Validation
CodeIgniter provides a comprehensive data validation class that helps minimize the amount of code you’ll write.
Overview
Before explaining CodeIgniter’s approach to data validation, let’s describe the ideal scenario:
A form is displayed.
You fill it in and submit it.
If you submitted something invalid, or perhaps missed a required item, the form is redisplayed containing your data along with an error message describing the problem.
This process continues until you have submitted a valid form.
On the receiving end, the script must:
Check for required data.
Verify that the data is of the correct type, and meets the correct criteria. For example, if a username is submitted it must be validated to contain only permitted characters. It must be of a minimum length, and not exceed a maximum length. The username can’t be someone else’s existing username, or perhaps even a reserved word. Etc.
Sanitize the data for security.
Pre-format the data if needed.
Prep the data for insertion in the database.
Although there is nothing terribly complex about the above process, it usually requires a significant amount of code, and to display error messages, various control structures are usually placed within the form HTML. Form validation, while simple to create, is generally very messy and tedious to implement.
Form Validation Tutorial
What follows is a “hands on” tutorial for implementing CodeIgniter’s Form Validation.
In order to implement form validation you’ll need three things:
A View file containing a form.
A View file containing a “success” message to be displayed upon successful submission.
A controller method to receive and process the submitted data.
Let’s create those three things, using a member sign-up form as the example.
The Form
Using a text editor, create a form called signup.php. In it, place this code and save it to your app/Views/ folder:

<title>My Form</title>

<?= validation_list_errors() ?>
<?= form_open('form') ?>

Username

<input type="text" name="username" value="<?= set_value('username') ?>" size="50">

Password

<input type="text" name="password" value="<?= set_value('password') ?>" size="50">

Password Confirm

<input type="text" name="passconf" value="<?= set_value('passconf') ?>" size="50">

Email Address

<input type="text" name="email" value="<?= set_value('email') ?>" size="50">

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

<?= form_close() ?>

The Success Page
Using a text editor, create a form called success.php. In it, place this code and save it to your app/Views/ folder:

<title>My Form</title>

Your form was successfully submitted!

