Unify domain-specific control transfer constructs.
val r: Future[Json] = request()
r.onSuccess(json => {
println(json)
})
val r: Future[Json] = request()
val json = await(r)
println(json)
val pass = receive()
assert(isCorrect(pass))
while(true) receive() match {
case Url(p) => serve(p)
case Logout => stop()
}
var e = mouse.get
while (!e.isDown) e = mouse.get
val c = new Curve
while (e.isDown) {
c.add(e.x, e.y)
e = mouse.get
}
I/O, symmetric coroutines, backtracking, monads, continuations.
No VM modifications.
No VM modifications.
Runtime extensions were not successful in the past.
Also, they are not backend-agnostic.
Achieve reasonable performance.
val foreach =
(b: List[T], f: T => Unit) =>
val foreach =
(b: List[T], f: T => Unit) =>
while (b != Nil) {
f(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
val foreach =
(b: List[T], f: T => Unit) =>
while (b != Nil) {
f(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
foreach(1 :: Nil, println)
A subroutine call exists, but cannot be observed.
def zip[T, S]
(xs: List[T], ys: List[S])
: List[(T, S)]
The foreach
does not allow traversing two lists simultaneously,
e.g. to implement a zip
function.
A generalization of a subroutine.
val inList = coroutine {
(b: List[T], f: T => Unit) =>
while (b != Nil) {
f(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
}
A generalization of a subroutine.
val inList = coroutine {
(b: List[T]) =>
while (b != Nil) {
yieldval(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
}
A yield-point suspends the coroutine and gives a value to the caller.
val inList = coroutine {
(b: List[T]) =>
while (b != Nil) {
yieldval(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
}
val i = inList.start(7)
Value i
is a coroutine instance.
val inList = coroutine {
(b: List[T]) =>
while (b != Nil) {
yieldval(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
}
val i = inList.start(7)
while (i.resume) println(i.value)
Delimited, stackful, type-safe, first-class coroutines with snapshots.
Our implementation relies solely on the metaprogramming support.
Yielding is only allowed inside coroutine
scopes.
val inList = coroutine {
(b: List[T]) =>
while (b != Nil) {
yieldval(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
}
Array[List[T]]
How to traverse this data structure?
val inArray = coroutine {
(t: Array[List[T]]) =>
}
val inArray = coroutine {
(t: Array[List[T]]) =>
var i = 0
while (i < t.length) {
// Traverse the list t(i)
i += 1
}
}
val inArray = coroutine {
(t: Array[List[T]]) =>
var i = 0
while (i < t.length) {
inList(t(i))
i += 1
}
}
Stackful coroutines enable code reuse.
inArray
is allowed to call inList
because they yield the same type.
val inList:
List[T] ~> (T, Unit)
val inArray:
Array[List[T]] ~> (T, Unit)
val i =
inArray.start(Array(List(1)))
inArray
is allowed to call inList
because they yield the same type.
val inList:
List[T] ~> (T, Unit)
val inArray:
Array[List[T]] ~> (T, Unit)
val i: T <~> Unit =
inArray.start(Array(List(x)))
async {
val r: Future[Json] = request()
val json = await(r)
println(json)
}
def await[R]:
Future[R] ~> (Future[_], R) =
coroutine { (f: Future[R]) =>
yieldval(f)
f.getValue
}
def async[R]
(b: () ~> (Future[_], R)): Future[R] = {
val i = b.start()
val r = Future[R]()
def loop() =
if (i.resume) i.value.onSuccess(loop())
else r.complete(i.result)
loop()
r
}
Snapshots increase the expressive power of coroutines.
val i: Int <~> Unit =
inList.start(List(1))
val j: Int <~> Unit =
i.snapshot
check {
val a = choose(0 until Int.MaxValue)
val b = choose(0 until Int.MaxValue)
assert(a * b == b * a)
}
No need for monads and input generators.
type EnvSetter = () => Unit
type Program = List[EnvSetter] <~> Int
def bt(p: Program) =
if (p.resume)
for (env <- p.value) {
env()
bt(p.snapshot)
}
else
println(p.result)
val inList = coroutine {
(b: List[T]) =>
while (b != Nil) {
yieldval(b.head)
b = b.tail
}
}
Step 1: normalization
var x_0 = b != Nil
while (x_0) {
var x_1 = b.head
var x_2 = yieldval(x_1)
var x_3 = b.tail
b = x_3
x_0 = b != Nil
}
Step 2: CFG conversion
Step 3: CFG splitting
Step 4: AST reconstruction
class $anon
extends Coroutine1[List[T], T, Unit] {
def ep0(i: Instance[T, Unit]): Unit = ...
def ep1(i: Instance[T, Unit]): Unit = ...
def entry(i: Instance[T, Unit]): Unit =
i.entry match {
case 0 => ep0(i)
case 1 => ep1(i)
}
}
}
Instance represents the coroutine instance.
class Instance[Y, R] {
var _live: Boolean = true
var _value: Y = null
var _result: R = null
var _refs: Array[AnyRef]
var _vals: Array[Int]
// ... and a few more things ...
}
Maintaining the coroutine instance state is expensive, so optimizations must reduce amount of memory accesses.
We found that the following optimizations improve performance by up to 2x.
A variable must only be loaded if the segment uses it.
var x_0 = b != Nil
while (x_0) {
var x_1 = b.head
yieldval(x_1)
var x_2 = b.tail // not load x_0, x_1
b = x_2
x_0 = b != Nil
}
A variable must only be stored if the exit point observes its write.
var x_0 = b != Nil
while (x_0) {
var x_1 = b.head // not store b 1st time
yieldval(x_1)
var x_2 = b.tail
b = x_2
x_0 = b != Nil
}
A variable must only be stored if it remains in scope up to a transitively reachable segment that needs it.
var x_0 = b != Nil
while (x_0) {
var x_1 = b.head
yieldval(x_1) // not store x_0, x_1
var x_2 = b.tail
b = x_2
x_0 = b != Nil
}


