{% extends "header.html" %} {% block body %}
The idea of a function is to assign a set of code, and possibly variables, known as parameters, to a single bit of text. You can think of it a lot like why you choose to write and save a program, rather than writing out the entire program every time you want to execute it.
To begin a function, the keyword 'def' is used to notify python of the impending function definition, which is what def stands for. From there, you type out the name you want to call your function. It is important to choose a unique name, and also one that wont conflict with any other functions you might be using. For example, you wouldn't want to go calling your function print.
def example(): print('this code will run') z = 3 + 9 print(z)
Here we've called our function example. After the name of the function, you specify any parameters of that function within the parenthesis parameters act as variables within the function, they are not necessary to create a function, so first let's just do this without any parameters.
Now if we just run this, we see nothing happens. We have to actually call this function to execute, because all we've done so far is just define the function and what it does. To run it, you can either type out the function in the console like so:
example()
This is notably a very basic function. We can put all types of code into a function. We can put if statements in there, run other functions in them, all sorts of things. Also, we can begin to learn how to use function parameters and then later function parameter defaults.


BOGUS A film review by Scott Renshaw Copyright 1996 Scott Renshaw
Starring: Whoopi Goldberg, Gerard Depardieu, Haley Joel Osment. Screenplay: Alvin Sargent. Director: Norman Jewison. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
It is a frustrating thing to watch a high concept get in the way of a perfectly good film. In BOGUS, there is a scene in which the Jimmy Stewart classic HARVEY is showing on a television, and the reference makes you suspect that someone went into a pitch meeting to describe BOGUS as "HARVEY, but you can see the rabbit...and he's Gerard Depardieu." BOGUS could have been -- and should have been -- a simple story of mutual need, and there are plenty of reasons to believe it could have been a rather good one. Instead, poster-driven film-making has turned out yet another promising but disappointing effort.
BOGUS begins in Las Vegas, where 7-year-old Albert Franklin (Haley Joel Osment) is living with his mother Lorraine (Nancy Travis), a circus performer. When Lorraine is killed in a car accident, Albert is left in Lorraine's will to the care of her foster sister Harriet (Whoopi Goldberg), whom she had not seen in many years. Harriet, a serious-minded businesswoman living in Newark, NJ, claims she doesn't "have a maternal bone in (her) body," but she agrees to take Albert in when the only other option is state care. Still, Harriet has difficulty relating to the young boy, who has chosen to relate instead to an imaginary friend who emerged from a coloring book, a Frenchman called Bogus (Depardieu).
There are a lot of things right with BOGUS, beginning with the performances. Whoopi Goldberg apparently decided to shake off a string of one-note trash-talkers and turn in some of her best work in years; Harriet is not the typical Whoopi wiseacre, although she still gets in a few decent lines. Instead, she is a woman dedicated to over-compensating for a harsh childhood by becoming a more successful adult. Shaggy-haired Haley Joel Osment hovers just this side of precocity, doing surprisingly little posing and emoting as the smart but lonely Albert, and he really seems to work well with other actors. The connection between Goldberg and Osment develops slowly, but eventually it seems quite genuine. And Depardieu, who is genetically incapable of sleep-walking through a performance, has the ideal comical demeanor for his role.
That role, unfortunately, is the real problem with BOGUS, because someone should have realized that its central conceit was a big mistake. It is evident enough in the fact that Depardieu really has nothing to do but strike an offended pose when someone doesn't believe in him or feed Albert lines like a French TelePrompter. Bogus is a prop, not a character -- he is required strictly to smile benignly and to offer advice which one would expect from a child psychologist rather than an imaginary playmate.
The more substantial issue from a structural standpoint is that screenwriter Alvin Sargent never commits to whom this story is about, and Bogus is the crutch which allows him to do it. When Albert and Bogus are conversing, BOGUS is about a boy in need of comfort, and that is _not_ what it should be about. This is Harriet's story, and we should watch her grow into an understanding of what her life is missing through her attempts to understand what Albert's life is missing. By attempting to place those two stories on an equal footing, Sargent and director Norman Jewison diminish both of them. They also end up condescending both to Harriet and to the audience, because we should no more be able to see Bogus than we are able to see Harvey. Harriet's doubts are given no weight, and there is a strange lack of trust in the audience demonstrated by the refusal to allow our imaginations -- which the story seems to value so greatly -- do their work.
I am certain that some viewers will find the more fanciful elements in BOGUS enchanting. These same viewers might also consider my pooh-poohing of those elements so much humbuggery, but to do so is to misunderstand my meaning. BOGUS should be fanciful; it simply didn't need to be obvious. Imagine the story with a boy fond of magic, chatting with an invisible friend instead of grieving, and the severe Harriet (whom we see in a wonderful scene reacting so violently to a gathering of children that she actually knocks several of them over) struggling to connect with Albert by re-connecting with a childhood she feels she never had. Imagine more time spent establishing Harriet's workaholic character, and less time spent on goofy scenes like Albert's defense of Bogus in his classroom. BOGUS is far from a bad film -- Goldberg is too good, and there are some solid laughs -- but there is a far more affecting film to be found somewhere where a tale of redemption and imagination takes precedence over how easy it will be to construct an advertising campaign.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 Bogus journeys: 6.
Visit Scott Renshaw's MoviePage http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~srenshaw Receive Scott Renshaw's pre-release reviews directly via email! Write to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for subscription details.
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This is the most controversial design decision in the whole API. Clearly, static (compile time) type checking is highly desirable, and is the norm in Java. We would have supported it if we believed it were feasible. Unfortunately, attempts to achieve this goal cause an explosion in the size of the interface hierarchy, and do not succeed in eliminating the need for runtime exceptions (though they reduce it substantially).
Doug Lea, who wrote a popular Java collections package that did reflect mutability distinctions in its interface hierarchy, no longer believes it is a viable approach, based on user experience with his collections package. In his words (from personal correspondence) "Much as it pains me to say it, strong static typing does not work for collection interfaces in Java."
To illustrate the problem in gory detail, suppose you want to add the notion of modifiability to the Hierarchy. You need four new interfaces: ModifiableCollection, ModifiableSet, ModifiableList, and ModifiableMap. What was previously a simple hierarchy is now a messy heterarchy. Also, you need a new Iterator interface for use with unmodifiable Collections, that does not contain the remove operation. Now can you do away with UnsupportedOperationException? Unfortunately not.
Consider arrays. They implement most of the List operations, but not remove and add. They are "fixed-size" Lists. If you want to capture this notion in the hierarchy, you have to add two new interfaces: VariableSizeList and VariableSizeMap. You don't have to add VariableSizeCollection and VariableSizeSet, because they'd be identical to ModifiableCollection and ModifiableSet, but you might choose to add them anyway for consistency's sake. Also, you need a new variety of ListIterator that doesn't support the add and remove operations, to go along with unmodifiable List. Now we're up to ten or twelve interfaces, plus two new Iterator interfaces, instead of our original four. Are we done? No.
Consider logs (such as error logs, audit logs and journals for recoverable data objects). They are natural append-only sequences, that support all of the List operations except for remove and set (replace). They require a new core interface, and a new iterator.
And what about immutable Collections, as opposed to unmodifiable ones? (i.e., Collections that cannot be changed by the client AND will never change for any other reason). Many argue that this is the most important distinction of all, because it allows multiple threads to access a collection concurrently without the need for synchronization. Adding this support to the type hierarchy requires four more interfaces.
Now we're up to twenty or so interfaces and five iterators, and it's almost certain that there are still collections arising in practice that don't fit cleanly into any of the interfaces. For example, the collection-views returned by Map are natural delete-only collections. Also, there are collections that will reject certain elements on the basis of their value, so we still haven't done away with runtime exceptions.
When all was said and done, we felt that it was a sound engineering compromise to sidestep the whole issue by providing a very small set of core interfaces that can throw a runtime exception.
It was never our intention that programs should catch these exceptions: that's why they're unchecked (runtime) exceptions. They should only arise as a result of programming errors, in which case, your program will halt due to the uncaught exception.
The Collection interface provides this functionality. We are not providing any public implementations of this interface, as we think that it wouldn't be used frequently enough to "pull its weight." We occasionally return such Collections, which are implemented easily atop AbstractCollection (for example, the Collection returned by Map.values).
While the names of the new collections methods do not adhere to the "Beans naming conventions", we believe that they are reasonable, consistent and appropriate to their purpose. It should be remembered that the Beans naming conventions do not apply to the JDK as a whole; the AWT did adopt these conventions, but that decision was somewhat controversial. We suspect that the collections APIs will be used quite pervasively, often with multiple method calls on a single line of code, so it is important that the names be short. Consider, for example, the Iterator methods. Currently, a loop over a collection looks like this:
for (Iterator i = c.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) System.out.println(i.next());Everything fits neatly on one line, even if the Collection name is a long expression. If we named the methods "getIterator", "hasNextElement" and "getNextElement", this would no longer be the case. Thus, we adopted the "traditional" JDK style rather than the Beans style.
Many Collection implementations (including all of the ones provided by the JDK) will have a public clone method, but it would be mistake to require it of all Collections. For example, what does it mean to clone a Collection that's backed by a terabyte SQL database? Should the method call cause the company to requisition a new disk farm? Similar arguments hold for serializable.
If the client doesn't know the actual type of a Collection, it's much more flexible and less error prone to have the client decide what type of Collection is desired, create an empty Collection of this type, and use the addAll method to copy the elements of the original collection into the new one.
This is what is referred to as an "Internal Iterator" in the "Design Patterns" book (Gamma et al.). We considered providing it, but decided not to as it seems somewhat redundant to support internal and external iterators, and Java already has a precedent for external iterators (with Enumerations). The "throw weight" of this functionality is increased by the fact that it requires a public interface to describe upcalls.
It's easy to implement this functionality atop Iterators, and the resulting code may actually look cleaner as the user can inline the predicate. Thus, it's not clear whether this facility pulls its weight. It could be added to the Collections class at a later date (implemented atop Iterator), if it's deemed useful.
Because we don't believe in using Enumerations (or Iterators) as "poor man's collections." This was occasionally done in prior releases, but now that we have the Collection interface, it is the preferred way to pass around abstract collections of objects.
Again, this is an instance of an Enumeration serving as a "poor man's collection" and we're trying to discourage that. Note however, that we strongly suggest that all concrete implementations should have constructors that take a Collection (and create a new Collection with the same elements).
The semantics are unclear, given that the contract for Iterator makes no guarantees about the order of iteration. Note, however, that ListIterator does provide an add operation, as it does guarantee the order of the iteration.
People were evenly divided as to whether List suggests linked lists. Given the implementation naming convention, <Implementation><Interface>, there was a strong desire to keep the core interface names short. Also, several existing names (AbstractSequentialList, LinkedList) would have been decidedly worse if we changed List to Sequence. The naming conflict can be dealt with by the following incantation:
import java.util.*; import java.awt.*; import java.util.List; // Dictates interpretation of "List"
It was decided that the "set/get" naming convention was strongly enough enshrined in the language that we'd stick with it.
This was by design. We feel that mappings are not collections and collections are not mappings. Thus, it makes little sense for Map to extend the Collection interface (or vice versa).
If a Map is a Collection, what are the elements? The only reasonable answer is "Key-value pairs", but this provides a very limited (and not particularly useful) Map abstraction. You can't ask what value a given key maps to, nor can you delete the entry for a given key without knowing what value it maps to.
Collection could be made to extend Map, but this raises the question: what are the keys? There's no really satisfactory answer, and forcing one leads to an unnatural interface.
Maps can be viewed as Collections (of keys, values, or pairs), and this fact is reflected in the three "Collection view operations" on Maps (keySet, entrySet, and values). While it is, in principle, possible to view a List as a Map mapping indices to elements, this has the nasty property that deleting an element from the List changes the Key associated with every element before the deleted element. That's why we don't have a map view operation on Lists.
We view the method names for Enumeration as unfortunate. They're very long, and very frequently used. Given that we were adding a method and creating a whole new framework, we felt that it would be foolish not to take advantage of the opportunity to improve the names. Of course we could support the new and old names in Iterator, but it doesn't seem worthwhile.
It can be implemented atop the current Iterators (a similar pattern to java.io.PushbackInputStream). We believe that its use would be rare enough that it isn't worth including in the interface that everyone has to implement.
If you examine the goals for our Collections framework (in the Overview), you'll see that we are not really "playing in the same space" as JGL. Quoting from the "Design Goals" Section of the Java Collections Overview: "Our main design goal was to produce an API that was reasonably small, both in size, and (more importantly) in 'conceptual weight.'"
JGL consists of approximately 130 classes and interfaces; its main goal was consistency with the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). This was not one of our goals. Java has traditionally stayed away from C++'s more complex features (e.g., multiple inheritance, operator overloading). Our entire framework, including all infrastructure, contains approximately 25 classes and interfaces.
While this may cause some discomfort for some C++ programmers, we feel that it will be good for Java in the long run. As the Java libraries mature, they inevitably grow, but we are trying as hard as we can to keep them small and manageable, so that Java continues to be an easy, fun language to learn and to use.
Given that we provide core collection interfaces behind which programmers can "hide" their own implementations, there will be aliased collections whether the JDK provides them or not. Eliminating all views from the JDK would greatly increase the cost of common operations like making a Collection out of an array, and would do away with many useful facilities (like synchronizing wrappers). One view that we see as being particularly useful is List.subList. The existence of this method means that people who write methods taking List on input do not have to write secondary forms taking an offset and a length (as they do for arrays).
Primarily, resource constraints. If we're going to commit to such an API, it has to be something that works for everyone, that we can live with for the long haul. We may provide such a facility some day. In the meantime, it's not difficult to implement such a facility on top of the public APIs.
Copyright © 1998, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. 500 Oracle Parkway
Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA. All rights reserved.