<?= anchor('form', 'Try it again!') ?>

The Controller
Using a text editor, create a controller called Form.php. In it, place this code and save it to your app/Controllers/ folder:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Form extends BaseController
{
protected $helpers = ['form'];
public function index()
{
if (! $this->request->is('post')) {
return view('signup');
}
$rules = [];
if (! $this->validate($rules)) {
return view('signup');
}
// If you want to get the validated data.
$validData = $this->validator->getValidated();
return view('success');
}
}
Note
The $this->request->is() method can be used since v4.3.0.
In previous versions, you need to use
if (strtolower($this->request->getMethod()) !== 'post')
.
Note
The $this->validator->getValidated() method can be used since v4.4.0.
The Routes
Then add routes for the controller in app/Config/Routes.php:
// ...
$routes->get('form', 'Form::index');
$routes->post('form', 'Form::index');
// ...
Try it!
To try your form, visit your site using a URL similar to this one:
example.com/index.php/form/
If you submit the form you should simply see the form reload. That’s
because you haven’t set up any validation rules in $this->validate()
yet.
The validate()
method is a method in the Controller. It uses
the Validation class inside. See Validating Data.
Note
Since you haven’t told the validate()
method to validate anything
yet, it returns false (boolean false) by default. The validate()
method only returns true if it has successfully applied your rules without
any of them failing.
Explanation
You’ll notice several things about the above pages.
signup.php
The form (signup.php) is a standard web form with a couple of exceptions:
It uses a form helper to create the form opening and closing. Technically, this isn’t necessary. You could create the form using standard HTML. However, the benefit of using the helper is that it generates the action URL for you, based on the URL in your config file. This makes your application more portable in the event your URLs change.
At the top of the form you’ll notice the following function call:
<?= validation_list_errors() ?>
This function will return any error messages sent back by the validator. If there are no messages it returns an empty string.
Form.php
The controller (Form.php) has one property: $helpers
.
It loads the form helper used by your view files.
The controller has one method: index()
. This method returns
the signup view to show the form when a non-POST request comes. Otherwise, it
uses the Controller-provided validate()
method. It also runs the validation routine.
Based on whether the validation was successful it either presents the
form or the success page.
Add Validation Rules
Then add validation rules in the controller (Form.php):
// ...
$rules = [
'username' => 'required|max_length[30]',
'password' => 'required|max_length[255]|min_length[10]',
'passconf' => 'required|max_length[255]|matches[password]',
'email' => 'required|max_length[254]|valid_email',
];
// ...
If you submit the form you should see the success page or the form with error messages.
Config for Validation
Traditional and Strict Rules
CodeIgniter 4 has two kinds of Validation rule classes.
The traditional rule classes (Traditional Rules) have the namespace CodeIgniter\Validation
,
and the new classes (Strict Rules) have CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules
, which provide strict validation.
Note
Since v4.3.0, Strict Rules are used by default for better security.
Traditional Rules
Warning
When validating data that contains non-string values, such as JSON data, it is recommended to use Strict Rules.
The Traditional Rules implicitly assume that string values are validated, and the input value may be converted implicitly to a string value. It works for most basic cases like validating POST data.
However, for example, if you use JSON input data, it may be a type of bool/null/array.
When you validate the boolean true
, it is converted to string '1'
with the Traditional rule classes.
If you validate it with the integer
rule, '1'
passes the validation.
Strict Rules
New in version 4.2.0.
The Strict Rules don’t use implicit type conversion.
Using Traditional Rules
If you want to use traditional rules, you need to change the rule classes in app/Config/Validation.php:
<?php
namespace Config;
// ...
class Validation extends BaseConfig
{
// ...
public array $ruleSets = [
\CodeIgniter\Validation\CreditCardRules::class,
\CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRules::class,
\CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRules::class,
\CodeIgniter\Validation\Rules::class,
];
// ...
}
Loading the Library
The library is loaded as a service named validation:
$validation = \Config\Services::validation();
This automatically loads the Config\Validation
file which contains settings
for including multiple Rulesets, and collections of rules that can be easily reused.
Note
You may never need to use this method, as both the Controller and the Model provide methods to make validation even easier.
Setting Validation Rules
CodeIgniter lets you set as many validation rules as you need for a
given field, cascading them in order. To set validation rules you
will use the setRule()
, setRules()
, or withRequest()
methods.
Setting a Single Rule
setRule()
This method sets a single rule. It has the method signature:
setRule(string $field, ?string $label, array|string $rules[, array $errors = []])
The $rules
either takes in a pipe-delimited list of rules or an array collection of rules:
$validation->setRule('username', 'Username', 'required|max_length[30]|min_length[3]');
$validation->setRule('password', 'Password', ['required', 'max_length[255]', 'min_length[8]', 'alpha_numeric_punct']);
The value you pass to $field
must match the key of any data array that is sent in. If
the data is taken directly from $_POST
, then it must be an exact match for
the form input name.
Warning
Prior to v4.2.0, this method’s third parameter, $rules
, was typehinted to accept
string
. In v4.2.0 and after, the typehint was removed to allow arrays, too. To avoid LSP being
broken in extending classes overriding this method, the child class’s method should also be modified
to remove the typehint.
Setting Multiple Rules
setRules()
Like setRule()
, but accepts an array of field names and their rules:
$validation->setRules([
'username' => 'required|max_length[30]',
'password' => 'required|max_length[255]|min_length[10]',
]);
// or
$validation->setRules([
'username' => ['required', 'max_length[30]'],
'password' => ['required', 'max_length[255]', 'min_length[10]'],
]);
To give a labeled error message you can set up as:
$validation->setRules([
'username' => ['label' => 'Username', 'rules' => 'required|max_length[30]'],
'password' => ['label' => 'Password', 'rules' => 'required|max_length[255]|min_length[10]'],
]);
// or
$validation->setRules([
'username' => ['label' => 'Username', 'rules' => 'required|max_length[30]'],
'password' => ['label' => 'Password', 'rules' => ['required', '|max_length[255]', 'min_length[10]']],
]);
Setting Rules for Array Data
If your data is in a nested associative array, you can use “dot array syntax” to easily validate your data:
/*
* The data to test:
* [
* 'contacts' => [
* 'name' => 'Joe Smith',
* 'friends' => [
* [
* 'name' => 'Fred Flinstone',
* ],
* [
* 'name' => 'Wilma',
* ],
* ]
* ]
* ]
*/
// Joe Smith
$validation->setRules([
'contacts.name' => 'required|max_length[60]',
]);
// Fred Flintsone & Wilma
$validation->setRules([
'contacts.friends.name' => 'required|max_length[60]',
]);
You can use the *
wildcard symbol to match any one level of the array:
// Fred Flintsone & Wilma
$validation->setRules([
'contacts.*.name' => 'required|max_length[60]',
]);
“dot array syntax” can also be useful when you have single dimension array data. For example, data returned by multi select dropdown:
/*
* The data to test:
* [
* 'user_ids' => [
* 1,
* 2,
* 3,
* ]
* ]
*/
// Rule
$validation->setRules([
'user_ids.*' => 'required|max_length[19]',
]);
withRequest()
One of the most common times you will use the validation library is when validating data that was input from an HTTP Request. If desired, you can pass an instance of the current Request object and it will take all of the input data and set it as the data to be validated:
$validation = \Config\Services::validation();
$request = \Config\Services::request();
if ($validation->withRequest($request)->run()) {
// If you want to get the validated data.
$validData = $validation->getValidated();
// ...
}
Warning
When you use this method, you should use the
getValidated() method to get the
validated data. Because this method gets JSON data from
$request->getJSON()
when the request is a JSON request (Content-Type: application/json
),
or gets Raw data from
$request->getRawInput()
when the request is a PUT, PATCH, DELETE request and
is not HTML form post (Content-Type: multipart/form-data
),
or gets data from $request->getVar(),
and an attacker could change what data is validated.
Note
The getValidated() method can be used since v4.4.0.
Working with Validation
Running Validation
The run()
method runs validation. It has the method signature:
run(?array $data = null, ?string $group = null, ?string $dbGroup = null): bool
The $data
is an array of data to validate. The optional second parameter
$group
is the predefined group of rules to apply.
The optional third parameter $dbGroup
is the database group to use.
This method returns true if the validation is successful.
if (! $validation->run($data)) {
// handle validation errors
}
// or
if (! $validation->run($data, 'signup')) {
// handle validation errors
}
Running Multiple Validations
Note
run()
method will not reset error state. Should a previous run fail,
run()
will always return false and getErrors()
will return
all previous errors until explicitly reset.
If you intend to run multiple validations, for instance on different data sets or with different
rules after one another, you might need to call $validation->reset()
before each run to get rid of
errors from previous run. Be aware that reset()
will invalidate any data, rule or custom error
you previously set, so setRules()
, setRuleGroup()
etc. need to be repeated:
foreach ($userAccounts as $user) {
$validation->reset();
$validation->setRules($userAccountRules);
if (! $validation->run($user)) {
// handle validation errors
}
}
Validating 1 Value
The check()
method validates one value against the rules.
The first parameter $value
is the value to validate. The second parameter
$rule
is the validation rules.
The optional third parameter $errors
is the the custom error message.
if ($validation->check($value, 'required')) {
// $value is valid.
}
Note
Prior to v4.4.0, this method’s second parameter, $rule
, was
typehinted to accept string
. In v4.4.0 and after, the typehint was
removed to allow arrays, too.
Note
This method calls the setRule()
