0, eqstr
j printandexit #We could delete this and "fall through"
printandexit: # Prints whatever is in $a0 then exits.
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
Branching and jump instructions are fundamental to only conditionally executing code. Now, there is a special type of branching instruction that will let us have true procedures, those that can have recursion, but here it's not necessary. Forgetting jump or branch instructions before your sections can lead to code blocks you don't want executing. Be careful.
A list of MIPS instructions, including all the different branching instructions can be found here.
This time, we will write a simple program, that when given an integer, it will print that many times, each time doing a "countdown". We can easily combine the conditional branching we used in Part 4 here, but with a bit of modification.
Our .data
this time isn't going to be super interesting. Let's just have 3
different strings: One for when we ask for input, one to say that we're done,
and one that is just a newline character. This is desirable because the service
to print an integer does not automatically append a newline.
.data
newline: .asciiz "\n"
inputstr: .asciiz "How many times to loop?\n"
donestr: .asciiz "No more times to loop :'(\n"
Let's ask for an integer, and store it. We've done this a lot already.
.text
la $a0, inputstr #Load string
li $v0, 4 #Set syscall to print string
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service. Integer returned in $v0
syscall
Here's where we diverge. Both the print string and print integer services take
their argument in $a0
, so we will have to find a safe place for our
integer. This time, we'll just store it in a register that won't get modified.
This specific implementation and set-up we can treat a register as a safe place
for holding data, but in many architectures and systems, calling a system
service or C function makes no guarantees about preserving your registers. So
don't make that mistake like I did when you go to other assembly architectures.
We will use the $v1
register, if for no reason other than to be arbitrary.
Again, holding data in registers between system calls is discouraged at best,
and simply won't work or break things at worst. But here, it'll let us focus
on other core assembly concepts. We will use the move
instruction to do
this.
move $v1, $v0
So now, let's begin the loop. Since we know we need a conditional at the start
and to jump back, we will need a label and our conditional. We will call our
post-loop code, alldone
. The condition will branch when our integer hits 0.
loop:
beqz $v1, alldone
Okay, now that we have implemented our condition, let's print our integer. The
print integer service is 1, and takes the argument in $a0
. It does not
do a newline after, which is important to remember if we want clean output. We
will have to set the system call, copy from our $v1
register storing our
counter, to the $a0
to be used as an argument. We use the move
instruction for this. Finally, we make our syscall.
li $v0, 1
move $a0, $v1
syscall
As previously stated, we still have to print our newline to ensure clean output, so let's do that. We're just printing it as a string, nothing special.
la $a0, newline
li $v0, 4
syscall
Now that we've printed our counter, let's decrement it. Many architectures
(such as x86-64, found in most personal computers) have a dec
instruction
for just this, lowering it by 1. Here, we do not, we must subtract it by 1.
subi $v1, $v1, 1
And then, we jump back to the beginning of the loop.
j loop
Now that our loop is finished, we can write the final alldone
segment.
This is just printing the donestr
string and exiting. Very boilerplate.
We'll also need to set it to the alldone
label.
alldone:
la $a0, donestr
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
Note that I've done a bit of additional indentation for readability.
.data
newline: .asciiz "\n"
inputstr: .asciiz "How many times to loop?\n"
donestr: .asciiz "No more times to loop :'(\n"
.text
la $a0, inputstr #Load string
li $v0, 4 #Set syscall to print string
syscall
li $v0, 5 #read integer service. Integer returned in $v0
syscall
move $v1, $v0
loop:
# If $v1 == 0: goto alldone
beqz $v1, alldone
#inside loop...
#print our counter
li $v0, 1
move $a0, $v1
syscall
#break to next line
la $a0, newline
li $v0, 4
syscall
#decrement counter and go back to start of loop.
subi $v1, $v1, 1
j loop
alldone:
#print concluding string, and exit.
la $a0, donestr
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
Using a branch and an unconditional jump at both the beginning and end of a segment of code, we can implement looping structures as we see in normal programming languages.
We will write a program that counts down, generating the lyrics for the song, 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall (lyrics here) No new real new concepts, just a bit of practice.
First let's declare our strings we call for 3 <= n <= 99.