**Connected**
* * * * *
This project aims at experimenting interaction between virtual and real worlds through connected objects.
There are 2 parts :
- a LUA mod to be used in [Minetest game](http://www.minetest.net/)
- a [nodejs](https://nodejs.org/) application to serve as a bridge between Minetest and connected objects. (for the moment, it uses MQTT through [Mosca](https://github.com/mcollina/mosca/))
*******************************************************************
* .-. *
* .-+ | *
* .--+ '--. *
* | App nodejs | *
* '-------------' *
* ^ ^ *
* | | *
* .--------------------' '-----------------. *
* | | *
* v v *
* .---------. .--------. *
* | | | Microbit | *
* | | | | *
* +---------+ | | *
* /// _____ \\\ | o o o o | *
* '-------------' '--------' *
* Minetest server *
*******************************************************************
*a less shiny version is available [here](https://github.com/titimoby/connected/blob/master/README.md)*
*project itself is available in this [Github repository](https://github.com/titimoby/connected/)*


Joy ‘not interested’ in Awami League central leadership role, now: Quader
by bdnews24.comBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s grandson Sajeeb Wazed Joy is “not interested” in joining the central leadership of the Awami League now, the party’s General Secretary Obaidul Quader has said. Related Stories
- Awami League to focus Sajeeb Wazed Joy as future leader in National Council
- Awami League top brass urged to induct Sajeeb Wazed Joy in central committee
He now advises his mother Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on ICT affairs.
“Joy’s wish also matters here. Whenever we ask the leader (Hasina) about it, she says he doesn’t want to (come to the fore) now. He is not interested yet,” Quader told reporters at a press conference at the party chief’s Dhanmondi offices in Dhaka on Friday.
In 2015, Joy became a member of the Awami League’s Pirganj Upazila unit in Rangpur, from where his father the late M Wazed Miah hailed.
He joined the party’s national council as a councillor from Rangpur the following year.
Ahead of the next council scheduled for Dec 20-21, the party’s Pirganj unit announced a committee with Joy as an executive member.
The reporters asked Quader whether Joy would assume a central leadership role in the 21st council of the party.
“That’s a decision for our party President Sheikh Hasina to take. Joy is always there. But I repeatedly told the leader (Hasina) to groom Joy. Joy’s wish also matters here. For now, he wants to remain in the position he holds,” the Awami League general secretary said.
Grassroots leaders had demanded during the last council that Joy be put in a leadership role in the party, but he did not agree, Quader said.
Before the last council, Quader had said along with Bangabandhu and Hasina, the council’s focus would be on Joy as “our future leader”.


