Import the packages first.
library(magrittr)
library(sn)
Situation Description
The central limit theorem is an important computational short-cut for generating and making inference from the sampling distribution of the mean. I will recall that the central limit theorem short-cut relies on a number of conditions, specifically:
- Independent observations
- Identically distributed observations
- Mean and variance exist
- Sample size large enough for convergence
In this simulation study, I.m going to compare the sampling distribution of the mean generated by simulation to the sampling distribution implied by the central limit theorem. I will compare the distributions graphically in QQ-plots.
This will be a 4 × 4 factorial experiment. The first factor will be the sample size, with N = 5, 10, 20, and 40. The second factor will be the degree of skewness in the underlying distribution. The underlying distribution will be the Skew-Normal distribution. The Skew-Normal distribution has three parameters: location , scale , and slant . When the slant parameter is 0, the distribution reverts to the normal distribution. As the slant parameter increases, the distribution becomes increasingly skewed. In this simulation, the slant will be set to 0, 2, 10, 100. Set location and scale to 0 and 1, respectively, for all simulation settings.
Plot preparation
In the very beginning, we need to set up the parameters that do not change in the following steps. The slant of Skew-Normal distribution will change later, therefore, only the location and scale will be set in this part.
R <- 5000
location <- 0
scale <- 1
location: , scale: , slant:
Before creating the function, let’s clarify the functions for calculating the delta, mean and standard deviation for the central limit theorem (CLT).
-
Delta:
-
Mean:
-
Standard deviation:
Then define the function for the CLT process and generating the QQplots by using the functions before.
qqplot_creator <- function(slant, N) {
delta <- slant / (sqrt(1 + slant ^ 2))
# Quantites to calculate/generate
pop_mean <- location + scale * delta * (sqrt(2 / pi))
pop_sd <- sqrt(scale ^ 2 * (1 - ((2 * delta ^ 2) / pi)))
Z <- rnorm(R) # generate the normal distribution as the basement
#CLT approximation
sample_dist_clt <- Z * (pop_sd / sqrt(N)) + pop_mean
#Simulation approximation
random.skew <- array(rsn(R * N, xi = location, omega = scale, alpha = slant),
dim = c(R, N))
sample_dist_sim <- apply(random.skew, 1, mean)
qqplot(sample_dist_clt, sample_dist_sim, axes = FALSE, frame.plot=TRUE, ann = FALSE)
abline(0,1)
}
QQplot generation
Now we can set the slants and Ns we want to test in the following steps. As the requirement, the N = 5, 10, 20, and 40 and slant will be set to 0, 2, 10, 100. Then create a sequence to define the points where we want to test.
slant <- c(0,2,10,100)
N <- c(5,10,20,40)
x <- seq(-2,2,0.01)
Set a graph for put all of the QQplots together and use the qqplot_creator function to fill the QQplots inside.
par(mfrow=c(4,5),mai=c(0.1,0.1,0.1,0.1), oma = c(0, 4, 4, 0))
for(i in slant){
plot(dsn(x,
xi = location,
omega = scale,
alpha = i),
axes = FALSE,
frame.plot=TRUE,
type = "l",
xlab = NA, ylab = NA)
for(j in N){
qqplot_creator(i, j)
}
}
mtext(text="Distribution N=5 N=10 N=20 N=40",
side = 3,
outer = TRUE)
mtext(text="slant = 100 slant = 10 slant = 2 slant = 0",
side = 2,
outer = TRUE)
Conclusion
Definitely, when the N is bigger, the QQplot will fit the y=x line better, which means the CLT works better when it wants to simulate the distribution. And when the slant is bigger, in other words, the Skew-Normal distribution has higher skewness, it will be more difficult to simulate the distribution.


procedure SaveToStream(Stream: TStream);
Saves the data of a TColor32Gradient to stream. The data layout is proprietary and not compatible with existing gradient formats
[See Also] LoadFromStream


@* * Copyright 2021 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import models._ @import config.ApplicationConfig @import play.twirl.api.HtmlFormat @this(atedMain: atedMain) @(disposeLiabilityForm: Form[DisposeLiability], oldFormBundleNo: String, serviceInfoContent: Html = HtmlFormat.empty, backLink: Option[String], periodKey: Int)(implicit authContext: StandardAuthRetrievals, messages: Messages, request: Request[AnyContent], appConfig: ApplicationConfig) @import uk.gov.hmrc.play.views.html.helpers._ @import views.html.helpers._ @implicitFormInstance = @{ Some(disposeLiabilityForm) } @atedMain(title = messages("ated.dispose-property.disposal-date.title"), serviceInfoContent = serviceInfoContent) { @pageHeadersAndError(backLink, "pre-heading", messages("ated.property-details.pre-header-dispose"), "dispose-property-header", messages("ated.dispose-property.disposal-date.header"), Some(atedErrorSummary(disposeLiabilityForm, "ated.dispose-property.error.general"))) @form(action=controllers.editLiability.routes.DisposePropertyController.save(oldFormBundleNo)) {


times(0)
, see Mockito.times(int)
To avoid compilation errors upon upgrade the method is deprecated and it throws a "friendly reminder" exception.
In a future release we will remove timeout(x).atMost(y) and timeout(x).never() from the API.
Do you want to find out more? See issue 235
MethodInvocationReport
with a return value.MethodInvocationReport
with a return value.null
argument.null
argument, not necessary of the given class.Mockito, MIT License


