| PERLUNIINTRO(1) | Perl Programmers Reference Guide | PERLUNIINTRO(1) |
Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are coordinated standards that unify almost all other modern character set standards, covering more than 80 writing systems and hundreds of languages, including all commercially-important modern languages. All characters in the largest Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries are also encoded. The standards will eventually cover almost all characters in more than 250 writing systems and thousands of languages. Unicode 1.0 was released in October 1991, and 6.0 in October 2010.
A Unicode character is an abstract entity. It is not bound to any particular integer width, especially not to the C language "char". Unicode is language-neutral and display-neutral: it does not encode the language of the text, and it does not generally define fonts or other graphical layout details. Unicode operates on characters and on text built from those characters.
Unicode defines characters like "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A" or "GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA" and unique numbers for the characters, in this case 0x0041 and 0x03B1, respectively. These unique numbers are called code points. A code point is essentially the position of the character within the set of all possible Unicode characters, and thus in Perl, the term ordinal is often used interchangeably with it.
The Unicode standard prefers using hexadecimal notation for the code points. If numbers like 0x0041 are unfamiliar to you, take a peek at a later section, "Hexadecimal Notation". The Unicode standard uses the notation "U+0041 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A", to give the hexadecimal code point and the normative name of the character.
Unicode also defines various properties for the characters, like "uppercase" or "lowercase", "decimal digit", or "punctuation"; these properties are independent of the names of the characters. Furthermore, various operations on the characters like uppercasing, lowercasing, and collating (sorting) are defined.
A Unicode logical "character" can actually consist of more than one internal actual "character" or code point. For Western languages, this is adequately modelled by a base character (like "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A") followed by one or more modifiers (like "COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT"). This sequence of base character and modifiers is called a combining character sequence. Some non-western languages require more complicated models, so Unicode created the grapheme cluster concept, which was later further refined into the extended grapheme cluster. For example, a Korean Hangul syllable is considered a single logical character, but most often consists of three actual Unicode characters: a leading consonant followed by an interior vowel followed by a trailing consonant.
Whether to call these extended grapheme clusters "characters" depends on your point of view. If you are a programmer, you probably would tend towards seeing each element in the sequences as one unit, or "character". However from the user's point of view, the whole sequence could be seen as one "character" since that's probably what it looks like in the context of the user's language. In this document, we take the programmer's point of view: one "character" is one Unicode code point.
For some combinations of base character and modifiers, there are precomposed characters. There is a single character equivalent, for example, for the sequence "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A" followed by "COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT". It is called "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE". These precomposed characters are, however, only available for some combinations, and are mainly meant to support round-trip conversions between Unicode and legacy standards (like ISO 8859). Using sequences, as Unicode does, allows for needing fewer basic building blocks (code points) to express many more potential grapheme clusters. To support conversion between equivalent forms, various normalization forms are also defined. Thus, "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE" is in Normalization Form Composed, (abbreviated NFC), and the sequence "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A" followed by "COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT" represents the same character in Normalization Form Decomposed (NFD).
Because of backward compatibility with legacy encodings, the "a unique number for every character" idea breaks down a bit: instead, there is "at least one number for every character". The same character could be represented differently in several legacy encodings. The converse is not true: some code points do not have an assigned character. Firstly, there are unallocated code points within otherwise used blocks. Secondly, there are special Unicode control characters that do not represent true characters.
When Unicode was first conceived, it was thought that all the world's characters could be represented using a 16-bit word; that is a maximum of 0x10000 (or 65,536) characters would be needed, from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF. This soon proved to be wrong, and since Unicode 2.0 (July 1996), Unicode has been defined all the way up to 21 bits (0x10FFFF), and Unicode 3.1 (March 2001) defined the first characters above 0xFFFF. The first 0x10000 characters are called the Plane 0, or the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). With Unicode 3.1, 17 (yes, seventeen) planes in all were defined--but they are nowhere near full of defined characters, yet.
When a new language is being encoded, Unicode generally will choose a "block" of consecutive unallocated code points for its characters. So far, the number of code points in these blocks has always been evenly divisible by 16. Extras in a block, not currently needed, are left unallocated, for future growth. But there have been occasions when a later release needed more code points than the available extras, and a new block had to allocated somewhere else, not contiguous to the initial one, to handle the overflow. Thus, it became apparent early on that "block" wasn't an adequate organizing principle, and so the "Script" property was created. (Later an improved script property was added as well, the "Script_Extensions" property.) Those code points that are in overflow blocks can still have the same script as the original ones. The script concept fits more closely with natural language: there is "Latin" script, "Greek" script, and so on; and there are several artificial scripts, like "Common" for characters that are used in multiple scripts, such as mathematical symbols. Scripts usually span varied parts of several blocks. For more information about scripts, see "Scripts" in perlunicode. The division into blocks exists, but it is almost completely accidental--an artifact of how the characters have been and still are allocated. (Note that this paragraph has oversimplified things for the sake of this being an introduction. Unicode doesn't really encode languages, but the writing systems for them--their scripts; and one script can be used by many languages. Unicode also encodes things that aren't really about languages, such as symbols like "BAGGAGE CLAIM".)
The Unicode code points are just abstract numbers. To input and output these abstract numbers, the numbers must be encoded or serialised somehow. Unicode defines several character encoding forms, of which UTF-8 is the most popular. UTF-8 is a variable length encoding that encodes Unicode characters as 1 to 4 bytes. Other encodings include UTF-16 and UTF-32 and their big- and little-endian variants (UTF-8 is byte-order independent). The ISO/IEC 10646 defines the UCS-2 and UCS-4 encoding forms.
For more information about encodings--for instance, to learn what surrogates and byte order marks (BOMs) are--see perlunicode.
To enable this seamless support, you should "use feature 'unicode_strings'" (which is automatically selected if you "use 5.012" or higher). See feature. (5.14 also fixes a number of bugs and departures from the Unicode standard.)
Before Perl v5.8.0, the use of "use utf8" was used to declare that operations in the current block or file would be Unicode-aware. This model was found to be wrong, or at least clumsy: the "Unicodeness" is now carried with the data, instead of being attached to the operations. Starting with Perl v5.8.0, only one case remains where an explicit "use utf8" is needed: if your Perl script itself is encoded in UTF-8, you can use UTF-8 in your identifier names, and in string and regular expression literals, by saying "use utf8". This is not the default because scripts with legacy 8-bit data in them would break. See utf8.
Internally, Perl currently uses either whatever the native eight-bit character set of the platform (for example Latin-1) is, defaulting to UTF-8, to encode Unicode strings. Specifically, if all code points in the string are 0xFF or less, Perl uses the native eight-bit character set. Otherwise, it uses UTF-8.
A user of Perl does not normally need to know nor care how Perl happens to encode its internal strings, but it becomes relevant when outputting Unicode strings to a stream without a PerlIO layer (one with the "default" encoding). In such a case, the raw bytes used internally (the native character set or UTF-8, as appropriate for each string) will be used, and a "Wide character" warning will be issued if those strings contain a character beyond 0x00FF.
For example,
perl -e 'print "\x{DF}\n", "\x{0100}\x{DF}\n"'
produces a fairly useless mixture of native bytes and UTF-8, as well as a warning:
Wide character in print at ...
To output UTF-8, use the ":encoding" or ":utf8" output layer. Prepending
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8");
to this sample program ensures that the output is completely UTF-8, and removes the program's warning.
You can enable automatic UTF-8-ification of your standard file handles, default "open()" layer, and @ARGV by using either the "-C" command line switch or the "PERL_UNICODE" environment variable, see perlrun for the documentation of the "-C" switch.
Note that this means that Perl expects other software to work the same way: if Perl has been led to believe that STDIN should be UTF-8, but then STDIN coming in from another command is not UTF-8, Perl will likely complain about the malformed UTF-8.
All features that combine Unicode and I/O also require using the new PerlIO feature. Almost all Perl 5.8 platforms do use PerlIO, though: you can see whether yours is by running "perl -V" and looking for "useperlio=define".
On EBCDIC platforms, the internal Unicode encoding form is UTF-EBCDIC instead of UTF-8. The difference is that as UTF-8 is "ASCII-safe" in that ASCII characters encode to UTF-8 as-is, while UTF-EBCDIC is "EBCDIC-safe", in that all the basic characters (which includes all those that have ASCII equivalents (like "A", "0", "%", etc.) are the same in both EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC. Often, documentation will use the term "UTF-8" to mean UTF-EBCDIC as well. This is the case in this document.
To create Unicode characters in literals, use the "\N{...}" notation in double-quoted strings:
my $smiley_from_name = "\N{WHITE SMILING FACE}"; my $smiley_from_code_point = "\N{U+263a}";
Similarly, they can be used in regular expression literals
$smiley =~ /\N{WHITE SMILING FACE}/; $smiley =~ /\N{U+263a}/;
At run-time you can use:
use charnames (); my $hebrew_alef_from_name = charnames::string_vianame("HEBREW LETTER ALEF"); my $hebrew_alef_from_code_point = charnames::string_vianame("U+05D0");
Naturally, "ord()" will do the reverse: it turns a character into a code point.
There are other runtime options as well. You can use "pack()":
my $hebrew_alef_from_code_point = pack("U", 0x05d0);
Or you can use "chr()", though it is less convenient in the general case:
$hebrew_alef_from_code_point = chr(utf8::unicode_to_native(0x05d0)); utf8::upgrade($hebrew_alef_from_code_point);
The "utf8::unicode_to_native()" and "utf8::upgrade()" aren't needed if the argument is above 0xFF, so the above could have been written as
$hebrew_alef_from_code_point = chr(0x05d0);
since 0x5d0 is above 255.
"\x{}" and "\o{}" can also be used to specify code points at compile time in double-quotish strings, but, for backward compatibility with older Perls, the same rules apply as with "chr()" for code points less than 256.
"utf8::unicode_to_native()" is used so that the Perl code is portable to EBCDIC platforms. You can omit it if you're really sure no one will ever want to use your code on a non-ASCII platform. Starting in Perl v5.22, calls to it on ASCII platforms are optimized out, so there's no performance penalty at all in adding it. Or you can simply use the other constructs that don't require it.
See "Further Resources" for how to find all these names and numeric codes.
Earlier releases caveats
On EBCDIC platforms, prior to v5.22, using "\N{U+...}" doesn't work properly.
Prior to v5.16, using "\N{...}" with a character name (as opposed to a "U+..." code point) required a "use charnames :full".
Prior to v5.14, there were some bugs in "\N{...}" with a character name (as opposed to a "U+..." code point).
"charnames::string_vianame()" was introduced in v5.14. Prior to that, "charnames::vianame()" should work, but only if the argument is of the form "U+...". Your best bet there for runtime Unicode by character name is probably:
use charnames (); my $hebrew_alef_from_name = pack("U", charnames::vianame("HEBREW LETTER ALEF"));
Note that Perl considers grapheme clusters to be separate characters, so for example
print length("\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"), "\n";
will print 2, not 1. The only exception is that regular expressions have "\X" for matching an extended grapheme cluster. (Thus "\X" in a regular expression would match the entire sequence of both the example characters.)
Life is not quite so transparent, however, when working with legacy encodings, I/O, and certain special cases:
The "Encode" module knows about many encodings and has interfaces for doing conversions between those encodings:
use Encode 'decode'; $data = decode("iso-8859-3", $data); # convert from legacy
print FH $some_string_with_unicode, "\n";
produces raw bytes that Perl happens to use to internally encode the Unicode string. Perl's internal encoding depends on the system as well as what characters happen to be in the string at the time. If any of the characters are at code points 0x100 or above, you will get a warning. To ensure that the output is explicitly rendered in the encoding you desire--and to avoid the warning--open the stream with the desired encoding. Some examples:
open FH, ">:utf8", "file"; open FH, ">:encoding(ucs2)", "file"; open FH, ">:encoding(UTF-8)", "file"; open FH, ">:encoding(shift_jis)", "file";
and on already open streams, use "binmode()":
binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8"); binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(ucs2)"); binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(UTF-8)"); binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(shift_jis)");
The matching of encoding names is loose: case does not matter, and many encodings have several aliases. Note that the ":utf8" layer must always be specified exactly like that; it is not subject to the loose matching of encoding names. Also note that currently ":utf8" is unsafe for input, because it accepts the data without validating that it is indeed valid UTF-8; you should instead use ":encoding(UTF-8)" (with or without a hyphen).
See PerlIO for the ":utf8" layer, PerlIO::encoding and Encode::PerlIO for the ":encoding()" layer, and Encode::Supported for many encodings supported by the "Encode" module.