method to set the rules internally.
Getting Validated Data
New in version 4.4.0.
The actual validated data can be retrieved with the getValidated()
method.
This method returns an array of only those elements that have been validated by
the validation rules.
$validation = \Config\Services::validation();
$validation->setRules([
'username' => 'required',
'password' => 'required|min_length[10]',
]);
$data = [
'username' => 'john',
'password' => 'BPi-$Swu7U5lm$dX',
'csrf_token' => '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a',
];
if ($validation->run($data)) {
$validatedData = $validation->getValidated();
// $validatedData = [
// 'username' => 'john',
// 'password' => 'BPi-$Swu7U5lm$dX',
// ];
}
// In Controller.
if (! $this->validate([
'username' => 'required',
'password' => 'required|min_length[10]',
])) {
// The validation failed.
return view('login', [
'errors' => $this->validator->getErrors(),
]);
}
// The validation was successful.
// Get the validated data.
$validData = $this->validator->getValidated();
Saving Sets of Validation Rules to the Config File
A nice feature of the Validation class is that it permits you to store all your validation rules for your entire application in a config file. You organize the rules into “groups”. You can specify a different group every time you run the validation.
How to Save Your Rules
To store your validation rules, simply create a new public property in the Config\Validation
class with the name of your group. This element will hold an array with your validation
rules. As shown earlier, the validation array will have this prototype:
<?php
namespace Config;
// ...
class Validation extends BaseConfig
{
// ...
public array $signup = [
'username' => 'required|max_length[30]',
'password' => 'required|max_length[255]',
'pass_confirm' => 'required|max_length[255]|matches[password]',
'email' => 'required|max_length[254]|valid_email',
];
// ...
}
How to Specify Rule Group
You can specify the group to use when you call the run()
method:
$validation->run($data, 'signup');
How to Save Error Messages
You can also store custom error messages in this configuration file by naming the
property the same as the group, and appended with _errors
. These will automatically
be used for any errors when this group is used:
<?php
namespace Config;
// ...
class Validation extends BaseConfig
{
// ...
public array $signup = [
'username' => 'required|max_length[30]',
'password' => 'required|max_length[255]',
'pass_confirm' => 'required|max_length[255]|matches[password]',
'email' => 'required|max_length[254]|valid_email',
];
public array $signup_errors = [
'username' => [
'required' => 'You must choose a username.',
],
'email' => [
'valid_email' => 'Please check the Email field. It does not appear to be valid.',
],
];
// ...
}
Or pass all settings in an array:
<?php
namespace Config;
// ...
class Validation extends BaseConfig
{
// ...
public array $signup = [
'username' => [
'rules' => 'required|max_length[30]',
'errors' => [
'required' => 'You must choose a Username.',
],
],
'email' => [
'rules' => 'required|max_length[254]|valid_email',
'errors' => [
'valid_email' => 'Please check the Email field. It does not appear to be valid.',
],
],
];
// ...
}
See Setting Custom Error Messages for details on the formatting of the array.
Getting & Setting Rule Groups
Get Rule Group
This method gets a rule group from the validation configuration:
$validation->getRuleGroup('signup');
Set Rule Group
This method sets a rule group from the validation configuration to the validation service:
$validation->setRuleGroup('signup');
Validation Placeholders
The Validation class provides a simple method to replace parts of your rules based on data that’s being passed into it. This
sounds fairly obscure but can be especially handy with the is_unique
validation rule. Placeholders are simply
the name of the field (or array key) that was passed in as $data
surrounded by curly brackets. It will be
replaced by the value of the matched incoming field. An example should clarify this:
$validation->setRules([
'id' => 'max_length[19]|is_natural_no_zero',
'email' => 'required|max_length[254]|valid_email|is_unique[users.email,id,{id}]',
]);
Note
Since v4.3.5, you must set the validation rules for the placeholder
field (id
).
In this set of rules, it states that the email address should be unique in the database, except for the row that has an id matching the placeholder’s value. Assuming that the form POST data had the following:
$_POST = [
'id' => 4,
'email' =><EMAIL_ADDRESS>];
then the {id}
placeholder would be replaced with the number 4, giving this revised rule:
$validation->setRules([
'id' => 'max_length[19]|is_natural_no_zero',
'email' => 'required|max_length[254]|valid_email|is_unique[users.email,id,4]',
]);
So it will ignore the row in the database that has id=4
when it verifies the email is unique.
Note
Since v4.3.5, if the placeholder (id
) value does not pass the
validation, the placeholder would not be replaced.
This can also be used to create more dynamic rules at runtime, as long as you take care that any dynamic keys passed in don’t conflict with your form data.
Working with Errors
The Validation library provides several methods to help you set error messages, provide custom error messages, and retrieve one or more errors to display.
By default, error messages are derived from language strings in system/Language/en/Validation.php, where each rule has an entry.
Setting Custom Error Messages
Both the setRule()
and setRules()
methods can accept an array of custom messages
that will be used as errors specific to each field as their last parameter. This allows
for a very pleasant experience for the user since the errors are tailored to each
instance. If not custom error message is provided, the default value will be used.
These are two ways to provide custom error messages.
As the last parameter:
$validation->setRules(
[
'username' => 'required|max_length[30]|is_unique[users.username]',
'password' => 'required|max_length[254]|min_length[10]',
],
[ // Errors
'username' => [
'required' => 'All accounts must have usernames provided',
],
'password' => [
'min_length' => 'Your password is too short. You want to get hacked?',
],
]
);
Or as a labeled style:
$validation->setRules([
'username' => [
'label' => 'Username',
'rules' => 'required|max_length[30]|is_unique[users.username]',
'errors' => [
'required' => 'All accounts must have {field} provided',
],
],
'password' => [
'label' => 'Password',
'rules' => 'required|max_length[255]|min_length[10]',
'errors' => [
'min_length' => 'Your {field} is too short. You want to get hacked?',
],
],
]);
If you’d like to include a field’s “human” name, or the optional parameter some rules allow for (such as max_length),
or the value that was validated you can add the {field}
, {param}
and {value}
tags to your message, respectively:
'min_length' => 'Supplied value ({value}) for {field} must have at least {param} characters.'
On a field with the human name Username and a rule of min_length[6]
with a value of “Pizza”, an error would display: “Supplied value (Pizza) for Username must have
at least 6 characters.”
Warning
If you get the error messages with getErrors()
or getError()
, the messages are not HTML escaped. If you use user input data like ({value})
to make the error message, it might contain HTML tags. If you don’t escape the messages before displying them, XSS attacks are possible.
Note
When using label-style error messages, if you pass the second parameter to setRules()
, it will be overwritten with the value of the first parameter.
Translation of Messages and Validation Labels
To use translated strings from language files, we can simply use the dot syntax. Let’s say we have a file with translations located here: app/Languages/en/Rules.php. We can simply use the language lines defined in this file, like this:
$validation->setRules([
'username' => [
'label' => 'Rules.username',
'rules' => 'required|max_length[30]|is_unique[users.username]',
'errors' => [
'required' => 'Rules.username.required',
],
],
'password' => [
'label' => 'Rules.password',
'rules' => 'required|max_length[255]|min_length[10]',
'errors' => [
'min_length' => 'Rules.password.min_length',
],
],
]);
Getting All Errors
If you need to retrieve all error messages for failed fields, you can use the getErrors()
method:
$errors = $validation->getErrors();
/*
* Produces:
* [
* 'field1' => 'error message',
* 'field2' => 'error message',
* ]
*/
If no errors exist, an empty array will be returned.
When using a wildcard, the error will point to a specific field, replacing the asterisk with the appropriate key/keys:
// for data
'contacts' => [
'friends' => [
[
'name' => 'Fred Flinstone',
],
[
'name' => '',
],
]
]
// rule
'contacts.*.name' => 'required'
// error will be
'contacts.friends.1.name' => 'The contacts.*.name field is required.'
Getting a Single Error
You can retrieve the error for a single field with the getError()
method. The only parameter is the field
name:
$error = $validation->getError('username');
If no error exists, an empty string will be returned.
Note
When using a wildcard, all found errors that match the mask will be combined into one line separated by the EOL character.
Check If Error Exists
You can check to see if an error exists with the hasError()
method. The only parameter is the field name:
if ($validation->hasError('username')) {
echo $validation->getError('username');
}
When specifying a field with a wildcard, all errors matching the mask will be checked:
/*
* For errors:
* [
* 'foo.0.bar' => 'Error',
* 'foo.baz.bar' => 'Error',
* ]
*/
// returns true
$validation->hasError('foo.*.bar');
Redirect and Validation Errors
PHP shares nothing between requests. So when you redirect if a validation fails, there will be no validation errors in the redirected request because the validation has run in the previous request.
In that case, you need to use Form helper function validation_errors()
,
validation_list_errors()
and validation_show_error()
.
These functions check the validation errors that are stored in the session.
To store the validation errors in the session, you need to use withInput()
with redirect()
:
// In Controller.
if (! $this->validateData($data, $rules)) {
return redirect()->back()->withInput();
}
Customizing Error Display
When you call $validation->listErrors()
or $validation->showError()
, it loads a view file in the background
that determines how the errors are displayed. By default, they display with a class of errors
on the wrapping div.
You can easily create new views and use them throughout your application.
Creating the Views
The first step is to create custom views. These can be placed anywhere that the view()
method can locate them,
which means the standard View directory, or any namespaced View folder will work. For example, you could create
a new view at app/Views/_errors_list.php:
<?php if (! empty($errors)): ?>

