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Dehradun | English |
♥
22nd February 2019
ABOUT
HELP
TYPE OF HELPLINE
Number
Distress Helpline
112
National Stress Helpline
1800-62-3234
Police
100
Exam Stress Relife
1800-233-4546


(photography by C. Wallenstein Garaventa)
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AWS::Neptune::DBCluster
The AWS::Neptune::DBCluster
resource creates an Amazon Neptune DB cluster.
Neptune is a fully managed graph database.
Note
Currently, you can create this resource only in AWS Regions in which Amazon Neptune is supported.
The default DeletionPolicy
for AWS::Neptune::DBCluster
resources
is Snapshot
. For more information about how AWS CloudFormation deletes resources, see DeletionPolicy Attribute.
Topics
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "Type" : "AWS::Neptune::DBCluster", "Properties" : { "AvailabilityZones" : [
String, ...
], "BackupRetentionPeriod" :Integer
, "DBClusterIdentifier" :String
, "DBClusterParameterGroupName" :String
, "DBSubnetGroupName" :String
, "IamAuthEnabled" :Boolean
, "KmsKeyId" :String
, "Port" :Integer
, "PreferredBackupWindow" :String
, "PreferredMaintenanceWindow" :String
, "SnapshotIdentifier" :String
, "StorageEncrypted" :Boolean
, "Tags" : [Resource Tag, ...
], "VpcSecurityGroupIds" : [String, ...
] } }
YAML
Type: "AWS::Neptune::DBCluster" Properties: AvailabilityZones: -
String
BackupRetentionPeriod:Integer
DBClusterIdentifier:String
DBClusterParameterGroupName:String
DBSubnetGroupName:String
IamAuthEnabled:Boolean
KmsKeyId:String
Port:Integer
PreferredBackupWindow:String
PreferredMaintenanceWindow:String
SnapshotIdentifier:String
StorageEncrypted:Boolean
Tags: -Resource Tag
VpcSecurityGroupIds: -String
Properties
AvailabilityZones
-
A list of Availability Zones in which DB instances in the cluster can be created.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
BackupRetentionPeriod
-
The number of days for which automatic backups are retained. For more information, see CreateDBCluster in the Amazon Neptune User Guide.
Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: No interruption or some interruption. For more information, see ModifyDBInstance in the Amazon Neptune User Guide.
DBClusterIdentifier
-
The DB cluster identifier. This parameter is stored as a lowercase string.
Constraints:
-
Must contain from 1 to 63 letters, numbers, or hyphens.
-
First character must be a letter.
-
Cannot end with a hyphen or contain two consecutive hyphens.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
-
DBClusterParameterGroupName
-
The name of the DB cluster parameter group to associate with this DB cluster.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Some interruptions
DBSubnetGroupName
-
A DB subnet group that you want to associate with this DB cluster.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
IamAuthEnabled
-
Enable IAM authentication and authorization on this cluster.
Type: Boolean
Update requires: No interruption
KmsKeyId
-
The Amazon Resource Name (ARN) of the AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) master key that is used to encrypt the database instances in the DB cluster, such as
arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:012345678910:key/abcd1234-a123-456a-a12b-a123b4cd56ef
. If you enable theStorageEncrypted
property but don't specify this property, the default master key is used. If you specify this property, you must set theStorageEncrypted
property totrue
.If you specify the
SnapshotIdentifier
, do not specify this property. The value is inherited from the snapshot DB cluster.Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement.
Port
-
The port number on which the DB instances in the cluster can accept connections.
Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: No interruption
PreferredBackupWindow
-
If automated backups are enabled (see the
BackupRetentionPeriod
property), the daily time range in UTC during which you want to create automated backups.For valid values, see the
PreferredBackupWindow
parameter of the CreateDBInstance action.Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: No interruption
PreferredMaintenanceWindow
-
The weekly time range (in UTC) during which system maintenance can occur.
For valid values, see the
PreferredMaintenanceWindow
parameter of the CreateDBInstance action.Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: No interruption or some interruption. For more information, see ModifyDBInstance.
SnapshotIdentifier
-
The identifier for the DB cluster snapshot from which you want to restore.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
StorageEncrypted
-
Indicates whether the DB instances in the cluster are encrypted.