An implementation of hash tables.
The following constants make the code more readable.
_KEY = 0 # pylint: disable=invalid-name
_VALUE = 1 # pylint: disable=invalid-name
Provide a collection of key-value pairs with unique keys.
class HashTable:
Implement a closed hash table that doesn't grow. Use linear probing for collision resolution. Use the built-in hashing function.
A hash table is represented by a fixed size list, each item being a key-value pair, represented by a list of length 2. An empty slot in the hash table is represented by the pair None-None, whereas a deleted item is represented by a pair key-None.
Initialise the table with the given number_of_buckets.
def __init__(self, number_of_buckets):
Assume that the number_of_buckets is positive.
assert number_of_buckets > 0
self._buckets = [[None, None]] * number_of_buckets
Implement the len
function for hash tables.
def __len__(self):
Return the number of key-value pairs in the hash table.
total = 0
for bucket in self._buckets:
if bucket[_VALUE] is not None:
total += 1
return total
If the table has the_key, return the associated value.
def value(self, the_key):
start_index = hash(the_key) % len(self._buckets)
index = start_index
Keep going until we know whether the key exists or not.
while True:
bucket = self._buckets[index]
If the bucket is empty, the item doesn't exist.
if bucket[_KEY] is None:
return None
If the bucket has the key, return the value.
if bucket[_KEY] == the_key:
return bucket[_VALUE]
Otherwise try the next bucket.
index = (index + 1) % len(self._buckets)
If the search 'wrapped around', the item doesn't exist.
if index == start_index:
return None
Implement the in
operator for hash tables.
def __contains__(self, the_key):
Return True if the table has the_key, otherwise False.
return self.value(the_key) is not None
Add an item to the table and return if the operation succeeded.
def add(self, the_key, the_value):
If there is an item with the_key, replace its value by the_value, otherwise try to add a new item with the_key and the_value. Return True if the item was added. Return False if the_value is None or the table is full.
if the_value is None:
return False
start_index = hash(the_key) % len(self._buckets)
index = start_index
while True:
bucket = self._buckets[index]
If the bucket is empty or has the_key, store the item there.
if bucket[_KEY] is None or bucket[_KEY] == the_key:
self._buckets[index] = [the_key, the_value]
return True
index = (index + 1) % len(self._buckets)
If the search 'wrapped around', the table is full.
if index == start_index:
return False
Remove the item with the_key from the table. Return nothing.
def remove(self, the_key):
Do nothing if there's no item with the_key.
start_index = hash(the_key) % len(self._buckets)
index = start_index
while True:
bucket = self._buckets[index]
If the bucket is empty, the item doesn't exist.
if bucket[_KEY] is None:
return
If the bucket has the key, mark it as deleted.
if bucket[_KEY] == the_key:
bucket[_VALUE] = None
return
index = (index + 1) % len(self._buckets)
if index == start_index:
return


Mounting a USB drive at boot
05 May 2015I have a Fat32 formatted USB drive and I want to have it mounted when the Raspberry Pi boots. To do this I add an entry to my fstab file using the UUID of the drive and some permission.
Get a list of your USB devices to check if your USB drive is available
lsusb
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0424:9514 Standard Microsystems Corp.
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0424:ec00 Standard Microsystems Corp.
Bus 001 Device 004: ID 13fe:5200 Kingston Technology Company Inc.
Bus 001 Device 005: ID 0bda:8176 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTL8188CUS 802.11n WLAN Adapter
Make a directory to mount your drive/volume into
sudo mkdir /home/pi/video
Find the UUID of your drive
sudo blkid
/dev/mmcblk0p1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" LABEL="boot" UUID="2654-BFC0" TYPE="vfat"
/dev/mmcblk0p2: UUID="548da502-ebde-45c0-9ab2-de5e2431ee0b" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda1: LABEL="video" UUID="7CCD-19F2" TYPE="vfat"
This tells me that my usb drive is in the device list at /dev/sda1, has the label ‘video’, a UUID of ’7CCD-19F2′, and is formatted as VFAT (e.g. FAT32).
Edit your /etc/fstab file by appending a line for your dive
sudo pico /etc/fstab
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/mmcblk0p1 /boot vfat defaults 0 2
/dev/mmcblk0p2 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1
UUID=7CCD-19F2 /home/pi/video vfat rw,umask=0 0 0
# a swapfile is not a swap partition, so no using swapon|off from here on, use $
Here, on the line starting with UUID, I have mounted a device using its UUID=7CCD-19F2 into a folder /home/pi/video. This is a Fat32 formatted drive (vfat) and everybody has read-write permissions (rw,umask=0). This recipe will not work for other types of formatted drives (Ext3, NTFS, etc).
Remount Your drives and check the drive is mounted
sudo mount -a
‘ls’ should show /video/ in blue to indicate it is mounted
Important. When you make the directory where a drive will be mounted it MUST be done with ‘sudo mkdir /home/pi/video’. You need ‘sudo’ so fstab can mount it on boot, the final permissions of this mounted drive are set in the drives fstab line. In this case, ‘rw,umask=0′.
Linux Commands
-
List your usb devices: lsusb
-
List the Location, Label, UUID and Type of your USB devices: sudo blkid
-
Unmount a volume: sudo umount /home/pi/video
-
Mount everybody in fstab: sudo mount -a
-
Check if a drive is mounted: df grep “/home/pi/video” awk ‘{print $6}’
To Do
-
A problem I just had is that my USB drive did not get mounted at boot and the folder I have reserved for it is on my root file system, ‘/’, with only 4 GB of space. I started writing tons of video files to the folder and quickly ran out of space on. Now, I need a way to test if the folder I am writing to is (I) a folder or (ii) an actual mount point. Tym, the bash guru in the lab and my go to person on these things suggested the following:
df grep “/home/pi/video” awk ‘{print $6}’
This will return an empty string if /home/pi/video is NOT mounted.


Instance methods that override library methods and constructors are ignored by this inspection.
Example: if the inspection is enabled for static methods, and the minimum specified method name length is 4 (the default),
the following static method produces a warning, because the length of its name is 3, which is less
than 4: public static int max(int a, int b)
.
A quick-fix that renames such methods is available only in the editor.
Configure the inspection:
Use the list in the Options section to specify which methods should be checked. Deselect the checkboxes for the method types for which you want to skip the check. Specify 0 in the length fields to skip the corresponding checks.
Regular expressions should be specified in the standard java.util.regex
format.


| 866 | (A) | Ryde to thiese reuers and rayse vpe the fowlis |
| 870 | (C) | ¶ And þenne to ryde to þe ryueres . & reyse vp fowles |
| 855 | (D) | They ridyn þen to þe riuer reysid vp foulis |
| 832 | (E) | & ryden on þe ryuer . & foules vp reyse . |
| (Ex) | ---- no text ---- | |
| 886 | (L) | Ride to þe reuer & rere vp þe foules |
| 805 | (P) | Ryde to ryuer rayse vp fowles |
| 840 | (U) | ¶ Riden to the riuer / and raisen vp foules |
| (V) | ---- no text ---- |


Using Tokens
Use tokens to minimize redundant typing and the risk of typos.
The following table shows the token you type in on the page you are editing and the result that is displayed after you Save
the page.
Note; the display will show your unique chapter information. Raleigh's info is shown for display purposes only.
Note2; if you want the octothorpe (number, hash, pound sign) to show in front of your chapter number you need to include it right before the token as shown.
It should be noted that any token used in the calender Body will not be translated when viewing the calendar with the HOG[SCAN] smartphone app.
[hogscan:chapter_name]
Your chapter name
Raleigh NC Chapter
#[hogscan:chapter_number]
Your chapter number
#4356
[hogscan:chapter_city]
Your chapter city
Raleigh
[hogscan:chapter_state]
Your chapter state
NC
[hogscan:dealer_name]
Your dealership's name
Tobacco Road Harley-Davidson
[hogscan:dealer_website]
Your dealership's website
https://tobaccoroadhd.com
[hogscan:dealer_phone]
Your dealership's phone number
(919) 832-2261
[hogscan:dealer_address]
Your dealership's address
1126 S Saunders St
Raleigh, NC 27603 US
[hogscan:charter_url]
A link to the Chapter Charter
* see below
[hogscan:handbook_url]
A link to the Chapter Handbook
* see below
[hogscan:member_release_url]
A link to the Chapter Membership Enrollment Form & Release
* see below
[hogscan:event_release_url]
A link to the Event Release for Adults
* see below
[hogscan:minors_release_url]
A link to the Event Release for Minors
* see below
[hogscan:minors_risk_url]
A link to the Minors Assumption of Risk
* see below
[hogscan:insurance_injury_url]
A link to the Incident Report
* see below
[hogscan:insurance_open_url]
A link to the Insurance Application for Non Approved or Open Activities
* see below
[hogscan:insurance_parade_url]
A link to the Insurance Application for Parades
* see below
* The tokens for the Chapter Charter, Chapter Handbook, the four release forms, the incident report and the insurance applications are URL links to HOG national. When national updates, or revises, any of them they will be picked up on your webpage(s) automatically so that you always have the current version.
About Us page - Personalize the Chapter Rocker
By default, the About Us page shows a HOG patch with a generic rocker above it. To have the rocker display your chapter information you will need to edit the page. The following steps will guide you.
- Login to your website
- Reference the screenshot to see the default rocker showing generic information. To change it to reflect your chapter, click the Edit tab.
- Referencing the screenshot below, click the down caret to expand the selection and click HTML code to select it.
- Referencing the screenshot below, locate the 9999 in the
img
(image) tag. Changing only the 9999 to your four digit chapter number.
For most, it will be a four digit number. There are a few that will use a six digit number.
- The screenshot below shows how I edited the line to use my chapter number
- Scroll to the bottom of the page and click the Save button.
- Your completed page displays showing the message "Basic page About Us has been updated" and the rocker shows your chapter.