<?php foreach ($errors as $error): ?>

<?= esc($error) ?>

<?php endforeach ?>

<?php endif ?>
An array named $errors
is available within the view that contains a list of the errors, where the key is
the name of the field that had the error, and the value is the error message, like this:
$errors = [
'username' => 'The username field must be unique.',
'email' => 'You must provide a valid email address.',
];
There are actually two types of views that you can create. The first has an array of all of the errors, and is what
we just looked at. The other type is simpler, and only contains a single variable, $error
that contains the
error message. This is used with the showError()
method where a field must be specified:
<?= esc($error) ?>
Configuration
Once you have your views created, you need to let the Validation library know about them. Open app/Config/Validation.php.
Inside, you’ll find the $templates
property where you can list as many custom views as you want, and provide an
short alias they can be referenced by. If we were to add our example file from above, it would look something like:
<?php
namespace Config;
// ...
class Validation extends BaseConfig
{
// ...
public array $templates = [
'list' => 'CodeIgniter\Validation\Views\list',
'single' => 'CodeIgniter\Validation\Views\single',
'my_list' => '_errors_list',
];
// ...
}
Specifying the Template
You can specify the template to use by passing it’s alias as the first parameter in listErrors()
:
<?= $validation->listErrors('my_list') ?>
When showing field-specific errors, you can pass the alias as the second parameter to the showError()
method,
right after the name of the field the error should belong to:
<?= $validation->showError('username', 'my_single') ?>
Creating Custom Rules
Using Rule Classes
Rules are stored within simple, namespaced classes. They can be stored any location you would like, as long as the autoloader can find it. These files are called RuleSets.
Adding a RuleSet
To add a new RuleSet, edit app/Config/Validation.php and
add the new file to the $ruleSets
array:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;
use CodeIgniter\Validation\CreditCardRules;
use CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRules;
use CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRules;
use CodeIgniter\Validation\Rules;
class Validation extends BaseConfig
{
// ...
public array $ruleSets = [
Rules::class,
FormatRules::class,
FileRules::class,
CreditCardRules::class,
];
// ...
}
You can add it as either a simple string with the fully qualified class name, or using the ::class
suffix as
shown above. The primary benefit here is that it provides some extra navigation capabilities in more advanced IDEs.
Creating a Rule Class
Within the file itself, each method is a rule and must accept a value to validate as the first parameter, and must return a boolean true or false value signifying true if it passed the test or false if it did not:
<?php
class MyRules
{
public function even($value): bool
{
return (int) $value % 2 === 0;
}
}
By default, the system will look within system/Language/en/Validation.php for the language strings used
within errors. In custom rules, you may provide error messages by accepting a &$error
variable by reference in the
second parameter:
<?php
class MyRules
{
public function even($value, ?string &$error = null): bool
{
if ((int) $value % 2 !== 0) {
$error = lang('myerrors.evenError');
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
Using a Custom Rule
Your new custom rule could now be used just like any other rule:
$validation->setRules([
'foo' => 'required|max_length[19]|even',
]);
Allowing Parameters
If your method needs to work with parameters, the function will need a minimum of three parameters:
the value to validate (
$value
)the parameter string (
$params
)an array with all of the data that was submitted the form (
$data
)(optional) a custom error string (
&$error
), just as described above.
Warning
The field values in $data
are unvalidated (or may be invalid).
Using unvalidated input data is a source of vulnerability. You must
perform the necessary validation within your custom rules before using the
data in $data
.
The $data
array is especially handy
for rules like required_with
that needs to check the value of another submitted field to base its result on:
<?php
class MyRules
{
public function required_with($value, string $params, array $data): bool
{
$params = explode(',', $params);
// If the field is present we can safely assume that
// the field is here, no matter whether the corresponding
// search field is present or not.
$present = $this->required($value ?? '');
if ($present) {
return true;
}
// Still here? Then we fail this test if
// any of the fields are present in $data
// as $fields is the lis
$requiredFields = [];
foreach ($params as $field) {
if (array_key_exists($field, $data)) {
$requiredFields[] = $field;
}
}
// Remove any keys with empty values since, that means they
// weren't truly there, as far as this is concerned.
$requiredFields = array_filter($requiredFields, static fn ($item) => ! empty($data[$item]));
return empty($requiredFields);
}
}
Using Closure Rule
New in version 4.3.0.
If you only need the functionality of a custom rule once throughout your application, you may use a closure instead of a rule class.
You need to use an array for validation rules:
$validation->setRules(
[
'foo' => [
'required',
static fn ($value) => (int) $value % 2 === 0,
],
],
[
// Errors
'foo' => [
// Specify the array key for the closure rule.
1 => 'The value is not even.',
],
],
);
if (! $validation->run($data)) {
// handle validation errors
}
You must set the error message for the closure rule.
When you specify the error message, set the array key for the closure rule.
In the above code, the required
rule has the key 0
, and the closure has 1
.
Or you can use the following parameters:
$validation->setRules([
'foo' => [
'required',
static function ($value, $data, &$error, $field) {
if ((int) $value % 2 === 0) {
return true;
}
$error = 'The value is not even.';
return false;
},
],
]);
Available Rules
Note
Rule is a string; there must be no spaces between the parameters, especially the is_unique
rule.
There can be no spaces before and after ignore_value
.
// is_unique[table.field,ignore_field,ignore_value]
$validation->setRules([
'name' => "max_length[36]|is_unique[supplier.name,uuid, {$uuid}]", // is not ok
'name' => "max_length[36]|is_unique[supplier.name,uuid,{$uuid} ]", // is not ok
'name' => "max_length[36]|is_unique[supplier.name,uuid,{$uuid}]", // is ok
'name' => 'max_length[36]|is_unique[supplier.name,uuid,{uuid}]', // is ok - see "Validation Placeholders"
]);
// Warning: If `$uuid` is a user input, be sure to validate the format of the value before using it.
// Otherwise, it is vulnerable.
Rules for General Use
The following is a list of all the native rules that are available to use:
Rule |
Parameter |
Description |
Example |
|---|---|---|---|
alpha |
No |
Fails if field has anything other than alphabetic characters. |
|
alpha_space |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than alphabetic characters or spaces. |
|
alpha_dash |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than alphanumeric characters, underscores or dashes. |
|
alpha_numeric |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than alphanumeric characters. |
|
alpha_numeric_space |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than alphanumeric or space characters. |
|
alpha_numeric_punct |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than
alphanumeric, space, or this limited set of
punctuation characters: |
|
decimal |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than
a decimal number. Also accepts a |
|
differs |
Yes |
Fails if field does not differ from the one in the parameter. |
|
exact_length |
Yes |
Fails if field is not exactly the parameter value. One or more comma-separated values. |
|
greater_than |
Yes |
Fails if field is less than or equal to the parameter value or not numeric. |
|
greater_than_equal_to |
Yes |
Fails if field is less than the parameter value, or not numeric. |
|
hex |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than hexadecimal characters. |
|
if_exist |
No |
If this rule is present, validation will check the field only when the field key exists in the data to validate. |
|
in_list |
Yes |
Fails if field is not within a predetermined list. |
|
integer |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than an integer. |
|
is_natural |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than a natural number: 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. |
|
is_natural_no_zero |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than a natural number, except zero: 1, 2, 3, etc. |
|
is_not_unique |
Yes |
Checks the database to see if the given value exist. Can ignore records by field/value to filter (currently accept only one filter). |
|
is_unique |
Yes |
Checks if this field value exists in the database. Optionally set a column and value to ignore, useful when updating records to ignore itself. |
|
less_than |
Yes |
Fails if field is greater than or equal to the parameter value or not numeric. |
|
less_than_equal_to |
Yes |
Fails if field is greater than the parameter value or not numeric. |
|
matches |
Yes |
The value must match the value of the field in the parameter. |
|
max_length |
Yes |
Fails if field is longer than the parameter value. |
|
min_length |
Yes |
Fails if field is shorter than the parameter value. |
|
not_in_list |
Yes |
Fails if field is within a predetermined list. |
|
numeric |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than numeric characters. |
|
regex_match |
Yes |
Fails if field does not match the regular expression. |
|
permit_empty |
No |
Allows the field to receive an empty array, empty string, null or false. |
|
required |
No |
Fails if the field is an empty array, empty string, null or false. |
|
required_with |
Yes |
The field is required when any of the other fields is not empty() in the data. |
|
required_without |
Yes |
The field is required when any of the other fields is empty() in the data. |
|
string |
No |
A generic alternative to the alpha* rules that confirms the element is a string |
|
timezone |
No |
Fails if field does match a timezone per timezone_identifiers_list() |
|
valid_base64 |
No |
Fails if field contains anything other than valid Base64 characters. |
|
valid_json |
No |
Fails if field does not contain a valid JSON string. |
|
valid_email |
No |
Fails if field does not contain a valid email address. |
|
valid_emails |
No |
Fails if any value provided in a comma separated list is not a valid email. |
|
valid_ip |
Yes |
Fails if the supplied IP is not valid.
Accepts an optional parameter of |
|
valid_url |
No |
Fails if field does not contain (loosely) a
URL. Includes simple strings that could be
hostnames, like “codeigniter”.
Normally, |
|
valid_url_strict |
Yes |
Fails if field does not contain a valid URL.
You can optionally specify a list of valid
schemas. If not specified, |
|
valid_date |
Yes |
Fails if field does not contain a valid date. Any string that strtotime() accepts is valid if you don’t specify an optional parameter to matches a date format. So it is usually necessary to specify the parameter. |
|
valid_cc_number |
Yes |
Verifies that the credit card number matches
the format used by the specified provider.
Current supported providers are:
American Express ( |
|
Note
You can also use any native PHP functions that return boolean and permit at least one parameter, the field data to validate. The Validation library never alters the data to validate.
Rules for File Uploads
These validation rules enable you to do the basic checks you might need to verify that uploaded files meet your business needs.
Since the value of a file upload HTML field doesn’t exist, and is stored in the $_FILES
global, the name of the input field will
need to be used twice. Once to specify the field name as you would for any other rule, but again as the first parameter of all
file upload related rules:
// In the HTML
<input type="file" name="avatar">
// In the controller
$this->validate([
'avatar' => 'uploaded[avatar]|max_size[avatar,1024]',
]);
Rule |
Parameter |
Description |
Example |
|---|---|---|---|
uploaded |
Yes |
Fails if the name of the parameter does not match the name of any uploaded files. |
|
max_size |
Yes |
Fails if the uploaded file named in the
parameter is larger than the second
parameter in kilobytes (kb). Or if the file
is larger than allowed maximum size declared
in php.ini config file -
|
|
max_dims |
Yes |
Fails if the maximum width and height of an uploaded image exceed values. The first parameter is the field name. The second is the width, and the third is the height. Will also fail if the file cannot be determined to be an image. |
|
mime_in |
Yes |
Fails if the file’s mime type is not one listed in the parameters. |
|
ext_in |
Yes |
Fails if the file’s extension is not one listed in the parameters. |
|
is_image |
Yes |
Fails if the file cannot be determined to be an image based on the mime type. |
|
The file validation rules apply for both single and multiple file uploads.