If you specify the
SnapshotIdentifier
property, do not specify this property. The value is inherited from the snapshot DB cluster.Required: Conditional. If you specify the
KmsKeyId
property, you must enable encryption.Type: Boolean
Update requires: Replacement
Tags
-
The tags that you want to attach to this DB cluster.
Required: No
Type: A list of resource tags.
Update requires: No interruption
VpcSecurityGroupIds
-
A list of VPC security groups to associate with this DB cluster.
Required: No
Type: List of String values
Update requires: No interruption
Return Values
Ref
When the logical ID of this resource is provided to the Ref
intrinsic
function, Ref
returns the resource name.
For more information about using the Ref
function, see Ref.
Fn::GetAtt
Fn::GetAtt
returns a value for a specified attribute of this type.
The following are the available attributes and sample return values.
Endpoint
-
The connection endpoint for the DB cluster. For example:
mystack-mydbcluster-1apw1j4phylrk.cg034hpkmmjt.
us-east-2
.rds.amazonaws.com
Port
-
The port number on which the DB cluster accepts connections. For example:
8182
ReadEndpoint
-
The reader endpoint for the DB cluster. For example:
mystack-mydbcluster-ro-1apw1j4phylrk.cg034hpkmmjt.
us-east-2
.rds.amazonaws.com
ClusterResourceId
-
The resource id for the DB cluster; for example:
cluster-ABCD1234EFGH5678IJKL90MNOP
. The cluster ID uniquely identifies the cluster and is used in things like IAM authentication policies.
For more information about using Fn::GetAtt
, see Fn::GetAtt.


--- layout: default title: CCA'17 - Results meta: The search results of VMW keyword: cloud services, iaas, paas, saas, cloud infrastructures, cloud computing, storage, data architectures, distributed networking, computing, cloud management, cloud operations, security and privary, performance, scalability, reliability, virtualization, cloud data analytics, big data management, big data analysis, cloud software, hardware, cloud applications, social clouds systems, mobile clouds systems, cloud economics ---
Search Results


| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
protected IWeightInit |
NeuralNetConfiguration.Builder.weightInitFn |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
NeuralNetConfiguration.Builder |
NeuralNetConfiguration.Builder.weightInit(IWeightInit weightInit)
Weight initialization scheme to use, for initial weight values
Note: values set by this method will be applied to all applicable layers in the network, unless a different
value is explicitly set on a given layer.
|
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
protected IWeightInit |
BaseLayer.weightInitFn |
protected IWeightInit |
BaseLayer.Builder.weightInitFn
Weight initialization scheme to use, for initial weight values
|
protected IWeightInit |
BaseRecurrentLayer.weightInitFnRecurrent |
protected IWeightInit |
BaseRecurrentLayer.Builder.weightInitFnRecurrent
Set the weight initialization for the recurrent weights.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
EmbeddingSequenceLayer.Builder.setWeightInitFn(IWeightInit weightInit) |
T |
BaseLayer.Builder.weightInit(IWeightInit weightInit)
Weight initialization scheme to use, for initial weight values
|
EmbeddingLayer.Builder |
EmbeddingLayer.Builder.weightInit(IWeightInit weightInit) |
EmbeddingSequenceLayer.Builder |
EmbeddingSequenceLayer.Builder.weightInit(IWeightInit weightInit) |
T |
BaseRecurrentLayer.Builder.weightInitRecurrent(IWeightInit weightInit)
Set the weight initialization for the recurrent weights.
|
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
protected Map<String,IWeightInit> |
SameDiffLayer.paramWeightInit |
protected Map<String,IWeightInit> |
SameDiffLayer.Builder.paramWeightInit |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
T |
SameDiffLayer.Builder.weightInit(@NonNull String param,
@NonNull IWeightInit weightInit) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static IWeightInit |
KerasInitilizationUtils.getWeightInitFromConfig(Map<String,Object> layerConfig,
String initField,
boolean enforceTrainingConfig,
KerasLayerConfiguration conf,
int kerasMajorVersion)
Get weight initialization from Keras layer configuration.