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A sequence of bytes underlying a typed data object. Used to process large quantities of binary or numerical data more efficiently using a typed view.
Returns the length of this byte buffer, in bytes.
A fixed-length, random-access sequence of bytes that also provides random and unaligned access to the fixed-width integers and floating point numbers represented by those bytes. ByteData may be used to pack and unpack data from external sources (such as networks or files systems), and to process large quantities of numerical data more efficiently than would be possible with ordinary List implementations. ByteData can save space, by eliminating the need for object headers, and time, by eliminating the need for data copies. Finally, ByteData may be used to intentionally reinterpret the bytes representing one arithmetic type as another. For example this code fragment determine what 32-bit signed integer is represented by the bytes of a 32-bit floating point number:
var buffer = new Uint8List(8).buffer; var bdata = new ByteData.view(buffer); bdata.setFloat32(0, 3.04); int huh = bdata.getInt32(0);
Creates a ByteData of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates an ByteData _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the ByteData will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Returns the floating point number represented by the four bytes at the specified byteOffset in this object, in IEEE 754 single-precision binary floating-point format (binary32).
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 4
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the floating point number represented by the eight bytes at the specified byteOffset in this object, in IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point format (binary64).
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 8
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the (possibly negative) integer represented by the two bytes at the specified byteOffset in this object, in two's complement binary form. The return value will be between 215 and 215 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 2
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the (possibly negative) integer represented by the four bytes at the specified byteOffset in this object, in two's complement binary form. The return value will be between 231 and 231 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 4
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the (possibly negative) integer represented by the eight bytes at the specified byteOffset in this object, in two's complement binary form. The return value will be between 263 and 263 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 8
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the (possibly negative) integer represented by the byte at the specified byteOffset in this object, in two's complement binary representation. The return value will be between -128 and 127, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or greater than or equal to the length of this object.
Returns the positive integer represented by the two bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object, in unsigned binary form. The return value will be between 0 and 216 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 2
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the positive integer represented by the four bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object, in unsigned binary form. The return value will be between 0 and 232 - 1, inclusive.
Returns the positive integer represented by the eight bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object, in unsigned binary form. The return value will be between 0 and 264 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 8
is greater than the length of this object.
Returns the positive integer represented by the byte at the specified byteOffset in this object, in unsigned binary form. The return value will be between 0 and 255, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or greater than or equal to the length of this object.
Sets the four bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the IEEE 754 single-precision binary floating-point (binary32) representation of the specified value.
Note that this method can lose precision. The input value is a 64-bit floating point value, which will be converted to 32-bit floating point value by IEEE 754 rounding rules before it is stored. If value cannot be represented exactly as a binary32, it will be converted to the nearest binary32 value. If two binary32 values are equally close, the one whose least significant bit is zero will be used. Note that finite (but large) values can be converted to infinity, and small non-zero values can be converted to zero.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 4
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the eight bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point (binary64) representation of the specified value.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 8
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the two bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the two's complement binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in two bytes. In other words, value must lie between 215 and 215 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 2
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the four bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the two's complement binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in four bytes. In other words, value must lie between 231 and 231 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 4
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the eight bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the two's complement binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in eight bytes. In other words, value must lie between 263 and 263 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 8
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the byte at the specified byteOffset in this object to the two's complement binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in a single byte. In other words, value must be between -128 and 127, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or greater than or equal to the length of this object.
Sets the two bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the unsigned binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in two bytes. in other words, value must be between 0 and 216 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 2
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the four bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the unsigned binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in four bytes. in other words, value must be between 0 and 232 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 4
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the eight bytes starting at the specified byteOffset in this object to the unsigned binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in eight bytes. in other words, value must be between 0 and 264 - 1, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or byteOffset + 8
is greater than the length of this object.
Sets the byte at the specified byteOffset in this object to the unsigned binary representation of the specified value, which must fit in a single byte. in other words, value must be between 0 and 255, inclusive.
Throws RangeError if byteOffset is negative, or greater than or equal to the length of this object.
Describes endianness to be used when accessing or updating a sequence of bytes.
A fixed-length list of IEEE 754 single-precision binary floating-point numbers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Float32List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Float32List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates a Float32List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Float32List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
Interface of Dart Float32x4 immutable value type and operations. Float32x4 stores 4 32-bit floating point values in "lanes". The lanes are "x", "y", "z", and "w" respectively.
Extracted w value.
Returns a new Float32x4 with this' w value in all four lanes.
Extracted x value.
Returns a new Float32x4 with this' x value in all four lanes.
Extracted y value.
Returns a new Float32x4 with this' y value in all four lanes.
Extracted z value.
Returns a new Float32x4 with this' z value in all four lanes.
Multiplication operator.
Addition operator.
Subtraction operator.
Division operator.
Returns the absolute value of this Float32x4.
Clamps this to be in the range lowerLimit-upperLimit.
Relational equal.
Relational greater than.
Relational greater than or equal.
Relational less than.
Relational less than or equal.
Returns the lane-wise maximum value in this or other.
Returns the lane-wise minimum value in this or other.
Relational not-equal.
Returns the reciprocal of this.
Returns the square root of the reciprocal of this.
Returns a copy of this each lane being scaled by s.
Returns the square root of this.
Returns a bit-wise copy of this as a Uint32x4.
Negate operator.
Returns a new Float32x4 copied from this with a new w value.
Returns a new Float32x4 copied from this with a new x value.
Returns a new Float32x4 copied from this with a new y value.
Returns a new Float32x4 copied from this with a new z value.
A fixed-length list of Float32x4 numbers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation will be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Float32x4List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Float32x4List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Float32x4List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point numbers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Float64List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Float64List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates a Float64List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Float64List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of 16-bit signed integers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates an Int16List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Int16List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates an Int16List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Int16List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of 32-bit signed integers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates an Int32List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Int32List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates an Int32List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Int32List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of 64-bit signed integers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates an Int64List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Int64List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates an Int64List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Int64List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of 8-bit signed integers. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates an Int8List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Int8List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates an Int8List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Int8List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
A typed view of a sequence of bytes.
Returns the byte buffer associated with this object.
Returns the number of bytes in the representation of each element in this list.
Returns the length of this view, in bytes.
Returns the offset in bytes into the underlying byte buffer of this view.
A fixed-length list of 16-bit unsigned integers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Uint16List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Uint16List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates a Uint16List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Uint16List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of 32-bit unsigned integers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Uint32List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Uint32List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates a Uint32List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Uint32 will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
Interface of Dart Uint32x4 and operations. Uint32x4 stores 4 32-bit bit-masks in "lanes". The lanes are "x", "y", "z", and "w" respectively.
Extracted w value. Returns false for 0, true for any other value.
Extracted x value. Returns false for 0, true for any other value.
Extracted y value. Returns false for 0, true for any other value.
Extracted z value. Returns false for 0, true for any other value.
Extract 32-bit mask from w lane.
Extract 32-bit mask from x lane.
Extract 32-bit mask from y lane.
Extract 32-bit mask from z lane.
The bit-wise and operator.
The bit-wise xor operator.
Merge trueValue and falseValue based on this' bit mask: Select bit from trueValue when bit in this is on. Select bit from falseValue when bit in this is off.
Returns a bit-wise copy of this as a Float32x4.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new w value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new x value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new y value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new z value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new w value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new x value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new y value.
Returns a new Uint32x4 copied from this with a new z value.
The bit-wise or operator.
A fixed-length list of 64-bit unsigned integers that is viewable as a TypedData. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Uint64List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Uint64List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates an Uint64List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Uint64List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
Throws ArgumentError if offsetInBytes is not a multiple of BYTES_PER_ELEMENT.
A fixed-length list of 8-bit unsigned integers. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation. Indexed store clamps the value to range 0..0xFF.
Creates a Uint8ClampedList of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Uint8ClampedList of the same size as the elements list and copies over the values clamping when needed.
Creates a Uint8ClampedList _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Uint8List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.
A fixed-length list of 8-bit unsigned integers. For long lists, this implementation can be considerably more space- and time-efficient than the default List implementation.
Creates a Uint8List of the specified length (in elements), all of whose elements are initially zero.
Creates a Uint8List with the same size as the elements list and copies over the elements.
Creates a Uint8List _view_ of the specified region in the specified byte buffer. Changes in the Uint8List will be visible in the byte buffer and vice versa. If the offsetInBytes index of the region is not specified, it defaults to zero (the first byte in the byte buffer). If the length is not specified, it defaults to null, which indicates that the view extends to the end of the byte buffer.
Throws RangeError if offsetInBytes or length are negative, or if offsetInBytes + (length * elementSizeInBytes) is greater than the length of buffer.


Bachelor Degree of Information Management• 2011 - 2015
• 2015
One of the best marketing certification in the world.
Project Management, Sustaining Business Operation• Feburary 2017 – Present
Simultaneously managed 75+ Commercial Desktop, AIO, Notebook and Tablet sustaining projects. Negotiated with worldwide, cross-functional teams to prioritize the pilot schedule and resource. Be the point of contact of block process and governance, auditing and inspecting the requests.
Material Management, NPI & Sustaining Projects• August 2015 – Janurary 2017
Planned, consolidated, and managed the allocation of engineering samples across worldwide engineering teams throughout whole product life cycle. Managed the materials throughout the entire production life cycle, involving cross-function global teams, ODM counterpart and suppliers. Drove ODM counterpart and led periodic reviews to monitor project samples and material readiness. Eliminated risks by analyzing issues, cross-function alignment, contingency planning, mitigation implementation, and escalation.
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Designed and developed the front-end for the official website. Did the competitive analysis and research of digital marketing industry.
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Received a 250,000 NTD grant from center of industrial-academic corporation, NTU. Identified user needs, planned and conceived the contents of 2 apps (10,000 - 50,000 downloads in Google Play).
Developer• Feburary 2014 – September 2014
Identified user needs, planned the system structure and developing schedule. Deployed a Web2.0 platform for teachers to exchange the resources and experiences to each other.
• Feburary 2014 – September 2014
Created an idea of micro-donation via EasyCards to resolved problems of donation model nowadays. Won the 2nd place of Yong-Meng Prize competition held by ministry of economic affairs.
Marketing Leader• July 2013 – June 2014
Managed and mentored 30-people team to attract publicity of the activities held by Taoyuan association. Led 50+ staffs to give a vigorous propaganda of a performance and attracted more than 300 audience.
Marketing Manager• September 2013 – Janurary 2014
Held 3 industrial-academic speeches and was responsible for planning, coordinating and management


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| 007:098 Khan | : |
Or, did the people of the towns then feel secure against the coming of Our Punishment in the forenoon while they play? |
| 007:098 Maulana | : |
Or, are the people of the towns secure from Our punishment coming to them in the morning while they play? |
| 007:098 Pickthal | : |
Or are the people of the townships then secure from the coming of Our wrath upon them in the daytime while they play? |
| 007:098 Rashad | : |
Did the people of today's communities guarantee that our retribution will not come to them in the daytime while they play? |
| 007:098 Sarwar | : |
or that which could seize them during their busy hours of the day?. |
| 007:098 Shakir | : |
What! do the people of the towns feel secure from Our punishment coming to them in the morning while they play? |
| 007:098 Sherali | : |
And are the people of these towns secure from the coming of Our punishment upon them in the early part of the forenoon while they play? |
| 007:098 Yusufali | : |
Or else did they feel secure against its coming in broad daylight while they played about (care-free)? |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > إنذار من لا يعترف بتوحيد الله تعالي بالانتقام Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah>A Warning to all who do not Acknowledge his Glory Oneness that He'll take Retribution from them القصص والتاريخ > العبر التاريخية فى أنباء القرى The Stories and the History> The Historic Examples of Towns' News
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


is it possible to add a commander count so that you can arrange your favorites by commander slots ! thanks
GameFreakBoy
And if not that, at least a commander counter that is displayed below the soldier counter. That way you at least don't have to click on each server to see how many commanders are in it.