class SoundSystem : IteratingSystem
System that processes Entities with a SoundComponent. Plays the SoundType associates with the component with the help of the SoundProvider.
<init> |
System that processes Entities with a SoundComponent. Plays the SoundType associates with the component with the help of the SoundProvider. SoundSystem() |
processEntity |
fun processEntity(entity: Entity?, deltaTime: Float): Unit |


Files that are under Code Co-op's control are write protected. You cannot modify them without checking them out. (Many development environments integrate with Code Co-op and let you check out files either directly or in response to editing.)
In Code Co-op, you check out a file by selecting it in the Files tab and pressing the Check-Out button or by right-clicking on the file to invoke the context menu as shown here.
You should also use Code Co-op's UI to perform such file operations as rename (in-place edit), delete, and move (cut and paste).


WITNESS LIST
Human Services Committee
February 22, 2011 - 2:00 PM or upon final adjourn./recess
Invited testimony
On:
Blackmore, Lynn (HHSC)
Hanson, Benjamin (Harden Healthcare, LLC (and its affiliates))
Heiligenstein, Anne (Department Family & Protective Services)
Murphree, Susan (Advocacy, Incorporated)
Stewart, Stanley (HHSC)
Suehs, Thomas (HHSC)
Traylor, Chris (DADS)
Wanser, Debra (Dept. of Assistive and Rehabilitative Services)
1


Food counter
{{ food.foodName }} -- ${{ food.price }}
{{phrase}}
Add
Total
show / hide history
#
Title
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Status
{{$index + 1}}
{{food.foodName}}
${{food.price}}
Removed
In list


Gitlet is an implemention of Git in JavaScript.
Over the last six years, I've become better at using Git for version control. But my conceptions of the index, the working copy, the object graph and remotes have just grown fuzzier.
Sometimes, I can only understand something by implementing it.
So, I wrote Gitlet, my own version of Git.
I pored over tutorials.
I read articles about internals.
I tried to understand how API commands work by reading the docs, then gave up and ran hundreds of experiments on repositories and rummaged throught the .git
directory to figure out the results.
I discovered that, if approached from the inside out, Git is easy to understand. It is the product of simple ideas that, when combined, produce something very deep and beautiful.
For a quick introduction to what happens when you run the basic Git commands, read Git in six hundred words.
For a six thousand word deep dive into the innards of Git, read Git from the inside out.
The heavily annotated Gitlet source is one thousand lines long. This may sound intimidating, but it's OK. The annotations explain both Git and the code in great detail. The code mirrors the terminology of the Git command line interface, so it should be approachable. And the implementation of the main Git commands is just three hundred and fifty lines.
$ git clone git@github.com:maryrosecook/gitlet.git
Or install it from npm:
$ npm install -g gitlet
I wrote Gitlet to explain how Git works. It would be unwise to use Gitlet to version control your projects. But it does work. Sort of.
First, install Node.js. Then:$ npm install -g gitlet $ mkdir a $ cd a ./a $ gitlet init ./a $ echo first > number.txt ./a $ gitlet add number.txt ./a $ gitlet commit -m "first" [master 2912d7a2] first ./a $ cd .. $ gitlet clone a b $ cd b ./b $ echo second > number.txt ./b $ gitlet add number.txt ./b $ gitlet commit -m "second" [master 484de172] second $ cd ../a ./a $ gitlet remote add b ../b ./a $ gitlet fetch b master From ../b Count 6 master -> b/master ./a $ gitlet merge FETCH_HEAD Fast-forward ./a $ gitlet branch other ./a $ gitlet checkout other Switched to branch other ./a $ echo third > number.txt ./a $ gitlet add number.txt ./a $ gitlet commit -m "third" [other 656b332d] third ./a $ gitlet push b other To ../b Count 9 other -> other
$ git clone git@github.com:maryrosecook/gitlet.git $ cd gitlet $ npm install $ npm test
The code is open source, under the MIT licence.