Reading in a file that you know happens to be encoded in one of the Unicode or legacy encodings does not magically turn the data into Unicode in Perl's eyes. To do that, specify the appropriate layer when opening files
open(my $fh,'<:encoding(UTF-8)', 'anything'); my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>; open(my $fh,'<:encoding(Big5)', 'anything'); my $line_of_unicode = <$fh>;
The I/O layers can also be specified more flexibly with the "open" pragma. See open, or look at the following example.
use open ':encoding(UTF-8)'; # input/output default encoding will be # UTF-8 open X, ">file"; print X chr(0x100), "\n"; close X; open Y, "<file"; printf "%#x\n", ord(<Y>); # this should print 0x100 close Y;
With the "open" pragma you can use the ":locale" layer
BEGIN { $ENV{LC_ALL} = $ENV{LANG} = 'ru_RU.KOI8-R' } # the :locale will probe the locale environment variables like # LC_ALL use open OUT => ':locale'; # russki parusski open(O, ">koi8"); print O chr(0x430); # Unicode CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A = KOI8-R 0xc1 close O; open(I, "<koi8"); printf "%#x\n", ord(<I>), "\n"; # this should print 0xc1 close I;
These methods install a transparent filter on the I/O stream that converts data from the specified encoding when it is read in from the stream. The result is always Unicode.
The open pragma affects all the "open()" calls after the pragma by setting default layers. If you want to affect only certain streams, use explicit layers directly in the "open()" call.
You can switch encodings on an already opened stream by using "binmode()"; see "binmode" in perlfunc.
The ":locale" does not currently work with "open()" and "binmode()", only with the "open" pragma. The ":utf8" and ":encoding(...)" methods do work with all of "open()", "binmode()", and the "open" pragma.
Similarly, you may use these I/O layers on output streams to automatically convert Unicode to the specified encoding when it is written to the stream. For example, the following snippet copies the contents of the file "text.jis" (encoded as ISO-2022-JP, aka JIS) to the file "text.utf8", encoded as UTF-8:
open(my $nihongo, '<:encoding(iso-2022-jp)', 'text.jis'); open(my $unicode, '>:utf8', 'text.utf8'); while (<$nihongo>) { print $unicode $_ }
The naming of encodings, both by the "open()" and by the "open" pragma allows for flexible names: "koi8-r" and "KOI8R" will both be understood.
Common encodings recognized by ISO, MIME, IANA, and various other standardisation organisations are recognised; for a more detailed list see Encode::Supported.
"read()" reads characters and returns the number of characters. "seek()" and "tell()" operate on byte counts, as does "sysseek()".
"sysread()" and "syswrite()" should not be used on file handles with character encoding layers, they behave badly, and that behaviour has been deprecated since perl 5.24.
Notice that because of the default behaviour of not doing any conversion upon input if there is no default layer, it is easy to mistakenly write code that keeps on expanding a file by repeatedly encoding the data:
# BAD CODE WARNING open F, "file"; local $/; ## read in the whole file of 8-bit characters $t = <F>; close F; open F, ">:encoding(UTF-8)", "file"; print F $t; ## convert to UTF-8 on output close F;
If you run this code twice, the contents of the file will be twice UTF-8 encoded. A "use open ':encoding(UTF-8)'" would have avoided the bug, or explicitly opening also the file for input as UTF-8.
NOTE: the ":utf8" and ":encoding" features work only if your Perl has been built with PerlIO, which is the default on most systems.
sub nice_string { join("", map { $_ > 255 # if wide character... ? sprintf("\\x{%04X}", $_) # \x{...} : chr($_) =~ /[[:cntrl:]]/ # else if control character... ? sprintf("\\x%02X", $_) # \x.. : quotemeta(chr($_)) # else quoted or as themselves } unpack("W*", $_[0])); # unpack Unicode characters }
For example,
nice_string("foo\x{100}bar\n")
returns the string
'foo\x{0100}bar\x0A'
which is ready to be printed.
("\\x{}" is used here instead of "\\N{}", since it's most likely that you want to see what the native values are.)
Normal users of Perl should never care how Perl encodes any particular Unicode string (because the normal ways to get at the contents of a string with Unicode--via input and output--should always be via explicitly-defined I/O layers). But if you must, there are two ways of looking behind the scenes.
One way of peeking inside the internal encoding of Unicode characters is to use "unpack("C*", ..." to get the bytes of whatever the string encoding happens to be, or "unpack("U0..", ...)" to get the bytes of the UTF-8 encoding:
# this prints c4 80 for the UTF-8 bytes 0xc4 0x80 print join(" ", unpack("U0(H2)*", pack("U", 0x100))), "\n";
Yet another way would be to use the Devel::Peek module:
perl -MDevel::Peek -e 'Dump(chr(0x100))'
That shows the "UTF8" flag in FLAGS and both the UTF-8 bytes and Unicode characters in "PV". See also later in this document the discussion about the "utf8::is_utf8()" function.
The question of string equivalence turns somewhat complicated in Unicode: what do you mean by "equal"?
(Is "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE" equal to "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A"?)
The short answer is that by default Perl compares equivalence ("eq", "ne") based only on code points of the characters. In the above case, the answer is no (because 0x00C1 != 0x0041). But sometimes, any CAPITAL LETTER A's should be considered equal, or even A's of any case.
The long answer is that you need to consider character normalization and casing issues: see Unicode::Normalize, Unicode Technical Report #15, Unicode Normalization Forms <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr15> and sections on case mapping in the Unicode Standard <http://www.unicode.org>.
As of Perl 5.8.0, the "Full" case-folding of Case Mappings/SpecialCasing is implemented, but bugs remain in "qr//i" with them, mostly fixed by 5.14, and essentially entirely by 5.18.
People like to see their strings nicely sorted--or as Unicode parlance goes, collated. But again, what do you mean by collate?
(Does "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE" come before or after "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE"?)
The short answer is that by default, Perl compares strings ("lt", "le", "cmp", "ge", "gt") based only on the code points of the characters. In the above case, the answer is "after", since 0x00C1 > 0x00C0.
The long answer is that "it depends", and a good answer cannot be given without knowing (at the very least) the language context. See Unicode::Collate, and Unicode Collation Algorithm <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr10/>
Character ranges in regular expression bracketed character classes ( e.g., "/[a-z]/") and in the "tr///" (also known as "y///") operator are not magically Unicode-aware. What this means is that "[A-Za-z]" will not magically start to mean "all alphabetic letters" (not that it does mean that even for 8-bit characters; for those, if you are using locales (perllocale), use "/[[:alpha:]]/"; and if not, use the 8-bit-aware property "\p{alpha}").
All the properties that begin with "\p" (and its inverse "\P") are actually character classes that are Unicode-aware. There are dozens of them, see perluniprops.
Starting in v5.22, you can use Unicode code points as the end points of regular expression pattern character ranges, and the range will include all Unicode code points that lie between those end points, inclusive.
qr/ [ \N{U+03} - \N{U+20} ] /xx
includes the code points "\N{U+03}", "\N{U+04}", ..., "\N{U+20}".
This also works for ranges in "tr///" starting in Perl v5.24.
Unicode does define several other decimal--and numeric--characters besides the familiar 0 to 9, such as the Arabic and Indic digits. Perl does not support string-to-number conversion for digits other than ASCII 0 to 9 (and ASCII "a" to "f" for hexadecimal). To get safe conversions from any Unicode string, use "num()" in Unicode::UCD.
Very probably not. Unless you are generating Unicode characters somehow, old behaviour should be preserved. About the only behaviour that has changed and which could start generating Unicode is the old behaviour of "chr()" where supplying an argument more than 255 produced a character modulo 255. "chr(300)", for example, was equal to "chr(45)" or "-" (in ASCII), now it is LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH BREVE.
Very little work should be needed since nothing changes until you generate Unicode data. The most important thing is getting input as Unicode; for that, see the earlier I/O discussion. To get full seamless Unicode support, add "use feature 'unicode_strings'" (or "use 5.012" or higher) to your script.
You shouldn't have to care. But you may if your Perl is before 5.14.0 or you haven't specified "use feature 'unicode_strings'" or "use 5.012" (or higher) because otherwise the rules for the code points in the range 128 to 255 are different depending on whether the string they are contained within is in Unicode or not. (See "When Unicode Does Not Happen" in perlunicode.)
To determine if a string is in Unicode, use:
print utf8::is_utf8($string) ? 1 : 0, "\n";
But note that this doesn't mean that any of the characters in the string are necessary UTF-8 encoded, or that any of the characters have code points greater than 0xFF (255) or even 0x80 (128), or that the string has any characters at all. All the "is_utf8()" does is to return the value of the internal "utf8ness" flag attached to the $string. If the flag is off, the bytes in the scalar are interpreted as a single byte encoding. If the flag is on, the bytes in the scalar are interpreted as the (variable-length, potentially multi-byte) UTF-8 encoded code points of the characters. Bytes added to a UTF-8 encoded string are automatically upgraded to UTF-8. If mixed non-UTF-8 and UTF-8 scalars are merged (double-quoted interpolation, explicit concatenation, or printf/sprintf parameter substitution), the result will be UTF-8 encoded as if copies of the byte strings were upgraded to UTF-8: for example,
$a = "ab\x80c"; $b = "\x{100}"; print "$a = $b\n";
the output string will be UTF-8-encoded "ab\x80c = \x{100}\n", but $a will stay byte-encoded.
Sometimes you might really need to know the byte length of a string instead of the character length. For that use the "bytes" pragma and the "length()" function:
my $unicode = chr(0x100); print length($unicode), "\n"; # will print 1 use bytes; print length($unicode), "\n"; # will print 2 # (the 0xC4 0x80 of the UTF-8) no bytes;
You might try Encode::Guess, but it has a number of limitations.
Use the "Encode" package to try converting it. For example,
use Encode 'decode'; if (eval { decode('UTF-8', $string, Encode::FB_CROAK); 1 }) { # $string is valid UTF-8 } else { # $string is not valid UTF-8 }
Or use "unpack" to try decoding it:
use warnings; @chars = unpack("C0U*", $string_of_bytes_that_I_think_is_utf8);
If invalid, a "Malformed UTF-8 character" warning is produced. The "C0" means "process the string character per character". Without that, the "unpack("U*", ...)" would work in "U0" mode (the default if the format string starts with "U") and it would return the bytes making up the UTF-8 encoding of the target string, something that will always work.
This probably isn't as useful as you might think. Normally, you shouldn't need to.
In one sense, what you are asking doesn't make much sense: encodings are for characters, and binary data are not "characters", so converting "data" into some encoding isn't meaningful unless you know in what character set and encoding the binary data is in, in which case it's not just binary data, now is it?
If you have a raw sequence of bytes that you know should be interpreted via a particular encoding, you can use "Encode":
use Encode 'from_to'; from_to($data, "iso-8859-1", "UTF-8"); # from latin-1 to UTF-8
The call to "from_to()" changes the bytes in $data, but nothing material about the nature of the string has changed as far as Perl is concerned.  As far as Perl is concerned, the encoding of the string remains as "system-native 8-bit bytes".
You might relate this to a fictional 'Translate' module:
use Translate; my $phrase = "Yes"; Translate::from_to($phrase, 'english', 'deutsch'); ## phrase now contains "Ja"
The contents of the string changes, but not the nature of the string. Perl doesn't know any more after the call than before that the contents of the string indicates the affirmative.
Back to converting data. If you have (or want) data in your system's native 8-bit encoding (e.g. Latin-1, EBCDIC, etc.), you can use pack/unpack to convert to/from Unicode.
$native_string = pack("W*", unpack("U*", $Unicode_string)); $Unicode_string = pack("U*", unpack("W*", $native_string));
If you have a sequence of bytes you know is valid UTF-8, but Perl doesn't know it yet, you can make Perl a believer, too:
$Unicode = $bytes; utf8::decode($Unicode);
or:
$Unicode = pack("U0a*", $bytes);
You can find the bytes that make up a UTF-8 sequence with
@bytes = unpack("C*", $Unicode_string)
and you can create well-formed Unicode with
$Unicode_string = pack("U*", 0xff, ...)
See <http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/> and <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
If your locale is a UTF-8 locale, starting in Perl v5.26, Perl works well for all categories; before this, starting with Perl v5.20, it works for all categories but "LC_COLLATE", which deals with sorting and the "cmp" operator. But note that the standard "Unicode::Collate" and "Unicode::Collate::Locale" modules offer much more powerful solutions to collation issues, and work on earlier releases.
For other locales, starting in Perl 5.16, you can specify
use locale ':not_characters';
to get Perl to work well with them. The catch is that you have to translate from the locale character set to/from Unicode yourself. See "Unicode I/O" above for how to
use open ':locale';
to accomplish this, but full details are in "Unicode and UTF-8" in perllocale, including gotchas that happen if you don't specify ":not_characters".
The "0x" prefix means a hexadecimal number, the digits are 0-9 and a-f (or A-F, case doesn't matter). Each hexadecimal digit represents four bits, or half a byte. "print 0x..., "\n"" will show a hexadecimal number in decimal, and "printf "%x\n", $decimal" will show a decimal number in hexadecimal. If you have just the "hex digits" of a hexadecimal number, you can use the "hex()" function.
print 0x0009, "\n"; # 9 print 0x000a, "\n"; # 10 print 0x000f, "\n"; # 15 print 0x0010, "\n"; # 16 print 0x0011, "\n"; # 17 print 0x0100, "\n"; # 256 print 0x0041, "\n"; # 65 printf "%x\n", 65; # 41 printf "%#x\n", 65; # 0x41 print hex("41"), "\n"; # 65
<http://www.unicode.org/>
<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/faq/>
<http://www.unicode.org/glossary/>
The Unicode Consortium has a list of articles and books, some of which give a much more in depth treatment of Unicode: <http://unicode.org/resources/readinglist.html>
<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/onlinedat/resources.html>
<http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/>
<http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
<http://www.czyborra.com/> <http://www.eki.ee/letter/>
The following are fast conversions from ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) bytes to UTF-8 bytes and back, the code works even with older Perl 5 versions.
# ISO 8859-1 to UTF-8 s/([\x80-\xFF])/chr(0xC0|ord($1)>>6).chr(0x80|ord($1)&0x3F)/eg; # UTF-8 to ISO 8859-1 s/([\xC2\xC3])([\x80-\xBF])/chr(ord($1)<<6&0xC0|ord($2)&0x3F)/eg;
This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
| 2019-10-21 | perl v5.30.3 |