ValleyDevFest 2016 Comprehensive Session Stats
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- Grant agreement number
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- 12345689
- Type of action
- (COFUND-EJP) COFUND (European Joint Programme)
- Project name
- My EU project name
- Project start date
- March 2017
- Project end date
- March 2019
- EU funding contribution for above project (EUR)
- €100
- Is your organisation the project co-ordinator on this project?
- Yes
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examples
The following demonstrates a form with HTTP PUT method simulated via a hidden field..
Hint: POST button removes hidden field via javascript and then submits normally via POST
Bound:
Hint: POST button removes hidden field via javascript and then submits normally via POST
Bound:
textfield: ${text}
Message: ${putMessage}


Sometimes one wants to eat something nice and different, without having too much trouble or spending too much money. Or we want to impress guests. This one such recipe. The Duck screams Vive la France and the pumpkin mash is seasonal, tasty and colorful.
For the Pumpkin mash I took some inspiration from this BBC Good Food recipe, but replaced the Butternut Squash with Red Curi squash, also know as Hokkaido amongst other names. I did this because:
- that was the pumpkin available in the market, and
- this variety does not to be peeled saving a lot of time and effort.
Other pumpkins could also be used, so check what your supermarket has on offer. Also, if Dolcelate is not available use Gorgonzola or other Blue Cheese. Try and choose a mild one unless you like pungent cheese flavors.
Variations
For the gravy you can use pretty much any fruit compote, or even a splash of orange juice. I did it before and it works. Almost anything fruity will go nicely with duck, so just experiment with whatever you have lying around in the kitchen.
- Servings: 4
- Prep Time: 30 mins
- Cook Time: 40 mins
- Total Time: 70 mins
Ingredients
Red Curi Squash mash
- Dolcelatte cheese: 100 g
- Red Curi squash: One medium/Large
- Olive oil, 1 tablespoon
- Black pepper: to taste, if available use pepper with citrus flavor
- Sea salt: to taste
- Fresh chives, 1 tablespoon, to garnish optional
Pan-fried duck
- Duck breasts: 2, about 225g each
- Black pepper: to taste, if available use pepper with citrus flavor
- Sea salt: to taste
- Port wine: 10 mL
- Cornflour: 1 teaspoon of
- Cranberry jam: 2 tablespoons, optional
Directions
Red Curi Squash mash
- Wash the squash, remove the seeds, and cut in large chunks.
- Boil the pieces of squash in water with a little salt until tender - 15 to 20 minutes should do it.
- Place the cheese, oil and cooked butternut into a bowl. Season with salt and freshly ground black pepper, then mash together.
- To serve spoon the mash onto the middle of a serving plate and sprinkle over the chopped chives.
Pan-fried duck
-
While the pumpkin is cooking, lightly score the skins of the duck breasts with a sharp knife. Rub the the duck breasts with salt and pepper and leave to stand for about 10 minutes.
-
Lay the duck breasts, skin side down, in a dry heavy-based large frying pan and gradually turn up the heat. Fry for five to 10 minutes, until most of the fat has rendered and the skin is golden brown.
-
Turn the duck breasts over and lightly brown the other side for a couple of minutes, or until they feel slightly springy when pressed. Remove from the pan and leave to rest in a warm place while you make the sauce. Note: if the duck breasts are thick and you prefer to have it well done, start the over at 180ºC, transfer the meat to a baking tray and roast for 5-10 minutes.
-
For the sauce, pour off excess fat from the frying pan and place over a high heat. Pour in the port, stirring to deglaze, and let bubble for a minute. Add the cranberry jam and reduce the heat. Mix the cornflour with a splash of cold water to dissolve, and add it to the pan mixing well. Let it bubble until the liquid has the desired consistency. If it gets too thick, add a splash of water and mix.
-
Add any juices from the resting duck. Taste and adjust the seasoning and add some jam or orange juice if desired.
-
Slice the duck breasts on the diagonal and fan them out on warmed serving plates. Spoon the sauce around the duck and serve with the mashed celery root.