|
static IWeightInit |
KerasInitilizationUtils.mapWeightInitialization(String kerasInit,
KerasLayerConfiguration conf,
Map<String,Object> initConfig,
int kerasMajorVersion)
Map Keras to DL4J weight initialization functions.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
protected INDArray |
DefaultParamInitializer.createWeightMatrix(long nIn,
long nOut,
IWeightInit weightInit,
INDArray weightParamView,
boolean initializeParameters) |
protected INDArray |
ElementWiseParamInitializer.createWeightMatrix(long nIn,
long nOut,
IWeightInit weightInit,
INDArray weightParamView,
boolean initializeParameters) |
protected INDArray |
EmbeddingLayerParamInitializer.createWeightMatrix(long nIn,
long nOut,
IWeightInit weightInit,
INDArray weightParamView,
boolean initializeParameters) |
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
protected IWeightInit |
FineTuneConfiguration.weightInitFn |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
TransferLearning.Builder |
TransferLearning.Builder.nInReplace(int layerNum,
int nIn,
IWeightInit scheme)
Modify the architecture of a vertex layer by changing nIn of the specified layer.
|
TransferLearning.GraphBuilder |
TransferLearning.GraphBuilder.nInReplace(String layerName,
int nIn,
IWeightInit scheme)
Modify the architecture of a vertex layer by changing nIn of the specified layer.
|
TransferLearning.Builder |
TransferLearning.Builder.nOutReplace(int layerNum,
int nOut,
IWeightInit scheme,
IWeightInit schemeNext)
Modify the architecture of a layer by changing nOut
Note this will also affect the layer that follows the layer specified, unless it is the output layer
Can specify different weight init schemes for the specified layer and the layer that follows it.
|
FineTuneConfiguration.Builder |
FineTuneConfiguration.Builder.weightInit(IWeightInit weightInit)
Weight initialization scheme to use, for initial weight values
|
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
WeightInitConstant
Initialize to a constant value (deafult 0).
|
class |
WeightInitDistribution
Sample weights from a provided
Distribution Note that Distribution is not extendable as it is interpreted through Distributions.createDistribution(Distribution) . |
class |
WeightInitIdentity
Weights are set to an identity matrix.
|
class |
WeightInitLecunUniform
Uniform U[-a,a] with a=3/sqrt(fanIn).
|
class |
WeightInitNormal
Normal/Gaussian distribution, with mean 0 and standard deviation 1/sqrt(fanIn).
|
class |
WeightInitRelu
: He et al. (2015), "Delving Deep into Rectifiers".
|
class |
WeightInitReluUniform
He et al. (2015), "Delving Deep into Rectifiers".
|
class |
WeightInitSigmoidUniform
A version of
WeightInitXavierUniform for sigmoid activation functions. |
class |
WeightInitUniform
Uniform U[-a,a] with a=1/sqrt(fanIn).
|
class |
WeightInitVarScalingNormalFanAvg
Truncated aussian distribution with mean 0, variance 1.0/((fanIn + fanOut)/2)
|
class |
WeightInitVarScalingNormalFanIn
Gaussian distribution with mean 0, variance
1.0/(fanIn) If a scale is provided, use variance scale/(fanIn) instead |
class |
WeightInitVarScalingNormalFanOut
Truncated normal distribution with mean 0, variance 1.0/(fanOut)
If a scale is provided, variance is scale / fanOut |
class |
WeightInitVarScalingUniformFanAvg
Uniform U[-a,a] with a=3.0/((fanIn + fanOut)/2)
|
class |
WeightInitVarScalingUniformFanIn
Uniform U[-a,a] with a=3.0/(fanIn)
If a scale is provided, a = 3.0 * scale / (fanIn) |
class |
WeightInitVarScalingUniformFanOut
Uniform U[-a,a] with a=3.0/(fanOut)
If a scale is provided, a = 3.0 * scale / fanOut |
class |
WeightInitXavier
As per Glorot and Bengio 2010: Gaussian distribution with mean 0, variance 2.0/(fanIn + fanOut)
|
class |
WeightInitXavierLegacy
Xavier weight init in DL4J up to 0.6.0.
|
class |
WeightInitXavierUniform
As per Glorot and Bengio 2010: Uniform distribution U(-s,s) with s = sqrt(6/(fanIn + fanOut))
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
IWeightInit |
WeightInit.getWeightInitFunction()
Create an instance of the weight initialization function
|
IWeightInit |
WeightInit.getWeightInitFunction(Distribution distribution)
Create an instance of the weight initialization function
|
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
WeightInitEmbedding
Weight initialization for initializing the parameters of an EmbeddingLayer from a
EmbeddingInitializer
Note: WeightInitEmbedding supports both JSON serializable and non JSON serializable initializations. |
Copyright © 2020. All rights reserved.