Make your voice heard and contribute to the EDSA survey! We’re looking to discover the data science landscape across Europe, and we need your help to shape this.
In order to discover trends within Europe, please pick the country for which you will be contributing data on the map below.
Which of these best describes your role?
What type of organisation do you work for?
Which sector do you work in? Please choose the one which best describes your main focus.
A data scientist is commonly defined by their ability to combine multiple skills. Drew Conway's Data Science venn diagram (below) is currently the most widely adopted visualisation of data science skills.
Studies have revealed a skills gap in data scientists globally.
The aim of this survey is to:
How important is each of the following skills for a data scientist?
Drag the elements to rate their importance in your sector (either essential, desirable or not required). You can also add to each category.
How would you rate your strengths in each of the areas:
How would you rate your team’s strengths in each of the areas:
| Very PoorVery Good |
| Very PoorVery Good |
| Very PoorVery Good |
Which data technologies, tools and languages would you like to see included in data science training?
What training delivery methods do you consider to be important factors in successful training?
If you have any other comments relating to data science skills and requirements in your organisation and sector please feel free to include these below.
Please leave your name and email if you would like to be involved further:
Thank-you for taking part in this survey, your input is very much appreciated.


LogJoint considers a textual log file as a one big string. This is a logical representation, of-course physically LogJoint doesn't load the whole file into a string in memory. A string here means a sequence of Unicode characters. To convert a raw log file to Unicode characters LogJoint uses the encoding specified in your format's settings.
Suppose we have this log file:
i 2010/3/1 13:30:23 Msg 1 w 2010/3/1 13:30:24 Msg 2
It contains two messages, one message per line. Each line starts with severity mark (i - information, w - warning). It is followed by date and time stamp. The rest of a message is some text with no fixed structure.
The log would be represented by the following string.
Symbol represents newline character.
^ # every message starts from new line (?<sev> # begin of capture [i|w|e] # severity mark ) # end of capture \s # space between severity mark and date/time (?<date> # begin of capture \d{4} # 4-digit year \/ # slash separating year and month \d{1,2} # one or two digits representing month \/ # slash separating month and day \d{1,2} # one or two digits representing the day \s # space between date and time \d{2} # two-digit hour \: # time separator \d{2} # two-digit minutes \: # time separator \d{2} # two-digit seconds ) # end of capture
Note that LogJoint ignores unescaped white space in patterns and treats everything after # as a comment. This regex captures two named values: sev - the severity of the message and date - date/time information. The need for these captures will be described later. ^ at the beginning of the regex matches the beginning of any line in the source string, not just the beginning of the entire string. Programmers can read about IgnorePatternWhitespace, ExplicitCapture, and Multiline flags that are actually used here in msdn: RegexOptions Enumeration.
LogJoint applies the header regular expression many times to find all the messages in the input string. In our example the header regex will match two times and will yield two sets of captures:
Thick black lines show message boundaries. After applying header regex LogJoint knows where the messages begin and where they end. A messsage ends where the next message begins.
The next step LogJoint makes is parsing the content of the message. LogJoint uses body regular expression for that. Body regex is supposed to parse (break down to the captures) the part of the message that follows the header. In our example the body regex will be applied for these substrings:
In the example the actual message content doesn't have any structure. Because of that there is no special fields that we want to parse by body regex. The body regular expression would look like this:
^ # align to the beginng of the message's body (i.e. to the end of the header) (?<body> # begin a capture .* # match everything without any parsing ) # end a capture $ # align to the end of body (i.e. to the beginning of next message)
This regex captures all the input substring to the capture named body. The need in capturing is explained below. Actually body regex as it was specified above can be omitted altogether - LogJoint assumes it by default. It is important that in body regular expression's the meaning of ^ and $ is different from header regexps. Here they match the beginning and the end of the entire body substring. You can read more in msdn: Singleline regex option (RegexOptions).
Summarizing what has been said: LogJoint uses regular expressions to divide up the input string into separate messages and to get the set of named substrings (captures) for each message. The final step is to map this set of substrings to the fields that LogJoint will use to construct message object. There are predefined fields that are recognized and handled by LogJoint special way. There might be user-defined fields as well.
Here is the table of predefined fields:
| Field name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Time | DateTime | Defines the timestamp of log message. This field is important for LogJoint to correlate messages from different sources and to allow timeline navigation functionality. |
| Thread | String | Defines the thread identifier of the message. All the messages of the same thread will have the same backgound color. |
| Severity | Severity | Defines the severity of the message. Severity might be Severity.Information, Severity.Warning or Severity.Error. |
| Body | string | Actual content of the message, its text content. |
Any field with name different from the names in the table above are user-defined. They are automatically appended to Body field using "field name"="field value" format.
Don't confuse regex captures and message fields. The captures are raw strings that are cut out of the log. Message fields are strongly typed, they define the message object that LogJoint works with. When you define a new format you need to provide the way to map the input captures to output fields. This mapping is called fields mapping. Basically it is a table that contains formulas for each output field. Formulas are expressions or pieces of C# code. Formulas use language expressions or function calls to convert regex captures (that are strings) to strongly typed output fields. Internally LogJoint takes the formulas you provided and generates a temporary class. This class is used then in the parsing pipeline.
Here is example:
| Field | Formula type | Formula | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Expression | TO_DATETIME(date, "yyyy/M/d HH:mm:ss") |
This formula is an expression. It calls predefined function TO_DATETIME() passing date capture as a parameter. The names of all regexp captures are available in the context of the expression. They have string type. TO_DATETIME() returns the value of type DateTime. Expressions must evaluate to the type that is compatible with field's type. |
| Body | Expression | body |
This formula is simple: it just returns body capture. Remind you: Body field has String type and so does body capture. |
| Severity | Function |
switch (sev) { case "w": return Severity.Warning; case "e": return Severity.Error; default: return Severity.Info; } |
This formula is a function. The difference between expressions and functions is that the function may contain any sequence of statements and must return a value (return statement). Expressions may contain only one expression, no statements. Expressions are shorter and simplier but thay are somewhat limited. In formulas of type Function you are free to implement any business logic. |
All fields except Time are optional. If you don't provide a formula for Thread field LogJoint will consider all messages to have the same thread. The default severity is Info.
Here is the picture of overall parsing pipeline:


|
Mesh
Mesh in opengl
|
#include <meshresource.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| MeshResource (std::vector< GLfloat > verts, std::vector< GLuint > indices) | |
| void | BindVao () |
| void | BindVbo () |
| void | BindIbo () |
| void | SetupVertexBuffer () |
| void | SetupIndexBuffer () |
| void | SetupVertexArray () |
Public Attributes | |
| std::vector< GLfloat > | verts |
| std::vector< GLuint > | indices |
A class that represents a Mesh in OpenGL
| MeshResource::MeshResource | ( | std::vector< GLfloat > | verts, |
| std::vector< GLuint > | indices | ||
| ) |
Costum constructor for creating a mesh
| verts | a vector containing GLfloats for the setup of vertexbuffer and vertexattribs |
| indices | a vector containing GLuints for the setup of indexbuffer |
| void MeshResource::BindIbo | ( | ) |
method to bind the Index buffer object
| void MeshResource::BindVao | ( | ) |
method to bind the Vertex array object
| void MeshResource::BindVbo | ( | ) |
method to bind the Vertex buffer object
| void MeshResource::SetupIndexBuffer | ( | ) |
Generates buffers and binds them, Buffers the data to the gpu.
| void MeshResource::SetupVertexArray | ( | ) |
Generates A vertex array, and binds it.
| void MeshResource::SetupVertexBuffer | ( | ) |
Generates buffers and binds them, Buffers the data to the gpu. Enables Vertex attributes, position and colour for each vertex.
| std::vector<GLuint> MeshResource::indices |
stores each indices value for use in the mesh methods
| std::vector<GLfloat> MeshResource::verts |
stores each vertices value for use in the mesh methods