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Jan Clark v Mary Richards
Claim number: 352MC733
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If you reject their response, we'll contact you with an appointment unless you choose to opt out of mediation.
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Mary Richards has requested an extra 14 days to respond. They need to respond by {{ now | date('add', -13, 'days') | date }}
Your claim was sent
Mary Richards has until before 4pm on 31 March 2018 to respond. They can request an extra 14 days if they need it.
Total claim amount
| Claim amount | £1,500 |
|---|---|
| Claim fee | £70 |
| Total | £1,570 |
Defendant's details
| Name | Mrs Mary Richards |
|---|---|
| Address | 24 Acacia Drive London SW1 H9A |
|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Your details (claimant)
| Name | Mrs Jan Clark |
|---|---|
| Address | 101 Regents Road Shiplake Henley on Thames RG9 4BW |
| Telephone |<PHONE_NUMBER>2 |
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Alceste Scalas, Ornela Dardha, Raymond Hu, Nobuko Yoshida
This is a tutorial and demo of the Scribble-Scala tool for specifying and validating multiparty protocols, and Scala API generation for endpoint implementation.
This tutorial is accompanied by a demo artifact, published along with a paper on this work to appear in the proceedings of ECOOP '17. These are available online at the following:
The artifact contains a VirtualBox image for a ready-to-use, streamlined Ubuntu 16.04.2 operating system (thanks to OSBoxes.org), plus an installation of Scribble and lchannels (see above) with their dependencies.
See here for instructions on how to build Scribble-Scala from source.
In a nutshell, the interplay between Scribble and lchannels is the following:
This tutorial presents several Scribble global protocols, and their Scala implementations. The Scala endpoint programs use the multiparty session classes generated by Scribble.
In this section we provide basic instructions to setup the VirtualBox image, and try out the demos.
The following instructions have been tested using VirtualBox version 4.3.36 (on Ubuntu 14.04) and version 5.1.18 (on Windows 10 and Mac OS X). Start VirtualBox, and:
You can now start the newly-added VM, by selecting it and clicking "Start". To log in, use the following credentials:
After logging in, double-click on the "ECOOP'17 artifact demo" icon on the desktop, and follow the instructions.
Each demo will:
All demos should run without troubles. You might occasionally see a log message similar to the following, which is harmless:
[ERROR] [04/11/2017 17:09:16.721] [GreetingServerSys-akka.remote.default-remote-dispatcher-2] [akka.tcp://GreetingServerSys@<IP_ADDRESS>:31337/system/endpointManager/reliableEndpointWriter-akka.tcp%3A%2F%2FGreetingClientSys%40<IP_ADDRESS>%3A31338-0/endpointWriter] AssociationError [akka.tcp://GreetingServerSys@<IP_ADDRESS>:31337] <- [akka.tcp://GreetingClientSys@<IP_ADDRESS>:31338]: Error [Shut down address: akka.tcp://GreetingClientSys@<IP_ADDRESS>:31338] [ akka.remote.ShutDownAssociation: Shut down address: akka.tcp://GreetingClientSys@<IP_ADDRESS>:31338 Caused by: akka.remote.transport.Transport$InvalidAssociationException: The remote system terminated the association because it is shutting down.
If you do not encounter other issues, then the artifact should be working, and ready for further evaluation.
The Scribble tool can be used to check the well-formedness of MPST protocols. In this artifact, we present an extended version that also allows to generate the Scala APIs for implementing the protocol endpoints.
Once logged in the VM, you can:
cd /home/osboxes/scribble/
./scribblec-linmp.sh <SCR_FILE> [PROTOCOL_NAME]where:
A concrete example:
./scribblec-linmp.sh modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Greeting.scr Proto
For an explanation of Scribble syntax and the tool output, see the Greeting protocol tutorial.
We now give an overview of Scribble syntax and the Scribble-Scala tool output, using the "Greeting protocol" example originally described in this ECOOP'16 paper.
Scribble provides a user-friendly, Java-inspired notation for defining structured "global protocols" among multiple participants. Such global protocols correspond to global types in MPST theory (cf. section "Global Types" in the paper, page 10).
The Scribble specification of the Greeting protocol is available in: /home/osboxes/scribble/modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Greeting.scr (and also here):
module Greeting; type <java> "java.lang.String" from "rt.jar" as String; global protocol Proto(role c, role s) { choice at c { Greet(String) from c to s; choice at s { Hello(String) from s to c; do Proto(c, s); } or { Bye(String) from s to c; } } or { Quit() from c to s; } }
The above defines a simple protocol between two participants, or roles: c (client) and s (server). The protocol can be read as follows:
For reference, the formal notation for the corresponding global type (see p.10, section "Global Types" in the paper) is:
μX.c⟶s{ Greet(String).s⟶c{ Hello(String).X, Bye(String).end }, Quit(Unit).end }
We now briefly explain the various elements appearing in the above Scribble specification:
type <java> "java.lang.String" from "rt.jar" as String;Note: the Scala API generation in this artifact only considers the last element, i.e., "String": it says that the module can use "String" in the message payloads (the rest of syntax has been kept for compatibility with the existing Scribble-based Java API generation).
global protocol Proto(role c, role s) { ... }It declares a global protocol named Proto with two participant roles: c and s. All of the roles that appear in the body of the protocol must be declared here;
Greet(String) from c to s;meaning that a message with label Greet, carrying a String payload, is sent from role c to role s. Note that sender and recipient must be different. Also note that the payload type String must appear in a type declaration --- see above;
choice at c { ... } or { ... }A choice specifies a branch point where the protocol may proceed according to one of the or-separated cases;
do Proto(c, s);This allows a protocol to be defined in terms of other protocols. Roughly speaking, do means to enact the specified protocol, with each argument role playing the corresponding parameter role of the target protocol. Note that:
NOTE: just like formal global types, this version of Scribble supports action prefixing: i.e., sequential composition of role-to-role message passing actions followed by other message actions, do statements or choice statements. However, sequential composition following a do or a choice is not permitted.
Using the command line script:
cd ~/scribble ./scribblec-linmp.sh modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Greeting.scr Proto
The output will be a set of Scala class definitions, similar to the following:
// Global type (from modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Greeting.scr) // μ(Greeting_Proto___c__s_).c->s{Greet(String).s->c{Hello(String).Greeting_Proto___c__s_, Bye(String).end}, Quit(Unit).end} // ----------------------------------------------------- // Local type for role s: // μ(Greeting_Proto___c__s_).c&{Greet(String).c⊕{Hello(String).Greeting_Proto___c__s_, Bye(String).end}, Quit(Unit).end} package test.proto.s import scala.concurrent.duration.Duration import lchannels._ // Input message types for multiparty sessions sealed abstract class MsgMPGreetOrQuit case class Greet(p: String, cont: MPByeOrHello) extends MsgMPGreetOrQuit case class Quit(p: Unit) extends MsgMPGreetOrQuit // Output message types for multiparty sessions case class Hello(p: String) case class Bye(p: String) // Multiparty session classes case class MPGreetOrQuit(c: In[binary.GreetOrQuit]) { def receive(implicit timeout: Duration = Duration.Inf) = { c.receive(timeout) match { case m @ binary.Greet(p) => { Greet(p, MPByeOrHello(m.cont)) } case m @ binary.Quit(p) => { Quit(p) } } } } case class MPByeOrHello(c: Out[binary.ByeOrHello]) { def send(v: Bye) = { val cnt = c ! binary.Bye(v.p) () } def send(v: Hello) = { val cnt = c !! binary.Hello(v.p)_ MPGreetOrQuit(cnt) } } // Classes representing messages (with continuations) in binary sessions package object binary { sealed abstract class GreetOrQuit case class Greet(p: String)(val cont: Out[ByeOrHello]) extends GreetOrQuit case class Quit(p: Unit) extends GreetOrQuit sealed abstract class ByeOrHello case class Bye(p: String) extends ByeOrHello case class Hello(p: String)(val cont: Out[GreetOrQuit]) extends ByeOrHello } // ----------------------------------------------------- // ----------------------------------------------------- // Local type for role c: // μ(Greeting_Proto___c__s_).s⊕{Greet(String).s&{Hello(String).Greeting_Proto___c__s_, Bye(String).end}, Quit(Unit).end} package test.proto.c // ... [OMITTED] // -----------------------------------------------------
We now explain the elements of the above tool output, and how the generated Scala APIs may be used to implement the session endpoints.
Note that an analogous set of classes (for input/output messages, multiparty sessions, binary channels) is also generated for the other roles of the global protocol. In this example, the only other role is s (for which we have omitted the resulting classes, in lines 59-63).
Now, the classes in the binary package could be used directly with lchannels (as described here) to implement type-safe point-to-point interactions between each pair of roles involved in a multiparty session. However, doing so has two drawbacks:
These issues are addressed by the multiparty session classes MPGreetOrQuit and MPByeOrHello (seen above): they offer a simplified interface where a programmer only uses the input/output message classes Greet, Quit, Bye and Hello (seen above), without visible continuations. The binary classes (and their continuations) are handled internally by MPGreetOrQuit and MPByeOrHello, following the formalisation in §5 of the paper. Moreover, if a session involves more than two participants, the interface ensures that the interactions will not result in a deadlock.
Here is an implementation of the greeting protocol server, based on the multiparty session classes above.
def server(c: MPGreetOrQuit) (implicit timeout: Duration): Unit = { c.receive match { case Greet(whom, cont) => { val c2 = cont.send(Hello(whom)) // Use "cont" to continue the session server(c2) // The return value of .send above allows to keep interacting } case Quit(()) => { () // The session is terminated } } }
The code should be pretty self-explanatory. Note that all send calls are type-safe, and the Scala compiler will warn if a .receive match { ... } does not cover all possible input messages (depending on the state of the session). Also note that the multiparty session objects have the same runtime linearity usage rules of the underlying linear channels: i.e., the programmer is supposed to use each instance exactly once to send/receive a message. If .send()/.receive() is called twice on the same object, lchannels will throw a runtime exception (see the ECOOP'16 paper for more details).
One remaining question is: how does one produce an instance of MPGreetOrQuit, to invoke the server function above? Here is an example:
// Create channel for local client/server interaction... val (in, out) = LocalChannel.factory[binary.GreetOrQuit] // ...and spawn server and client (note: we wrap channels in sesison objs) val sf = Future { server(MPGreetOrQuit(in)) } val cf = Future { client(...(out)) }
In other words, the caller creates a pair of linear channel endpoints connecting the client to the server, uses one of them to instantiate MPGreetOrQuit(in), and passes it to the server function. Note that the type of the parameter of MPGreetOrQuit constrains the carried type of the binary channel, that on line 2 must be binary.GreetOrQuit (or a subtype).
The example above uses LocalChannels for inter-thread communication, but a similar approach can be used with socket-based or Akka actor-based channels (both provided by lchannels), thus allowing server to interact with a remote client (indeed, the server code is independent from the message transport).
An implementation of the greeting protocol, based on the Scribble-generated multiparty session classes, is available in ScribbleGreeting.scala. The file contains the autogenerated classes for both roles s and c, enclosed in different namespaces to avoid clashes.