This website has free trail maps for 5,500 miles of trails on over 15,000 conservation properties and parks in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
Trail maps can be found by navigating on the overall map, searching by town, or searching by landowner. Please jump in and explore!
Statewide Trail Map ⋅ Town List ⋅ Land Owners List
If you know what you are looking for, use the search page.
OpenStreetMap powers mass-trails.org allowing the trail maps to be 100% free: no subscription, no user accounts, no advertisements, no registrations, no required phone app, and no in-app purchases.
Many conservation commissions and conservation groups need maps of their properties and trails. Mass-trails can help provide a solution. Please see the contributing page for more details.


Introduction to make and GNU autotools
The following links were taken from here. https://www.gnu.org/software/make/
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/index.html
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Implicit-Variables.html
These variables: $@, $<, $^ and $* can be used in pattern rules. (See below)
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Automatic-Variables.html
Rules that GNU make already knows how to build for you.
ftp://ftp.gnu.org/old-gnu/Manuals/make-3.79.1/html_chapter/make_10.html
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Pattern-Rules.html
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Call-Function.html
To modify a list of files with one extension and replace it with another extension use the substitution reference method: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Substitution-Refs.html
You might want to place common variable or macro definitions in their own file and then include them in many different Makefile(s).
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Include.html
If you have a large system consisting of many sub modules, each with their own Makefile, there is a way to recurse into sub-directories and run the Makefile found therein. Do not use 'cd sub1' and then run 'make' in an action. This is almost never what you want to do.
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Recursion.html
The $(foreach var, list, text) function can be used to create customized text expansions from lists. These can be used to create new variables or commands to be run in the action part of a rule.
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Foreach-Function.html
It is posible to get a list of filenames from the directory using a glob pattern with the $(wildcard *.c) function.
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Wildcard-Function.html
Note, this function can be used in conjunction with the foreach function above.
https://www.cmcrossroads.com/article/gnu-make-escaping-walk-wild-side
A set of extension functions for things like:
And .etc
https://sourceforge.net/projects/gmsl/
copyright Ed Howland 2020 email: ed.howland@gmail.com


Ellipsoidal Transverse Mercator Projection
lon0=
(central meridian)
k0=
(scale on the central meridian)
a=
(the ellipsoid via the equatorial radius)
f=
(the ellipsoid via the equatorial flattening)


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/combining.20classes.html ---
If I have class C t extends A t, B t.
I guess it doesn't mean that anything which is an instance of A
and B
is automatically an instance of C
? Does it make sense to write an instance for C
to make that true?
hmm, it seems not to be a good idea.
no, it means that a C t
is an A t
and a B t
so that instance would be a loop
So is it a bad idea to define this class C
in the first place then?
It has the same concerns as any other class introduction
I can't use C as a shorthand for A + B though
because I don't see any way to arrange that there is an instance of C whenever there is one of both A and B
In GHC, this works because GHC doesn't have these weird backwards instances "try to get A from C"
In particular, I'm looking at https://github.com/leanprover/mathlib/blob/master/category_theory/fully_faithful.lean#L52
Right, so I've only been proving that things are fully_faithful
but I never put it as an assumption. It's a bit awkard.
I guess that works, to an extent
@Reid Barton But you would also want the type class system to try to deduce that F
is full
by searching for an instance that F
is fully_faithful
(which you say GHC wouldn't do). So the search must go both ways. We really need a smarter system, that wouldn't run into these trivial loops.
GHC would require that you prove F
is full
before proving it is fully_faithful
, so it doesn't have to do the search
The smarter you make type class search, the more memory it will use... I'm sure you could use high power search techniques like contraction hierarchies, along with keeping visited nodes in memory so you could detect loops... I suspect/speculate it hasn't been done because 90% of CS users would riot over the unnecessary resource usage in large projects that do not need these features. Maybe I'm completely off-base.
It would definitely be interesting to benchmark different algorithms over a large code-base though - those would be interesting results.