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Welcome to secureshare/witness.
This page contains help information about the UNIX commands that are available to manipulate SecureWitnessShare's file system
SecureWitnessShare supports basic UNIX file manipulation via the following commands:
More detail on how to use each of these commands is provided below. All the commands are entered into the "command" bar on the file view page in SecureWitnessShare. SecureWitnessShare includes two types of files: directories and reports. Reports are the primary piece of information in the system, and can contain uploaded files, text, or both. Reports can be stored in directories, which can contain zero, one, or many reports and/or zero, one, or many other directories. Both reports and directories can be accessed via absolute paths (using ~ for the home directory of the current user and /root/ for the root of the file system) or via relative paths from the current directory (which is listed at the top of the file view page). Relative pathing supports the ".." operator to represent the parent directory in the same way as typical UNIX shells. When doing operations on reports, use the report's name.
The mkdir command takes a single argument and creates a new directory in the current directory with that name. It does not currently support creating directories anywhere besides the current directory.
The cd command takes a single argument, which is the absolute or relative path to another directory. It changes the current directory to that directory.
The rm command can be used to remove reports or directories. To remove directories, you must supply "-r" as the first argument, and the name of the directory to be removed as the second. Note that this is recursive and will delete all the reports and directories contained within the target directory, as well. Note that removed reports cannot be recovered. Be sure you really want to remove a report before you remove it.
The mv command can be used to move reports or directories. It always takes two arguments. The first is the report or directory to be moved (the source), and the second is the location to which the report or directory should be moved. If the second argument is a folder that exists, the source is moved into that folder with the same name. If the second argument does not exist, the source is moved to the location specified and renamed to match the second argument. This is the same syntax as the standard "mv" command in UNIX shells.
Note that the * operator is not supported