The artifact demo script launches a greeting server and client interacting remotely, using Akka actor-based channels. The implementation, however, includes more examples, with the the greeting client/server launched as interacting threads, or the client talking through a socket with a simple server written in Python. If you want to try them, you can go to the lchannels installation directory and follow the lchannels documentation.
NOTE: the ScribbleGreeting.scala example is functionally equivalent to the pre-existing Greeting.scala example; the difference is that the latter interacts directly via lchannels without using Scribble-generated multiparty session classes.
This example implements fragment of the HTTP/1.1 protocol, focused on the GET method. The purpose is to show that our artifact is flexible enough to handle non-trivial "real-world" protocols, and produce endpoint code that is interoperable with existing (compliant) implementations of such protocols (in this example, existing Web browsers).
Similarly to the greeting protocol in the tutorial above, HTTP is a binary protocol --- i.e., a multiparty protocol with two roles (client and server). Its Scribble specification is available in /home/osboxes/scribble/modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Http.scr (and also here). Its only new feature is a recursive protocol block, that behaves as expected:
rec X { choice at c { Host(String) from c to s; continue X; } or { UserAgent(String) from c to s; continue X; } or { ... } or { RequestBody(Body) from c to s; do Response(c, s); } }
To generate the session classes from the Scribble HTTP specification, you can run:
cd ~/scribble ./scribblec-linmp.sh modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Http.scr Http
The Scribble-generated classes have been integrated in the HTTP server implementation. More in detail:
type <java> "ZonedDateTime" from "java.time" as ZonedDateTime; type <java> "RequestLine" from "http.protocol.types" as RequestLine; type <java> "Body" from "http.protocol.types" as Body; type <java> "Version" from "http.protocol.types" as Version;In order to use the Scribble-generated classes, these types must be provided by the programmer. In our implementation, they are either defined in examples/http/protocol/Types.scala, or (in the case of ZonedDateTime) imported from the java.time package;
To run the HTTP server, you can launch the artifact demo script or follow the lchannels documentation. While the server is running, you can connect to http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8080/ with your browser. You can also "stress test" the implementation by recursively downloading all the files being served:
cd /tmp wget -l 100 -r http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8080/
NOTE: wget might report some transient read errors ("Connection reset by peer"), because our HTTP server does not currently observe the client's keep-alive requests. Still, the download will proceed through a new connection.
This is the main running example in the paper (first introduced in §1), that concisely leverages all MPST features (session with more than two roles, branching, selection, recursion, delegation, inter-role dependencies, projection, merging). Its Scribble specification (corresponding to Figure 9 in the paper) is available in /home/osboxes/scribble/modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Game.scr (and also here).
Unlike the greeting protocol and HTTP examples, the game protocol involves three roles. Moreover, it features session delegation:
global protocol ClientA(role p, role q) { PlayA(Game@a) from q to p; } global protocol ClientB(role p, role q) { PlayB(Game@b) from q to p; } global protocol ClientC(role p, role q) { PlayC(Game@c) from q to p; } global protocol Game(role a, role b, role c) { ... }
Above, the message PlayA(Game@a) carries as payload a multiparty session channel: it allows the recipient to join an instance of the the Game protocol, by playing the role a. Here, "@" is the projection operator, and is one of our main additions to Scribble, based on the theory of our paper. It means that the type of the payload of PlayA(Game@a) is determined by projecting Game onto role a (cf. p.10 and §A.2 in the paper; note that before being projected, Game is first converted into the formal syntax for global types). The same intuition applies for messages PlayB(Game@b) and PlayC(Game@c). As one might expect, the projection of a Scribble global protocol G onto a role r is only allowed if r appears in G's declaration; e.g., in this example, Game can only be projected onto a, b and c.
The Scribble specification above contains multiple global protocols, and each one can be used to generate multiparty protocol classes. Assume that we want to implement a Scala program that talks to the game server, and then plays role a: to do so, we can generate the session classes for the global protocol ClientA, and write our program using those pertaining to role p (recall that, from §1 of the paper, p is the client that receives the game delegation, while q is the game server).
cd ~/scribble ./scribblec-linmp.sh modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/Game.scr ClientA
Similarly, to implement roles b and c, we can specify respectively the global protocls ClientB and ClientC, and in both cases, use the Scribble-generated classes for the client role p to write our code.
Instead, if we want to implement the server, we will need all the Scribble-generated session classes obtained from ClientA, ClientB and ClientC --- but this time, we will need to write our code using those pertaining to the server role q. The reason is intuitive: the game server will need to interact with clients willing to play any role in the game; therefore, the server must implement the server-side of all the necessary protocols.
To run the game example, you can launch the artifact demo script or follow the lchannels documentation. Note that the demo script will launch the example using distributed Akka actor-based channels; the lchannels documentation also includes a version where the server and clients run as local threads, using a non-distributed message transport.
This is a widely-used example in MPST literature, inspired by a W3C Web Services Choreography use case (C-UC-001 Travel Agent). We use the version presented in the following paper: M. Coppo, M. Dezani-Ciancaglini, N. Yoshida, L. Padovani. "Global Progress for Dynamically Interleaved Multiparty Sessions". Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 2016 (DOI).
Quoting from the paper:
The overall scenario, involving a Seller (s), Alice (a), Bob (b) and Carol (c), proceeds as follows.
- Alice sends a book title to Seller, then Seller sends back a quote to Alice and Bob. Then Alice tells Bob how much she can contribute.
- If the price is within Bob’s budget, Bob notifies both Seller and Alice he accepts, then sends his address, and Seller sends back the delivery date.
- If the price exceeds the budget, Bob asks Carol to collaborate together by establishing a new session. Then Bob sends how much Carol must pay, then delegates the remaining interactions with Alice and Seller to Carol.
- If the rest of the price is within Carol’s budget, Carol accepts the quote and notifies Alice, Bob and Seller, and continues the rest of the protocol with Seller and Alice transparently, as if she were Bob. Otherwise she notifies Alice, Bob and Seller to quit the protocol.
Similarly to the multiparty game, this example includes a three-party session --- here, involving the Seller and the two buyers Alice and Bob. Depending on Alice's choice, a third buyer (Carol) could be transparently involved by Bob, using session delegation.
The Scribble specification of this example is available in /home/osboxes/scribble/modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/ThreeBuyer.scr (and also here):
global protocol PlayAlice(role alice, role seller) { PlayAlice(TwoBuyer@alice) from seller to alice; } global protocol PlayBob(role bob, role seller) { PlayBob(TwoBuyer@bob) from seller to bob; } global protocol TwoBuyer(role alice, role bob, role seller) { Title(String) from alice to seller; QuoteA(Int) from seller to alice; QuoteB(Int) from seller to bob; ShareA(Int) from alice to bob; do TwoBuyerChoice(alice, bob, seller); } aux global protocol TwoBuyerChoice(role alice, role bob, role seller) { choice at bob { OkA() from bob to alice; OkS() from bob to seller; Address(String) from bob to seller; Deliver(ZonedDateTime) from seller to bob; } or { QuitA() from bob to alice; QuitS() from bob to seller; } } global protocol Delegation(role carol, role bob) { Contrib(Int) from bob to carol; // Should be the Int on line 19 Delegate(TwoBuyerChoice@bob) from bob to carol; choice at carol { OkC() from carol to bob; } or { QuitC() from carol to bob; } }
We model this example by letting the Seller behave similarly to the server in the multiparty game. The Seller will wait for Alice's and Bob's connections, and then it will create a three-party session (based on the TwoBuyer protocol, on line 9) involving the Seller itself, Alice and Bob. For this purpose, the Seller first establishes binary sessions with Alice and Bob (based on the PlayAlice and PlayBob protocols, on lines 1 and 5); after they are connected, the Seller sends them the PlayAlice and PlayBob messages (lines 2 and 6), using delegation to let them join the three-party session.
The global protocol Delegation only involves Carol and Bob, and is used by the former to let Carol know how much she should contribute, and then pass her what is left of Bob's duties in the TwoBuyer session (specifically, Bob delegates the TwoBuyerChoice part of the session).
The Scribble specification above contains multiple global protocols, and each one can be used to generate multiparty protocol classes. Assume that we want to implement a Scala program that talks to the Seller, and then plays role Alice: to do so, we can generate the session classes for the global protocol PlayAlice, and write our program using those pertaining to role alice.
cd ~/scribble ./scribblec-linmp.sh modules/linmp-scala/src/test/scrib/ThreeBuyer.scr PlayAlice
Similarly, to implement role bob, we can specify the global protocls PlayBob, and use the Scribble-generated classes for role bob to write our code. Note, however, that to fully implement Bob and his interaction with Carol, we will also need bob's session classes generated from the Delegation global protocol.
Instead, if we want to implement the Seller, we will need all the Scribble-generated session classes obtained from PlayAlice and PlayBob, using those pertaining to role seller. The reason is that Seller will need to interact with both Alice and Bob, and must therefore implement the "other side" of both their protocols.
Finally, if we want to implement Carol, we need to specify the global protocol Delegation, and then use carol's session classes.
This implementation adopts several solutions already seen in the game example.
To run the game example, you can launch the artifact demo script or follow the lchannels documentation. Note that the demo script will launch the example using distributed Akka actor-based channels; the lchannels documentation also includes a version where the server and clients run as local threads, using a non-distributed message transport.
git clone https://github.com/alcestes/scribble-java.git
cd scribble-java git checkout linear-channels
mvn install
If all goes well, you will finally see a report like this:
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Reactor Summary: [INFO] [INFO] Scribble .......................................... SUCCESS [7.924s] [INFO] Scribble::Modules::Core ........................... SUCCESS [3:29.963s] [INFO] Scribble::Modules::Parser ......................... SUCCESS [7.706s] [INFO] Scribble::Modules::CLI ............................ SUCCESS [55.630s] [INFO] linmp-scala ....................................... SUCCESS [1.763s] [INFO] Scribble::Distribution ............................ SUCCESS [2.364s] [INFO] Scribble::Modules::Demos .......................... SUCCESS [0.145s] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] BUILD SUCCESS [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Total time: 4:45.961s [INFO] Finished at: Thu Jun 22 22:32:21 BST 2017 [INFO] Final Memory: 30M/203M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scribble-Scala is now ready to use via the scribblec-linmp.sh script in the project root directory, e.g., following the instructions here.