Saving Silverman (2001) 3 stars out of 4. Starring Jason Biggs, Steven Zahn, Jack Black, Amanda Peet, Amanda Detmer, R. Lee Ermey and Neil Diamond. Written by Greg DePaul and Hank Nelken. Directed by Dennis Dugan. 91 minutes. PG-13.
Saving Silverman is a winning combination of slapstick and sweetness propelled by the antics of two fine young character actors ó Steven Zahn and Jack Black.
This low-brow, sometimes crude comedy is nonetheless rather charming. After all, any movie in which Neil Diamond is characterized as a cultural icon who can save the day canít be bad.
Silverman is a story of friendship and the lengths some people will go to to preserve that bond.
Darren (Jason Biggs), Wayne (Steve Zahn) and J.D. (Jack Black) have been best friends since grade school, sticking together into adulthood where they rock together in Diamonds in the Rough, a Neil Diamond cover band.
The trio, especially Darren, always have been unlucky in love.
Then along comes Judith (Amanda Peet), a stunning, cold-hearted, manipulative psychiatrist who grabs the sweet Darren away from his friends. ìHe is my puppet and I am his puppet master,î she brazenly tells Wayne and J.D. when they try to reclaim their pal.
Judithís stranglehold is so great on Darren that he even refuses a chance to be reunited Sandy (Amanda Detmer) with his ìone and only true loveî from high school.
Wayne and J.D. then take extreme action to separate Darren from Judith, thus giving their friend a chance to realize his true feelings for Sandy.
Zahn (That Thing You Do and Happy Texas) and Black (High Fidelity) are wonderfully funny, physical and bumbling as the inept pair endlessly scheming to rescue sweet Darren. That they are no intellectual match for Judith is part of the fun, as she uses her brain while they try to use brawn.
Much of the humor is coarse, involving punishment to unmentionable body parts, but the overall tone of the movie is so cheery and light-hearted that you are not offended or ache with the punishment Wayne and J.D. endure for the sake of friendship.
Peet is hilarious, playing her Ice Queen part with a minimum of tongue-in-cheek.
Biggs adds another sweet characterization to his roster of parts following American Pie and Loser, while Detmer brings a wholesomeness to her role as the girl of Darrenís dreams.
Veteran F. Lee Ermey spoofs his tough-guy image, first honed as the sadistic drill sergeant in Stanley Kubrickís Full Metal Jacket ó with several variations since ó as the win-at-any-cost football coach and mentor to Wayne and J.D.
And then thereís Neil Diamond. Saving Silverman can be appreciated as one sweet, long love song to the singer. He only appears briefly and his acting hasnít improved since The Jazz Singer, but so what. Heís Neil Diamond and he has some fun spoofing himself.
Saving Silverman is rather short, running only about 90 minutes. It is not a classic comedy, but it is an entertaining vehicle that will leave you smiling.
It is witty, a bit naughty, but most of all, warm.
Bob Bloom is the film critic at the Journal and Courier in Lafayette, IN. He can be reached by e-mail at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Other reviews by Bloom can be found at www.jconline.com by clicking on golafayette. Bloom's reviews also can be found on the Web at the Internet Movie Database: http://www.imdb.com/M/reviews_by?Bob+Bloom
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


|
||||||||||
| PREV LETTER NEXT LETTER | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
source
to target
, or null if target
is not
reachable from source
.
LinkedHashMap
which maps each vertex
in the graph (including the source
vertex)
to the last edge on the shortest path from the
source
vertex.
LinkedHashMap
which maps each of the closest
numDist
vertices to the source
vertex
in the graph (including the source
vertex)
to the incoming edge along the path from that vertex.
List
of the edges on the shortest path from
source
to target
, in order of their
occurrence on this path.
|
||||||||||
| PREV LETTER NEXT LETTER | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


at-article in style
—Style
Monospace / Preformatted / Code
Code block wrapped in "pre" and "code" tags
// Loop through Divs using Javascript.
var divs = document.querySelectorAll('div'), i;
for (i = 0; i < divs.length; ++i) {
divs[i].style.color = "green";
}
Monospace Text wrapped in "pre" tags
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nullam dignissim convallis est. Quisque aliquam. Donec faucibus. Nunc iaculis suscipit dui. Nam sit amet sem. Aliquam libero nisi, imperdiet at, tincidunt nec, gravida vehicula, nisl.
 There is a small mailbox here. > kbd open mailbox sampOpening the mailbox reveals: A leaflet. >
Code with samp
and kbd
:
To make George eat an apple, select File|Eat Apple...
Code with code
:
#header h1 a {
display: block;
width: 300px;
height: 80px;
}
Code with samp
and language
:
console.log(2.3 + 2.4)
4.699999999999999


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4
If you feel like pushing the boat out for brunch then this is the recipe for you. Smoked salmon waffles, topped with crisp black pudding, a soft poached egg and buttery homemade hollandaise sauce, what more could you want?
Equipment and preparation: for this recipe you will need a waffle maker and a blender.
Preheat the waffle maker and preheat the oven to 140C/120C Fan/Gas 1. Put a large wire rack on a baking tray and keep it warm in the oven.
In a large mixing bowl, combine the flour, baking powder, salt and sugar. Whisk in the eggs, milk and butter to combine thoroughly. Mix in the smoked salmon and chives.
Ladle the batter into each well of the waffle maker and close the lid. Cook the waffles for 5 minutes, then lift the lid and check the waffle – it should be golden-brown and crisp. Transfer to the wire rack in the oven and repeat the process with the remaining batter.
For the black pudding, heat a non-stick frying pan and fry the black pudding on both sides for 2-3 minutes.
For the poached egg, bring a large saucepan of water to a simmer. Add the white wine vinegar and swirl the water using a spoon. Carefully break an egg into the centre of the swirl. Cook for 2 minutes, remove and place on kitchen paper. Repeat to cook the remaining eggs.
For the hollandaise sauce, put the egg yolks, lemon juice and a tablespoon water in a blender. Turn on the machine and then slowly pour the warmed butter through the lid. Season with cayenne pepper and salt.
To serve, divide the waffles between four plates and top with the black pudding, spinach, watercress and a poached egg. Pour over some hollandaise sauce and serve.


Tablet of Vision:
Thoughts beyond your understanding race through you mind. You seem to hear a sof female voice quietly laughing at you.
Suddenly you know the location of the next Resonance Amulet!
It is being held by a suspicious person beside the Tablet of Vision in the Pilgrims Temple.


Growers: NYPD confiscated hemp thinking it was pot
Hemp legal in all 50 states
NEW HAVEN, Vt. - - Growers say cops ignored documentation showing the product the seized was actually hemp, now legal in all 50 states.
NEW HAVEN, Vt. - - Growers say cops ignored documentation showing the product the seized was actually hemp, now legal in all 50 states.


Shop
Blog
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Size
16" x 20"
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The last file to be loaded by the bootstrap process contains module-level code which will trigger the self-initialization of the interactive system--including CM. One job of CM is to manage sharing of link-time state (i.e., dynamic state created by module-level code at link time). Link-time state of a module used by the interactive system should be shared with any program using the same module. The file .boot. arch- os/PIDMAP contains information that enables CM to relate existing link-time state to particular library modules and also to identify any link-time state that will never be shared and which can therefore be dropped. It is CMB's responsibility to construct the PIDMAP file.


--- title: "Schedule your time by using remind, wyrd, conky as well as rem2html" date: 2014-11-21T21:38:17 lastmod: 2014-11-23T00:00:00 draft: false # Authors. Comma separated list, e.g. `["Bob Smith", "David Jones"]`. authors: - Ming Su tags: - remind - wyrd - rem2html - linux - Schedule ---
I was using gcalcli for couple years, however, it is become very difficult to use in mainland China, due to the GFW policy; on the other hand, I prefer to using my own server other than using the server from others, in this case google calendar.
So I start to find a better solution. Fortunately, I managed it by using remind, wyrd, conky and rem2html.
Plain text is the most portable, munge-able, searchable, dependable, and software-agnostic file format there is. We’ve covered how to track your tasks and projects in a todo.txt file; today we’re going to extend our plain text personal information manager to include a full-on calendar, using an old school UNIX program called Remind.
Remind is really a powerful tool to schedule your time. I am not going to the detail for the usage of Remind, you might go to the shell, and type:
$man remind
For example, you can shedule a date with your GF/BF like this:
REM 2014/12/24 MSG Dating this evening with honey.
Or you can check your salary on the first day of each month:
REM 1 MSG Checking salary.
Or have a meething:
REM 2014/11/25 AT 9:00 MSG Meeting now
Remind is very powerful but not handy enough, as you have to remeber lots of commands. If you use it in a very simple way, just like me, wyrd is a good choice.
Speaking of regularly using - wyrd will be used just as much as Remind. In addition to the easy to navigate display of events it also has a fully-configurable set of hotkeys that, for the little that I’ve used them, seem to work a lot like Vim. There happen to be two things that I like best about wyrd right from the start. The first is the fact that it’s written in OCaml. The second is that the developer took the time to make a well-orchestrated SWF file that walks through some sample uses. It just warms my little heart to see a developer caring about their users. ;-)
For me, the most fantastic usage of wyrd is its quick_event function, similar to gcalcli.
You could use it in a smart way, like this:
wyrd --add 'Have dinner with John Fri 6pm.'
wyrd --add 'Tomorrow 7:30am prepare breakfast.'
and also there are a lot more handy short cut for using Remind by wyrd.
You can also add such line in your conkyrc script, then you will get a week scale schedule calendar on your desktop.
${execi 300 remind -c+1 -n ~/.reminders}
In addition, you can get a schedule summary in text style by adding this line to your conkyrc file:
${execi 300 remind -n ~/.reminders | sort}
Sometimes, you might want to public your calendar on your blog, you can use rem2html for generating a static web calendar.
You can have a look at mine via: My calendar
Usage:
remind -ps12 /home/ming/.reminders | sed 's/^\(.*:.*:.*m\) .*$/\1 BUSY/g' | /home/ming/bin/rem2html --title "ming's calendar"> /var/www/cal/index.html
The sed command here is aiming to replace your schedule detail to BUSY.
-ps12 means you will publish the following 12 month calendar to the web page.
You might able to find some particular method to send text message from shell to your cell phone.
Here are some hint:
You can also send email to you for remindering, I believe there are many ways to do this. In my case, I using mutt for email.
The basic usage of mutt:
echo email body | mutt -s subject send-to-email-address
Combined with remind
You might also want to get a desktop reminder by gxmessage, you can install it by (debian like system):
apt-get install gxmessage
And you can start remind server and enable both gxmessage reminder and mail reminder by using:
$remind -z -k'gxmessage -title "reminder" -center %s && echo %s | mutt -s %s YOUREMAILADRESSn &' ~/.reminders &
You can also add this to your .xinitrc file.