DRAWPLANE3D draw a plane clipped in the current window drawPlane3d(plane) plane = [x0 y0 z0 dx1 dy1 dz1 dx2 dy2 dz2]; See also planes3d, createPlane Example p0 = [1 2 3]; v1 = [1 0 1]; v2 = [0 -1 1]; plane = [p0 v1 v2]; axis([-10 10 -10 10 -10 10]); drawPlane3d(plane) drawLine3d([p0 v1]) drawLine3d([p0 v2]) set(gcf, 'renderer', 'zbuffer'); --------- author : David Legland INRA - TPV URPOI - BIA IMASTE created the 17/02/2005.


---
layout: standard_page
title: Rockport Software Privacy Policy
---
We are committed to protecting and respecting your privacy. This privacy policy explains why, when and how we may collect personal information about visitors to our website. Why do we collect Personal information about you? We collect personal information in order to: When do we collect personal information? How do we use your information? The data we collect is used as follows: We do not use personal information for marketing or promotional purposes without your written permission. Use of Cookies Cookies
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browse this site if cookies have been disabled in your browser. Who has access to your information? How do we protect your information? Personal information may also be stored temporarily on servers hosted by the following services. Links to other websites Our website contains links to websites run by other organisations. This privacy
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Rockport Software Limited, a UK Private limited Company with company number: 03386965 Registered office: Collins House, 32-38 Station Road, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, SL9 8EL Operating office: 126 Fairlie Rd, Slough, SL1 4PY Changes to our privacy policy This privacy policy may change from time to time in line with legislation or
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Best HP Black Friday 2019 deals
by Sean PortnoyThe best HP laptop and desktop deals for Black Friday 2019.
Following hot on the heels of rivals Lenovo and Dell, HP has seen its Black Friday ad leaked to the world, with deals on a full range of its laptop and desktop PCs. It follows the trend of extending deals into Thanksgiving but adds a wrinkle by taking further discounts off for the first buyers at the appointed doorbuster time.
- See it now: HP's Black Friday 2019 sale
It's unclear how many buyers can score the lower prices, so make sure to log on promptly to have a chance at additional savings.
Black Friday 2019: Best HP deals
Disclosure: ZDNet may earn a commission from some of the products featured on this page.
HP 15z laptop for $279.99 ($30 off)
- See it now: HP
HP's lowest-priced Windows laptop deal for Black Friday, this 15z can be had for just $250 if you can get it immediately at its 9am Thanksgiving doorbuster slot. The budget notebook features an AMD A9-9425 processor, 8GB of memory, a 1TB hard drive, and a 15.6-inch display.
HP 20-c435z All-in-One for $299.99 ($50 off)
- See it now: HP
Those wanting an all-in-one PC for a bargain price can grab this 20-inch system for under $300 during Black Friday. In addition to the 1,600x900 display, the 20-c435z comes with an AMD A4-9125 processor, 8 gigs of RAM, a terabyte hard drive, and even a DVD-rewritable drive.
HP Chromebook 11-v010nr laptop for $149.99
- See it now: HP
The cheapest system HP is advertising as part of its Black Friday deals, the 11-v010nr has the basic specs and low price that have made Chromebooks so popular. For web browsing and light productivity, the Celeron N3060 chip, 4 gigs of RAM, 16GB of built-in storage, and the 11.6-inch screen should be perfectly adequate, especially for under $150.
HP ProBook 645 G4 laptop for $438.14
- See it now: HP
s Business buyers can save a ton on this laptop over Black Friday, which sees its base configuration price slashed from over $1,100. Now for under $500, you can get an AMD Ryzen 3 Pro 2300U processor, 4GB of RAM, terabyte hard drive, 14-inch display and extra features like a spill-resistant keyboard and SmartCard reader.
HP Envy TE01-0150xt desktop for $449.99
- See it now: HP
A solid desktop tower choice for under $500, the TE01-0150xt combines an Intel Core i5 CPU with 8GB of RAM, 1TB hard drive, and DVD-rewritable drive. Early birds can get it for just $400 if they are the first to buy when the doorbuster flash sale starts at 3pm on Thanksgiving.
HP Envy x360 15t Touch laptop for $649.99
- See it now: HP
HP's higher-end 2-in-1 gets a lower price for Black Friday even with the inclusion of the latest 10th-generation Intel Core i7 processor. It also features 8GB of RAM with 16GB of Intel Optane memory, a 256GB solid-state drive, and a 15.6-inch full HD touchscreen.
More HP Black Friday 2019 deals
As always, HP has even more deals as part of its Black Friday promotion in addition to the ones highlighted above. Here are several other specials.
- HP Chromebook 14-db0030nr (AMD A4 processor, 4GB of RAM, 32GB storage, 14-inch display) for $199.99
- HP Slim Desktop (Core i5 processor, 12GB of RAM, 1TB hard drive, 256GB SSD) for $449.99 ($150 off)
- HP Spectre x360 13t touch 2-in-1 Laptop (Core i5 processor, 8GB of RAM, 256GB SSD, 13.3-inch full HD touchscreen) for $829.99
- HP All-in-One 24-f0135n Desktop (Core i5 processor, 8GB of RAM, 1TB hard drive, 256GB SSD, 23.8-inch full HD display) for $649.99 ($150 off)
- HP Chromebook x360 12-h0010nr 2-in-1 Laptop (Celeron processor, 4GB of RAM, 32GB storage, 12-inch touchscreen display) for $319.99


My Team
James
Manager
ID: 1
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office number: 22
Ianna
Engineer
ID: 2
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub:
ianna-fake-git
FakeName
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Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub:
fakefake
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<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: Puppy School


WILL GRANNIS
Founder and Leader of the CTO Office, Google
Will Grannis is the founder and leader of Google’s CTO Office, a team of senior engineers
whose mission is to foster collaborative innovation between Google and its largest customers
WILL GRANNIS
Founder and Leader of the CTO Office, Google
Will Grannis is the founder and leader of Google’s CTO Office, a team of senior engineers
whose mission is to foster collaborative innovation between Google and its largest
customers.
WILL GRANNIS
Founder and Leader of the CTO Office, Google.
Will Grannis is the founder and leader of Google’s CTO Office, a team of senior engineers
whose mission is to foster collaborative innovation between Google and its largest customers
WILL GRANNIS
Founder and Leader of the CTO Office, Google.
Will Grannis is the founder and leader of Google’s CTO Office, a team of senior engineers
whose mission is to foster collaborative innovation between Google and its largest customers
WILL GRANNIS
Founder and Leader of the CTO Office, Google.
Will Grannis is the founder and leader of Google’s CTO Office, a team of senior engineers
whose mission is to foster collaborative innovation between Google and its largest customers
WILL GRANNIS
Founder and Leader of the CTO Office, Google.
Will Grannis is the founder and leader of Google’s CTO Office, a team of senior engineers
whose mission is to foster collaborative innovation between Google and its largest customers


&$556;
Gludin Arena - 1000 Adena
Giran Arena - 1000 Adena
The Center of the Forest of the Dead - 1000 Adena
The Center of the Valley of Saints - 1000 Adena
Cursed Village - 1000 Adena
Shyeed's Cavern - 1000 Adena
Monastery of Silence - 1000 Adena
Coliseum - 1000 Adena


Alarm System
Arm
Disarm
Trigger Alarm Now
Lock Controls
Front Gate
Back Gate
Front Door
Back Door
Basement Door
Bathroom 1
Bathroom 2
Server Room


http://www.speakers-podium.com/susangranger.
Susan Granger's review of "MICKEY BLUE EYES" (Warner Bros.)
Just imagine you're a suave, proper British auctioneer who's madly in love with an exuberant New York schoolteacher you've known for only three months, so in love, in fact, that you propose marriage - only to have her burst into tears and run away. That's what happens to Hugh Grant at the beginning of the story. Jeanne Tripplehorn refuses to marry him because she's worried about what will happen if he joins her dysfunctional Mafia family. Undaunted, he goes to Little Italy to find her father - that's James Caan - at his restaurant, "The La Trattoria," where the song "We Are Family" plays in the background as he meets the wiseguys. Sure enough, before the bumbling Brit knows it, his auction gallery is being used for mob money laundering and the FBI is paying a visit. The scene where the gregarious Caan tries to teach the refined Grant the goombah enunciation of "fuhgeddaboutit" is a gem. One complication leads to another and soon he becomes known as "Mickey Blue Eyes" by all the wrong people. Screenwriters Adam Scheinman and Robert Kuh and director Kelly Makin deliver the humorous, if cliche-ridden set-ups, but what makes the frenzied farce work is Hugh Grant, who seems to have inherited Cary Grant's ability to maintain an unflappable charm and graceful dignity no matter how humiliating the circumstances. Whether he's a boyish "Notting Hill" book seller who falls for a movie star or a proper, innocent Englishman who behaves with aplomb when finds himself with a bloody corpse, Grant handles his fish-out-of-water roles with witty, sophisticated charm, adept at both verbal sparring and physical antics. On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "Mickey Blue Eyes" is a funny, funny 8. This engaging romantic comedy is perfectly timed for late summer laughs.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Heroku may not be able to keep up with the speed of this one. That might be a limitation of the free tier or maybe a limitation on how much throughput websockets can have on their servers.
This will lag severely when the window is not in focus due to the event loop being drastically slowed.
It may also jitter because of inconsistent timing of packets arriving. Some of that has been mitigated by checking the times on packets, but it won't account for any lag, so there might be jitter or jumps. This is avoided with a much more advanced technique called "play out delay", but depending on the implementation, that might be under very heavy patents.


Iteration
Iteration means performing a task multiple times.
You can start several instances of a task at the same time, which is call multi-instantiation, or you can start another instance of a task when the previous one finished, which is called a loop. You can iterate a task or a call activity. If you have several tasks in sequence that need to be iterated, groups them into a subprocess and define the iteration on the call activity that calls the subprocess.
Multi-instantiation
Use multi-instantiation if you want several instances of a task to be performed in parallel. For example, in a process for reviewing a document, you would issue the document to all reviewers at the same time, then collect all their feedback before moving to the next step.
To configure multi-instantiation, select the element in the diagram and go to the Details panel, General tab, Iteration pane. Specify the following:
- Select Parallel or Sequential Multi-instantiation.
- Specify how many instances of the task you want. You can:
- Specify a defined number: Check Create a defined number of instances, open the expression editor, set the expression type to Constant, and enter the number. You can also set the number by using the value of an integer parameter or variable.
- Define an expression: Check Create a defined number of instances, open the expression editor, set the expression type to Script, and define the script. This is useful if the number of iterations is conditional on some information in the process. The script must return an integer.
- Specify the number of iterations from a list: Check Create instances from a list, and choose the list from the existing lists or multiple data.
- If you are using a list, you may also edit the name of the multiInstanceIterator, a reference that takes the value of each item in the list to create the corresponding instance. Make sure that it has the same type as the list items. To access the referenced data use the same REST API format for retrieving data either using the caseId as in:
../API/bpm/case//context
or in the context of a process form:
../
replacing
businessVariableName
withmultiInstanceIterator
or if you edited thereference name
use thisreference name
instead ofbusinessVariableName
. - If you want to save the results of user activities during all instances, check the Store output result box and specify:
- The result data of each instance to be stored in the output list
- The final list of appended results
- Specify the early completion condition. This is a Boolean that determines whether the iteration is complete. For example, if you have a maximum of 10 possible instances of a task and you require at least 8 to be completed, you could define a counter called completed_instances and set the completion condition to true when completed_instances reaches or exceeds 8. In this expression you have access to the following provided variables :
numberOfActiveInstances
: the number of instances that are currently active, that is, not yet finished (for a sequential multi-instance task, this will always be 1)numberOfTerminatedInstances
: the number of instances terminated, successfully or notnumberOfCompletedInstances
: the number of instances terminated successfullynumberOfInstances
: the total number of instances
Loops
Use a loop if you want a task to be performed several times, one after another, with no result data, until a condition is met. The condition can be a number of iterations, or can be set as an expression. The test for the condition can be done at the end of an iteration or at the start.
To configure a loop, select the element in the diagram and go to the Details panel, General tab, Iteration pane. Specify the following:
- Select Standard loop.
- Specify whether the loop completion test is done before or after the task is performed.
- In the Loop while field, specify the condition for continuing to loop. Define the condition as an expression. Here may use a provided variable named
loopCounter
. - In the Maximum loop field, specify the maximum number of times the loop is to be repeated. If you know in advance the number of times the loop should be executed, you can set this in the Maximum loop field, and set a Loop while condition that is always true. This is optional, but we recommend that you set a limit to avoid infinite loops and errors if a process gets stuck.