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{"id":1,"name":"gaara","elo":94,"wins":6,"losses":25,"total_bets":1385214,"created_at":"2013-09-19T03:50:04.592Z","updated_at":"2013-09-21T07:00:02.834Z"}
| Param name | Description |
|---|---|
|
id required |
Champion Id Value: Must be Integer |
| Param name | Description |
|---|---|
|
id required |
Champion Id Value: Must be Integer |
| Param name | Description |
|---|---|
|
id required |
Champion Id Value: Must be Integer |
| Param name | Description |
|---|---|
|
id required |
Champion Id Value: Must be Integer |
| Param name | Description |
|---|---|
|
id required |
Champion Id Value: Must be Integer |
{"mega and.18":74,"tron bonne":2,"orchid":13,"vega":32,"medoi-san":10,"kamiccolo":70,"cyclops":52,"parasite":11, ...}


---
layout: page
---
Entrepreneurship Cell, IIIT-Hyderabad is a non-profit organization run by students, and was established with the idea of creating, manifesting and guiding the entrepreneurial spirit in the student community across India and to encourage them to be successful entrepreneurs. As part of this mission, E-Cell, IIIT-Hyderabad wishes to reach out to colleges and engage students in events designed and conducted by the E-Cell that promises to invoke curiosity and enthusiasm towards entrepreneurship.
E-Cell, IIIT-Hyderabad conducts several events, seminars and workshops all through the year, both for students of and beyond our college for the purpose of cultivating an entrepreneurial spirit within youngsters. The very purpose of the events are to let young minds explore and demystify the idea of entrepreneurship.
The Campus Ambassador program has been designed in a way that puts skill development as a top priority. E-Cell wishes their ambassadors to be well-equipped to help advance the culture of entrepreneurship on their campus. The Campus Ambassadors, would be the face of E-Cell, IIIT-Hyderabad in their college. The skill-set that Campus Ambassadors would acquire through becoming a part of this program, would enable them to be better leaders and of course, give them an edge over their peers when it comes to their know-hows on entrepreneurship. Register now for the Campus Ambassador Program, win amazing goodies and other exciting incentives!
Get certified and recognized by the institute's acclaimed E-Cell.
An encouraging opportunity to earn money on every registration from your college.
Get amazing goodies and merchandise from E-Cell and it's partners.
Our top ranked CAs stand a chance to be awarded prizes.
CA’s will be granted free passes for all events organised by E-Cell.
Boosts all-round skill development whilst participating in the various events.
{{ faq.answer }}


blink-comparator
periodically fetches a website and compares the current version with what it fetched previously. If it detects any differences, it sends a Telegram message containing a diff of the two versions to the user.
So far, I have used this program to:
Blink Comparator is designed to consume minimal system resources and to be as simple and foolproof as possible.
A blink comparator is a viewing apparatus formerly used by astronomers to find differences between two photographs of the night sky. It permits rapid switching from viewing one photograph to viewing the other, “blinking” back and forth between the two images taken of the same area of the sky at different times. This allows the user to more easily spot objects in the night sky that have changed position or brightness.
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_comparator
The source code for Blink Comparator is available on GitHub.
Blink Comparator uses the Zero-Clause BSD license.


Automated compound deconvolution, alignment across samples, and identification of metabolites by spectral library matching in Gas Chromatography - Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) untargeted metabolomics. Outputs a table with compound names, matching scores and the integrated area of the compound for each sample. Package implementation is described in Domingo-Almenara et al. (2016) <doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02927>.
| Version: | 1.1.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10), Rcpp |
| Imports: | ncdf4, nnls, igraph, signal, quantreg, XML, methods |
| Suggests: | R.rsp, mzR |
| Published: | 2018-07-11 |
| Author: | Xavier Domingo-Almenara [aut, cre, cph], Sara Samino [aut], Maria Vinaixa [aut], Alexandre Perera [aut, ths], Jesus Brezmes [aut, ths], Oscar Yanes [aut, ths] |
| Maintainer: | Xavier Domingo-Almenara <xdomingo at scripps.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | http://metabolomicsplatform.com/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Citation: | erah citation info |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | erah results |
| Reference manual: | erah.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
eRah Manual |
| Package source: | erah_1.1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: erah_1.1.0.zip, r-release: erah_1.1.0.zip, r-oldrel: erah_1.1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: erah_1.1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: erah_1.1.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | erah archive |
| Reverse depends: | baitmet |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=erah to link to this page.


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?PLANTS
OF
BAHAMA
ISLANDS
Bumelia
glomerata
Griseb,
Great
Exuma:
in
coppice
along
road
northwest
of
Moss
Town.
Clump
of
saplings
3.5
m
tall.
January
9,
1975
D.
S.
Correli
44Q66
Herbarium
FAIRCHILD
TROPICAL
GARDEN
-tfEW
Yo^
botanical
wgARDEH
NEW
YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
443580
01443580
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %} {% if success %}
Successfully trained the model
Couldn't build a model. Did you tag some tweets first?


Yoga Dog
Host Organization
When: April 1st, 2019
Time: 8 AM
Location: Gym's school
Learn how to reach level 12 Zen with your dog friend. Zen makes students better learners and listeners. Event is free for students
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Yoga Dog
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When: April 1st, 2019
Time: 8 AM
Location: Gym's school
Learn how to reach level 12 Zen with your dog friend. Zen makes students better learners and listeners. Event is free for students
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{% extends "base-site.html" %} {% block title %} Dashboard {% endblock %} {% block stylesheets %}{% endblock stylesheets %} {% block content %}
Open-Source Admin panel built with automation tools.
Product Page Source Code| Assignee | Subject | Status | Last Update | Tracking ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| David Grey | Fund is not recieved | Dec 5, 2017 | WD-12345 | |
| Stella Johnson | High loading time | Dec 12, 2017 | WD-12346 | |
| Marina Michel | Website down for one week | Dec 16, 2017 | WD-12347 | |
| John Doe | Loosing control on server | Dec 3, 2017 | WD-12348 |
It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page.
| # | Name | Due Date | Progress |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Herman Beck | May 15, 2015 |
|
| 2 | Messsy Adam | Jul 01, 2015 |
|
| 3 | John Richards | Apr 12, 2015 |
|
| 4 | Peter Meggik | May 15, 2015 |
|
| 5 | Edward | May 03, 2015 |
|
| 5 | Ronald | Jun 05, 2015 |
|