References to
Definition of
Calling Functions
Egrep
Find File
Include/Import
Call Tree
Class Graph
Class Graph Dir
File Func Graph
About


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113489-new-members/topic/Naturals.20plus.20infinity.html ---
Does mathlib have a type which is just the naturals plus infinity?
with_top nat
cheers!
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


Painting: Circuits & Flowers
Research: Algorithmic Art Aiding Creativity
Code: Ocsillating Star
Painting: Peacock
Code: EduCosts.com
Code: Boho Interactive
Painting: Lovebirds
Sketch: Tribal Butterfly
Logo Art
Data Analytics: TripAdvirsor
Article: What Not To Do: The Beginner Programmer’s Guide
Tutoring Philosophy


This is designed to help get you over the hurdle of connecting to a mySQL database here at uvm.
Full documentation for java DB connections is here: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/basics/index.html
Download the Mysql jar file in this repository. In Eclipse, to add the mysql jar to your project you need to:
MysqlConnect.java - connects your java code to the database allowing you to run queries.
MysqlConnect.properties - holds your connection information so be sure to put your database name, username and password. Note you will need to use yourusername_writer if you want save data. The writer will also allow you to read.
TestConnection.java - An example of selecting records and creating the html to display them.


switchconfic with questions_playerPlease enjoy the music while you personally evaluate the quality of these surround sound headphones.
Confidential.for internal use only


ps2pk - creates a TeX pkfont from a type1 PostScript font
ps2pk [ -v ] [ -eenc ] [ -Xxres ] [ -Eexpansion ] [ -Sslant ] [ -Ppointsize ] [ -Rbaseres ] [ -raspectratio ] [ -Yyres ] [ -aAFMfile ] [ -mmodename ] type1 [pkfont]
This program renders a given type1 PostScript font at a given pointsize (default 10.0 points) and resolution (default 300dpi) into a TeX pkfont.
To generate the pkfont ps2pk needs a valid type1 font file (for example Utopia-Regular, Utopia-Regula.pfb or Utopia-Regula.pfa) and its corresponding AFM-file (Utopia-Regular.afm) with the font metrics. The program accepts both the binary type1 format (Utopia-Regula.pfb) and its ASCII equivalent (Utopia-Regular or Utopia-Regula.pfa). To locate the files, ps2pk uses the kpathsea library (see the info page on kpathsea). Additionally, pfb and pfa files are searched for in the directory specified in the environment variable T1INPUTS, and afm files are searched in AFMFONTS, if they are set (the -v flag will report which filenames are looked for).
The program will make a pkfont in which the character codes are derived from their AFM (Adobe Font Metrics) defined values. This can be overruled by specifying an explicit encoding file via the -e option. The encoding file enc should contain a valid PostScript encoding containing PostScript names like /hyphen. Here is an incomplete example (see afm2tfm for complete syntax):
% This is the EC encoding. /ECEncoding [ % now 256 chars follow % 0x00 /grave /acute /circumflex /tilde /dieresis /hungarumlaut /ring /caron /breve /macron /dotaccent /cedilla /ogonek /quotesinglbase /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright (Rest of lines omitted.) % 0xF0 /eth /ntilde /ograve /oacute /ocircumflex /otilde /odieresis /oe /oslash /ugrave /uacute /ucircumflex /udieresis /yacute /thorn /germandbls ] def
Options and arguments:
Overrules the name that is used to locate the AFM file.
Name of a file containing an encoding scheme (default - the encoding named in the AFM-file is used). The actual PostScript name of the encoding scheme is written as a "special" at the end of the pkfont.
The extension factor (real value, default 1.0).
A modename such as would be used by METAFONT (default "Unknown mode").
The desired pointsize (real value, default 10.0 points).
The desired base resolution (integer value, default 300 dpi). If this differs from the value of xres, the appropriate magnification will be shown in the "specials" at the end of the pkfont. If possible, this will be expressed as a magstep, otherwise as a real number. For example, a pkfont with an xres of 329, using the default base resolution of 300, will include the "special" text "mag=magstep(0.5)" at the end of the font.
The desired aspect ratio (expression, integerY/integerX, default 300/300). This will be shown in the "specials" at the end of the pkfont. Setting the aspect ratio creates a value for yres but an explicit yres value will take precedence. Argument must be in "" if spaces are left around `/'.
The slant (real value, default 0.0).
The resolution in the X direction (integer value, default 300 dpi).
The resolution in the Y direction (integer value, default the value of xres). If yres differs from xres, a "special" text giving the aspect ratio will be written at the end of the pkfont.
Verbose flag. (Tells what the program is doing.)
The name of the PostScript type1 font. The name of the AFM-file will be constructed from this name by removing the extension (if suplied) and adding ".afm". The PostScript "FontName" is extracted from the AFM-file and written into a "special" at the end of the pkfont.
The name of the resulting pkfont can be overruled with this name. The default name of pkfont is derived from the basename of the type1 font, the pointsize and xres. For example `ps2pk -P17.28 Utopia-Regular' will result in `Utopia-Regular17.300pk'. An explicit value for the name of the pkfont is necessary when the type1 font name already shows the point size, otherwise the pointsize value is catenated on to the pkfont basename which is usually not what is wanted.
The following PK "specials" provide an internal check on the characteristics of the pkfont, in accordance with the recommendations of the TeX Working Group on the TeX Directory Standard (TWG-TDS):
"fontid=FontName", "codingscheme=Encoding", "fontfacebyte", "mag", "mode=(ps2pk)modename", "pixels-per-inch", and "aspect-ratio" if it is other than unity.
This program uses the type1 hinting and rendering software IBM has donated to the X-consortium.
`METAFONT: The Program', Donald Knuth. `The GFtoPK processor', belonging to the METAFONTware. `Adobe Font Metric Files', Version 3.0, PostScript Developer Support Group. afm2tfm(1) pk2bm(1) kpsewhich(1) info kpathsea
1.4 (January 1994)
Piet Tutelaers<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Modified for ps2pkm by Pierre A. Mackay<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This manpage was adapted to teTeX by Frank Kuester <frank@kuesterei.ch>.


---
title: Donor Season Ticket Packages
layout: default
---
No need to wait! Order your 2017 Donor Season Package package today!
Become a part of the Concert Series with a Concert Donor Season Ticket Package. With a Season Package or Concert Club package you are not only supporting the Concert Series, you are also supporting many wonderful programs including educational outreach, conservation, and award winning exhibits.
For more information or to purchase a Concert Donor Season Ticket Package, contact Angela Wilcox at<PHONE_NUMBER> or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Reserved table for six for each of the 22 concerts of the 2017 Donor Package, located on the central crescent, front row of the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Terrace (Section C)
Name listed on Donor recognition signage located at the entrance of the concert amphitheatre
Logo recognition in concert mailer
Live Donor recognition from the stage
One Donor Lot parking pass for each of the concerts in the 2017 Donor package
Reserved table for four for each of the 22 concerts of the 2017 Donor Package, located on the central crescent, second row of the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Terrace (section C)
Name listed on Donor recognition signage located at the entrance to the concert amphitheater
One Donor Lot parking pass for each of the concerts in the 2017 Donor package
Reserved table for four for each of the 22 concerts of the 2017 Donor Package, located on the East or West side, front row of the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Terrace (section D or E)
Name listed on Donor recognition signage located at the entrance to the concert amphitheater
One Donor Lot parking pass for each of the concerts in the 2017 Donor package
Reserved table for four for each of the 22 concerts of the 2017 Donor Package, located on the East or West side, 2nd row of the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Terrace (section D or E)
Name listed on Donor recognition signage located at the entrance to the concert amphitheater
One Donor Lot parking pass for each of the concerts in the 2017 Donor package
Reserved table for two for each of the 22 concerts of the 2017 Donor Package, located on the central crescent, third row of the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Terrace (section C)
One Donor Lot parking pass for each of the concerts in the 2017 Donor package
Amphitheatre Lawn
Lawn Seating for Four - $11,500.00 - $12,000 - SOLD OUT


Download This Plugin
Back To jQueryScript.Net
Mobile-friendly Calendar and Schedule Plugin Example
Wow ! That calendar works !