.data
lyrica: .asciiz " bottles of beer on the wall, "
lyricb: .asciiz " bottles of beer.\nTake one down and pass it around, "
lyricc: .asciiz " bottles of beer on the wall.\n\n"
Now, we also have to remember, when 3 > n, that the printing behavior is not the same. For 3 > n, I'm just going to do a string constant, if you want it to actually be printing the integer for even the last part, consider it your challenge. Here, I split them into multiple variables for readability, but if you want just one super long line, go ahead.
concl1: .asciiz "2 bottles of beer on the wall, 2 bottles of beer.\n"
concl2: .asciiz "Take one down and pass it around, 1 bottle of beer on the wall.\n\n"
concl3: .asciiz "1 bottle of beer on the wall, 1 bottle of beer.\n"
concl4: .asciiz "Take one down and pass it around, no more bottles of beer on the wall.\n\n"
concl5: .asciiz "No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.\n"
concl6: .asciiz "Go to the store and buy some more, 99 bottles of beer on the wall."
Now, let's initalize our counter. I'm just going to store it in the register
$a1
, as I've stated already, this isn't best practice.
.text
li $a1, 99
Now, we're just going to do a loop for this. Where do you think the loop
should terminate? If you remember, the standard behavior ends when n is less
than 3. So, let's terminate when n == 2. Of course, don't forget the label to
jump back to. Let's just call the final block of code printing the final string
and exiting, concl
.
loop:
beq $a1, 2, concl
If you remember how our print integer works, it prints only the number, no
whitespace or anything. So first, we must move our counter to $a0
and
use the print integer service.
move $a0, $a1
li $v0, 1
syscall
And then, we will print the first part of the lyric.
la $a0, lyrica
li $v0, 4
syscall
And then, if you reference the lyrics, you'll realize after here, we print our counter again, so let's do just that.
move $a0, $a1
li $v0, 1
syscall
And then we print the second part of the lyrics, using lyricb
...
la $a0, lyricb
li $v0, 4
syscall
Okay, now we get back to the fun part. So now, if you look at the lyrics, you should notice here, the counter decrements. Well, we already know how to do that, right? So let's do just that.
subi $a1, $a1, 1
Cool, and then we print our integer, and the last part of the lyric.
move $a0, $a1
li $v0, 1
syscall
la $a0, lyricc
li $v0, 4
syscall
And now that the loop is done, we need to add our final jump.
j loop
Now, we will do our conclusion. We're just printing a series of strings.
Nothing much. Of course, we still need our label, concl
. After, we will
exit.
concl:
la $a0, concl1
li $v0, 4
syscall
la $a0, concl2
syscall
la $a0, concl3
syscall
la $a0, concl4
syscall
la $a0, concl5
syscall
la $a0, concl6
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
.data
lyrica: .asciiz " bottles of beer on the wall, "
lyricb: .asciiz " bottles of beer.\nTake one down and pass it around, "
lyricc: .asciiz " bottles of beer on the wall.\n\n"
concl1: .asciiz "2 bottles of beer on the wall, 2 bottles of beer.\n"
concl2: .asciiz "Take one down and pass it around, 1 bottle of beer on the wall.\n\n"
concl3: .asciiz "1 bottle of beer on the wall, 1 bottle of beer.\n"
concl4: .asciiz "Take one down and pass it around, no more bottles of beer on the wall.\n\n"
concl5: .asciiz "No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.\n"
concl6: .asciiz "Go to the store and buy some more, 99 bottles of beer on the wall."
.text
li $a1, 99
# loop for 99 -> 3
loop:
beq $a1, 2, concl #condition
move $a0, $a1 #copy counter for use in printing
li $v0, 1
syscall
la $a0, lyrica #next part of the lyrics to print
li $v0, 4
syscall
move $a0, $a1 #print counter again...
li $v0, 1
syscall
la $a0, lyricb #next part of the lyrics to print
li $v0, 4
syscall
subi $a1, $a1, 1 #decrement counter and print
move $a0, $a1
li $v0, 1
syscall
la $a0, lyricc #print final part
li $v0, 4
syscall
j loop
concl:
#Printing final string.
la $a0, concl1
li $v0, 4
syscall
la $a0, concl2
syscall
la $a0, concl3
syscall
la $a0, concl4
syscall
la $a0, concl5
syscall
la $a0, concl6
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
Not much to say in the wrap-up this time. Remember to experiment with different instructions to get comfortable with MIPS.