Bug 1715819 R[Core:DOM: Editor]Simplify TextEditor::SelectEntireDocument
Bug 1694639 R[Core:DOM: Web Authentication]Add DOM:Web Authentication cross-origin tests
Bug 1711142 R[Core:Graphics: WebRender]high memory usage in [@ webrender::api_resources::ApiResources::create_blob_scene_builder_requests]
Bug 1715208 R[Firefox:Tabbed Browser]Intermittent [Tier 2] Fission browser/base/content/test/fullscreen/browser_bug1620341.js | Close buttons should be visible only on the active tab (tabs have width=0 so closebuttons gets set on them) -
Bug 1715724 R[Thunderbird:Upstream Synchronization]Intermittent toolkit/components/passwordmgr/test/unit/test_PasswordRulesManager_generatePassword.js | test_improved_password_rules_telemetry - [test_improved_password_rules_telemetry : 304]
###########
Changes to 5 bugs - 5 fixed.
1 bugs are not included due to being restricted


I really enjoyed Dan Nash - I think his style is somewhere between generic man-with-a-guitar and CJ.
There was a woman who sung a few songs when I think it was Dan playing. I don't know who she is, but she's rather good.
The DJ:s played a lot wade in the water >.< ..... also a lot st james infirmary
Dress up-party! The last night, I don't know what theme it was really, I think circus as there were a lot of circus-themed outfits. A lot more fun than just fancy clothes.


Member of blockchain developers team (DApps developer). React and Node JS passionate.
Customer needs analysis, creating custom software for clients, managing a small team of developers, software architecture, conducting training in IT.


Dependency Insights helps you estimate
the effort required to upgrade to a new version
of a dependency. Based on data from over
25,000 npm packages and build data from Travis CI,
we determine an estimate of the number of packages
that encountered breaking changes in the new release.


git-commit - Record changes to the repository
git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]
[--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --fixup | --squash) <commit>]
[-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]
[--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
[--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]
[-i | -o] [-S[<key-id>]] [--] [<file>...]
Stores the current contents of the index in a new commit along with a log message from the user describing the changes.
The content to be added can be specified in several ways:
h'-04' 1.h'+01'c
by using git add to incrementally "add" changes to the index before using the commit command (Note: even modified files must be "added");
h'-04' 2.h'+01'c
by using git rm to remove files from the working tree and the index, again before using the commit command;
h'-04' 3.h'+01'c
by listing files as arguments to the commit command, in which case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead record the current content of the listed files (which must already be known to Git);
h'-04' 4.h'+01'c
by using the -a switch with the commit command to automatically "add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the actual commit;
h'-04' 5.h'+01'c
by using the --interactive or --patch switches with the commit command to decide one by one which files or hunks should be part of the commit, before finalizing the operation. See the (lqInteractive Mode(rq section of git-add(1) to learn how to operate these modes.
The --dry-run option can be used to obtain a summary of what is included by any of the above for the next commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths).
If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after that, you can recover from it with git reset.
-a, --all
Tell the command to automatically stage files that have been modified and deleted, but new files you have not told Git about are not affected.
-p, --patch
Use the interactive patch selection interface to chose which changes to commit. See git-add(1) for details.
-C <commit>, --reuse-message=<commit>
Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message and the authorship information (including the timestamp) when creating the commit.
-c <commit>, --reedit-message=<commit>
Like -C, but with -c the editor is invoked, so that the user can further edit the commit message.
--fixup=<commit>
Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash.  ". See git-rebase(1) for details.
--squash=<commit>
Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash. The commit message subject line is taken from the specified commit with a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional commit message options (-m/-c/-C/-F). See git-rebase(1) for details.
--reset-author
When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a a conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the resulting commit now belongs of the committer. This also renews the author timestamp.
--short
When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See git-status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.
--branch
Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format.
--porcelain
When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready format. See git-status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.
--long
When doing a dry-run, give the output in a the long-format. Implies --dry-run.
-z, --null
When showing short or porcelain status output, terminate entries in the status output with NUL, instead of LF. If no format is given, implies the --porcelain output format.
-F <file>, --file=<file>
Take the commit message from the given file. Use - to read the message from the standard input.
--author=<author>
Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the standard A U Thor<EMAIL_ADDRESS>format. Otherwise <author> is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>); the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.
--date=<date>
Override the author date used in the commit.
-m <msg>, --message=<msg>
Use the given <msg> as the commit message. If multiple -m options are given, their values are concatenated as separate paragraphs.
-t <file>, --template=<file>
When editing the commit message, start the editor with the contents in the given file. The commit.template configuration variable is often used to give this option implicitly to the command. This mechanism can be used by projects that want to guide participants with some hints on what to write in the message in what order. If the user exits the editor without editing the message, the commit is aborted. This has no effect when a message is given by other means, e.g. with the -m or -F options.
-s, --signoff
Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit log message.
-n, --no-verify
This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks. See also githooks(5).
--allow-empty
Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.
--allow-empty-message
Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.  The <mode> can be strip, whitespace, verbatim, scissors or default.
strip
Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace, and #commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.
whitespace
Same as strip except #commentary is not removed.
verbatim
Do not change the message at all.
scissors
Same as whitespace, except that everything from (and including) the line "# ------------------------ >8 ------------------------" is truncated if the message is to be edited. "#" can be customized with core.commentChar.
default
Same as strip if the message is to be edited. Otherwise whitespace.
The default can be changed by the commit.cleanup configuration variable (see git-config(1)).
-e, --edit
The message taken from file with -F, command line with -m, and from commit object with -C are usually used as the commit log message unmodified. This option lets you further edit the message taken from these sources.
--no-edit
Use the selected commit message without launching an editor. For example, git commit --amend --no-edit amends a commit without changing its commit message.
--amend
Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new commit. The recorded tree is prepared as usual (including the effect of the -i and -o options and explicit pathspec), and the message from the original commit is used as the starting point, instead of an empty message, when no other message is specified from the command line via options such as -m, -F, -c, etc. The new commit has the same parents and author as the current one (the --reset-author option can countermand this).
It is a rough equivalent for:
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ $ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ... $ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD
but can be used to amend a merge commit.
You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in git-rebase(1).)
--no-post-rewrite
Bypass the post-rewrite hook.
-i, --include
Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, stage the contents of paths given on the command line as well. This is usually not what you want unless you are concluding a conflicted merge.
-o, --only
Make a commit only from the paths specified on the command line, disregarding any contents that have been staged so far. This is the default mode of operation of git commit if any paths are given on the command line, in which case this option can be omitted. If this option is specified together with --amend, then no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend the last commit without committing changes that have already been staged.
-u[<mode>], --untracked-files[=<mode>]
Show untracked files.
The mode parameter is optional (defaults to all), and is used to specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the default is normal, i.e. show untracked files and directories.
The possible options are:
h'-04'(buh'+03'c
no - Show no untracked files
h'-04'(buh'+03'c
normal - Shows untracked files and directories
h'-04'(buh'+03'c
all - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.
The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in git-config(1).
-v, --verbose
Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed at the bottom of the commit message template. Note that this diff output doesn(cqt have its lines prefixed with #.
-q, --quiet
Suppress commit summary message.
--dry-run
Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left uncommitted and paths that are untracked.
--status
Include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override configuration variable commit.status.
--no-status
Do not include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message template when using an editor to prepare the default commit message.
-S[<keyid>], --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]
GPG-sign commit.
--no-gpg-sign
Countermand commit.gpgsign configuration variable that is set to force each and every commit to be signed.
--
Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
<file>...
When files are given on the command line, the command commits the contents of the named files, without recording the changes already staged. The contents of these files are also staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before.
The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables and the --date option support the following date formats:
Git internal format
It is <unix timestamp> <time zone offset>, where <unix timestamp> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. <time zone offset> is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is +0200.
The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200.
ISO 8601
Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example 2005-04-07T22:13:13. The parser accepts a space instead of the T character as well.
Note
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats: YYYY.MM.DD, MM/DD/YYYY and DD.MM.YYYY.
When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area called the "index" with git add. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, to that of the last commit with git reset HEAD -- <file>, which effectively reverts git add and prevents the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, git commit (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what has been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the command. An example:
$ edit hello.c $ git rm goodbye.c $ git add hello.c $ git commit
Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can tell git commit to notice the changes to the files whose contents are tracked in your working tree and do corresponding git add and git rm for you. That is, this example does the same as the earlier example if there is no other change in your working tree:
$ edit hello.c $ rm goodbye.c $ git commit -a
The command git commit -a first looks at your working tree, notices that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c, and performs necessary git add and git rm for you.
After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to git commit. When pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that only records the changes made to the named paths:
$ edit hello.c hello.h $ git add hello.c hello.h $ edit Makefile $ git commit Makefile
This makes a commit that records the modification to Makefile. The changes staged for hello.c and hello.h are not included in the resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost (em they are still staged and merely held back. After the above sequence, if you do:
$ git commit
this second commit would record the changes to hello.c and hello.h as expected.
After a merge (initiated by git merge or git pull) stops because of conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first check which paths are conflicting with git status and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would stage the result as usual with git add:
$ git status | grep unmerged unmerged: hello.c $ edit hello.c $ git add hello.c
After resolving conflicts and staging the result, git ls-files -u would stop mentioning the conflicted path.  One difference is that during a merge resolution, you cannot use git commit with pathnames to alter the order the changes are committed, because the merge should be recorded as a single commit. In fact, the command refuses to run when given pathnames (but see -i option).
Though not required, it(cqs a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git. For example, git-format-patch(1) turns a commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body.
At the core level, Git is character encoding agnostic.
h'-04'(buh'+03'c
The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes. What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data Git keeps track of, which in turn are expected to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding translation.
h'-04'(buh'+03'c
The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.
h'-04'(buh'+03'c
The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.
h'-04' 1.h'+01'c
git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like this:
[i18n] commitencoding = ISO-8859-1
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
h'-04' 2.h'+01'c
git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file, like this:
[i18n] logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of i18n.commitencoding is used instead.
Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.
The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable (in that order). See git-var(1) for details.
This command can run commit-msg, prepare-commit-msg, pre-commit, and post-commit hooks. See githooks(5) for more information.
$GIT_DIR/COMMIT_EDITMSG
This file contains the commit message of a commit in progress. If git commit exits due to an error before creating a commit, any commit message that has been provided by the user (e.g., in an editor session) will be available in this file, but will be overwritten by the next invocation of git commit.
git-add(1), git-rm(1), git-mv(1), git-merge(1), git-commit-tree(1)
Part of the git(1) suite