Silver Room |
Enter Room |
Buy-In 3000 |
Stakes 100|200 |
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Hmmmm |
Enter Room |
Buy-In 100000 |
Stakes 200|400 |
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:) |
Enter Room |
Buy-In 20000 |
Stakes 300|500 |
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A product ofUdesh. Inc |
Made byGagan Gupta |
Udesh PokerTM by Udesh. Inc |
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Invalid Pre Auth Code, System starting pl. waiting for 10 mins!
Click to authorize, GO WECHAT NOW
Authorized Wechat IDs:


| Id |
Repo |
Short Message |
Author Name |
Author Email |
Author When |
Insertion |
Deletion |
Ignored |
| {{commit.id}} |
{{commit.repoId}} |
{{commit.shortMessage}} |
{{commit.authorName}} |
{{commit.authorEmail}} |
{{commit.authorWhen}} |
{{commit.insertion}} |
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{{commit.ignored}} |


--- layout: docs template: t-docs title: Foundations > SHADOWS name: shadows collection: docs-foundations ---
Define the box shadows, without the colors.
Values should be expressed in PX. If you need a relative unit based on that values, use the core functions on its context.
There are 3 different by default, that could be augmented or modified to satisfy any project needs:


Thulunga Basumatary
NIT Calicut
“More smiling, less worrying. More compassion, less judgment. More blessed, less stressed. More love, less hate.”
“Accept yourself, love yourself, and keep moving forward. If you want to fly, you have to give up what weighs you down.”
“Live the Life of Your Dreams: Be brave enough to live the life of your dreams according to your vision and purpose instead of the expectations and opinions of others.”
“Be grateful for what you already have while you pursue your goals. If you aren’t grateful for what you already have, what makes you think you would be happy with more.”


Data Fields | |
| nkf_buf_t * | std_gc_buf |
| nkf_char | broken_state |
| nkf_buf_t * | broken_buf |
| nkf_char | mimeout_state |
| nkf_buf_t * | nfc_buf |
Definition at line 3007 of file nkf.c.
Definition at line 3010 of file nkf.c.
Referenced by broken_getc(), broken_ungetc(), and nkf_state_init().
Definition at line 3009 of file nkf.c.
Referenced by broken_getc(), and nkf_state_init().
Definition at line 3011 of file nkf.c.
Referenced by eof_mime(), mimeout_addchar(), and nkf_state_init().
Definition at line 3012 of file nkf.c.
Referenced by nfc_getc(), and nkf_state_init().
Definition at line 3008 of file nkf.c.
Referenced by nkf_state_init(), std_getc(), and std_ungetc().


System Architect Symbol details for "Hypothesis"
Actual Property (Class)
- Description:
"Property" applicable at or before time of attribution.
AP/Deduction (Generalization Node)
- Base Class:
"Actual Property"
- Definitions Used:
-
Actual Property (Class)
Basis For Hypothesis (Class)
- Description:
"Property Qualifier" being the association between a "Hypothesis" and another "Subject Property"
forming all or part of the basis for the deduction.
deduction (Association)
- From Class:
Hypothesis
- To Class:
"Basis For Hypothesis"
- From Class:
Hypothesis
- To Class:
"Basis For Hypothesis"
- Redefines:
"Subject Phenomenon"."Phenomenon Qualifier"."qualified phenomenon"
- Definitions Used:
-
qualified phenomenon (Association) (undefined)
Hypothesis (Class)
- Description:
"Actual Property" established by a process of reasoning based on one or more other properties of
this "Subject" or other directly or indirectly related "Subjects".
- Comment:
-
Properties may be deduced only from the existence of other properties. These may be associated
either with the target SUBJECT or with one or more other, associated, SUBJECTS.
Example.
A GP identifies that a patient has an "elevated temperature" because they have a
temperature of 101 degrees.
Observed Property (Class)
- Description:
"Actual Property" established by direct sensation or measurement.
- Comment:
Establishment may be by human senses or machine.


Here you can see multiple instances of the plugin working alongside each other. I've set the placeholderNumberType differently for each instance to highlight that the instances are completely independent of each other.
Home: <input id="home" type="tel">

Mobile: <input id="mobile" type="tel">
var inputHome = document.querySelector("#home");
var inputMobile = document.querySelector("#mobile");
window.intlTelInput(inputHome, {
initialCountry: 'gb',
placeholderNumberType: 'FIXED_LINE',
utilsScript: "../../build/js/utils.js?1562189064761" // just for formatting/placeholders etc
});
window.intlTelInput(inputMobile, {
initialCountry: 'gb',
placeholderNumberType: 'MOBILE',
utilsScript: "../../build/js/utils.js?1562189064761"
});


Call me
What did you hang up?
What's your phone number?
My phone number is 24205645
What's your instagram?
I have a new cell phone
Where do you live?
I live in the US
Turn on the ligths
Turn off the lights
Open the window
Open the door
Close the door