We will write a program that will randomly generate a number n
and then
repeatedly ask for integer input until the input is equal to n
. The program
will also state if n
is greater than or less than the integer input.
This time, we will not store our number in a register, but instead in a place in memory, as is ideal. All random generators have an id, don't forget. First, let's declare our initial data...
.data
toosmallstr: .asciiz "n is greater than input.\n"
toobigstr: .asciiz "n is lesser than input.\n"
correctstr: .asciiz "n is equal to input.\n"
makeguessstr:.asciiz "Make a guess:"
n: .word 0
randgenid: .word 1
We will be using a syscall
that will generate a pseudorandom number. If we
go back to thesyscall
chart
here
we see that we have syscall 42
. This generates a random number
0 <= n < [upperbound]
It requires us to set a seed. Typically, a pseudorandom number generator will
use the system time for this. For this, we have syscall 30
. So first, let's
get the time to use for our seed.
.text
li $v0, 30
syscall
We have the time stored. Look at the table, you'll see we
have both
low-order time in $a0
and high-order in $a1
. For our purposes, we will
use high-order time for our purposes. Before we can use our random number
generator, we must first set the seed. The number we are going to use as our
seed is in $a1
syscall 40
is there to set the seed of our random number
generator, so let's move our desired seed in $a0
into $a1
and then make
the syscall 40
to set the low-order time as our seed. Also, we need to make
sure we are using the correct random generator id, so let's set that too.
move $a1, $a0
lw $a0, randgenid
li $v0,40
syscall
Now that our random number generator is ready, we can actually use the
generator. It sets its upper bound in $a1
, now if you remember, it will
generate a number in the range of 0 - ($a1
- 1) so we can set the upper
bound to 10, and then increment to get a number in the range of 1-10.
li $a1,10
li $v0,42
syscall
We now have our random number generated, but it is 1 less than it should be.
Also, it still needs to be stored in the memory location n
. So let's
add 1 to it, then store
it.
add $a0, $a0, 1
sw $a0, n
Our number is stored and ready, so now we can start our loop. First, we will need to get a value. We'll do this every iteration of the loop, so let's have the label, too.
loop:
la $a0, makeguessstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5
syscall
We have our integer in v0
, so let's see if they were correct. Our
generated number is stored in n
, so we have to get that before we make
our comparison. We'll call our final code called when user correctly guesses
the number, done
.
lw $a0, n
beq $a0, $v0, done
We have our branch for a correct guess, let's do the branch for if the user
inputs a number greater than the generated number n
.
blt $a0, $v0, toobig
And of course, we need the final condition for if the user's number is too small. We've already tested for too great, and equal, so if this part of the instructions is reached, then we don't have to do a comparison to know the input is too small, so we can use a simple jump.
j toosmall
Let's write those referenced sections of code. Let's write the
toobig
section. It just needs to print out the number was too big, and then go back
to the beginning of the loop.
toobig:
la $a0, toobigstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
j loop
Same thing again, but for the number n
being too small.
toosmall:
la $a0, toosmallstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
j loop
And then, our done
section is just printing out a string and exiting.
Simple.
done:
la $a0, correctstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
.data
toosmallstr: .asciiz "n is greater than input.\n"
toobigstr: .asciiz "n is lesser than input.\n"
correctstr: .asciiz "n is equal to input.\n"
makeguessstr:.asciiz "Make a guess:"
n: .word 0
randgenid:.word 1
.text
#get system time
li $v0, 30
syscall
#use system time for seed
move $a1, $a0
lw $a0, randgenid
li $v0,40
syscall
li $a1,10
li $v0,42
syscall
#our number is 1 less than it should be. Adjust.
add $a0, $a0, 1
sw $a0, n
loop:
#print the make guess string and get integer.
la $a0, makeguessstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 5
syscall
#store our integer.
lw $a0, n
#n == input?
beq $a0, $v0, done
#n < input?
blt $a0, $v0, toobig
#n > input.
j toosmall
toobig:
la $a0, toobigstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
j loop
toosmall:
la $a0, toosmallstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
j loop
done:
la $a0, correctstr
li $v0, 4
syscall
li $v0, 10
syscall
Making extensive use of sub-procedures as used here can be quite useful as your code increases in complexity.