See: Description
| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| TableMap<K extends org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparable<? super K>,V> | Deprecated |
| TableReduce<K extends org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparable,V> | Deprecated |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Driver | Deprecated |
| GroupingTableMap | Deprecated |
| HRegionPartitioner<K2,V2> | Deprecated |
| IdentityTableMap | Deprecated |
| IdentityTableReduce | Deprecated |
| RowCounter | Deprecated |
| TableInputFormat | Deprecated |
| TableInputFormatBase | Deprecated |
| TableMapReduceUtil | Deprecated |
| TableOutputFormat | Deprecated |
| TableRecordReader | Deprecated |
| TableRecordReaderImpl | Deprecated |
| TableSplit | Deprecated |
MapReduce jobs deployed to a MapReduce cluster do not by default have access
to the HBase configuration under $HBASE_CONF_DIR
nor to HBase classes.
You could add hbase-site.xml
to $HADOOP_HOME/conf and add
hbase-X.X.X.jar
to the $HADOOP_HOME/lib
and copy these
changes across your cluster but the cleanest means of adding hbase configuration
and classes to the cluster CLASSPATH
is by uncommenting
HADOOP_CLASSPATH
in $HADOOP_HOME/conf/hadoop-env.sh
adding hbase dependencies here. For example, here is how you would amend
hadoop-env.sh
adding the
built hbase jar, zookeeper (needed by hbase client), hbase conf, and the
PerformanceEvaluation
class from the built hbase test jar to the
hadoop CLASSPATH
:
# Extra Java CLASSPATH elements. Optional. # export HADOOP_CLASSPATH= export HADOOP_CLASSPATH=$HBASE_HOME/build/hbase-X.X.X.jar:$HBASE_HOME/build/hbase-X.X.X-test.jar:$HBASE_HOME/conf:${HBASE_HOME}/lib/zookeeper-X.X.X.jar
Expand $HBASE_HOME
in the above appropriately to suit your
local environment.
After copying the above change around your cluster (and restarting), this is how you would run the PerformanceEvaluation MR job to put up 4 clients (Presumes a ready mapreduce cluster):
The PerformanceEvaluation class wil be found on the CLASSPATH because you added$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop org.apache.hadoop.hbase.PerformanceEvaluation sequentialWrite 4
$HBASE_HOME/build/test
to HADOOP_CLASSPATH
Another possibility, if for example you do not have access to hadoop-env.sh or
are unable to restart the hadoop cluster, is bundling the hbase jar into a mapreduce
job jar adding it and its dependencies under the job jar lib/
directory and the hbase conf into a job jar conf/
directory.
HBase can be used as a data source, TableInputFormat
,
and data sink, TableOutputFormat
, for MapReduce jobs.
Writing MapReduce jobs that read or write HBase, you'll probably want to subclass
TableMap
and/or
TableReduce
. See the do-nothing
pass-through classes IdentityTableMap
and
IdentityTableReduce
for basic usage. For a more
involved example, see BuildTableIndex
or review the org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapred.TestTableMapReduce
unit test.
Running mapreduce jobs that have hbase as source or sink, you'll need to specify source/sink table and column names in your configuration.
Reading from hbase, the TableInputFormat asks hbase for the list of
regions and makes a map-per-region or mapred.map.tasks maps
,
whichever is smaller (If your job only has two maps, up mapred.map.tasks
to a number > number of regions). Maps will run on the adjacent TaskTracker
if you are running a TaskTracer and RegionServer per node.
Writing, it may make sense to avoid the reduce step and write yourself back into
hbase from inside your map. You'd do this when your job does not need the sort
and collation that mapreduce does on the map emitted data; on insert,
hbase 'sorts' so there is no point double-sorting (and shuffling data around
your mapreduce cluster) unless you need to. If you do not need the reduce,
you might just have your map emit counts of records processed just so the
framework's report at the end of your job has meaning or set the number of
reduces to zero and use TableOutputFormat. See example code
below. If running the reduce step makes sense in your case, its usually better
to have lots of reducers so load is spread across the hbase cluster.
There is also a new hbase partitioner that will run as many reducers as
currently existing regions. The
HRegionPartitioner
is suitable
when your table is large and your upload is not such that it will greatly
alter the number of existing regions when done; other use the default
partitioner.
See RowCounter
. You should be able to run
it by doing: % ./bin/hadoop jar hbase-X.X.X.jar
. This will invoke
the hbase MapReduce Driver class. Select 'rowcounter' from the choice of jobs
offered. You may need to add the hbase conf directory to $HADOOP_HOME/conf/hadoop-env.sh#HADOOP_CLASSPATH
so the rowcounter gets pointed at the right hbase cluster (or, build a new jar
with an appropriate hbase-site.xml built into your job jar).
See org.apache.hadoop.hbase.PerformanceEvaluation from hbase src/test. It runs a mapreduce job to run concurrent clients reading and writing hbase.
Copyright © 2014 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


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| Field | Required | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
location |
optional | LatLngLiteral |
The location of the waypoint. See LatLngLiteral for more information. |
step_index |
optional | integer |
The index of the step containing the waypoint. |
step_interpolation |
optional | integer |
The position of the waypoint along the step's polyine, expressed as a ratio from 0 to 1. |
Generated from the OpenAPI specification. Edit Report bug


| rprocess {pomp} | R Documentation |
rprocess
simulates the process-model portion of partially-observed Markov process.
## S4 method for signature 'pomp'
rprocess(
object,
x0 = rinit(object),
t0 = timezero(object),
times = time(object),
params = coef(object),
...
)
object |
an object of class ‘pomp’, or of a class that extends ‘pomp’.
This will typically be the output of |
x0 |
an |
t0 |
the initial time, i.e., the time corresponding to the state in |
times |
a numeric vector (length |
params |
a |
... |
additional arguments are ignored. |
When rprocess
is called, t0
is taken to be the initial time (i.e., that corresponding to x0
).
The values in times
are the times at which the state of the simulated processes are required.
rprocess
returns a rank-3 array with rownames.
Suppose x
is the array returned.
Then
dim(x)=c(nvars,nrep,ntimes),
where nvars
is the number of state variables (=nrow(x0)
),
nrep
is the number of independent realizations simulated (=ncol(x0)
), and
ntimes
is the length of the vector times
.
x[,j,k]
is the value of the state process in the j
-th realization at time times[k]
.
The rownames of x
will correspond to those of x0
.
Specification of the process-model simulator: rprocess_spec
More on pomp workhorse functions:
dinit()
,
dmeasure()
,
dprior()
,
dprocess()
,
emeasure()
,
flow()
,
partrans()
,
pomp-package
,
rinit()
,
rmeasure()
,
rprior()
,
skeleton()
,
vmeasure()
,
workhorses