I understand.
Mathematicians seem to me to be a class of users who are constantly running into these issues with the type class system though.
Lean 4 will give us the possibility to swap out the type class search algorithm...
So then everyone can be happy.
You made group
a class and we thought "Oh I get it, a locally analytic topological vector space must be a class" and then it turns out that it's harder than that
@Reid Barton in a given use case you could try adding the loopy instance with priority 0, and then hope that this discouragement is enough in practice. It feels like any code you ship should come with a warning though.
The system would be likely to loop rather than fail so for buggy code where it should error with a failure you'll instead perhaps get a more obscure error
Johan I guess I made one explicit example of where we weren't happy very clear to Sebastian the other day -- type class inference failing to unify two terms of a subsingleton type -- so he knows we want more here. Loops are another issue. We definitely want them. "Defeq loops" should be fine but even they can cause problems because the system doesn't abort. "Oh look we've been here before -- let's press on"
Haskell has this nice constraint kinds extension, which allows you to define aliases for combinations of type classes:
type Stringy a = (Read a, Show a) -- Read and Show are type classes type C t = (A t, B t) -- Reid's example
In principle, there is no fundamental reason why we couldn't do something like this in Lean as well. @Johan Commelin I wouldn't count on customizing type class inference.
Ooh, too bad. I thought I heard at some point that it would be possible...
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


| DOSE: |
175 mg |
oral |
Methylone |
(powder / crystals) |
This is a retrospect on the methylone experience i had more than a year ago.
It happened that i was reading a paper by Myron Stolaroff when i stumbled onto a passage describing how low doses of psychedelics (i guess it also includes entactogens, since the two classes are frequently confused) were prone to let shadow materials surface. It immediately came to my mind, like a flash, that it was what happened on my
initial methylone experience. I was surprised to learn that low doses could have such effects as i was rather expecting that shadow materials were more easily accessible with big doses. According to Stolaroff, this is not quite the case as larger doses tend to 'transcend them' as he puts it, i.e. blow them away. Given his considerable expertise on the subject, i see no reason to disbelieve him. This has sparked a great interest in me about psychedelic psychotherapy and shadow materials, and especially about Jung's works particluarly focusing on that dark -but not necessarily 'bad'- part of Man.
So i think that all the negative, unpleasant and uncomfortable effects that i had felt in my previous experience must be interpreted, under that light, as the expression of surfacing shadow materials, nodes of psychic tensions, unresolved problems: a certain unresolved crisis that i had with a long term friend but was not very comfortable to confront once for all, as well as my situation at that time of social isolation borderline alienation, and feelings of despair and fear about the future in which i have been quagmired for about a year now.
However the main reason that drove me to reevaluate my position about methylone is that i have had another methylone experience about a month and a half ago i guess. It turned out to be a completely different picture this time. I did 175mg instead of 120mg since the right dose seems to be 175-250mg and oh my God what a difference ! Clearly for me taking less than 175mg is a complete waste. I won't go into much details, i will simply say that all the negative effects that i had experience initially such as yawns, boredom, impotence, irritability, unpleasant SSRI-like body buzz, etc... none of that was here, thank God. Instead of that, the body high was very clean, mini me in good shape and the overall feeling very clean and light.
It allowed for a great deal of honesty, truthfulness to be expressed with the person that was with me without any agressive defensive barriers hindering communication.
No fun, no euphoria, no rush ever. Only a compassionate clear minded openness, you know… the “window” !. Completely genuine therapeutical stuff.
The second day i was still under its influence at a very subtle level though and a light body.
The third day i experienced a return of aggressive thoughts which worried me a little until i realised that it was my defense mechanisms building back which then made them okay to exist.
Anyway the main point that i wanted to make out here was that my previous -so unpleasant- experience should be interpreted as an expression of shadow materials surfacing rather than genuine pharmacological effects of methylone per se. It is very clear now that by comparing my two experiments with this compound, Storaloff was definitely right on the issue of low doses.
One should bear in mind that pharmacology is just a part in the equation, it's not responsible for everything. As they say 'the lab is not the world' !
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


FATHERS' DAY A film review by Eric C. Robinette Copyright 1997 Eric C. Robinette
C-
Starring Robin Williams, Billy Crystal, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Nastassja Kinski. Charlie Hofheimer Written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel Based on the film ``Les Comperes'' by Francis Veber. Directed by Ivan Reitman.