The traditional first program is to write a program to display "hello, world!". There are plenty of tutorials on the web to do this, so we won't bother (but feel free to search Google to find examples).
Instead, we'll write a slightly more complicated program that will read text from the standard input console, collect frequencies of letters, and then display those frequencies in four columns. For example, here's what our program (which we'll dub countch) does on a version of Alice in Wonderland:
% ./countch < alice.txt \n 44 \r 44 Space 2155 ! 28 " 77 ' 30 ( 11 ) 11 , 175 - 29 . 45 : 22 ; 16 ? 15 A 40 B 2 C 2 D 14 E 7 F 3 G 1 H 5 I 39 K 1 L 7 M 5 N 6 O 6 P 2 R 8 S 9 T 10 W 10 Z 1 a 640 b 139 c 167 d 376 e 1075 f 183 g 201 h 588 i 522 j 6 k 96 l 410 m 142 n 551 o 690 p 127 q 6 r 439 s 506 t 859 u 249 v 68 w 244 x 6 y 163 z 3
Note that the way we wrote the program, upper case letters are distinct from their lower case equivalents and we print out some special characters (like the 'newline' character and the Space character) to make them easier to read.
#include <map> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { map<char, int> freqs; char ch; while (cin.get(ch)) freqs[ch]++; int i; map<char,int>::iterator it; for (i=1, it = freqs.begin(); it != freqs.end(); ++it,++i) { switch (it->first) { case '\r': cout << "\\r"; break; case '\t': cout << "\\t"; break; case '\n': cout << "\\n"; break; case ' ' : cout << "Space"; break; default: cout << it->first; } cout << "\t" << it->second << ((i%4) ? "\t" : "\n"); } // cout << freqs; }
The first thing to note that this program has no classes in it, just a function, main. C++ programs don't require the use of classes (as does Java). However, as with Java, the main function is special: it's the function which gets called when the program is run.
The second thing to note is that the program isn't very long. C++ has an odd reputation for being both overly verbose and overly concise. But you can write reasonably clearly written programs in C++, and this program is an example. Most of the code handles the special cases of hard-to-read characters and putting the results in columns.
Let's examine this code bit by bit. The first section contains header inclusions:
#include <map> #include <iostream> using namespace std;
Most C++ programs contain one or more #include statements. The #include statements tell the program where to find the declaration of data types and methods for other C++ modules. This program has #include <map> statement because we want to use a module from the Standard Template Library that allows us to define a map: a dictionary of keys to values that maintains the keys in sorted order. We'll use this to map characters to their frequencies.
We have #include <iostream> because this module will allow us to read and write to input and output streams, including "standard in" and "standard out." In this module, the standard input stream is called cin, and the standard output stream is called cout (for 'console in' and 'console out,' I believe).
The statement using namespace std; allows us to use names from the included files without prefixing them with their namespace name. Without this statement, we would have to refer to cout as std::cout, for example. Different programmers make different choices about whether to use the standard namespace in this way.
The next section of our program contains the code for our one function main. As in Java and and C, a function is declared by first describing its return type (in this case int), then its name (in this case main), its list of arguments (in this case, (), because we don't care about arguments that are passed in), and then a block of code that defines the function. Again, as in Java and C, blocks of code are defined with matching braces.
In other words, if we were writing the "hello, world!" program, it would be just:
#include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "hello world!\n"; }
Ours is slightly more complicated, but not really by much. It has two parts. First, the frequency dictionary, freqs is declared, and the input stream is read to find the frequencies. Then, we iterate over the frequency dictionary writing out the frequencies in four columns. Again, here is the code:
int main() { map<char, int> freqs; char ch; while (cin.get(ch)) freqs[ch]++; int i; map<char,int>::iterator it; for (i=1, it = freqs.begin(); it != freqs.end(); ++it,++i) { switch (it->first) { case '\r': cout << "\\r"; break; case '\t': cout << "\\t"; break; case '\n': cout << "\\n"; break; case ' ' : cout << "Space"; break; default: cout << it->first; } cout << "\t" << it->second << ((i%4) ? "\t" : "\n"); } }
map<char, int> freqs; declares that freqs is a map whose keys are of type char and whose values are of type int. We also declare a char variable, ch, to use as the key to freqs. C++ allows us to get a particular value in this map with freqs[ch]. As is often the case with C++, the value is initialized to zero; hence, freqs['a'] is automatically zero.
The while loop repeatedly class the get method on cin, the standard input stream. The get method takes one parameter, a character variable. If there is a character on the standard input stream, the variable gets that character as its value. If there is not, it sets the value of the character to 0. In C++, any non-zero value is considered true, so we can write the very concise while loop:
while (cin.get(ch))
freqs[ch]++;
Note that C++ conditions inside while loops (as well as if conditions) must be enclosed in parentheses.
Because we have a map containing the character/frequency pairs, we need to iterate over all the keys to print out the frequencies. C++ provides iterators for all of the collections in the Standard Template Libary. We declare such an iterator in our code with: map<char,int>::iterator it;
Notice that it's just the type definition we used for freqs--that is, map<char,int>--with "::iterator" appended to it. We also declare int i, which we'll use to keep track of the column.
Typically, an iterator is initialized by calling the begin() method on an object, and is completed when it is equal to the result of calling the end() method on an object. The ++ incrementor is used to move the iterator to the next "place" in the object. In our case, the object is the freqs map. Thus we see in the for loop:
for (i=1, it = freqs.begin(); it != freqs.end(); ++it,++i)
{
...code elided...
}
Again, we are counting the columns with i, so that is initialized and incremented as well. The general syntax for for loops is:
for (initialization; test; increment)
{
code
}
Pay attention to the punctuation: the initialization, test and increment are separated by semi-colons, and surrounded by parentheses. Individual initialization or increment statements (as in our example) are separated by commas. It's all boring syntax, but you'll get used to it eventually.
Essentially, we want our program to display to the standard output the key and value from each entry in the freqs map. Reading the Standard Template Library documentation, we learn that each entry is a pair object, and a pair object has two publically accessible fields (called "data members" in C++): first (which, for map objects, holds the key) and second (which holds the value). Iterators return pointers to objects, so to access the first and second fields from the current iterator pointer, we use it->first and it->second. If we didn't care about columns or printing out special characters, the code would look like this:
for (it = freqs.begin(); it != freqs.end(); it++) { cout << it->first << "\t" << it->second << "\n"); }
In fact, this is a very common programming idiom when using iterators.
We'll ignore the details of the << and >> operators here, but notice that we send (the printed representation of) data to cout with <<, and we can "chain" data to send to cout with multiple uses of <<. Data can be sent from cin to variables using the >> operator; if we wanted to send data from cin to a string variable until we reached the end of file, we could use this while loop:
string str; while (cin >> str) { do something with str ... }
When we send a newline character to cout, naturally a new line is displayed on the console. If we want each character/frequency pair on a separate line, we need to display some of the special characters in some other form. Of course, spaces are not visible, so I've chosen to print "Space" instead of a space character. The switch construct in C++ allows control choices based on the value of some variable. The basic form is:
switch (variable) { case first_value: do some things; break; case second_value: do some things; break; ... case nth_value: do some things; break; default: do some things; }
Of special note is the use of break at the end each case. Without this, control will pass to the next case statement instead of "breaking out" of the switch block of code. The break statement can also be used to break out of other code blocks--from within a for or while loop, as common examples.
test ? if_true : if_false
The test is executed; if it results in a true (or non-zero) value, the code in the if_true block is executed; otherwise the code in the if_false block is executed. This is the same as if test if_true else if_false, but is a little more concise. Some people dislike it for this reason, but using it when wanting to embed simple "if/then/else" logic seems perfectly reasonable, as we've done in our code:
cout << "\t" << it->second << ((i%4) ? "\t" : "\n");
Whenever (i%4) is not zero, we want to output a tab character ( "\t"), otherwise we want to output a newline character ("\n"). We initialize i to 1, and using "the ternary operator" allows us to consisely output values in four columns.
Finally, our code has one other line, and it's the only line I included just for pedagogical reasons:
// cout << freqs;
The // characters introduce a comment: everything after this is ignored by the compiler. It's possible to imagine that the uncommented line would display all of the key/value pairs in freqs to the console (this is what happens in Javascript, for example). But this isn't what happens in C++. Instead, I got the following error messages (using the g++ compiler):
countch.cpp: In function `int main()': countch.cpp:27: no match for `std::ostream& << std::map<char, int, std::less<char>, std::allocator<std::pair<const char, int> > >&' operator /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:55: candidates are: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&(*)(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:77: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>&(*)(std::basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:99: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::ios_base&(*)(std::ios_base&)) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:177: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:214: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long unsigned int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:152: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(bool) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:104: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:115: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(short unsigned int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:119: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:130: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(unsigned int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:240: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:278: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long long unsigned int) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:304: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(double) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:145: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(float) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:329: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(long double) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:354: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(const void*) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:120: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>::operator<<(std::basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:211: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, char) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:505: std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char) [with _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:222: std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, signed char) [with _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:227: std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, unsigned char) [with _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:573: std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<_CharT, _Traits>&, const char*) [with _CharT = char, _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/bits/ostream.tcc:620: std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const char*) [with _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:246: std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const signed char*) [with _Traits = std::char_traits<char>] /usr/include/gcc/darwin/3.1/g++-v3/ostream:251: std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>& std::operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, const unsigned char*) [with _Traits = std::char_traits<char>]
Oh my!
It is not unusual to get so much information back from the C++ compiler, and it takes some familiarity with how C++ works to understand what is going on. But the key piece of information--that the error occurred in line 27--told me where to look, and it's easy to guess that one just can't print a map to the console.
Briefly, though, look at the start of the error message again:
countch.cpp: In function `int main()': countch.cpp:27: no match for `std::ostream& << std::map<char, int, std::less<char>, std::allocator<std::pair<const char, int> > >&' operator
We can see something that looks like our map declaration, and the pair that a map contains. This is wrapped inside no match for `std::ostream& << ... >&' operator, and this is understandable. It's telling us that a map of this type does not have the << operator defined for "std::ostream," which, as you might guess, is the class for output streams (in the "std" namespace).
I include this example because it's not uncommon, in learning C++, to see reams and reams of syntax error messages like this. It doesn't necessarily mean that there are lots and lots of errors in your code though--as we've seen, one syntax error here resulted in lines and lines of messages.


JavaScript Objects & Functions Tutorials
JavaScript is a functional language, and for object oriented programming it uses both objects and functions, but objects are usually used as a data structure
Functions are code blocks that can have arguments, and function have their own scope


Include a thin space; can be used in all modes, not just math.
See also: Math Formulas, Spacing in Math Mode Return to LaTeX Table of Contents


| Fig 1 |
Distribution area of the Mearns fig (Taiwan islands and Nort ... |
| Fig 2 |
Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii on the Frog Rock Trail, Heng ... |
| Fig 3 |
The Frog Rock Trail vegetation after the Typhoon Morakot. Ov ... |
| Fig 4 |
Syconium production onset and meteorological factors. A-phas ... |
| Fig 5 |
Average number per branch of the different leaf and syconium ... |
| Fig 6 |
Average number per branch of B-, C-, D-, and E-phase syconia ... |
| Fig 7 |
Fig/leaf ratio of Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii for both g ... |
| Fig 8 |
Profile of the coral reef remnant coastline during typhoon. |
| Fig 9 |
Schematization of the pollinator transfer within a fig popul ... |


I'm a PhD student in Computer Science studying machine learning with Joan Bruna in the CILVR Lab at the Courant Institute at NYU. I am interested in scalable and provable learning for decision making problems. Specifically, I have been working on provable guarantees in online and offline reinforcement learning with function approximation. I am also interested in transfer learning, representation learning, and the generalization and optimization of neural networks. My work is supported by an NDSEG fellowship.
I've also interned at FAIR in Paris working with Alessandro Lazaric and Matteo Pirotta on efficient exploration. I did my undergrad at Yale where I double majored in Math and Computer Science where my various advisors were Andrew Barron, Dana Angluin, John Murray, and Pat Devlin.
Feel free to reach out to me if you have any questions about my work.


Kim Persson
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