JavaScript Events
The code changes the content of its own element (using this.innerHTML)
The time is?


Section 10: Defmodule Construct¶
CLIPS provides support for the modular development and execution of knowledge bases with the defmodule construct. CLIPS modules allow a set of constructs to be grouped together such that explicit control can be maintained over restricting the access of the constructs by other modules. This type of control is similar to global and local scoping used in languages such as C or Ada (note, however, that the global scoping used by CLIPS is strictly hierarchical and in one direction only?if module A can see constructs from module B, then it is not possible for module B to see any of module A?s constructs). By restricting access to deftemplate and defclass constructs, modules can function as blackboards, permitting only certain facts and instances to be seen by other modules. Modules are also used by rules to provide execution control.
10.1 Defining Modules¶
Modules are defined using the defmodule construct.
Syntax
(defmodule <module-name> [<comment>] <port-specification>*)
<port-specification> ::= (export <port-item>) |
(import <module-name> <port-item>)
<port-item> ::= ?ALL |
?NONE |
<port-construct> ?ALL |
<port-construct> ?NONE |
<port-construct> <construct-name>+
<port-construct> ::= deftemplate | defclass |
defglobal | deffunction |
defgeneric
A defmodule cannot be redefined or even deleted once it is defined (with the exception of the MAIN module which can be redefined once). The only way to delete a module is with the clear command. Upon startup and after a clear command, CLIPS automatically constructs the following defmodule.
(defmodule MAIN)
All of the predefined system classes (see section 9.2) belong to the MAIN module. However, it is not necessary to import or export the system classes; they are always in scope. Discounting the previous exception, the predefined MAIN module does not import or export any constructs. However, unlike other modules, the MAIN module can be redefined once after startup or a clear command.
Example
(defmodule FOO
(import BAR ?ALL)
(import YAK deftemplate ?ALL)
(import GOZ defglobal x y z)
(export defgeneric +)
(export defclass ?ALL))
10.2 Specifying a Construct?s Module¶
The module in which a construct is placed can be specified when the construct is defined. The deffacts, deftemplate, defrule, deffunction, defgeneric, defclass, and definstances constructs all specify the module for the construct by including it as part of the name. The module of a defglobal construct is indicated by specifying the module name after the defglobal keyword. The module of a defmessage-handler is specified as part of the class specifier. The module of a defmethod is specified as part of the generic function specifier. For example, the following constructs would be placed in the DETECTION module.
(defrule DETECTION::Find-Fault
(sensor (name ?name) (value bad))
=>
(assert (fault (name ?name))))
(defglobal DETECTION ?*count* = 0)
(defmessage-handler DETECTION::COMPONENT get-charge ()
(* ?self:flux ?self:flow))
(defmethod DETECTION::+ ((?x STRING) (?y STRING))
(str-cat ?x ?y))
Example
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS> (defmodule A)
CLIPS> (defmodule B)
CLIPS> (defrule foo =>)
CLIPS> (defrule A::bar =>)
CLIPS> (list-defrules)
bar
For a total of 1 defrule.
CLIPS> (set-current-module B)
A
CLIPS> (list-defrules)
foo
For a total of 1 defrule.
CLIPS>
10.3 Specifying Modules¶
Commands such as undefrule and ppdefrule require the name of a construct on which to operate. In previous versions of CLIPS, constructs were always referred to by their name only, so it was sufficient just to pass the name of the construct to these commands. With modules, however, it is possible to have a construct with the same name in two different modules. The modules associated with a name can be specified either explicitly or implicitly. To explicitly specify a name?s module the module name (a symbol) is listed followed by two colons, ::, and then the name is listed. The module name followed by :: is referred to as a module specifier. For example, MAIN::find-stuff, refers to the find-stuff construct in the MAIN module. A module can also be implicitly specified since there is always a ?current? module. The current module is changed whenever a defmodule construct is defined or the set-current-module function is used. The MAIN module is automatically defined by CLIPS and by default is the current module when CLIPS is started or after a clear command is issued. Thus the name find-stuff would implicitly have the MAIN module as its module when CLIPS is first started.
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS> (defmodule A)
CLIPS> (defglobal A ?*x* = 0)
CLIPS> (defmodule B)
CLIPS> (defglobal B ?*y* = 1)
CLIPS> (ppdefglobal y)
(defglobal B ?*y* = 1)
CLIPS> (ppdefglobal B::y)
(defglobal B ?*y* = 1)
CLIPS> (ppdefglobal x)
[PRNTUTIL1] Unable to find defglobal x.
CLIPS> (ppdefglobal A::x)
(defglobal A ?*x* = 0)
CLIPS>
10.4 Importing and Exporting Constructs¶
Unless specifically exported and imported, the constructs of one module may not be used by another module. A construct is said to be visible or within scope of a module if that construct can be used by the module. For example, if module B wants to use the foo deftemplate defined in module A, then module A must export the foo deftemplate and module B must import the foo deftemplate from module A.
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS> (defmodule A)
CLIPS> (deftemplate A::foo (slot x))
CLIPS> (defmodule B)
CLIPS> (defrule B::bar (foo (x 3)) =>)
[PRNTUTIL2] Syntax Error: Check appropriate syntax for defrule
ERROR:
(defrule B::bar
(foo (
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS> (defmodule A (export deftemplate foo))
CLIPS> (deftemplate A::foo (slot x))
CLIPS> (defmodule B (import A deftemplate foo))
CLIPS> (defrule B::bar (foo (x 3)) =>)
CLIPS>
CLIPS will not allow a module or other construct to be defined that causes two constructs with the same name to be visible within the same module.
10.4.1 Exporting Constructs¶
The export specification in a defmodule definition is used to indicate which constructs will be accessible to other modules importing from the module being defined. Only deftemplates, defclasses, defglobals, deffunctions, and defgenerics may be exported. A module may export any valid constructs that are visible to it (not just constructs that it defines).
There are three different types of export specifications. First, a module may export all valid constructs that are visible to it. This accomplished by following the export keyword with the ?ALL keyword. Second, a module may export all valid constructs of a particular type that are visible to it. This accomplished by following the export keyword with the name of the construct type followed by the ?ALL keyword. Third, a module may export specific constructs of a particular type that are visible to it. This accomplished by following the export keyword with the name of the construct type followed by the name of one or more visible constructs of the specified type. In the following code, defmodule A exports all of its constructs; defmodule B exports all of its deftemplates; and defmodule C exports the foo, bar, and yak defglobals.
(defmodule A (export ?ALL))
(defmodule B (export deftemplate ?ALL))
(defmodule C (export defglobal foo bar yak))
The ?NONE keyword may be used in place of the ?ALL keyword to indicate either that no constructs are exported from a module or that no constructs of a particular type are exported from a module.
Defmethods and defmessage-handlers cannot be explicitly exported. Exporting a defgeneric automatically exports all associated defmethods. Exporting a defclass automatically exports all associated defmessage-handlers. Deffacts, definstances, and defrules cannot be exported.
10.4.2 Importing Constructs¶
The import specification in a defmodule definition is used to indicate which constructs the module being defined will use from other modules. Only deftemplates, defclasses, defglobals, deffunctions, and defgenerics may be imported.
There are three different types of import specifications. First, a module may import all valid constructs that are visible to a specified module. This accomplished by following the import keyword with a module name followed by the ?ALL keyword. Second, a module may import all valid constructs of a particular type that are visible to a specified module. This accomplished by following the import keyword with a module name followed by the name of the construct type followed by the ?ALL keyword. Third, a module may import specific constructs of a particular type that are visible to it. This accomplished by following the import keyword with a module name followed by the name of the construct type followed by the name of one or more visible constructs of the specified type. In the following code, defmodule A imports all of module D?s constructs; defmodule B imports all of module D?s deftemplates; and defmodule C imports the foo, bar, and yak defglobals from module D.
(defmodule A (import D ?ALL))
(defmodule B (import D deftemplate ?ALL))
(defmodule C (import D defglobal foo bar yak))
The ?NONE keyword may be used in place of the ?ALL keyword to indicate either that no constructs are imported from a module or that no constructs of a particular type are imported from a module.
Defmethods and defmessage-handlers cannot be explicitly imported. Importing a defgeneric automatically imports all associated defmethods. Importing a defclass automatically imports all associated defmessage-handlers. Deffacts, definstances, and defrules cannot be imported.
A module must be defined before it is used in an import specification. In addition, if specific constructs are listed in the import specification, they must already be defined in the module exporting them. It is not necessary to import a construct from the module in which it is defined in order to use it. A construct can be indirectly imported from a module that directly imports and then exports the module to be used.
10.5 Importing and Exporting Facts and Instances¶
Facts and instances are ?owned? by the module in which their corresponding deftemplate or defclass is defined, not by the module which creates them. Facts and instances are thus visible only to those modules that import the corresponding deftemplate or defclass. This allows a knowledge base to be partitioned such that rules and other constructs can only ?see? those facts and instances that are of interest to them. Instance names, however, are global in scope, so it is still possible to send messages to an instance of a class that is not in scope.