I am a huge Paul McCartney fan.
Why do I begin my review of Father's Day by saying that? Because it's basically the reason I went to see the movie this weekend even after the tepid reviews came in, and why I wrote what you're reading. I wanted to hear McCartney's new song "Young Boy" which I knew played over the opening credits. It's a good thing it did, too. The lift I got from hearing the typically jaunty McCartney melodies was about the only fun to be had in the movie.
What's depressing about the movie is not that the jokes are bad. Even a bad joke can inspire laughs in a retroactive kind of way. It's that there aren't that many of them. Father's Day has no comic zing it; the movie just sits there, seemingly expecting to wring laughs out of the mere sight of Robin Williams and Billy Crystal sharing the screen Unfortunately, the washcloth that is this movie is so dry there's nothing to wring out of it.
When I first heard the storyline, I wasn't that encouraged: "Woman (Nastassia Kinski) dupes former flames Williams and Crystal into believing they are the father of her wayward son so they will both go looking for him." It sounded like a setup for some saccharine baby boomer/male bonding scheme, and my suspicions were proved correct.
But even that would have been okay if someone had thought to write some jokes into the script or tell what story there is with some kind of flair. As it is, Ivan Reitman's usually enthusiastic direction is completely missing and is replaced by a "point the camera this way, then that way" strategy.. Even the mild "Junior" was filmed with more pizzazz. Crystal and Williams don't seem to be in the mood to inject the movie with their usually boundless energy For whatever reason, they seem content to coast on characters with chips on their shoulders and a couple of mildly amusing traits which elicit only the occasional "heh, heh." Worst of all, it seems like Reitman's edited out most of the moments where Crystal and Williams improvised, which provide the only "HA-HA HAAA''S
What went wrong? Before the movie made it's way into the theaters, the prospect of teaming two of the funniest comic actors with a winning writing team and director seemed like it couldn't miss. But miss it did, largely because, I think, usually reliable writers Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel got a serious case of the mushies. Instead of One of the "funny" scenes in the film is the old "generation gap" gag.: Williams and Crystal start moovin' and groovin' to an old Sly and the Family Stone tune so the son shakes his head in amusment and asks them if they were "freaks." Heh-heh.
What's all the more dispiriting about all this is that this kind of male bonding stuff can be funny, and it's not in this movie, even with all the top-notch talent on board.. Ganz and Mandel themselves pulled it off quite nicely in City Slickers, and even the sentimental Nine Months had it's moments of bawdy laughs. Sigh--a movie is really disappointing when it brings back fond memories of Tom Arnold.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


|
RandomLib
|
Sample exactly from an exponential distribution. More...
#include <RandomLib/ExactExponential.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| template<class Random > | |
| RandomNumber< bits > | operator() (Random &r) const |
Sample exactly from an exponential distribution.
Sample x >= 0 from exp(-x). See:
The following code illustrates the basic method given by von Neumann:
// Return a random number x >= 0 distributed with probability exp(-x). double ExpDist(RandomLib::Random& r) { for (unsigned k = 0; ; ++k) { double x = r.Fixed(), // executed 1/(1-exp(-1)) times on average p = x, q; do { q = r.Fixed(); // executed exp(x)*cosh(x) times on average if (!(q < p)) return k + x; p = r.Fixed(); // executed exp(x)*sinh(x) times on average } while (p < q); } }
This returns a result consuming exp(1)/(1 - exp(-1)) = 4.30 random numbers on average. (Von Neumann incorrectly states that the method takes (1 + exp(1))/(1 - exp(-1)) = 5.88 random numbers on average.) Because of the finite precision of Random::Fixed(), the code snippet above only approximates exp(-x). Instead, it returns x with probability h(1 - h)x/h for x = ih, h = 2-53, and integer i >= 0.
The above is precisely von Neumann's method. Abramowitz and Stegun consider a variant: sample uniform variants until the first is less than the sum of the rest. Forsythe converts the < ranking for the runs to <= which makes the analysis of the discrete case more difficult. He also drops the "trick" by which the integer part of the deviate is given by the number of rejections when finding the fractional part.