We will write a program that demonstrates getting the length of a string.
Strings here are an array of characters, with a final character, the null character, with the underlying number of "0", it is also known as the null terminator. These strings are known as null-terminated strings.
First, let's declare our variables...
.data
string: .asciiz "Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it - Donald Knuth"
thelengthisa: .asciiz "The length of the string,'"
thelengthisb: .asciiz "' is "
thelengthisc: .asciiz " characters.\n"
And then, let's do our printing:
.text
la $a0, thelengthisa
li $v0, 4
syscall
la $a0, string
syscall
la $a0, thelengthisb
syscall
Okay, now it is time to start the logic we're intererested in. First of all,
we must load the address of the string we want to get the length of. We will
store the address in $a1
. Remember, an address is just another number, one
that we can increment. What is called the address of a string is really just
the address of the inital character. The second character is that address + 1.
The very last character is followed by the null terminator with ASCII value of
0. So, let's clear $a0
, and load that address.
la $a1, string
li $a0, 0
And now that we have initalized everything, it is time for the loop. Basically,
we will have a loop checking every character in the string, and when the
character is not the null terminator, we increment the counter. When it is the
null terminator, we will exit the loop. For the first part of the loop, we must
load the character at the address. We will use lb
, meaning load byte. The
( ) notation on the second argument means it will take the value at $a2
,
then go to that address in memory. Basically, it asssumes $a2
has a pointer
to the value we really want. In this case, the character.
loop:
lb $a2, ($a1)
Now that we've loaded the character, let's increment our pointer.
addi $a1, $a1, 1
Now, let's see if that last character was a null terminator, if so, exit the loop.
beqz $a2, exit
Else, let's increment the counter, then go back to the head of the loop.
addi $a0, $a0, 1
j loop
And finally, we'll write our exit code. We print out our counter, the final
string, then make the exit syscall
.
exit:
li $v0, 1
syscall
li $v0, 4
la $a0, thelengthisc
syscall
.data
string: .asciiz "Beware of bugs in the above code; I have only proved it correct, not tried it - Donald Knuth"
thelengthisa: .asciiz "The length of the string,'"
thelengthisb: .asciiz "' is "
thelengthisc: .asciiz " characters.\n"
.text
#print inital...
la $a0, thelengthisa
li $v0, 4
syscall
la $a0, string
syscall
la $a0, thelengthisb
syscall
# load a pointer to the string.
la $a1, string
li $a0, 0
loop:
# get the character at pointer
lb $a2, ($a1)
# increment pointer
addi $a1, $a1, 1
# test for character at pointer being null terminator. If so, exit loop.
beqz $a2, exit
# increment counter
addi $a0, $a0, 1
# return to head of loop.
j loop
exit:
# print count
li $v0, 1
syscall
# print final strings, exit syscall.
li $v0, 4
la $a0, thelengthisc
syscall
To do various operations on strings/lists/arrays/similar data structures, it is imperative to use pointer arithmetic as we did in this example.
For questions, comments, corrections, inquiries, etc. I may be reached at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The content of this tutorial is under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


| Options | Value | Example |
|---|---|---|
| output | jpeg|jpg|png|svg | http://localhost/anywhere/qr/render?data=05b810384abc26a2365e1108501534a2&output=jpeg |
| size | 1 to 100 | http://localhost/anywhere/qr/render?data=05b810384abc26a2365e1108501534a2&size=9 |
| margin | 1 to 100 | http://localhost/anywhere/qr/render?data=05b810384abc26a2365e1108501534a2&margin=15 |


The protein encoded by {{ $ctrl.hostpathAnnotation.obj_locus_tag }} physically interacts with the {{ $ctrl.hostpathAnnotation.host_species.name }} protein {{ $ctrl.hostpathAnnotation.host_protein.proteinLabel.value }}. This interaction was determined by {{ $ctrl.hostpathAnnotation.pub.authors[0].name }} et al. {{ $ctrl.hostpathAnnotation.pub.pubdate }} using {{ $ctrl.hostpathAnnotation.determination.itemLabel }}.