The Kubernetes cluster can be configured using Salt.
The Salt scripts are shared across multiple hosting providers, so it’s important to understand some background information prior to making a modification to ensure your changes do not break hosting Kubernetes across multiple environments. Depending on where you host your Kubernetes cluster, you may be using different operating systems and different networking configurations. As a result, it’s important to understand some background information before making Salt changes in order to minimize introducing failures for other hosting providers.
The salt-master service runs on the kubernetes-master (except on the default GCE setup).
The salt-minion service runs on the kubernetes-master and each kubernetes-node in the cluster.
Each salt-minion service is configured to interact with the salt-master service hosted on the kubernetes-master via the master.conf file (except on GCE).
[root@kubernetes-master] $ cat /etc/salt/minion.d/master.conf
master: kubernetes-master
The salt-master is contacted by each salt-minion and depending upon the machine information presented, the salt-master will provision the machine as either a kubernetes-master or kubernetes-node with all the required capabilities needed to run Kubernetes.
If you are running the Vagrant based environment, the salt-api service is running on the kubernetes-master. It is configured to enable the vagrant user to introspect the salt cluster in order to find out about machines in the Vagrant environment via a REST API.
On GCE, the master and nodes are all configured as standalone minions. The configuration for each VM is derived from the VM’s instance metadata and then stored in Salt grains (/etc/salt/minion.d/grains.conf
) and pillars (/srv/salt-overlay/pillar/cluster-params.sls
) that local Salt uses to enforce state.
All remaining sections that refer to master/minion setups should be ignored for GCE. One fallout of the GCE setup is that the Salt mine doesn’t exist - there is no sharing of configuration amongst nodes.
(Not applicable on default GCE setup.)
Security is not enabled on the salt-master, and the salt-master is configured to auto-accept incoming requests from minions. It is not recommended to use this security configuration in production environments without deeper study. (In some environments this isn’t as bad as it might sound if the salt master port isn’t externally accessible and you trust everyone on your network.)
[root@kubernetes-master] $ cat /etc/salt/master.d/auto-accept.conf
open_mode: True
auto_accept: True
Each minion in the salt cluster has an associated configuration that instructs the salt-master how to provision the required resources on the machine.
An example file is presented below using the Vagrant based environment.
[root@kubernetes-master] $ cat /etc/salt/minion.d/grains.conf
grains:
etcd_servers: $MASTER_IP
cloud_provider: vagrant
roles:
- kubernetes-master
Each hosting environment has a slightly different grains.conf file that is used to build conditional logic where required in the Salt files.
The following enumerates the set of defined key/value pairs that are supported today. If you add new ones, please make sure to update this list.
| Key | Value |
|---|---|
api_servers |
(Optional) The IP address / host name where a kubelet can get read-only access to kube-apiserver |
cbr-cidr |
(Optional) The minion IP address range used for the docker container bridge. |
cloud |
(Optional) Which IaaS platform is used to host Kubernetes, gce, azure, aws, vagrant |
etcd_servers |
(Optional) Comma-delimited list of IP addresses the kube-apiserver and kubelet use to reach etcd. Uses the IP of the first machine in the kubernetes_master role, or <IP_ADDRESS> on GCE. |
hostnamef |
(Optional) The full host name of the machine, i.e. uname -n |
node_ip |
(Optional) The IP address to use to address this node |
hostname_override |
(Optional) Mapped to the kubelet hostname-override |
network_mode |
(Optional) Networking model to use among nodes: openvswitch |
networkInterfaceName |
(Optional) Networking interface to use to bind addresses, default value eth0 |
publicAddressOverride |
(Optional) The IP address the kube-apiserver should use to bind against for external read-only access |
roles |
(Required) 1. kubernetes-master means this machine is the master in the Kubernetes cluster. 2. kubernetes-pool means this machine is a kubernetes-node. Depending on the role, the Salt scripts will provision different resources on the machine. |
These keys may be leveraged by the Salt sls files to branch behavior.
In addition, a cluster may be running a Debian based operating system or Red Hat based operating system (Centos, Fedora, RHEL, etc.). As a result, it’s important to sometimes distinguish behavior based on operating system using if branches like the following.
{% if grains['os_family'] == 'RedHat' %}
// something specific to a RedHat environment (Centos, Fedora, RHEL) where you may use yum, systemd, etc.
{% else %}
// something specific to Debian environment (apt-get, initd)
{% endif %}
Per pod IP configuration is provider-specific, so when making networking changes, it’s important to sandbox these as all providers may not use the same mechanisms (iptables, openvswitch, etc.)
We should define a grains.conf key that captures more specifically what network configuration environment is being used to avoid future confusion across providers.
The cluster/saltbase tree has more details on the current SaltStack configuration.


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Question 2
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5 (Yee Haw!)
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I'm so tired!
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5 (A lot)
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You prefer whiskey over cocktail
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5 (Whiskey! Whiskey!)
Question 6
How would you rate Mel Brooks?
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5 (What a genius!)
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How would it feel to be the king in the 1800s?
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5 (It's good to be the king)
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5 (15 is my limit!)
Question 9
Fourth wall breaks
-- Please Select --
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Question 10
How much do you like watching the heros ride into the sunset?
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5 (A lot)
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Hi, my name is Ben Whiting! I am a confident and enthusiastic Software Engineer with 5 years of experience. Working as both a Back-End and Full-Stack Developer during my career, I have learned a plethora of skills and tools preparing me for any challenge. From designing and building APIs, to miscroservice deployments in containerized environments I am ready to produce a sleek and elegent solution.
I crave new opportunities to learn and grow beyond my present skills. In my free time I do coding projects that my day-to-day work normally does not allow me to do or I create tools that help friends and family. This personal website is one of those opportunities to grow my skills. It allows me to push my limits and makes me a better developer and person.
Please feel free to navigate to my LinkedIn page for my work history or my GitHub for my current projects.
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2 albums from bands led by Israelis get Grammy nominations
Anat Cohen’s Anat Cohen Tentet and Ori Naftaly’s soul/blues/R&B band Southern Avenue each get Grammy nods for their sophomore albums.
by Abigail Klein LeichmanTwo sophomore albums from groups from Israeli musicians’ bands have received nominations for the upcoming 62nd annual Grammy Awards.
The Anat Cohen Tentet, fronted by Israeli jazz clarinetist Anat Cohen, received a Grammy nomination in the Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album category for “Triple Helix.”
Southern Avenue, a Memphis-based soul/blues/R&B band cofounded by Israeli guitarist Ori Naftaly, received a Grammy nomination in the Best Contemporary Blues Album category for “Keep On.”
Commissioned by New York’s Carnegie Hall and Chicago’s Symphony Center for live world premieres earlier in 2019, “Triple Helix” features a centerpiece three-movement concerto composed by Cohen’s longtime collaborator and Tentet musical director Oded Lev-Ari.
This is the third Grammy nomination for Cohen, one of three noted musical siblings from Tel Aviv. Her 2017 albums recorded in Brazil, “Outra Coisa” and “Rosa Dos Ventos,” received nominations in the Best Latin Jazz and Best World Music albums categories, respectively.
Naftaly, 31, originally went to Memphis in October 2012 with his Ori Naftaly Band to represent Israel at the annual International Blues Challenge. The band became the first Israeli act to make it to the event’s semifinals and sold more CDs than did any other contestant in the challenge.
A year later, Naftaly relocated to Memphis. In 2015, he and gospel-singing sisters Tierinii and Tikyra Jackson joined forces to create Southern Avenue. The band was signed by Concord Music’s Stax Records and released its self-titled debut in 2017. “Keep On” came out in May 2019.
The 62nd annual Grammy Awards ceremony will take place January 26 in Los Angeles.
More News
-
Moovit and Waze Carpool join forces in US, Brazil, Mexico
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
Israeli EMTs serve falafel to save a family
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
9 Israeli products make TIME Top 100 Inventions of 2019
By Abigail Klein Leichman -
Israeli solar power generator going up to Space Station
By Brian Blum -
Israeli project could win global Peace & Sport Award
By Abigail Klein Leichman -
Medical-device firm Lumenis to be sold for $1.2b
By Abigail Klein Leichman -
2 Israeli patients get world’s first artificial meniscus
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
Israeli soldiers save badger stuck in Syria border fence
By Daniel Ben Tal -
Is it a virus or a bacteria? Israeli solution wins €2.5M award
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
Israeli students win award for making honey without bees
By Brian Blum -
TytoHome medical exam kit now sold across US at Best Buy
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
Israelis won’t let rockets from Gaza ruin weddings
By Abigail Klein Leichman -
TabTale games accompany Charlie’s Angels and Jumanji films
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
Israeli eatery named one of best 25 restaurants in world
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
Teeth carry clues to mysterious early human Aurignacians
By Daniel Ben Tal -
New route to blocking children’s bone cancer
By ISRAEL21c Staff -
CN Traveler readers vote Israel one of 20 top countries
By Abigail Klein Leichman -
Israeli machine converts air into water for Colombians
By Abigail Klein Leichman -
Firms gather in Israel to share ideas for doing good
By Abigail Klein Leichman


This release is the result of several months of hard work from members of the team and the community. While there are no groundbreaking changes in core, we've worked hard to improve performance and memory usage. We've also worked hard to make sure we are being consistent in our usage of DOM properties.
The biggest change you'll notice as a developer is that we no longer support class
in JSX as a way to
provide CSS classes. Since this prop was being converted to className
at the transform step, it caused
some confusion when trying to access it in composite components. As a result we decided to make our DOM properties
mirror their counterparts in the JS DOM API. There are a few
exceptions where we deviate slightly in an attempt to be consistent internally.
The other major change in v0.5 is that we've added an additional build - react-with-addons
- which adds
support for some extras that we've been working on including animations and two-way binding. Read more about these addons in the docs.
We added 22 new people to the list of authors since we launched React v0.4.1 nearly 3 months ago. With a
total of 48 names in our AUTHORS
file, that means we've nearly doubled the number of contributors in
that time period. We've seen the number of people contributing to discussion on IRC, mailing lists, Stack Overflow,
and GitHub continue rising. We've also had people tell us about talks they've given in their local community about
React.
It's been awesome to see the things that people are building with React, and we can't wait to see what you come up with next!
charSet
, content
, form
, httpEquiv
, rowSpan
, autoCapitalize
).rx
, ry
).getInitialState
and getDefaultProps
in mixins.React.version
.React.isValidClass
- Used to determine if a value is a valid component constructor.React.autoBind
- This was deprecated in v0.4 and now properly removed.React.unmountAndReleaseReactRootNode
to React.unmountComponentAtNode
.class
to className
as part of the transform! This is a breaking change - if you were using class
, you must change this to className
or your components will be visually broken.


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Save Your Seat Today!
Details
Please reserve your seat for you and your family today! Most of the films will be timeless classics fit for all families. Come enjoy the unique experience of historic films while viewing the world famous Manhattan skyline.
- When: August 5-8, 2018
- Time: 6pm - 12am(Midnight)
- Where: Pier 1 (near the Carousel), Brooklyn Bridge Park
- Ratings: All movies will be family appropriate with PG and PG-13 ratings
Feel free to bring your own food/snacks. Please no alocholic beverages.


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object android.gameengine.icadroids.objects.GameObject
public class GameObject
GameObject is a (not moving) object with a lot of useful methods in it. You can bind a sprite on it, activate alarms, get the size, position, etc. Don't forget to add the GameObject to the game with 'addGameObject'!
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
Rect |
position
The bounding rectangle that contains the sprite on the screen |
protected double |
xlocation
The exact x position of the upper left corner of the object. |
protected double |
ylocation
the exact y position of the upper left corner of the object. |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
GameObject()
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
clearActive()
Mark an object as 'dead', to be removed at end of cycle. |
void |
deleteThisGameObject()
Delete the GameObject. |
void |
drawCustomObjects(Canvas canvas)
Override this method to draw your own text, rectangle and other objects on the screen (like a game dashboard). |
void |
drawGameObject(Canvas canvas)
Override this method to implement your own rendered canvas objects like text, rectangles or colors. |
double |
getAngle(GameObject object)
Use this function to get the angle between you and another object. |
float |
getCenterX()
Get the center x of the GameObject |
float |
getCenterY()
Get the center y of the GameObject |
float |
getDepth()
Get the depth of the object in rendering. |
int |
getFrameHeight()
Get the frame height of the object's sprite, this will be also the height of the object in the game. |
int |
getFrameWidth()
Get the frame width of the object's sprite, this will be also the width of the object in the game. |
double |
getFullX()
Get the exact x position of the GameObject |
double |
getFullY()
Get the exact y position of the GameObject |
Rect |
getPosition()
Get the sprite position as rectangle |
AnimatedSprite |
getSprite()
Get the sprite Object of the GameObject |
int |
getX()
Get the x position on the screen, rounds the exact X-pos to an int. |
int |
getY()
Get the y position on the screen, rounds the exact Y-pos to an int. |
void |
intialize()
Called when the application starts. |
void |
intializeGameObject()
Initialize resources. |
boolean |
isActive()
Ask if an object is still alive, that is: it hasn't been deleted from the game or added in this cycle of the game. |
boolean |
isVisible()
Ask if an object is visible |
void |
jumpToStartPosition()
Jump to the object's start position Note: this only works when a start position is set, this happens automatically when 'addGameObject' is called. |
void |
setAnimationSpeed(int speed)
Set the speed of the sprite animation. |
void |
setDepth(float depth)
Set the depth of the object in rendering. |
void |
setFrameNumber(int number)
Set the frame number of the sprite. |
void |
setPosition(double x,
double y)
Set the position on the screen. |
void |
setSprite(AnimatedSprite theSprite)
Set a sprite for the GameObject. |
void |
setSprite(java.lang.String resourceName)
Set a sprite for the GameObject. |
void |
setSprite(java.lang.String resourceName,
int numberOfFrames)
Set a sprite for the GameObject. |
void |
setStartPosition(int x,
int y)
Set a (new) start position which the objects jumps to when using 'jumpToStartPosition()'. |
void |
setVisibility(boolean visible)
Set the visibility of the GameOject. |
void |
setX(double x)
Set x position of the GameObject WARNING: Do NOT use this method to move the player or a lot of methods will behave incorrectly. |
void |
setY(double y)
Set y position of the GameObject. |
void |
startAnimate()
Start animating the sprite, from the current frame |
void |
stopAnimate()
Stop animating the sprite. |
void |
update()
The update-method will be called every cycle of the game loop. |
protected void |
updatePlayerFramePosition()
Update position rectangle used for drawing the sprite on the right position with the right size on the screen. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
protected double xlocation
protected double ylocation
public Rect position
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public GameObject()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public final void intializeGameObject()
public void intialize()
public boolean isActive()
public boolean isVisible()
public void clearActive()
public void update()
public void drawGameObject(Canvas canvas)
canvas
- The Android canvas. Use this provided object to
draw for example text, rectangles and colors. For the api see:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/graphics/Canvas.htmlpublic void drawCustomObjects(Canvas canvas)
canvas
- The Android canvas. Use this provided object to
draw for example text, rectangles and colors. For the api see:
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/graphics/Canvas.htmlprotected void updatePlayerFramePosition()
public final void setSprite(java.lang.String resourceName)
resourceName
- The name of the resource in the /res/drawable folder
without extension , so when your picture in the
/res/drawable is named 'picture.jpg', this parameter should be
"picture" .public final void setSprite(java.lang.String resourceName, int numberOfFrames)
resourceName
- The name of the resource in the /res/drawable folder
without extension , so when your picture in the
/res/drawable is named 'picture.jpg', this parameter should be
"picture" .numberOfFrames
- The number of frames in the strippublic final void setSprite(AnimatedSprite theSprite)
theSprite
- AnimatedSprite that has been created earlierpublic final void startAnimate()
public final void stopAnimate()
public final int getX()
public final int getY()
public final float getCenterX()
public final float getCenterY()
public final double getFullX()
public final double getFullY()
public final void setX(double x)
x
- The x positionpublic final void setY(double y)
y
- The y positionpublic final void setPosition(double x, double y)
x
- The x positiony
- The y positionpublic final AnimatedSprite getSprite()
public final int getFrameWidth()
public final int getFrameHeight()
public final Rect getPosition()
public final void setAnimationSpeed(int speed)
speed
- The number of game loops that must occur before the next
frame, so higher speed is slower animation. 0 stops animation.public final void setFrameNumber(int number)
number
- The frame number, frame numbers range from 0 to NrOfFrames-1public final void deleteThisGameObject()
public final void setVisibility(boolean visible)
visible
- True for visible, false for invisiblepublic void jumpToStartPosition()
public void setStartPosition(int x, int y)
x
- The start X positiony
- The start Y positionpublic final double getAngle(GameObject object)
object
- an instance of another object to calculate the angle for.
public float getDepth()
public void setDepth(float depth)
depth
- the depth, a floatGameEngine.addGameObject(GameObject gameObject, float layerposition)
|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Next
Previous
Contents
SDCC supports the following #pragma directives. This directives are
applicable only at a function level.
- SAVE
- this will save all the current options .
- RESTORE
- will restore the saved options from the last save. Note that
SAVES & RESTOREs cannot be nested. SDCC uses the same buffer to save the
options each time a SAVE is called.
- NOGCSE
- will stop global subexpression elimination.
- NOINDUCTION
- will stop loop induction optimizations .
- NOJTBOUND
- will not generate code for boundary value checking , when switch
statements are turned into jump-tables.
- NOOVERLAY
- the compiler will not overlay the parameters and local variables
of a function.
- NOLOOPREVERSE
- Will not do loop reversal optimization
- EXCLUDE NONE | {acc[,b[,dpl[,dph]]]
- The exclude pragma disables generation of pair of push/pop instruction in
ISR function (using interrupt keyword). The directive should be placed immediately
before the ISR function definition and it affects ALL ISR functions following
it. To enable the normal register saving for ISR functions use "#pragma
EXCLUDE none"
- CALLEE-SAVES function1[,function2[,function3...]]
-
The compiler by default uses a caller saves convention for register saving
across function calls, however this can cause unneccessary register pushing
& popping when calling small functions from larger functions. This option
can be used to switch the register saving convention for the function names
specified. The compiler will not save registers when calling these functions,
extra code will be generated at the entry & exit for these functions to
save & restore the registers used by these functions, this can SUBSTANTIALLY
reduce code & improve run time performance of the generated code. In future
the compiler (with interprocedural analysis) will be able to determine the
appropriate scheme to use for each function call. If --callee-saves
command
line option is used, the function names specified in #pragma CALLEE-SAVES
is appended to the list of functions specified inthe command line.
The pragma's are intended to be used to turn-off certain optimizations
which might cause the compiler to generate extra stack / data space to store
compiler generated temporary variables. This usually happens in large functions.
Pragma directives should be used as shown in the following example, they are
used to control options & optimizations for a given function; pragmas should
be placed before and/or after a function, placing pragma's inside a function
body could have unpredictable results.
eg#pragma SAVE /* save the current settings */
#pragma NOGCSE
/* turnoff global subexpression elimination */
#pragma NOINDUCTION /*
turn off induction optimizations */
int foo ()
{
...
/* large
code */
...
}
#pragma RESTORE /* turn the optimizations back
on */
The compiler will generate a warning message when extra space is allocated.
It is strongly recommended that the SAVE and RESTORE pragma's be used when
changing options for a function.
Next
Previous
Contents


New user registered
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Maryam Amiri 23 min ago
Authoritatively exploit resource maximizing technologies before technically.
Hossein Shams 48 min ago
Continually plagiarize efficient interfaces after bricks-and-clicks niches.
Helen Bennett 3 hours ago
Objectively underwhelm cross-unit web-readiness before sticky outsourcing.
Fidel Tonn 21 hours ago
Interactively innovate transparent relationships with holistic infrastructures.
Freddie Arends Yesterday
Collaboratively visualize corporate initiatives for web-enabled value.
Interactively reinvent standards compliant supply chains through next-generation bandwidth.
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Welcome to Sunshine!
Welcome to the Annual Sunshine Farmer's Market. Our farmer's are passionate about bringing you their finest whole foods. Don't forget to drop by every Saturday at 10am.
Special Offer!
Don't forget, this Saturday when you buy 10 cuts of meat, you get 10 cuts free!


Open Pampas [aq13], plain, in Mandoria, peasants: 133
Last updated Turn #115
Open Pampas [aq13], plain, in Mandoria, peasants: 133
------------------------------------------------------------------------
5: Pack of wolves [ap0o], wolves, number: 11, went east.
23: Stack of savages [gb4q], savages, number: 5, arrived from the east.
25: Stack of savages [gb4q], savages, number: 5, went west.
30: Stack of savages [gn1i], savages, number: 26, went west.
30: The population grows by one peasant.
Routes leaving Open Pampas:
North, to Ocean [ap13], The Outer Sea, 2 days
East, plain, to Open Pampas [aq14], 7 days
South, plain, to Open Pampas [ar13], 7 days
West, plain, to Open Pampas [aq12], 7 days
Inner locations:
Poppy field [ad8j], poppy field, 1 day
Seen here:
Stack of savages [gn1i], savages, number: 26
Stack of savages [gb4q], savages, number: 5


The poster session will be held on the first day of the symposium, November 12, 7:30 pm to 9 pm. The format is rather casual. The goal of the poster session is for you to showcase your work and to foster discussion with fellow symposium attendees.
We also encourage you to sign up for elevator talk when submitting your poster abstract. The elevator talk is on the same date, from 6:30 to 7 pm. For those selected, you will give a 3-minute presentation to highlight your research.
TTBA Symposium now offers an extended abstract submission deadline. The goal is to enrich the symposium with more diverse studies and facilitate more conversations. The extended deadline for submission is October 22, 2016, 11:59 a.m. Central Time.
Guidlines:


To protect all your queries, you have to create an account. Don't worry! This will don't take much time and it don't require sensible data nor even the email, but you can definitely use it as your username if you remember it better.
Also, I know how annoying is to forcely protect something when it's not so necessary. If you don't want to put a password you can leave it blank, but if you are doing sensible stuff or saving important data that you want to use it, I recommend to put a password.


WITNESS LIST Juvenile Justice & Family Issues Committee March 6, 2001-1:20P HB 601 Against: Clark, Michele (Safe Place, Legal Services Director) HB 680 For: Green, Robert (Self and Texas Fathers Alliance, Texas Fatherhood Initiative, Men and Fathers Resource Center) Shelton, David (Texas Fathers Alliance) Against: Clark, Michele (Safe Place, Legal Services Director) Tindall, Harry (Self) On: McKey, Jr., Elmer Joe (Tx. Dept. of Public Safety, Missing Persons Clearinghouse) HB 714 For: Riddering, Hannah (Self and Texas National Organization for Women) On: Childress, Charles (Tx. Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services, Legal Division) Webster, Sarah (Tx. Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services) HB 871 For: Curtis, Anna (Self) Green, Robert (Self and Texas Fathers Alliance, Texas Fatherhood Initiative, Men and Fathers Resource Center) Against: Myers, Jackelyn (Self) On: Sampson, John J. (Self) HB 873 On: Green, Robert (Self and Texas Fathers Alliance, Texas Fatherhood Initiative, Men and Fathers Resource Center) HB 899 For: Green, Robert (Self and Texas Fathers Alliance, Texas Fatherhood Initiative, Men and Fathers Resource Center) Shelton, David (Texas Fathers Alliance) On: Baldwin, Howard (Office of the Attorney General) HB 1498 For: McClure, Spencer (Community MHMR Centers & The Tx. Council of CMHMRC's, Inc.) HB 1566 For: Shelton, David (Texas Fathers Alliance) On: Childress, Charles (Self and Tx. Dept. of Protective and Regulatory Services, Legal Division) HB 1633 For: Shelton, David (Texas Fathers Alliance) On: Baldwin, Howard (Office of the Attorney General) HB 1634 For: Paquet, Susan (Self and American Academy of Adoption Attorneys) Stancukas, Eileen (Self) HB 1655 For: Ferguson, Valerie (Self) Green, Robert (Self and Texas Fathers Alliance, Texas Fatherhood Initiative, Men and Fathers Resource Center) Shelton, David (Texas Fathers Alliance) Against: Clark, Michele (Safe Place, Legal Services Director) Riddering, Hannah (Self and Texas National Organization for Women) Tindall, Harry (Self) On: McKey, Jr., Elmer Joe (Tx. Dept. of Public Safety, Missing Persons Clearinghouse) Stansbury, Tom (Self)


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{% load staticfiles %} {% block head %}
Type in a player's user name to discover their past performance, their favorite items and best heroes
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[gecode-users] Will constraint be examined for a partially assigned IntVarArray?
Guido Tack
tack at ps.uni-sb.de
Wed Apr 15 00:06:44 CEST 2009
The constraint is even "examined" (i.e. propagated) when variables are
not assigned but only their bounds change. Why don't you just try it
out? Look at the search tree of a simple model with a single
constraint in Gist, and inspect the nodes to see what's going on.
Guido
Jeffrey wrote:
> I have an IntVarArray and a linear constraint saying that their sum
> should not exceed a certain maximum value.
>
> Will such constraint be examined for every assignment steps? or it
> won't be examinated until all the variables are assigned?
>
> In my case, because the domain of all IntVar are positive values, it
> makes no sense to continue the branch if the assigned values are
> already exceed the maximum. How can I enforce that?
>
> Yahoo!香港提供網上安全攻略，教你如何防範黑客!了解
> 更多_______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org
> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


Dreich is too wishy-washy to be the most iconic Scots-language word
You may have read this week that The Scottish Book Trust declared “dreich” to be the most iconic Scots word. I disagree entirely.
by Steve FinanHowever, let us start with a short discussion of Scots-English.
I enjoy hearing it spoken. By my understanding of history, Scots is one of the branches that grew from the Germanic languages of migrating tribes like the Jutes and Angles.
Since those invasions a standard English language, owned by everyone on this island, has evolved. It is that commonly understood, widely used English that I enjoy and value.
But I also use Scots words. I treasure terms like scouk, shevel, shoogle, footer, and lucken. They are wonderfully expressive.
An entire sentence of Scots, however, is difficult to read. I struggle with the apologetic apostrophes that are sometimes sprinkled on wi’ (us) wi’ (with) wa’ (with), wa’ (wall), etc. Sentences don’t look right with the apostrophes — or without them. My attention wanders from the intended message to the point where I’m just trying to work out what, if anything, is missing from the words.
But English could certainly benefit from a wider adoption of our vividly pictorial Scots nouns, verbs and adjectives. Which brings me back to dreich.
It is, of course, a great word. I can see why it rated highly in the SBT’s poll (a part of the hugely interesting Book Week Scotland). But while dreich is a delicious word, it’s surely not the most iconic Scottish word.
The Scottish accent is at its best when used in an animated way. It is suited to argument, it is ideal when you wish to express vehemence, humour, aggression, or fire insults. It is a language that demands to be heard.
You can put real bite into the syllables. You can inject full-bodied feeling. All those hard-rolled Rs and glottal stops hold a granite poetry, with thistle thorns for punctuation. They evoke a flavour of tenement-lined streets and football terraces.
The best Scots word of all shouldn’t be one that describes misty glens and the Scotland you only ever see on shortbread tins or calendar photos for the month of October. A soft, gentle word like dreich can’t be our country’s single most defining term.
Glaikit and scunnered came second and third on the list. They are truly iconic Scots words. Hackit should have been on there too. And clarty, nippit, bauchle, dunderheid, vauntie, clipe, bowfin, feartie, midden and even whigmaleerie.
The sharp edges of these words cut their way to being regarded as iconic.
Word of the week
Vauntie (adjective)
Scots for proud, boastful, vain. EG: “I’ve always thought that Prince Andrew carries himself like a vauntie man.”
Read the latest Oh my word! every Saturday in The Courier. Contact me at sfinan@dctmedia.co.uk


Group of 20 Peninsula women hike Grand Canyon
Trip leader promotes value of all-women trips
by Aaron HinksA group of 20 women, mostly from the South Surrey and White Rock area, found a lot more than water at Havasu Falls.
The group, who in some cases set out as strangers to one another, ended up making lifelong friendships after their trip to the waterfall, located at the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
Jeri Cox contacted Peace Arch News last week after the group spent five days earlier this month hiking the Arizona desert and shared the benefits of all-women trips.
“There’s camaraderie and the women now, the messages I keep getting from them, are saying ‘I’ve made friendships that will last forever.’
Cox started planning the trip one year in advance, which was necessary due to the high demand of the lodge at the bottom of the canyon.
Aside from the beautiful scenery, Cox said one of the highlights of the physically demanding trip was the support each woman gave to each other.
“Whoever got to the top first, we just sat there and cheered everyone on as they came up and just the energy that you felt. People would look up and see us all screaming and cheering and stuff. It’s lovely – it’s going to make me cry again.”
Cox said she “absolutely” recommends all-women group trips, and she’s already planning the next adventure to Camino, Spain.
Vacation specialist Rachael Ward at Lloyds Travel told PAN that group trips are gaining in popularity.
Destinations that are more frequent with woman group trips, Ward said, are countries where a woman might not want to travel alone due to cultural or safety reasons.
“The idea of safety in numbers,” Ward said, adding that “up-and-coming” destinations for women travellers are Morocco, India and Jordan.


| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
float |
w
The 4th element
|
float |
x
The 1st element
|
float |
y
The 2nd element
|
float |
z
The 3rd element
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Vector4()
Constructs a zero vector.
|
Vector4(float[] data) |
Vector4(float x,
float y)
Constructs a vector with only the 1st and 2nd element.
|
Vector4(float x,
float y,
float z)
Constructs a vector with only the first 3 elements.
|
Vector4(float x,
float y,
float z,
float w) |
Vector4(Quaternion quaternion) |
Vector4(Vector2 vector)
Constructs a vector with the values of a two dimensional one.
|
Vector4(Vector2 vector,
float z) |
Vector4(Vector2 vector,
float z,
float w)
Constructs a vector with the values of a two dimensional one and the 3rd and 4th element separately.
|
Vector4(Vector3 vector) |
Vector4(Vector3 vector,
float w) |
Vector4(Vector4 vector) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Vector4 |
absolute()
Sets all elements of this vector to their absolute value.
|
Vector4 |
add(Vector4 vector)
this instance will be manipulated
|
float |
angle(Vector4 b) |
Vector4 |
clampMax(float max)
Clamps this vector to the given maximum value.
|
Vector4 |
clampMin(float min)
Clamps this vector to the given minimum value.
|
Vector4 |
copy()
Creates a copy of this vector.
|
float |
distance(Vector4 b) |
float |
distanceL1(Vector4 b) |
float |
distanceLinf(Vector4 b) |
float |
distanceSquared(Vector4 b) |
float |
dot(Vector4 b) |
boolean |
epsilonEquals(Vector4 b,
float epsilon)
this instance will be manipulated
|
boolean |
equals(java.lang.Object object) |
Vector4 |
fromMatrix(Matrix3 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
|
Vector4 |
fromMatrix(Matrix4 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
|
Vector4 |
fromQuaternion(Quaternion quat)
this instance will be manipulated
|
int |
hashCode() |
Vector4 |
interpolate(Vector4 b,
float alpha)
this instance will be manipulated
|
float |
lengthSquared()
Calculates the length of this vector according to Pythagoras (a² + b² = c²).
|
Vector4 |
multiply(Matrix3 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
|
Vector4 |
multiply(Matrix4 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
|
Vector4 |
multiply(Vector4 vector)
this instance will be manipulated
|
Vector4 |
negate()
Negates the vector.
|
Vector4 |
project(Vector4 b)
this instance will be manipulated
|
Vector4 |
scale(float scale)
Scales the vector.
|
void |
set(float[] data) |
void |
set(float x,
float y) |
void |
set(float x,
float y,
float z) |
void |
set(float x,
float y,
float z,
float w) |
void |
set(Quaternion quat) |
void |
set(Vector2 vector) |
void |
set(Vector3 vec) |
void |
set(Vector4 vec) |
Vector4 |
subtract(Vector4 vector)
this instance will be manipulated
|
float[] |
toArray()
Converts this vector to a
float array. |
Quaternion |
toQuaternion() |
java.lang.String |
toString() |
public float x
public float y
public float z
public float w
public Vector4()
public Vector4(float x, float y)
x
- the 1st elementy
- the 2nd elementpublic Vector4(Vector2 vector)
vector
- the two dimensional vectorpublic Vector4(Vector2 vector, float z, float w)
vector
- the two dimensional vectorz
- the 3rd elementw
- the 4th elementpublic Vector4(float x, float y, float z)
x
- the 1st elementy
- the 2nd elementz
- the 3rd elementpublic Vector4(Vector3 vector)
vector
- public Vector4(Vector3 vector, float w)
vector
- w
- public Vector4(float x, float y, float z, float w)
x
- y
- z
- w
- public Vector4(Vector4 vector)
vector
- public Vector4(float[] data)
data
- public Vector4(Quaternion quaternion)
quaternion
- public Vector4(Vector2 vector, float z)
vector
- z
- public final void set(Quaternion quat)
quat
- public final void set(float x, float y, float z, float w)
x
- y
- z
- w
- public final void set(float[] data)
data
- public final void set(Vector4 vec)
vec
- public final void set(float x, float y, float z)
x
- y
- z
- public final void set(Vector3 vec)
vec
- public final void set(float x, float y)
x
- y
- public final void set(Vector2 vector)
vector
- public final Vector4 fromMatrix(Matrix3 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
matrix
- public final Vector4 fromMatrix(Matrix4 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
matrix
- public final Vector4 fromQuaternion(Quaternion quat)
this instance will be manipulated
quat
- public final float dot(Vector4 b)
b
- public final Vector4 add(Vector4 vector)
this instance will be manipulated
vector
- public final Vector4 subtract(Vector4 vector)
this instance will be manipulated
vector
- public final Vector4 multiply(Vector4 vector)
this instance will be manipulated
vector
- public final float angle(Vector4 b)
b
- public final Quaternion toQuaternion()
public final Vector4 multiply(Matrix3 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
matrix
- public final Vector4 multiply(Matrix4 matrix)
this instance will be manipulated
matrix
- public final float distanceSquared(Vector4 b)
b
- public final float distance(Vector4 b)
b
- public final float distanceL1(Vector4 b)
b
- public final float distanceLinf(Vector4 b)
b
- public final Vector4 project(Vector4 b)
this instance will be manipulated
b
- public final Vector4 interpolate(Vector4 b, float alpha)
this instance will be manipulated
b
- alpha
- public final boolean epsilonEquals(Vector4 b, float epsilon)
this instance will be manipulated
b
- epsilon
- public final Vector4 clampMin(float min)
Vector
public final Vector4 clampMax(float max)
Vector
public final Vector4 absolute()
Vector
public final Vector4 copy()
Vector
public final float lengthSquared()
Vector
lengthSquared
in class Vector<Vector4>
public final Vector4 negate()
Vector
this instance will be manipulated
public final Vector4 scale(float scale)
Vector
this instance will be manipulated
public final float[] toArray()
Vector
float
array.public final java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object
public final boolean equals(java.lang.Object object)
equals
in class java.lang.Object
public final int hashCode()
hashCode
in class java.lang.Object


title
or role
affiliation
(org
)address
| Property | Description |
name (fn ) |
Name |
nickname
|
Nickname |
photo
|
An image link |
title
|
The person's title (for example, Financial Manager) |
role
|
The person's role (for example, Accountant) |
url
|
Link to a web page, such as the person's home page |
affiliation (org ) |
The name of an organization with which the person is associated (for example, an employer). If fn and org have the exact same value, Google will interpret the information as referring to a business or organization, not a person. |
friend
|
Identifies a social relationship between the person described and another person. |
contact
|
Identifies a social relationship between the person described and another person. |
acquaintance
|
Identifies a social relationship between the person described and another person. |
address (adr ) |
The location of the person. Can have the subproperties street-address , locality , region , postal-code , and country-name . |
A Product can include an Offer or Offer-aggregate; or an Offer or Offer-aggregate can include one or more Products. Use the structure that works best for your content. Properties in bold are required.
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
name
|
The name of the product. |
image
|
The URL of a product photo. |
description
|
Product description. |
brand
|
The brand of the product. Can include nested organization info. Google recommends including brand and at least one identifier for each product. |
category
|
The product category—for example, "Books-Fiction ", "Tools ", or "Cars ". You can include multiple categories. Any value is accepted, but Google recognizes the categories described in this article. |
review
|
A nested Review-aggregate of the product (for example, the average rating). If there are multiple reviews of the product, mark up aggregated review data (for example, the average rating from all users) using Review-aggregate rather than individual reviews. |
identifier
|
The product identifier. Google recommends including brand and at least one identifier for each product.
Recognized types include:
|
offerDetails
|
An offer to sell the product. Includes a nested Offer or Offer-aggregate. |
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
price
|
The price of the product. A floating point number. You may use either a decimal point ('.') or a comma (',') as a separator. |
currency
|
The currency used to describe the product price, in three-letter ISO format. |
priceValidUntil
|
The date (in ISO date format) after which the price will no longer be available. (Your product snippet may not display if the priceValidUntil property indicates a past date.) |
seller
|
The seller of the product. Can contain a Person or Organization. |
condition
|
Any text may be specified. If the condition attribute is used, the value of the content attribute must be one of the following recognized values:
For example: Brand new! |
availability
|
Any text may be specified, but the value of the content attribute must be one of the following recognized values:
|
quantity
|
The number of items available for this offer. |
offerURL
|
A URL to the product web page (that includes the Offer). (Don't use offerURL for markup that appears on the product page itself.) |
identifier
|
The product identifier. Google recommends including brand and at least one identifier for each product.
Recognized types include:
|
itemOffered
|
The item being sold. Typically, this includes a nested Product, but it can also contain other item types or free text. |
| Property | Description |
|---|---|
lowPrice
|
The lowest price of all offers available. Floating point number. |
highPrice
|
The highest price of all offers available. Floating point number. |
currency
|
The currency used to describe the product price, in three-letter ISO format. |
offerCount
|
The number of offers for the product. |
condition
|
Any text may be specified, but the value of the content attribute must be one of the following recognized values:
For example: Brand new! |
offerURL
|
A URL to the product web page (that includes the Offer or Offer-aggregate). (Don't use offerURL for markup that appears on the product page itself.) |
identifier
|
The product identifier. Google recommends including brand and at least one identifier for each product.
Recognized types include:
|
itemOffered
|
The item being sold. Typically, this includes a nested Product, but it can also contain other item types or free text. |
Google recognizes the following organization properties. In general, you can use the same schema.org property name in both RDFa and Microdata. In several cases where the RDFa/Microdata and microformats property names differ, the microformats property name appears in parentheses. Properties in bold are required for Google Rich Snippets.
| Property | Description |
name(fn/org)
|
The name of the business. If you use microformats, you should use both fn and org , and ensure that these have the same value. |
url
|
Link to the organization home page. |
address (adr ) |
The location of the business, described as a separate PostalAddress entity which can have properties including streetAddress , addressLocality , addressRegion , postalCode , and addressCountry . (In microformats these are named street-address , locality , region , postal-code , and country-name .) |
telephone (tel ) |
The telephone number of the business or organization. |
location (geo ) |
The geolocation of an Organization (or Event ). Typically used with latitude and longitude properties; examples below for details. |
logo
|
URL of an image for the logo of the business or organization. |
Inspectocat