Von Neumann says of his method: "The machine has in effect computed a logarithm by performing only discriminations on the relative magnitude of numbers in (0,1). It is a sad fact of life, however, that under the particular conditions of the Eniac it was slightly quicker to use a truncated power series for log(1-T) than to carry out all the discriminations."
Here the method is extended to use infinite precision uniform deviates implemented by RandomNumber and returning exact results for the exponential distribution. This is possible because only comparisons are done in the method. The template parameter bits specifies the number of bits in the base used for RandomNumber (i.e., base = 2bits).
For example the following samples from an exponential distribution and prints various representations of the result.
#include <RandomLib/RandomNumber.hpp> #include <RandomLib/ExactExponential.hpp> RandomLib::Random r; const int bits = 1; RandomLib::ExactExponential<bits> edist; for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { RandomLib::RandomNumber<bits> x = edist(r); // Sample std::pair<double, double> z = x.Range(); std::cout << x << " = " // Print in binary with ellipsis << "(" << z.first << "," << z.second << ")"; // Print range double v = x.Value<double>(r); // Round exactly to nearest double std::cout << " = " << v << "\n"; }
Here's a possible result:
0.0111... = (0.4375,0.5) = 0.474126 10.000... = (2,2.125) = 2.05196 1.00... = (1,1.25) = 1.05766 0.010... = (0.25,0.375) = 0.318289 10.1... = (2.5,3) = 2.8732 0.0... = (0,0.5) = 0.30753 0.101... = (0.625,0.75) = 0.697654 0.00... = (0,0.25) = 0.0969214 0.0... = (0,0.5) = 0.194053 0.11... = (0.75,1) = 0.867946
First number is in binary with ... indicating an infinite sequence of random bits. Second number gives the corresponding interval. Third number is the result of filling in the missing bits and rounding exactly to the nearest representable double.
This class uses some mutable RandomNumber objects. So a single ExactExponential object cannot safely be used by multiple threads. In a multi-processing environment, each thread should use a thread-specific ExactExponential object. In addition, these should be invoked with thread-specific random generator objects.
| bits | the number of bits in each digit. |
Definition at line 125 of file ExactExponential.hpp.
| RandomNumber< bits > RandomLib::ExactExponential< bits >::operator() | ( | Random & | r | ) | const |
Return a random deviate with an exponential distribution, exp(-x) for x >= 0. Requires 9.316 bits per invocation for bits = 1, 6.03 digits for bits = 2, 5.06 digits for bits = 3, and 4.30 = exp(1)/(1 - exp(-1)) digits for large bits. The frequency of bits in the fractional part of the returned result with bits = 1:
bits freq(%) 1 47.98 2 25.50 3 13.13 4 6.66 5 3.36 6 1.68 7 0.84 8 0.42 9 0.21 10 0.11 11 0.05 12 0.03 13+ 0.03
The average number of bits in the fraction = 2.054. The frequency table of bits > 1 can be generated from the table above. E.g., with bits = 2, the result consists of three digits with frequency 3.36% + 1.68% = 5.04%. The relative frequency of the results for the fractional part with bits = 1 is shown by the histogram
The base of each rectangle gives the range represented by the corresponding binary number and the area is proportional to its frequency. A PDF version of this figure is given here. This allows the figure to be magnified to show the rectangles for all binary numbers up to 9 bits.
Another way of assessing the efficiency of the algorithm is thru the mean value of the balance = (number of random bits consumed) - (number of bits in the result). If we code the result in mixed unary-binary notation (integer is given in unary, followed by "0" as a separator, followed by the fraction in binary), then the mean balance is 5.680.
| Random | the type of the random generator. |
| [in,out] | r | a random generator. |
Definition at line 189 of file ExactExponential.hpp.


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A sample accurate clock which provides a callback at the given rate. While the callback is not sample-accurate (it is still susceptible to loose JS timing), the time passed in as the argument to the callback is precise. For most applications, it is better to use Tone.Transport instead of the Clock by itself since you can synchronize multiple callbacks.
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var clock = new Tone.Clock(function(time){
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Start the clock at the given time. Optionally pass in an offset of where to start the tick counter from.
Stop the clock. Stopping the clock resets the tick counter to 0.
clock.stop();
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clock.start("+0.1");
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