| t01 |
protein(s), prediction, functional, structural, method(s), structures, 3D, sequence |
122 |
5 |
| t02 |
spike, receptor, RBD, sars-cov-2, ACE2, S1, mers-cov, receptor-binding, host, coronavirus |
120 |
53 |
| t03 |
RNA, protein, nucleocapsid, n_protein, sars-cov, coronavirus, virus, interaction, acute, syndrome |
95 |
5 |
| t04 |
protein, cytoplasmic, amino, signal, localization, domain, acids, fragments, membrane, amino_acids |
80 |
1 |
| t05 |
binding, dynamics, simulations, molecular_dynamics, molecular, active, energy, docking, catalytic, free |
89 |
12 |
| t06 |
fusion, membrane(s), glycoprotein(s), viral, membrane_fusion, E2, HCV, lipid |
73 |
0 |
| t07 |
structure(s), resolution, Å, crystal, cryo-em, x-ray, complex, crystal_structure, solved |
74 |
0 |
| t08 |
HR2, HR1, heptad, fusion, peptides, six-helix, bundle, repeat, HR, inhibitors |
65 |
6 |
| t09 |
antibodies, epitope(s), antibody, neutralizing, vaccine, antigenic, monoclonal, FIPV, neutralizing_antibodies |
52 |
3 |
| t10 |
coli, circular, fluorescence, dichroism, circular_dichroism, dissociation, escherichia, purification, unfolding, escherichia_coli |
42 |
0 |
| t11 |
channel, TM, consistent, e_protein, consistent_with, transmembrane, 3a, lipid, ion, orientation |
44 |
0 |
| t12 |
g-quadruplex, CEACAM1, PDZ, g-quadruplexes, LTR, BAR, adhesion, A3, domains, neck |
48 |
0 |
| t13 |
peptide, MHC, insulin, CTL, FPR, VP5, HLA, alleles, presentation, t-cell |
35 |
1 |
| t14 |
influenza, HA, ebola, coiled, GP2, hemagglutinin, coils, gb, ebola_virus, NA |
31 |
0 |
| t15 |
disulfide, redox, dsrna, disulfide_bonds, CA, mxb, labeling, IL-2, σ1, nanoparticles |
25 |
0 |


Zusatz¶
-
class
rtdpy.zusatz.
Zusatz
(b, c, dt, time_end)[source]¶ Bases:
rtdpy.rtd.RTD
Create Zusatz Residence Time Distribution (RTD) model. [1] Parameter a is chosen such that the integral is 1.
\[\begin{split}E(t) = a t^{-c-1} b^{c+1} \text{exp}\left[\left(b^c t^{-c} -1\right)\frac{-c-1}{c}\right] \\a = \frac{1+c}{b\, \text{exp}\left[1+1/c\right]}\end{split}\]- Parameters
- bscalar
b Zusatz parameter.
b>0
- cscalar
c Zusatz parameter.
c>0
Mean residence time only defined forc>1
. Variance only defined forc>2
.- dtscalar
Time step for RTD.
dt>0
- time_endscalar
End time for RTD.
time_end>0
References
- 1
Poulesquen A., et al. (2003) A study of residence time distribution in co-rotating twin-screw extruders. Part II: Experimental validation. “Polymer Engineering and Science”, 43(12), 1849-1862.
Examples
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> import rtdpy >>> for c in [3, 7]: >>> a = rtdpy.Zusatz(b=25, c=c, dt=.01, time_end=100) >>> plt.plot(a.time, a.exitage, label=f"c={c}") >>> plt.xlabel('Time') >>> plt.ylabel('Exit Age Function') >>> plt.legend() >>> plt.show()
-
property
a
¶ a parameter that normalizes RTD to 1
-
property
b
¶ b parameter
-
property
c
¶ c parameter
-
property
dt
¶ Time step for RTD
-
property
exitage
¶ Exit age distribution for RTD
-
property
exitage_norm
¶ Normalized Exit Age Distribtion for RTD
-
frequencyresponse
(omegas)¶ - Parameters
- omegasndarray
frequencies at which to evaluate magnitude response
- Returns
- magnitudendarray
frequency magnitude response at omegas
-
funnelplot
(times, disturbances)¶ Return maximum output signal due to square disturbances.
Uses method from [Garcia] . Also returns meshgrid for times and disturbance inputs for ease of plotting.
- Parameters
- timesarray_like, size m
Times to determine funnelplot
- disturbancesarray_like, size n
Disturbance magnitudes
- Returns
- x2D meshgrid size (mxn)
times
- y2D meshgrid size (mxn)
disturbances
- response2D meshgrid size (mxn)
maximum response at (x,y)
References
- Garcia
Garcia-Munoz S., Butterbaugh A., Leavesley I., Manley L.F., Slade D., Bermingham S. (2018) A flowhseet model for the development of a continuous process for pharmaceutical tablets: An industrial perspective. “AIChE Journal”, 64(2), 511-525.
-
integral
()¶ Integral of RTD.
-
mrt
()¶ Mean residence time of RTD.
-
output
(inputtime, inputsignal)¶ Convolves input signal with RTD
- Parameters
- inputtimendarray
Times of input signal, which must have same dt as RTD. Size m
- inputsignalndarray
Input signal. Size n
- Returns
- outputsignalndarrary
Output signal at same dt. Size m + n -1
-
sigma
()¶ Variance of RTD.
-
property
stepresponse
¶ Step respose of RTD
-
property
stepresponse_norm
¶ Normalized step respose of RTD
-
property
time
¶ Time points for exitage function.
-
property
time_end
¶ Last time point for RTD


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‘Deep Electrification’ Means More Natural Gas
by Jude ClementeFor environmental reasons, there’s an ongoing push to “electrify everything,” from cars to port operations to heating. The idea is that a “deep electrification” will help lower greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.
The reality, however, is that more electrification will surge the need for electricity, an obvious fact that seems to be getting forgotten.
The majority of this increase occurs in the transportation sector: electric cars can increase home power usage by 50% or more.
The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) says that “electrification has the potential to significantly increase overall demand for electricity.”
NREL reports that a “high” electrification scenario would up our power demand by around 40% through 2050.
A high electrification scenario would grow our annual power consumption by 80 terawatt hours per year.
For comparison, that is like adding a Colorado and Massachusetts of new demand each year.
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) confirms that electrification could boom our power demand by over 50%.
Electricity is slated to more than double its share of final energy consumption to around 50% in the decades ahead.
From load shifting to higher peak demand, deep electrification will present major challenges for us.
At around 4,050 terawatt hours, U.S. power demand has been flat over the past decade since The Great Recession.
Ultimately, much higher electricity demand favors all sources of electricity, a “rising tide lifts all boats” sort of thing.
But in particular, it favors gas because gas supplies almost 40% of U.S. electricity generation, up from 20% a decade ago.
Gas is cheap, reliable, flexible, and backups intermittent wind and solar.
In fact, even over the past decade with flat electricity demand, U.S. gas used for electricity has still managed to balloon 60% to 30 Bcf/d.
At 235,000 MW, the U.S. Department of Energy has gas easily adding the most power capacity in the decades ago.
Electrification and more electricity needs show how we demand realistic energy policies.
As the heart of our electric power system, natural gas will surely remain essential.
Indeed, EPRI models that U.S. gas usage increases under “all” electrification scenarios even if gas prices more than double to $6.00 per MMBtu.
Some are forgetting that the clear growth sectors for the U.S. gas industry are a triad, in order: LNG exports, electricity, manufacturing.
The industry obviously knows, for instance, that the residential sector hasn’t seen any gains in gas demand in 50 years.
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