CLIPS> (facts B)
f-1 (foo (x 3))
For a total of 1 fact.
CLIPS>
10.5.1 Specifying Instance-Names¶
Instance-names are required to be unique regardless of the module that owns them. The syntax of instance-names has been extended to allow module specifications (note that the left and right brackets in bold are to be typed and do not indicate an optional part of the syntax).
Syntax
<instance-name> ::= [ <symbol>] | [::<symbol>] | [ <module>::symbol>]
Specifying just a symbol as the instance-name, such as [Rolls-Royce],
will search for the instance in all modules. Specifying only the ::
before the name, such as [::Rolls-Royce]
, will search for the instance
first in the current module and then recursively in the imported modules
as defined in the module definition. Specifying both a symbol and a
module name, such as [CARS::Rolls-Royce]
, searches for the instance only
in the specified module.
10.6 Modules and Rule Execution¶
Each module has its own pattern-matching network for its rules and its own agenda. When a run command is given, the agenda of the module that is the current focus is executed (note that the reset and clear commands make the MAIN module the current focus). Rule execution continues until another module becomes the current focus, no rules are left on the agenda, or the return function is used from the RHS of a rule. Whenever a module that was focused on runs out of rules on its agenda, the current focus is removed from the focus stack and the next module on the focus stack becomes the current focus. Before a rule executes, the current module is changed to the module in which the executing rule is defined (the current focus). The current focus can be changed by using the focus command. See sections 5.2, <IP_ADDRESS>, 12.12, and 13.12 for more details.
Example
CLIPS> (clear)
CLIPS> (defmodule MAIN)
CLIPS>
(defrule MAIN::focus-example
=>
(printout t "Firing rule in module MAIN." crlf)
(focus A B))
CLIPS> (defmodule A)
CLIPS>
(defrule A::example-rule
=>
(printout t "Firing rule in module A." crlf))
CLIPS> (defmodule B)
CLIPS>
(defrule B::example-rule
=>
(printout t "Firing rule in module B." crlf))
CLIPS> (reset)
CLIPS> (run)
Firing rule in module MAIN.
Firing rule in module A.
Firing rule in module B.
CLIPS>


Sodium
Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) and soda (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) had been known since prehistoric times, the former used as a flavouring and preservative, and the latter for glass manufacture. Salt came from seawater, while soda came from the Natron Valley in Egypt or from the ash of certain plants.
| Atomic Number | 11 |
| Relative atomic mass | 22.990 |
| Melting point | 97.794°C |
| Boiling point | 882.940°C |
The most common compound of sodium is sodium chloride (common salt). It is added to food and used to de-ice roads in winter. It is also used as a feedstock for the chemical industry. Sodium is the sixth most common element on Earth, and makes up 2.6% of the Earth’s crust. The most common compound is sodium chloride. This very soluble salt has been leached into the oceans over the lifetime of the planet, but many salt beds or ‘lakes’ are found where ancient seas have evaporated.


Teen potheads caught smoking in police car
by Aaron RecuencoWhile most drug users would run away or cringe in fear at seeing a police car, this group of marijuana users in Quezon City turned one into a hotbox for their pot session.
But their smoking stint in the mobile patrol car gave them a ‘bad trip’ early Monday morning as it led them straight to jail when lawmen pounced upon them.
The ages of the eight teenagers nabbed in the car ranged from 18 (suspect Jovert dela Peña) to 13, the youngest.
A report at Camp Crame in Quezon City stated that the operation stemmed from a tip of a local resident. The patrol car had long been parked at a local auto shop for repair.
At around 1 a.m. on Monday, local police received a call about a group of teens holding a pot session inside the police car. A team of policemen were immediately sent to the area, leading to the arrest of the eight suspects.

The seven minors were turned over to the local office of the Department of Social Welfare and Development.
Dela Peña, as an adult, was detained and is now facing drug charges.
Local police officials could not be contacted for additional details.


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Take a lot of pictures
It is hard to predict what would a perfect moment for a photograph.
Professional photographers all do this. For action sports, events, studio photography, etc.
It you have lots of same scene shots, it would be easier to choose the right one.
Experiment with composition
Is the subject is more important that surroundings?
Does the subject always have to be in the middle of the frame?
You might find compositions based on golden ratio look more natural and drive viewer's attention towards a subject
Golden hour
Magic time of the day at sunrise and sunset offers the soft light and gives your photographs special mood.
Paint with light
Visit places!
Exposure
Try to expose to the right without clipping highlights (brighter tones are unrecordable beyond a certain point and they are recorded as solid white). Shadows tend to have more noise.
Filters
If your camera lense allows additinal filters I highly recommend polarizer filter - it helps to eliminate glare from glass / water surface, helps to reduce morning haze if you take pictures outdoor (works well for Mountain landscapes)
If you like photographing waterfalls, fountains and clouds you might find ND filters useful to achieve smoothing effect when shooting in a daylight.


R
did not wait for ggplot2 to offer awesome data visualization features.
It allows to build absolutely any type of chart, as described in this section and in the gallery.base R
chart. If you're interested in a specific chart type, browse the gallery as all
chart section offer base R option.
lwd
, type
and lty
parameters
allow to control everything. For markers, cex
, col
and pch
do the trick.mar
and oma
base R
chart, controled by the par
and the oma
parameters.base R
option to customize the chart appearance.
base R
possibilitiesEach section of the gallery provides several examples implemented with base R
. Here is an overview of my favorite examples: