vEB TREE with Duplicate Keys
The vEB-PROTO structure (refer to the section 20.2 of the book) is used as the base for the actual implementation of the vEB tree. vEB tree is intended to achieve the running time of . The vEB-PROTO falls minutely short while doing this. The reason is the excess of recursion in the operations. Recursion takes long enough and the running time of the algorithms can be minimized to only a certain limit.
The approach used in designing the real vEB tree is that if a few things can be kept pre-calculated. The best thing to do would be find out the min and max element of the structure in advance.
Now, it is already known that the leaves of the vEB tree have two elements only. So if min and max attributes are used they can represent the values easily and if any change in the values is to be performed, that can be done in the constant time as the min and max values are already known.
vEB tree is a minor modification in the vEB-PROTO structure in order to make it achieve the desired running time. The structure of the vEB tree node looks like the one shown below:
Change the Van Emde Boas Tree to support duplicate keys: The Van Emde Boas tree does not support the duplicate keys. The reason is the storage structure of the tree. The tree stores a bit array that could contain only a 1 or 0. The keys are not physically stored in the tree rather the array indexes are considered to be the value of the key. Wherever the key is present, the related index is set to 1. If the key is not present the index is left 0.
In order to make the tree support the duplicate keys, the change in the storage structure of the tree would be required. The reason is that binary value can only indicate the presence or absence of the data. It cannot give any clue about the duplicate data.The changes in the storage structure of the bit array can be performed as specified ahead. To do this, one fundamental change must be done in the tree structure.
It is already known that a bit array has not to be maintained in the vEB tree. Rather the leaves hold to attributes that are min and max. Since the leaf has at most two elements so the values are represented using these two attributes only. So, the change is to make the min and max elements support the integer values.
For duplication, an integer can be maintained. Initially all the indexes would be set to 0. Now, whenever the key is encountered, the related attribute of the node would be incremented by 1. That means if the value is in the min attribute the change in that should be committed or if that is in the max attribute, the max should be updated. To change the structure the elements min and max must be defined appropriately to make them support the integer values.
Once this is done, the keys can be represented appropriately. For a given index, if the value is not present, simply set it to 0. If the value is there, then set the value to 1. Now, when the value is repeated the min or max at the corresponding index should be increased by 1 every time the value is repeated. This update depends on whether the element is min element or max element in that leaf.
Now, the summary can be set according to this change. In normal scenarios, the summary is set by checking for the presence of a zero or nonzero element in the min and max attributes. Summary should now not check if there is a 1 or 0 in the min and max attributes. Rather it should be checked if there is a zero or nonzero value in the respective attributes.
For example: a vEB tree with the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 14, 15, 15 would be as below:
Now, it can be seen that the values 7 and 15 are represented by showing the max of related node with an integer 2 because both of the values are being repeated 2 times. This way the vEB tree can be modified to support the duplicate keys.
vEB Tree with Satellite Data
The vEB-PROTO structure (refer to the section 20.2 of the book) is used as the base for the actual implementation of the vEB tree. vEB tree is intended to achieve the running time of . The vEB-PROTO falls minutely short while doing this. The reason is the excess of recursion in the operations. Recursion takes long enough and the running time of the algorithms can be minimized to only a certain limit.
The approach used in designing the real vEB tree is that if a few things can be kept pre-calculated. The best thing to do would be find out the min and max element of the structure in advance. Now, it is already known that the leaves of the vEB tree have two elements only. So if min and max attributes are used they can represent the values easily and if any change in the values is to be performed, that can be done in the constant time as the min and max values are already known.
vEB tree is a minor modification in the vEB-PROTO structure in order to make it achieve the desired running time. The structure of the vEB tree node looks like the one shown below:
Satellite Data: Satellite data, while referenced with respect to the vEB tree, is all of the data that is in the node else than the key. This might be a pointer, any integer or other type data. This can be of primary or a secondary type. Whenever the data has to be fetched, the key is used to find the data.
In general scenarios, any satellite data attached with a key is always kept in the same node as the key. Storing it in the node in the case of an efficient tree structure vEB tree should be done in such a way that the modification does not affect the rest of the structure.
Modification in data structure: There might be several approaches that can be used to store the satellite data in the vEB tree. The selection of approach depends upon the need in terms of execution time and the space availability. Below are illustrated a few approaches that can be used to store the satellite data along with the possible advantages and the disadvantages of each if there are any.
Inclusion of pointer: To modify the vEBtree structure to support satellite data, configure it so that it holds a pointer to the satellite that has to be stored. The pointer can be defined according to the data that is being stored.
This would not make a great impact on the size of the tree and would support the satellite data as well. The operations on the PROTO-vEB structure can be performed by taking the reference of the Keys. This way it could be a good deal to store the satellite data in the VEB tree.
The structure would look like the one below:
In the above diagram, the pointer ptr holds the pointer to the satellite data. This can be set to NULL if there is no satellite data available. The advantage of using a pointer would be that it would not take a great amount of space.
Satellite Data in Node itself: Other way of modification is to save all the data in the structure nodes. This would make the access of the data faster because the data has not to be searched for in various disk locations. This approach however might be less efficient and more space consuming.
Ordered pair approach: One more and probably the most appropriate approach to do this is a minor modification in the first approach. In this entire data is treated as the key value pair. The keys are the keys stored in the tree itself and the value is the entire satellite data that is associated with the key. The keys are stored in the ascending order and the associated satellite data can be gotten by searching the related key in the pair that is stored on the disk. The ascending order of the keys would preserve the basic structure of the vEB tree that has the keys in the ascending order.
For this we would store matches as ordered pairs with value as the key to be inserted in van emde boas tree and value we would insert as satellite data. With the following values there would be an operation of the form.With the above value consideration value and value can be obtained as:
Value
Here, is a dummy value. The operation provides a match with largest in.
Inan order which supports keys with satellite data the critical matches in ascending order of value and value will be in descending order to support the space complexity for keys.
This approach can be adopted easily and the modified data structure would be able to support all the operations that are supported by the normal vEB tree. The structure of the node in this approach might look like below:
struct satellite
{
int p;
float q;
satellite *pair_ptr;
}
So, the modification in the data structure would allow the data to be stored in the form of the key value pair. Keys would be the data stored in the tree itself and the data would be associated with the keys nonetheless would be stored somewhere else in the memory. The keys would essentially be stored in the ascending order.
van EMDE BOAS Tree
The vEB-PROTO structure (refer to the section 20.2 of the book) is used as the base for the actual implementation of the vEB tree. vEB tree is intended to achieve the running time of . The vEB-PROTO falls minutely short while doing this. The reason is the excess of recursion in the operations. Recursion takes long enough and the running time of the algorithms can be minimized to only a certain limit.
The approach used in designing the real vEB tree is that if a few things can be kept pre-calculated. The best thing to do would be find out the min and max element of the structure in advance. Now, it is already known that the leaves of the vEB tree have two elements only. So if min and max attributes are used they can represent the values easily and if any change in the values is to be performed, that can be done in the constant time as the min and max values are already known.
vEB tree is a minor modification in the vEB-PROTO structure in order to make it achieve the desired running time. The structure of the vEB tree node looks like the one shown below:
For vEB tree the size of universe for any integer. Here u can be any exact power of 2. In the diagram.
Other modification is the inclusion of min and max attributes. The attributes min and max hold the minimum and the maximum values in the tree respectively. This helps reduce the recursion and improve the running time of the operations.
Pseudo code to design an empty vEB tree: In the pseudo code, the following has to be coded:
? Variable that stores the size of universefor the tree
? Variable min that would store the minimum variable in the corresponding range
? Variable max that stores the maximum value in the corresponding range
? Pointer summary that stores the details of the descendent nodes
? Array cluster that stores the keys in it.
A pseudo code for a procedure to create an empty Van Emde Boas tree has to be written.
There are essentially two ways to do this:
1. Delete the elements from the existing tree and the tree that is gotten by doing this is the empty vEB tree.
2. Create the New empty vEB tree.
Here is the pseudo code for the first approach:
Pseudo code 1:
CREATE-vEB-TREE(vEB)
1. vEB-TREE-DELETE (vEB, a){Deletea from the tree, gives true on success}
2. if HIGH=NULL then
//if condition to check whether the tree has one element
3. if=MIN
//when condition is satisfied make the current value NULL
4. thisNULL
// deleting the structures
5. return true
6. else
7. return false
//search the new minimum and delete it from the tree
8. if=MIN then
// find the minimum value and assign it to
9. Variable HIGH.FindMin()
// searches the minimum value
10. Variable LOW. Find.FindMin ()
11. MIN joins bits
// continue deleting the minimum
12. MIN
13. return true
Explanation of the procedure: The pseudo code for creating an empty tree is shown above. It is done with the help of delete operation. To perform delete operation, call to vEB-TREE-DELETE (vEB, a) operation is there (Refer to the section 20.3.2 of the textbook for the code to delete the element from the tree). In this call, vEB represents tree and a represents the deleted element. The above operation takes time.
If the value of vEB.min is equal to vEB.max and both are equal to entered element a, then a is the single element which is stored in the tree. Deletion of this element makes the tree empty and the value of vEB.min is set to M and value of vEB.max is set to -1. If the value of x is equal to vEB.min, then find out second smallest value in the tree and assign it to the variabley. Now make the value of y equal to vEB.min. After this, deletion of x is there.
If the value of x is equal to vEB.max, then find out second largest value in the tree and assign it to y. Now make the value of y equal to vEB.max. After this, deletion of x is there. In both the cases given above, the second largest or smallest value can be calculated in the order of.
Now, the second and more precise approach for creating an empty vEB-TREE is as below:
Pseudo code 2:
CREATE-vEB-TREE (vEB, u)
//initialize the tree structure
1.Create Structure vEB.
//initialize the minimum and maximum
2. int min = NIL, max = NIL;
//find the minimum and maximum of the tree
3. vEB.min = min
4. vEB.max = max
//create a pointer summary that holds the information about tree node
5. vEB *summary = NIL;
//Initialize the summary for the tree
6. vEB.summary = summary
//set the universe size
7. vEB.u = u
//create the cluster of the tree
8. Create the cluster of pointers for the tree.
9. return
Explanation of the procedure: First of all the variables for the tree have to be defined. Line 1 defines the basic structure of the tree. Line 2 of the procedure initializes variables for minimum and maximum values in the tree. Line 3 and 4 set the values for minimum and the maximum pointers of the tree.
Line 5 sets the pointer summary to the tree node. Now, in line 7, to make sure that the tree summary holds no information, set it to NIL. Create a cluster of pointers for the tree. Set the universe size of the tree and return the control.
vEB tree is a minor modification in the vEB-PROTO structure in order to make it achieve the desired running time. The structure of the vEB tree node looks like the one shown below:
For vEB tree the size of universe for any integer. Here u can be any exact power of 2. In the diagram;
Other modification is the inclusion of min and max attributes. The attributes min and max hold the minimum and the maximum values in the tree respectively. This helps reduce the recursion and improve the running time of the operations.
vEB Tree Insertion: The insertion in the vEB tree takes place as below: The procedure below checks if the tree is empty. If so, then the element is inserted in the tree and both of the min and max attributes point to the value that is just inserted.
vEB-EMPTY-TREE-INSERT
1 V.min=
2 V.max=
The procedure to insert the element in a tree is as follows:
vEB–INSERTION (T, x)
//base case the tree is empty
1. ifT.min==NIL
//call the procedure for insertion in the empty tree
2. vEB-EMPTY-TREE-INSERT(T, x)
//check if the element is less than the minimum
3. else if x < T.min
//exchange the element with the minimum
4. Exchange x with T.min
//check if the universe size is greater than 2
5. if T.u > 2
//check for the empty cluster
6. if vEB-TREE-MINIMUM (T.cluster [high(x)]==NIL)
//update the summaryin the tree node
7. vEB-INSERTION(T.summary, high(x))
//insert the element in the empty tree
8. vEB-EMPTY-TREE-INSERT(T.cluster [high(x)],low(x))
//insert in the nonempty tree
9. else vEB-INSERTION(T.cluster[high(x)],low(x))
//check if the element is greater than the current maximum
10. if x>T.max
//update the maximum
11. T.max=x
The procedure works as follows: Line 1 and 2 handle the case where tree is empty. The element will be inserted in the empty tree. Line 3 checks if element is smaller than the current min. If this happens then the min is exchanged with the newly inserted item in line 4. Line 5 check if the universe size is greater than 2. Line 6 checks if the cluster is empty.
If the cluster is empty, the summary of the current node is updated and the next line insertion the element in the empty cluster. If the tree is not empty the element is inserted using a recursive call in the line 9. Line 10 and 11 find out if the inserted element is greater than the current max.
If the element is already present in the tree: Now if the element is already present in the tree, then the recursive call would not be able to find out the appropriate position for the element. The reason is that the element would neither be smaller than the min nor greater than the max. So neither line 3 nor line 10 condition is satisfied. So insertion would not take place. So the procedure is not able to handle the case of duplication properly.
Van Emde Boas Tree DELETION: The procedure below would find the element in the tree and delete it from the tree. This uses the procedure vEB-TREE-MINIMUM and vEB-TREE-MAXIMUM (refer to the section 20.3.2 of the textbook) to find the minimum element in the tree.
vEB-DELETE
// base case. Where tree has only element
1. ifT.min==T.max
//set the min and max elements
2. T.min = NIL
3. T.max = NIL
//check for the base size of universe
4. else if T.u==2
//check if x is 0
5. if x == 0
//update the minimum element
6. T.min=1
7. else T.min=0
//check if the minimum is equal to maximum
8. T.max=T.min
//check if the deleted element is minimum
9. else if x==T.min
//set the first cluster
10. first-cluster=vEB-TREE-MINIMUM (T.summary)
//set x to the minimum value
11. x = index(first-cluster, vEB-TREE-MINIMUM(T.cluster[first-cluster]))
12. T.min=x
//delete x from the tree
13. vEB-DELETE(T.cluster[high(x)].low(x))
//check if the cluster is empty now
14. if vEB-TREE-MINIMUM(T.cluster[high(x)]==NIL)
//delete the cluster
15. vEB-DELETE(T.summary.high(x))
//check if the element is maximum value
16. if(x==T.max)
//find the cluster that has the maximum value
17. summary-max=vEB-TREE-MAXIMUM(T.summary)
//check if the related cluster is empty now
18. if(summary-max==NIL)
//set the elements accordingly
19. T.max=T.min
20. else T.max=index(summary-max, vEB-TREE –
MAXIMUM(T.cluster[summary-max]))
//transfer the maximum to x and delete it
21. else if x=T.max
22. T.max=index(high(x),vEB-TREE-MAXIMUM(T.cluster[high(x)]))
The procedure gets executed as follows: The first three lines check for the base case where the tree has one element. Line 4 is to check the base case for universe size 2. Line 5 to 8 set the value according to that. For any tree that has more than one elementthe remaining code works.
Line 10 to 12 makes the first cluster the one that the element is to be deleted from and assign the value to be deleted to x. After this the value is deleted from x and then it is checked if the cluster is empty now. If it does the cluster is deleted. Now, line 16 checks if the element to be deleted is the maximum. Line 17 sets summary-max to the cluster that has maximum value. Now update the value of max appropriately.
If the element does not exist in the tree: If the element is not present in the tree, recursive call will not be made and the loop iteration will not run. The reason being, the above algorithm of deletion will first try to search the element to be deleted. Even after all the lines of the code have been executed, the procedure would not find the appropriate element to delete. So deletion would fail whatsoever. This way the procedure would complete but no appropriate action would be taken.
To find out if the element to be inserted or deleted is in the tree, a procedure can be run that finds out if the element is in the tree or not. The procedure MEMBER finds out if the element exists in the tree or not. In the case of insertion if the procedure succeeds in finding the value in the tree, the procedure would halt then and there. In the case of deletion if the value is found, the procedure deletes the value; if not, the procedure halts.
In the normal scenario, an element can be searched using the MEMBER function. But using that would take time. The same operation can be modified to perform the search in constant time. To do this, the concept of superimposing the tree should be used.
Superimposing a tree is a procedure in which a tree of specific degree is built over the vEB tree. The nodes of the superimposed tree hold binary values 0 or 1. The nodes can hold a 1 if and only if any of or all the children of the node have a 1 in it. More precisely, the value of the node is the logical OR of values of the childrenof the node. The idea of superimposing can be applied over here in the tree. One more thing that should be applied is that the height of the superimposed tree should be constant.
A vEB tree can be superimposed over a bit array that would hold a 1 in each of its indexes. If the universe size for the tree is, the length of the array would be. The values of the array would be the values in the min and max attributes of the tree nodes respectively. Whenever the member has to be located the address of the member can be directly fetched from the array index and true returned; return false otherwise.
Now, the MEMBER function can be modified as below:
MEMBER
1. if (T[a] == 1)
2. return TRUE
3. else
4. return FALSE
Now, it can be observed that the MEMBER operation takes performs only one check. It takes the value and the array as argument and directly accesses the index equal to that value. If that index holds a 1 then the value is present in the tree and the procedure would return a 1. If not, the value is not present and the procedure would return a false. Now, for the running time of the procedure there is only one condition to be checked and one return statement is to be executed, the procedure would run in a constant time, that is.
VAN EMDE BOAS TREE
The vEB-PROTO structure (refer to the section 20.2 of the book) is used as the base for the actual implementation of the vEB tree. vEB tree is intended to achieve the running time of . The vEB-PROTO falls minutely short while doing this. The reason is the excess of recursion in the operations. Recursion takes long enough and the running time of the algorithms can be minimized to only a certain limit.
The approach used in designing the real vEB tree is that if a few things can be kept pre-calculated. The best thing to do would be to find out the min and max element of the structure in advance. Now, it is already known that the leaves of the vEB tree have two elements only. So if min and max attributes are used, they can represent the values easily and if any change in the values is to be performed, that can be done in the constant time as the min and max values are already known.
vEB tree is a minor modification in the vEB-PROTO structure in order to make it achieve the desired running time. The structure of the vEB tree node looks like the one shown below:
For vEB tree the size of universe for any integer. Here u can be any exact power of 2. In the diagram
Other modification is the inclusion of min and max attributes. The attributes min and max hold the minimum and the maximum values in the tree respectively. This helps reduce the recursion and improve the running time of the operations. An example of the simple vEB tree can be seen in the figure 20.6 of the text book.
Operation performed on vEB TREE: Following operations are performed on the vEB tree:
1. MINIMUM: Minimum element is the element in the tree that has smallest key value. Since the value of minimum element is stored in the min attribute of the node, the operation is performed in the constant time.
2. MAXIMUM: Maximum element is the element with the largest key value. Since the value of maximum element is stored in the max attribute of the node, the operation is performed in the constant time.
3. MEMBER: The objective of this operation is to find out if the specific element exists in the tree. The operation returns a true if the element exists in the tree; false, otherwise.
4. SUCCESSOR: The operation finds the smallest key that is greater than the current key. The searched key is called the successor of the current key.
5. PREDECESSOR: The operation the largest key that is smaller than the current key. The searched key is called the predecessor of the current key.
6. INSERTION: It is to insert a key or a value in the tree.
7. DELETION: It is to delete a key or a value in the tree.
All of the above discussion is for the tree that has clusters and the size of universe for each of the cluster is. Now, consider the structure of the vEB tree is modified so that the number of cluster for the tree is and the size of universe for each of clusters is equal to ,where is a constant. For this new structure, there would be certain changes in the running time of the procedures.
Here is constructed a vEB tree with clusters having universe size. Here , is a constant. Now, the running time of these operations needs to be found. Measuring down by until and unless its size is 1.
Now, gives.
Therefore, The number of tree levels is .
The number of levels taken is . Therefore, the running times are, as known that k is a constant greater than 1.
VAN EMDE BOAS Tree
The vEB-PROTO structure is used as the base for the actual implementation of the vEB tree. vEB tree is intended to achieve the running time of . The vEB-PROTO falls minutely short while doing this. The reason is the excess of recursion in the operations. Recursion takes long enough and the running time of the algorithms can be minimized to only a certain limit.
The approach used in designing the real vEB tree is that if a few things can be kept pre-calculated. The best thing to do would be find out the min and max element of the structure in advance. Now, it is already known that the leaves of the vEB tree have two elements only. So if min and max attributes are used they can represent the values easily and if any change in the values is to be performed, that can be done in the constant time as the min and max values are already known.
vEB tree is a minor modification in the vEB-PROTO structure in order to make it achieve the desired running time. The structure of the vEB tree node looks like the one shown below:
For vEB tree the size of universe for any integer. Here u can be any exact power of 2. In the diagram.
Other modification is the inclusion of min and max attributes. The attributes min and max hold the minimum and the maximum values in the tree respectively. This helps reduce the recursion and improve the running time of the operations. An example of the simple vEB tree can be seen in the figure 20.6 of the textbook.
Operations performed on Van Emde Boas TREE:
1. MEMBER: This operation is performed to find if any specific element exists in the vEB tree. The complexity of performing the member operation for the vEB-tree is.
2. PREDECESSOR: This operation is performed to find out the key with the maximum value that is less than the key that the predecessor is being found for. The complexity of this operation for the vEB-tree is.
3. SUCCESSOR: The objective of this operation is to find out the key with the minimum value that is greater than the key that the successor is being found for. The complexity of the SUCCESSORoperation is same as it is for the predecessor operation and that is.
4. INSERT: It is to insert a key or a value in the tree.The value is inserted in the tree only if that does not exist in the tree already. The complexity of the operation for vEB tree is.
5. DELETE: It is to delete a key or a value in the tree. The value can be deleted from the tree only if that exists in the tree. Nothing would happen if the value does not exist. The complexity of the procedure would be.
Finding the small number of operations to achieve the amortized time of each operation is :
Constraint on number of operations on vEB tree:
• Creating an empty a vEB tree of universe size u requires .
• each operation on vEB tree takes
• For small number of operations, . That is, the time required to create empty vEB tree is greater than the time required to perform an operation on the tree.
Thus, the vEB tree is not used when small number of operations is to be performed.
Assume that after n-1 operations, and after nth operation .
Where is the time required to perfume n operations on vEB tree.
Now, it is asked to find the small value for n such that
Suppose,
Thus,
Thus,
Therefore ,to achieve the amortized cost for each operation in vEB tree is , the n value must be minimum . That is, .


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Hi! My name is Chris Boisjoli and I am in the UMN Coding Bootcamp learning the MERN stack. So far in the course we have learned HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Node, Express, MySQL and I am very excited to learn more. I am 35 years old and have been married to my wife Christine for 13 years. We live in Minneapolis with our dog Dottie. I am originally from Duluth MN and graduated with a degree in International Relations from St. Cloud State University where I participated in ROTC and spent 10 years in the Army National Guard.


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{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Money Claims Prototype {% endblock %} {% block proposition_header %} {% include "includes/propositional_navigation.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include "includes/phase_banner_beta.html" %} Back Settlement agreements A settlement agreement is a legal agreement between you and the defendant describing how and when they will repay you. If the defendant chooses to sign your agreement, the claim will be put on hold and you will not be able to issue a CCJ against them unless they break the agreement. If they do not feel the repayment plan is affordable, they can ask a judge to make a different plan. {% endblock %}
A settlement agreement is a legal agreement between you and the defendant describing how and when they will repay you.
If the defendant chooses to sign your agreement, the claim will be put on hold and you will not be able to issue a CCJ against them unless they break the agreement.
If they do not feel the repayment plan is affordable, they can ask a judge to make a different plan.


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| CS 371 - Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Homework #3 |
1. Rook Jumping Maze Generation:
Rook Jumping Maze Instructions: Starting at the circled cell in the upper-left corner, find a path to the goal cell marked “G”. From each numbered cell, one may move that exact number of cells horizontally or vertically in a straight line. How many moves does the shortest path have?
For this exercise, you will generate random n-by-n Rook Jumping Mazes (RJMs) (5 £ n £ 10) where there is a legal move (jump) from each non-goal state. You will also use stochastic local search to optimize for (1) solvability and (2) maximum length of the shortest maze solution path.
Let array row and column indices both be numbered (0, ..., n - 1). The RJM is represented by a 2D-array of jump numbers. A cell's jump number is the number of array cells one must move in a straight line horizontally or vertically from that cell. The start cell is located at (0, 0). For the goal cell, located at (n - 1, n - 1), let the jump number be 0. For all non-goal cells, the randomly generated jump number must allow a legal move. In the example 5-by-5 maze above, legal jump numbers for the start cell are {1, 2, 3, 4}, whereas legal jump numbers for the center cell are {1, 2}. In general, the minimum legal jump number for a non-goal cell is 1, and the maximum legal jump number for a non-goal cell (r, c) is the maximum of n - 1 - r, r, n - 1 - c, and c. This defines a directed graph where vertices are cells, edges are legal jumps, and the outdegree is 0 for the goal cell vertex and positive otherwise.
There are many features of a good RJM. One obvious feature is that the maze has a solution, i.e. one can reach the goal from the start. One simple measure of maze quality is the minimum number of moves from the start to the goal. For this exercise, we will limit our attention to these two measures of maze quality.
Using breadth-first search, or some other suitable graph algorithm, compute the minimum distance (i.e. depth, number of moves) to each cell from the start cell. Create an objective function (a.k.a. energy function) that returns the negated distance from start to goal, or a large positive number (use 1,000,000) if no path from start to goal exists. Then the task of maze generation can be reformulated as a search through changes in the maze configuration so as to minimize this objective function.
Implement stochastic local search state RookJumpingMaze according to this specification. Note that the specification of implemented interface methods is listed towards the top of the RookJumpingMaze documentation.
Once you have RookJumpingMaze implemented, complete the implementation of RJMGenerator.java. For a size 5 RJM, you should be able to implement and tune the parameters of a stochastic local search algorithm of your choice to achieve a median energy of less than or equal to -18.0 in 5000 iterations of search or less. That is, your median-energy maze generated should require a minimum of 18 moves to solve.
Hint: When computing the energy() method, you should not use your previous uniformed search code. Instead, coding a simple breadth-first search within the RookJumpingMaze class will allow you to easily do repeated-state elimination. Initialize the depth of the initial location to 0, and all others to a negative constant representing "unreached" status. Replace "unreached" values with search depths (one greater than current depth) as child locations are being added to the queue, and not adding children to the queue that have already been visited (have non-negative depth).
2. Distant Sampling: In many different problem, it is useful to be able to select a biased sample from a data set such that the items are very different from each other. Examples include initialization of clustering algorithms, choosing a color palette where colors are well distinguished from one another, and choosing sites to geographically distribute resources.
For this problem, you will create a stochastic local search State implemented according to this specification. Note that the specification of implemented interface methods is listed towards the top of the DistantSamplerState documentation. To summarize, the state is constructed with a 2D array where each row is an n-dimensional double point/vector, and a given number of distant samples from among these is the objective. Thus, to compute the energy, one computes the inverse squared Euclidean distance for each pair of points and sums these to get the "energy" of the State. To compute the Euclidean distance, compute the sum of the squared differences in each dimension between two points/vectors and then take the square root of this sum. To get the inverse squared Euclidean distance, you divide one by the distance squared. (Alternatively, don't take the square root when computing the distance and directly compute the inverse (i.e. reciprocal) without squaring. The square root and squaring are inverse operations and cancel.) It is as if we're simulating electrostatic rupulsion forces between our selected sample data points.
A stochastic local search step here is switching from one unique sample choice (no repetitions are allowed) to a different unique sample choice. It is convenient to internally represent our sample choices as a list of row indices from the original given data. More details to more methods are given in this specification.
Once you have DistantSamplerState implemented, complete the implementation of DistantSampler.java. For the default dataset given therein, you should be able to implement and tune the parameters of a stochastic local search algorithm of your choice to achieve a median energy of less than 132.0 in 10000 iterations of search or less.
Hopefully, in looking at these problems, you'll see the wide applicability of such optimization algorithms. Often, the most challenging aspect of such optimization is devising a good, efficient next state generator that gives beneficial structure to the state space, rather than merely bouncing randomly from one state to another. Good next state generators both allow one to traverse the entire state space, and immediately sample states that are similar in quality to the current state.


A library for integrating Auth0 into an Angular 9+ application.
Using npm:
npm install @auth0/auth0-angular
We also have ng-add
support, so the library can also
be installed using the Angular CLI:
ng add @auth0/auth0-angular
Install the SDK into your application by importing
AuthModule
and configuring with your Auth0 domain and
client ID:
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
// Import the module from the SDK
import { AuthModule } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
// Import the module into the application, with configuration
AuthModule.forRoot({
domain: 'YOUR_AUTH0_DOMAIN',
clientId: 'YOUR_AUTH0_CLIENT_ID',
}),
],
bootstrap: [AppComponent],
})
export class AppModule {}
Next, inject the AuthService
service into a component
where you intend to provide the functionality to log in, by adding
the AuthService
type to your constructor. Then,
provide a loginWithRedirect()
method and call
this.auth.loginWithRedirect()
to log the user into
the application.
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
// Import the AuthService type from the SDK
import { AuthService } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],
})
export class AppComponent {
title = 'My App';
// Inject the authentication service into your component through the constructor
constructor(public auth: AuthService) {}
loginWithRedirect(): void {
// Call this to redirect the user to the login page
this.auth.loginWithRedirect();
}
}
By default the application will ask Auth0 will redirect back to
the root URL of your application after authentication, but this
can be configured by setting the
redirectUri
option.
On your template, provide a button that will allow the user to log
in to the application. Use the
isAuthenticated$
observable to check that the user is
not already authenticated:
<button
*ngIf="(auth.isAuthenticated$ | async) === false"
(click)="loginWithRedirect()"
>
Log in
</button>
Add a logout
method to your component and call the
SDK's logout
method:
logout(): void {
// Call this to log the user out of the application
this.auth.logout({ returnTo: window.location.origin });
}
Then on your component's template, add a button that will log
the user out of the application. Use the
isAuthenticated$
observable to check that the user
has already been authenticated:
<button *ngIf="auth.isAuthenticated$ | async" (click)="logout()">
Log out
</button>
Access the user$
observable on the
AuthService
instance to retrieve the user profile.
This observable already heeds the
isAuthenticated$
observable, so you do not need to
check if the user is authenticated before using it:

{{ user.name }}

{{ user.email }}

Access the idTokenClaims$
observable on the
AuthService
instance to retrieve the ID token claims.
Like the user$
observable, this observable already
heeds the isAuthenticated$
observable, so you do not
need to check if the user is authenticated before using it:
authService.idTokenClaims$.subscribe((claims) => console.log(claims));
Errors in the login flow can be captured by subscribing to the
error$
observable:
authService.error$.subscribe((error) => console.log(error));
To ensure that a route can only be visited by authenticated users,
add the built-in AuthGuard
type to the
canActivate
property on the route you wish to
protect.
If an unauthenticated user tries to access this route, they will first be redirected to Auth0 to log in before returning to the URL they tried to get to before login:
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { Routes, RouterModule } from '@angular/router';
import { HomeComponent } from './unprotected/unprotected.component';
import { ProtectedComponent } from './protected/protected.component';
// Import the authentication guard
import { AuthGuard } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'protected',
component: ProtectedComponent,
// Protect a route by registering the auth guard in the `canActivate` hook
canActivate: [AuthGuard],
},
{
path: '',
component: HomeComponent,
pathMatch: 'full',
},
];
@NgModule({
imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
exports: [RouterModule],
})
export class AppRoutingModule {}
The SDK provides an HttpInterceptor
that
automatically attaches access tokens to outgoing requests when
using the built-in HttpClient
. However, you must
provide configuration that tells the interceptor which requests to
attach access tokens to.
First, register the interceptor with your application module,
along with the HttpClientModule
.
Note: We do not do this automatically for you as we want you to be explicit about including this interceptor. Also, you may want to chain this interceptor with others, making it hard for us to place it accurately.
// Import the interceptor module and the Angular types you'll need
import { HttpClientModule, HTTP_INTERCEPTORS } from '@angular/common/http';
import { AuthHttpInterceptor } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
// Register the interceptor with your app module in the `providers` array
@NgModule({
declarations: [],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
HttpClientModule, // Register this so that you can make API calls using HttpClient
AppRoutingModule,
AuthModule.forRoot(...),
],
providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: AuthHttpInterceptor, multi: true },
],
bootstrap: [AppComponent],
})
Next, tell the SDK which requests to attach access tokens to in
the SDK configuration. These are matched on the URL by using a
string, a regex, or more complex object that also allows you to
specify the configuration for fetching tokens by setting the
tokenOptions
property.
If an HTTP call is made using HttpClient
and there is
no match in this configuration for that URL, then the interceptor
will simply be bypassed and the call will be executed without a
token attached in the Authorization
header.
Note: We do this to help prevent tokens being unintentionally attached to requests to the wrong recipient, which is a serious security issue. Those recipients could then use that token to call the API as if it were your application.
In the event that requests should be made available for both
anonymous and authenticated users, the
allowAnonymous
property can be set to
true
. When omitted, or set to false
,
requests that match the configuration, will not be executed when
there is no access token available.
Here are some examples:
import { HttpMethod } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
// Modify your existing SDK configuration to include the httpInterceptor config
AuthModule.forRoot({
domain: 'YOUR_AUTH0_DOMAIN',
clientId: 'YOUR_AUTH0_CLIENT_ID',
redirectUri: window.location.origin,
// The AuthHttpInterceptor configuration
httpInterceptor: {
allowedList: [
// Attach access tokens to any calls to '/api' (exact match)
'/api',
// Attach access tokens to any calls that start with '/api/'
'/api/*',
// Match anything starting with /api/products, but also allow for anonymous users.
{
uri: '/api/products/*',
allowAnonymous: true,
},
// Match anything starting with /api/accounts, but also specify the audience and scope the attached
// access token must have
{
uri: '/api/accounts/*',
tokenOptions: {
audience: 'http://my-api/',
scope: 'read:accounts',
},
},
// Matching on HTTP method
{
uri: '/api/orders',
httpMethod: HttpMethod.Post,
tokenOptions: {
audience: 'http://my-api/',
scope: 'write:orders',
},
},
// Using an absolute URI
{
uri: 'https://your-domain.auth0.com/api/v2/users',
tokenOptions: {
audience: 'https://your-domain.com/api/v2/',
scope: 'read:users',
},
},
],
},
});
Under the hood,
tokenOptions
is passed as-is to thegetTokenSilently
method on the underlying SDK, so all the same options apply here.
Uri Matching
If you need more fine-grained control over the URI matching, you
can provide a callback function to the
uriMatcher
property that takes a single
uri
argument (being
HttpRequest.url
) and returns a boolean. If this function returns true, then an
access token is attached to the request in the
"Authorization" header. If it returns false, the request proceeds without the access
token attached.
AuthModule.forRoot({
...
httpInterceptor: {
allowedList: [
{
uriMatcher: (uri) => uri.indexOf('/api/orders') > -1,
httpMethod: HttpMethod.Post,
tokenOptions: {
audience: 'http://my-api/',
scope: 'write:orders',
},
},
],
},
});
You might want to do this in scenarios where you need the token on multiple endpoints, but want to exclude it from only a few other endpoints. Instead of explicitly listing all endpoints that do need a token, a uriMatcher can be used to include all but the few endpoints that do not need a token attached to its requests.
Finally, make your API call using the HttpClient
.
Access tokens are then attached automatically in the
Authorization
header:
export class MyComponent {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) {}
callApi(): void {
this.http.get('/api').subscribe(result => console.log(result));
}
}
Whenever the SDK fails to retrieve an Access Token, either as part
of the above interceptor or when manually calling
AuthService.getAccessTokenSilently
and
AuthService.getAccessTokenWithPopup
, it will emit the
corresponding error in the
AuthService.error$
observable.
If you want to interact to these errors, subscribe to the
error$
observable and act accordingly.
ngOnInit() {
this.authService.error$.subscribe(error => {
// Handle Error here
});
}
A common reason you might want to handle the above errors, emitted
by the error$
observable, is to re-login the user
when the SDK throws a login_required
error.
ngOnInit() {
this.authService.error$.pipe(
filter((e) => e instanceof GenericError && e.error === 'login_required'),
mergeMap(() => this.authService.loginWithRedirect())
).subscribe();
}
Instead of using AuthModule.forRoot
to specify auth
configuration, you can provide a factory function using
APP_INITIALIZER
to load your config from an external
source before the auth module is loaded, and provide your
configuration using AuthClientConfig.set
.
The configuration will only be used initially when the SDK is
instantiated. Any changes made to the configuration at a later
moment in time will have no effect on the default options used
when calling the SDK's methods. This is also the reason why
the dynamic configuration should be set using an
APP_INITIALIZER
, because doing so ensures the
configuration is available prior to instantiating the SDK.
:information_source: Any request made through an instance of
HttpClient
that got instantiated by Angular, will use all of the configured interceptors, including ourAuthHttpInterceptor
. Because theAuthHttpInterceptor
requires the existence of configuration settings, the request for retrieving those dynamic configuration settings should ensure it's not using any of those interceptors. In Angular, this can be done by manually instantiatingHttpClient
using an injectedHttpBackend
instance.
// app.module.ts
// ---------------------------
import { AuthModule, AuthClientConfig } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
// Provide an initializer function that returns a Promise
function configInitializer(
handler: HttpBackend,
config: AuthClientConfig
) {
return () =>
new HttpClient(handler)
.get('/config')
.toPromise()
.then((loadedConfig: any) => config.set(loadedConfig)); // Set the config that was loaded asynchronously here
}
// Provide APP_INITIALIZER with this function. Note that there is no config passed to AuthModule.forRoot
imports: [
// other imports..
HttpClientModule,
AuthModule.forRoot(), //<- don't pass any config here
],
providers: [
{
provide: APP_INITIALIZER,
useFactory: configInitializer, // <- pass your initializer function here
deps: [HttpBackend, AuthClientConfig],
multi: true,
},
],
If your application uses multiple OAuth providers, you may need to
use multiple callback paths as well, one for each OAuth provider.
To ensure the SDK does not process the callback for any provider
other than Auth0, configure the AuthModule by setting the
skipRedirectCallback
property as follows:
AuthModule.forRoot({
skipRedirectCallback: window.location.pathname === '/other-callback',
});
Note: In the above example,
/other-callback
is an existing route that will be
called by any other OAuth provider with a code
(or
error
in case something went wrong) and
state
.
Organizations is a set of features that provide better support for developers who build and maintain SaaS and Business-to-Business (B2B) applications.
Using Organizations, you can:
Represent teams, business customers, partner companies, or any logical grouping of users that should have different ways of accessing your applications, as organizations.
Manage their membership in a variety of ways, including user invitation.
Configure branded, federated login flows for each organization.
Implement role-based access control, such that users can have different roles when authenticating in the context of different organizations.
Build administration capabilities into your products, using Organizations APIs, so that those businesses can manage their own organizations.
Note that Organizations is currently only available to customers on our Enterprise and Startup subscription plans.
Log in to an organization by specifying the
organization
parameter importing the
AuthModule
:
AuthModule.forRoot({
domain: 'YOUR_AUTH0_DOMAIN',
clientId: 'YOUR_AUTH0_CLIENT_ID',
organization: 'YOUR_ORGANIZATION_ID'
}),
You can also specify the organization when logging in:
// Using a redirect
this.auth.loginWithRedirect({
organization: 'YOUR_ORGANIZATION_ID'
});
// Using a popup window
this.auth.loginWithPopup({
organization: 'YOUR_ORGANIZATION_ID'
});
Accept a user invitation through the SDK by creating a route
within your application that can handle the user invitation URL,
and log the user in by passing the organization
and
invitation
parameters from this URL. You can either
use loginWithRedirect
or
loginWithPopup
as needed.
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { AuthService } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';
@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],
})
export class AppComponent {
constructor(public auth: AuthService, private activatedRoute: ActivatedRoute) {}
loginWithRedirect(): void {
const { organization, invitation } = this.activatedRoute.snapshot.params;
this.auth.loginWithRedirect({
organization,
invitation
});
}
}
This library makes use of the window
object in a
couple of places during initialization, as well as
sessionStorage
in the underlying Auth0 SPA SDK, and
thus
will have problems
when being used in an Angular Universal project. The
recommendation currently is to only import this library into a
module that is to be used in the browser, and omit it from any
module that is to participate in a server-side environment.
See Guards, and creating separate modules in the Angular Universal "Gotchas" document.
Run ng build
to build the project. The build
artifacts will be stored in the dist/
directory. Use
the --prod
flag for a production build.
Run ng test
to execute the unit tests via
Karma.
The end-to-end tests are executed using Cypress against the built-in playground app.
The E2E tests require that the user password be specified as an environment variable. This is already set up in the CI environment, but locally you can do:
CYPRESS_INTEGRATION_PASSWORD=<password> ng e2e
The workspace includes a playground application that can be used
to test out features of the SDK. Run this using
ng serve playground
and browse to
http://localhost:4200.
An express server can be started by running
npm run server:api
, which can be used to make testing
Http Interceptors easier. The express server exposes a single
endpoint at http://localhost:3001/api/external
that
needs to be called with an Authorization
header
containing a token for the corresponding domain
and
audience
, configurable in
api-server.js
.
The playground application is preconfigured to call the above
endpoint when clicking the Call external API
button.
To get more help on the Angular CLI use ng help
or go
check out the
Angular CLI README.
We appreciate feedback and contribution to this repo! Before you get started, please see the following:
For support or to provide feedback, please raise an issue on our issue tracker.
Please do not report security vulnerabilities on the public GitHub issue tracker. The Responsible Disclosure Program details the procedure for disclosing security issues.
Auth0 helps you to easily:
This project is licensed under the MIT license. See the LICENSE file for more info.


You can always use Axis.MinValue and Axis.MaxValue properties to set the range of an axis, in this example we have a line series with 100 points, and we are only showing the 25 records the user wants to see.
Add a Cartesian chart and 3 buttons from your toolbox


Outrun is a theme for Visual Studio Code and Sublime Text 3 inspired by the colors, style, and culture of the synthwave music scene.
Created by Sam Rapaport
Outrun is available as a full theme for Visual Studio Code and as a color scheme for Sublime Text 3. Click below to see how to use the Outrun Theme on the editor of your choice.


Jon's Team
Jon Shallcross
Manager
Employee ID: 19
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office Number:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Jax Hamilton
Engineer
Employee ID: 28
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub:
jaxhamilton
Maddy Hamilton
Intern
Employee ID: 26
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: U of T
,
Ethan Hamilton
Intern
Employee ID: 05
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: U of T


CONTROLS:
Drag CURSOR to edges to scroll.
ALT + RIGHT/LEFT ARROW keys to rotate.
MOUSE/TOUCHPAD to zoom in/out.
CLICK + HOLD to use selection box.
INFO:
Theta * Pathfinding is displayed with Start Marker, End Marker, & arrows (& walls).
Steering Behaviour: "Flee" is being animated (red arrows fleeing from Fish).
Red and Blue circles are the Field of Views of the red arrows and the Fish, respectively.


Luna can help you to monitor:
Requirements to use Luna:
How Luna works:
How to use Luna
All parameters of Luna's http requests can be sent via GET or POST
Responses are in json format, successful responses are like {"code":0, "data": null} while error responses are like {"code":1, "message": "name cannot be empty"} with a code value not equal to 0.
Create A Pony
To Luna, each device or app is called a pony.You can add a pony through an HTTP request.
URL
https://{{ domain }}{% url 'add_pony' %}
Params
| Name | Required | Description |
|---|---|---|
| name | True | Name of the pony, each pony has a unique name. 2~50 characters |
| passcode | True | Passcode needed for further operations, keep it secret and safe.Cannot be recovered once lost. |
| dark_minute | True | Integer value. If after this number of minutes Luna still failed receive a pony's message, Luna would consider the pony was in trouble and trigger notifications. |
| notify_channel | True | Certain notification types when Luna has message for you.Currently Luna supports:
|
| notify_url | True | Specified value corresponding to the notify_channel param above. |
Say Hi to Luna
After your pony was created, it needs to send message to Luna periodically.So Luna knows if a pony is going well or has some trouble.
URL
https://{{ domain }}{% url 'hi_pony' %}
Params
Be advised, the interval of your pony's Hi requests needs to be smaller than the dark_minute param of the pony.

 If your pony stops saying hi for some time, Luna will remove ponies who stay missing for more than a month.But in case you want to do this by yourself, you can use the request below
URL
https://{{ domain }}{% url 'remove_pony' %}
Params
Why Luna is the name


Welcome to Machine Learning
Machine learning (ML) is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience and by the use of data. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as "training data", in order to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of applications, such as in medicine, email filtering, and computer vision, where it is difficult or unfeasible to develop conventional algorithms to perform the needed tasks.
Learn MoreOur Team
Team Leader
Front End Developer
Front End Developer
Back End Developer
Front/Back End Developer
Frequently Asked Question


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Welcome to Movie Tracker
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Recent news and press releases from the City of Corvallis
At Tuesday’s meeting, the Council continued to discuss details of Mayor Ralph Becker’s proposed Fiscal Year 2015-16 budget. Discussion centered on department budgets and specific line items the Council is interested in.
At Tuesday’s meeting, the Council continued to discuss details of Mayor Ralph Becker’s proposed Fiscal Year 2015-16 budget. Discussion centered on department budgets and specific line items the Council is interested in.
At Tuesday’s meeting, the Council continued to discuss details of Mayor Ralph Becker’s proposed Fiscal Year 2015-16 budget. Discussion centered on department budgets and specific line items the Council is interested in.
At Tuesday’s meeting, the Council continued to discuss details of Mayor Ralph Becker’s proposed Fiscal Year 2015-16 budget. Discussion centered on department budgets and specific line items the Council is interested in.


Window Length Calculator
Input the full Window Length In Metres to get the value of Wood in Feet:
Meters
Feet:


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Kyrgyz ex-president Atambayev stands trial over release of mob boss
BISHKEK (Reuters) - Former Kyrgyz president Almazbek Atambayev went on trial behind closed doors on Friday charged with illegally setting free a jailed organized crime boss, which led to his arrest in August after a dramatic stand-off with security forces.
Atambayev, who refused to attend preliminary hearings, was escorted to the courtroom on Friday, his lawyer Sergei Slesarev told reporters. News media have been banned from the trial.
Atambayev, who ruled the Central Asian nation of six million people between 2011-2017, supported his then-ally and prime minister Sooronbai Jeenbekov in the 2017 election, but the two fell out just months into Jeenbekov’s presidency.
The charges against Atambayev stem from the 2013 release from a Kyrgyz prison on stated compassionate grounds of Aziz Batukayev, a man described by Kyrgyz officials as a mob kingpin who had been convicted of illegal possession of drugs and firearms and of organizing riots.
At the time, the authorities cited Batukayev’s terminal illness as the reason for the release - which investigators now say was untrue. There have been no reports that Batukayev has died and he is believed to be living in Russia.
Atambayev earlier denied all charges against him, calling them politically motivated. On Friday, according to his lawyer, Atambayev remained silent throughout the hearing, ignoring all questions from the judge.


--- title: Amr Abed - About layout: default ---
I am a Computer engineer, Researcher, and Instructor. I got my Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. Special interest in Mobile, Cloud, and IoT Computing and Security.
Aim for the moon. If you miss, you may hit a star
I don't know anything, but I do know that everything is interesting if you go into it deeply enough
Most people do not listen with the intent to understand; they listen with the intent to reply
Second place is the first loser


The learning cycle of a person gets completed when he imparts his knowledge gained to the society. We as SEDS Outreach are trying the same. We are a group of space enthusiasts who besides acquiring knowledge teach students of primary, secondary and higher secondary students various aspects of space science. Enthusiasm about space science is gaining momentum these days. We work to spread awareness regarding space explorations and basic phenomena of physics.
Working closely around school children gives us a lot of optimism towards life. The thought that we play a crucial role in moulding the lives of today’s youth gives us a sense of completeness. We introduce the spark of curiosity in the young minds. We see the children keeping in touch with us even after the sessions and coming up with a lot of questions. We are a team of youth helping out and improvising other youth we come across in our lives.
Currently we are working on establishing space clubs in schools in and around Vellore. We already have established the clubs in three prominent schools and currently working on more schools. Though our initiative is with basic space sciences our ultimate aim is to provide high level technical skills on space as well as other sciences. This is us as a part of SEDS India trying to inspire more budding scientists and make this country a self sufficient and a developed nation.


Akan names of Ghanian Origin. Filling the attached form helps derive your Akun Name.That is your date of birth and Gender
Here are the list of names per Gender;
Names are based on gender and the date you were born.
Frequently in Ghana, children are given their first name as a 'day name' which corresponds to the day in the week they were born.


The line is such a versatile element in web design. There are so many interesting possibilities when it comes to using the line to enhance user interaction with subtle animations. Let's explore some today.
Inspired by the menu seen on spg.se
Style created by Eden S.-G.
Style created by rileyjshaw
Style created by [your name]
Check out how you can add your style here.
If you enjoyed this demo you might also like:


| tbl_survfit_errors {gtsummary} | R Documentation |
tbl_survfit()
When functions add_n()
and add_p()
are run after tbl_survfit()
,
the original call to survival::survfit()
is extracted and the formula=
and data=
arguments are used to calculate
the N or p-value.
When the values of the formula=
and data=
are unavailable, the functions
cannot execute. Below are some tips to modify your code to ensure all functions
run without issue.
Let tbl_survfit()
construct the survival::survfit()
for you by passing
a data frame to tbl_survfit()
. The survfit model will be constructed
in a manner ensuring the formula and data are available.
This only works if you have a stratified model.
Instead of the following line
survfit(Surv(ttdeath, death) ~ trt, trial) %>% tbl_survfit(times = c(12, 24))
Use this code
trial %>% select(ttdeath, death, trt) %>% tbl_survfit(y = Surv(ttdeath, death), times = c(12, 24))
Construct an expression of the survival::survfit()
before evaluating it.
Ensure the formula and data are available in the call by using the tidyverse
bang-bang operator, !!
.
Use this code
formula_arg <- Surv(ttdeath, death) ~ 1 data_arg <- trial rlang::expr(survfit(!!formula_arg, !!data_arg)) %>% eval() %>% tbl_survfit(times = c(12, 24))


1 Chronicles 5:22
For there fell down many slain, because the war was of God. And they dwelt in their steads until the captivity.


CyberWatch
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{% load staticfiles %}
Demo using Django Channels to implement a WebSocket-based chat server. You can see the code on GitHub:


We visualize platforms!
- strategize mission-critical supply-chains
- repurpose distributed deliverables
- engineer sticky methodologies
- mesh one-to-one infrastructures
- evolve wireless channels
- empower 24/365 supply-chains
- revolutionize viral e-commerce
- embrace granular experiences
- mesh leading-edge metrics
- empower out-of-the-box functionalities
- morph intuitive models
- strategize virtual applications
- empower collaborative solutions
- reinvent innovative e-business


Wollongong is hoem to Science space and the Australian Motorlife museum. Concerts are no stranger to Wollongong. Many well known Australian artists (such as Jimmy Barnes and Daryl Braithwaite) make sure to set up stage whilst on their tours.


Learning is the source of human progress.
We believe. Knowledge has the power to transform our world from illness to health, from poverty to prosperity,from conflict to peace. It has the power to transform our lives for ourselves,for our families, for our communities. No matter who we are or where we are, learning empowers us to change and grow and redefine what’s possible. That’s why access to the best learning is a right, not a privilege. And that’s why Howcodes is here. We partner with the best educators to bring the best learning to every corner of the world. So that anyone, anywhere has the power to transform their life through learning.
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Serving the world through learning since 2021
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Checks
range context
syntax, which may alternatively be used for media features with a 'range' type.
Example:
@media screen and (500px <= width <= 1200px) {}


This is my website about cats!
CATS ARE THE BEST
I love them so much!
I have one named Katey
She is 5 years old:)
She is a calico
I got her in fifth grade
She loves getting pet and feeling loved
Unpopular opinion: cats are better than dogs!
She is my emotional support animal
This is her below:
Here is a list of cat breeds that I love:
Calico
Persian
American Shorthair
Maine Coon
Abyssinian
This is the Brookyln Cat Cafe.  It is so cute, and I love going there with my friends.
Here is a compilation of my favorite funny cat vines!


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Schools across India are working to meet the requirements of the 2009 RTA Act
Learn more at
rte.socialcops.org


Data gathered at $dataSnapshotTime$
The following measurements are based on the simple average of the returns. Unfortunately, it under-reports earnings because more WRKChains and Beacons have been registered. In time, more accurate projections will come with more sample points.
The network has capacity for 96 validators. Find out how to become a validator here and here.
Showing the top FUND account holders (both liquid and staked) and the percentage that they have staked. The account at the top is the admin account.


So last night I went to a rave. I can honestly say that I've never been so euphoric, nor excited in my whole life. The amazing this is, I didn't consume any illicit things until AFTER the rave. The whole time I was there at the rave, I couldn't stop thinking about how lucky I am to live in the world I do, to know the people I know, and to think the way that I think. It's truly given me some major leeway with my plans for the rest of my life, because I feel like I understand the true emotions I once held far and away. But the rave was only the beginning for what my friend and I had in our near futures.
After leaving Cece at 12 (I wish I coulda stayed), we were outside and my friend was having trouble opening his car door. I mentioned that I was a little bit frustrated we didn't find ANY substance at the rave, and at almost that instant, the girl (I think Ashley was her name) that I didn't know came up to me and offered a bit of speed, 30 mg. Naturally, I was hesitant at first to try the drug, but I was not going to leave that night without some sort of substance to explore my own mind with. So I bought my capsule, and my friend and I went home in his BMW going upwards of 120 mph listening to hardcore techno only to find his mother still awake. We had planned to leave back to the rave after she'd seen we were home and she'd fallen asleep.
She didn't fall asleep....ever. But it's neither here nor there, it's not important.
Anyway, we got home and put on Infected Mushroom (techno) and I went into his bathroom to take my speed. Pop, in my mouth. Easy. Twenty minutes pass, I feel nothing.
Thirty minutes are now past, I still feel not a shred of anything.
Now I'm sitting here upstairs with my friend talking about how fun the night was, and in one large sweeping feeling throughout my head, I feel suddenly euphoric and had an overall feeling of extreme well-being. The things we talked about ranged from girlfriends, to the human psyche, even to the way government is lying to us (Theory). I can honestly say I've never felt so amazingly happy than I did during those twenty minutes upstairs. It was during this twenty minutes in which I felt mentally invincible. I could tell my friend anything.
I told him my story of the rave, in which he was very interested it seemed, and moderately impressed by. Now I'm at the end of my story, I can barely keep up with my thoughts, words come out slurred and jumbled. My brain is a frenzy of light and color that I can't explain with any other phrase than 'Brilliant Fuzziness'. It's at this time when my friend and I give up on going back to the rave, because his mother inevitably won't sleep and will therefore catch us sneaking back out.
We go downstairs to listen to more music, and watch the iTunes visualizer (Very VERY trippy). I feel fuzzy and warm inside, I feel completely content with my situation, I feel invincible. Words, phrases, stories start spilling out of me, all of which Darin (My friend) is completely interested and helpful with. I tell him again how seriously euphoric I am, and he says he understands. An hour passes, and my mind races relentlessly from one topic to the next, going off on tangents, and occasionally, completely malfunctioning because of an overload of information.
I tell Darin the story of how I met Caity, and our relationship. I tell Darin the story of how I really never was happy until now. I tell Darin that he is the best person I'd ever met, I feel like unraveling an entire chain of events and actions that have taken place, just to prove this fact that yes, he is an amazing person.
Around 3:30, my mind is simply too packed full of both useful and useless information, so I take a break from my constant ramblings. Darin begins to speak. I understand perfectly what he's saying, I can keep up with his train of thought, everything around me is finally in focus, and I see and embrace the truth in my life, rather than always running away from it.
Now it's 4:30. I begin to feel myself drift away into a positive state of sleep, but I'm woken up (willingly) by Darin to continue our conversation.  What was I thinking, it was fading? The head rush I get pushes the trip back into motion and I'm off in a rambling of words once again, Darin listening and discussing all the while. The stories I've already told spill out once again, I feel complete.
Now we've gotten to the point where we literally have nothing more to talk about, because we had spend five straight hours continuously talking about everything. Again I feel the positive sleepy feeling, and this time I'm forced to give in to it, being immediately enveloped in a relentless frenzy of colorful dreams.
It's the morning. The dreams I had been having recreated themselves in my conscious vision. I feel afraid, but not in danger. I rouse myself from the sleeping bag I'm encased in, and a feeling of total relaxation and contentment surrounds me. This is the end of my journey. I'm a changed person. I feel...different. I have feelings of trust, feelings of love, feelings of admiration toward certain people in my life now, but it seems futile to let most of these people know about these feelings, because they're not ready to understand what they feel about themselves yet.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


|
Hello Chinedu, House 4A Drive, Nicon Town, KM 14 Lekki/Epe Expressway, Lekki, Lagos. Please find below your bank statement for the period: January 1 2020 to January 31 2020. |
|---|
| Account Number:<PHONE_NUMBER> | Opening Balance: 2,128,225.97 |
|---|---|
| Account Name: ALIYU BOLARINWA CHINEDU | Closing Balance: 2,004,985.87 |
| Account Type: CURRENT ACCOUNT | Total Credit: 1,323,330,513.73 |
| Account Currency: NIGERIAN NAIRA (NGN) | Total Debit: 1,323,543,753.83 |
| Trans. Date | Ref. Number | Transaction Details | Deposit (CR) | Withdrawal (DR) | Balance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Payment for school fees in jos | 200,000 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Payment for school fees in jos | 500,000 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Payment for school fees in jos | 1,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Payment for school fees in jos | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | UPayment for school fees in jos | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Germany Payment for school fees in jos | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Canada Payment for school fees in jos | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | Italy Payment for school fees in jos | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | UK Travel | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 | |
| 09/08/2020 | 76389ruubrbbw09 | France Payment for school fees in jos | 1,000,900 | 1,000,900 |


|
Fusion3D
Version 6.04
|
Defines a group of user buttons on the left of the main graphics window – does the operating - system independent operations. More...
#include <buttons_input_class.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| buttons_input_class (QWidget *parent_in) | |
| Constructor. More... | |
| ~buttons_input_class () | |
| Destructor. More... | |
| int | register_viewer (fusion3d_viewer_class *myViewer_in) |
| Register the OpenInventor viewer. More... | |
| int | register_script (script_input_class *script_input_in) |
| Register the script class. More... | |
| int | register_clock (clock_input_class *clock_input_in) |
| Register the clock. More... | |
| int | register_managers (atrlab_manager_class **atrlab_manager_a_in, int n_managers_in) |
| Register all managers so they can be updated on user input. More... | |
| int | read_tagged (const char *filename) |
| Read file in tagged ascii format. More... | |
| int | wire_me_up (int regen_flag) |
| Register the script class. More... | |
| int | clear_all () |
| Destructor. More... | |
Defines a group of user buttons on the left of the main graphics window – does the operating - system independent operations.
The buttons are a limited user interface that is an integral part of the original OpenInventor interface (as opposed to the menus which were added later and operate outside the OpenInventor environment).
Whenever a button is added or removed, the entire column of buttons is deleted then regenerated. Each button is controlled by a flag in parm button_vis_flags– 0 to not include button, 1 to include button
100 vis flags are used – only some are used and others as backup.
Buttons are turned on/off either from a project file (parsed within this class) or from menus using the IOV Global GL_button_mod
int *button_vis_flag; Array of flags that govern whether or not each button is currently visible
0 - 19 default buttons
0 - Map vis
1 - Vector vis
2 - Point cloud vis
3 - Bookmark vis
4 - track / drawing vis
5 - NorthUp vis
6 - Tile(toggle draping) vis
7 - A1 - DEM vis
8 - Highlighting of obstructions(points where a2 - DEM significantly higher than a1 - DEM) vis
9 - Hi - res texture vis
10 - Reset vis
20 - Script play
21 - Script next
30 - Clock Reverse 1
31 - Clock Reverse
32 - Clock Stop
33 - Clock Forward
34 - Clock Forward 1
70 - 73 - Jump - to - bookmark
80 - Editing off
81 - Add point or add point to end of line
82 - Move point – point closest to mouse - press to mouse - release
83 - Del point – point closest to mouse press
84 - New line solid
85 - New line dashed
86 - New point
| buttons_input_class::buttons_input_class | ( | QWidget * | parent_in | ) |
Constructor.
| buttons_input_class::~buttons_input_class | ( | ) |
Destructor.
| int buttons_input_class::clear_all | ( | ) |
Destructor.
| int buttons_input_class::read_tagged | ( | const char * | filename | ) |
Read file in tagged ascii format.
Read in operational parameters from the standard tagged ascii format.
| int buttons_input_class::register_clock | ( | clock_input_class * | clock_input_in | ) |
Register the clock.
| int buttons_input_class::register_managers | ( | atrlab_manager_class ** | atrlab_manager_a_in, |
| int | n_managers_in | ||
| ) |
Register all managers so they can be updated on user input.
| int buttons_input_class::register_script | ( | script_input_class * | script_input_in | ) |
Register the script class.
| int buttons_input_class::register_viewer | ( | fusion3d_viewer_class * | myViewer_in | ) |
Register the OpenInventor viewer.
| int buttons_input_class::wire_me_up | ( | int | regen_flag | ) |
Register the script class.


| Apache Struts 2 Documentation > Home > Tutorials > Getting Started > Spring and Struts 2 |
| The example code for this tutorial, Spring_Struts2_Ant or Spring_Struts2_Mvn, is available on Google Code - http://code.google.com/p/struts2-examples/downloads/list. After downloading and unzipping the file, you'll have a folder named Spring_Struts2_Ant (or Spring_Struts2_Mvn). In that folder will be a README.txt file with instructions on now to build and run the example application. |
In the execute method of many Struts 2 ActionSupport classes are statements that create objects and then have those objects execute methods that perform needed tasks. Whenever one class creates an object of another class that introduces a dependency between the two classes. The Spring framework makes it easier for the application developer to manage these dependencies and helps make the application more flexible and maintainable. This tutorial will show you how to use Struts 2 and Spring together to manage the dependencies between your ActionSupport classes and other classes in your application.
| This tutorial assumes you understand how to use the Spring framework to manage dependencies between classes. You can learn more about Spring by reading the documentation at http://www.springsource.org/documentation |
| The Struts 2 user mailing list is an excellent place to get help. If you are having a problem getting the tutorial example applications to work search the Struts 2 mailing list. If you don't find an answer to your problem, post a question on the mailing list. |
If you examine the example application for the Struts 2 Themes tutorial you'll see this code in the EditAction ActionSupport class
private EditService editService = new EditServiceInMemory();
The above statement hard-codes a dependency between the EditAction class and the EditServiceInMemory class. This is poor design for two reasons.
Spring provides a mechanism to manage dependencies by injecting them at run time. Struts 2 ActionSupport classes—like any other Java class—can be injected with a dependent object by the Spring framework. So instead of having the above code, I would have this statement in EditAction.
private EditService editService ;
At run time the Spring framework will provide an object of a class that implements the EditService interface.
Struts 2 provides a plugin that enables Spring to inject into the ActionSupport classes any dependent objects you've specified in the Spring configuration file. Consult Spring Plugin documentation for more information about how the plugin works.
For a Maven application you'll need to add a dependency to the struts2-spring-plugin jar (see the Maven example application for this tutorial). The plugin's pom.xml includes transitive dependencies to the Spring jar files. For an Ant built application you'll need to add the struts2-spring-plugin jar and the Spring jars to your application's class path (see the Ant example application for this tutorial).
| The current version (<IP_ADDRESS>) of the Struts 2 Spring plugin has transitive dependencies to the Spring 3.0.5 version. If you want to use the latest version of Spring, then you should exclude the transitive dependencies in your pom.xml for the Struts 2 Spring plugin and then declare dependency nodes to the current version of the Spring jar files. If you are using Ant and explicitly including the jar files in your application, then just include the latest version of the Spring jar files. |
In your ActionSupport class you must have a set method for the dependent object that follows standard Java bean naming conventions. If you examine the EditAction class for this tutorial's application you'll see this set method.
public void setEditService(EditService editService) { this.editService = editService; }
Spring will use that set method to provide an object of type EditService to the EditAction class at run time.
To make our application "Spring aware" we need to add this line to web.xml.
<listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener>
The above code will activate the Spring framework when the application is started up by the Servlet container. By default Spring will look for a configuration file name applicationContext.xml in WEB-INF (consult the Spring documentation for how you can change where Spring looks and what the configuration file name is).
In the Spring configuration file we create a bean node for those objects we want Spring to create an instance of and inject into our ActionSupport class. In the example application is this applicationContext.xml.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="editService" class="org.apache.struts.edit.service.EditServiceInMemory" /> </beans>
Note the id value above. By default the Spring plugin works with Spring to autowire the dependencies of the ActionClass by "name." Spring will create an object of class EditServiceMemory and provide that object to any ActionSupport class that has a setEditService method with an argument of type EditService. Consult the Spring Plugin documentation for how to change the default autowire method.
| The editService bean created by Spring will have a scope of singleton since that is the default scope. Consult section 3.5 of the Spring documentation for how to configure the bean definition to use a different scope (e.g. request or session). |
Using the above methodology, the Struts 2 framework will still manage the creation of the ActionSupport class. If you prefer you can configure the application so that Spring will create the ActionSupport class also. To support this technique you need to add a bean node to the Spring configuration file for the ActionSupport class.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="editService" class="org.apache.struts.edit.service.EditServiceInMemory" /> <bean id="editAction" class="org.apache.struts.edit.action.EditAction" > <property name="editService" ref="editService" /> </bean> </beans>
Note in the above that there is an editAction bean and its editService property is set to the editService bean. Since we are having Spring manage the EditAction class we must specify any properties of EditAction that we want Spring to inject.
In the struts.xml configuration file you must specify the Spring id value for the class attribute of the action node. This tells Struts to get a bean with that id value from Spring for the Action class.
<action name="edit" class="editAction" method="input"> <result name="input">/edit.jsp</result> </action>
In this tutorial we reviewed how to use the Struts 2 Spring plugin to integrate Spring and Struts. By using the Struts 2 Spring plugin you can have Spring manage the dependencies of your ActionSupport classes. Of course you can also take advantage of the many other benefits (AOP, Spring JDBC) that the Spring framework provides.
| Next | Onward to Struts 2 Annotations |
|---|---|
| Previous | Return to Struts 2 Themes |


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