The Queer Scout's Promise
On my honor, I will do my best to live in accordance with my values and with my identity, to live by the Queer Scout Law, and to help people at all times.
The Queer Scout Law
I will uphold the name of Queer Scouting by striving to be:
respectful of myself and others,
accepting of those who seem different,
responsible for my words and actions,
kind and empathetic,
brave and loyal,
working towards a better world
as a sibling to every Queer Scout.


xercesc::DOMImplementationRegistry Class Reference
#include <DOMImplementationRegistry.hpp>
List of all members.
Member Function Documentation
Register an implementation.
- Parameters:
-
| source | A DOMImplementation Source object to be added to the registry. The registry does NOT adopt the source object. Users still own it. |
- Since:
- DOM Level 3
| static DOMImplementation* xercesc::DOMImplementationRegistry::getDOMImplementation |
( |
const XMLCh * |
features |
) |
[static] |
Return the first registered implementation that has the desired features, or null if none is found.
- Parameters:
-
| features | A string that specifies which features are required. This is a space separated list in which each feature is specified by its name optionally followed by a space and a version number. This is something like: "XML 1.0 Traversal 2.0" |
- Returns:
- An implementation that has the desired features, or
null
if this source has none.
- Since:
- DOM Level 3
| static DOMImplementationList* xercesc::DOMImplementationRegistry::getDOMImplementationList |
( |
const XMLCh * |
features |
) |
[static] |
Return the list of registered implementation that have the desired features.
- Parameters:
-
| features | A string that specifies which features are required. This is a space separated list in which each feature is specified by its name optionally followed by a space and a version number. This is something like: "XML 1.0 Traversal 2.0" |
- Returns:
- A DOMImplementationList object that contains the DOMImplementation that have the desired features
- Since:
- DOM Level 3
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


Instructions:
You will be given a random number at the begining of this game.
There are four crystals below. By clicking on a crystal, you will add a specific number of points to your total score.
You win by matching your total score to the random number; you lose the game if your score exceeds the random number.
Each crystal's value remains hidden until you click it.
Each crystal's value changes each time the game starts.
Your total score is:
0
Wins:
0
Losses:
0


If you have ever desired or dreamed to go on a journey in a canoe, this is the place to start. Although this could potentially be challenging, canoeing can also be a fun and most memorable experience to enjoy with your family. However, as a beginner, learning and preparing yourself as much as you can is key to a successful and safe canoeing trip. This guide below is a great, first step to learn for one of the most important aspect: cooking meals while on the canoe
FOR the canoe, you will need specific food supplies and the necessary utensils for cooking carried in a single box or chest. Preparing this box will help you have everything in one area to prepare your meals on board while having a fun and stress-free journey.
If on a long cruise most of your food supply may be kept in other parts of the canoe, but the box should contain enough for at least three meals. However, the food can be restocked from a larger store when stopping for the night or at a camping place for any length of time. The larger the box that your storage room in the canoe will allow, the more comfortable and better prepared you will be in the canoe.
For starters, the box can be made of wood, tin or galvanized iron, and however you are willing to pay for materials to build the box is completely up to you. If the box is properly made and well taken care of, there should not be any trouble in keeping it for a long time. Keep in mind a box that is either japanned (a technique which includes covering with a hard, black varnish), painted tin, or galvanized iron will withstand much more without breakage. Of course, if made of wood, the joining and dove-tailing must be well-done, it should be varnished inside and out with shellac or boat varnish, and it must be water-tight!
How to get started with dovetailing
As for the dimensions for the box, this cannot be explicitly instructed for the box should be built according to your canoe size, amount of provisions, and the size you are desiring. Therefore, first determine what amount and variety of eatables you will carry, and then construct the box according to your needs and your storage room.
If made of wood quarter inch or 5/16 stuff (pine) will do, and if the box is to be used as a seat the top and bottom pieces should be heavier, say 3/8 of an inch. The cover should be two inches deep and the handle by which the box is carried should be a thin, wide, flat strap tacked to the cover. If the box is not used as a seat but is stowed under the deck it will be found an advantage to have the flanges of the cover fall over the side pieces of the box and the strap tacked to one end piece, carried over the cover and fastened by a hook to an eye in the other end piece in reach of the hand, so that the cover may be removed and articles obtained from the box without taking it from under the deck. If used as a seat the cover may be hinged on one side and two hooks fastened at the ends on the other, and for the back rest two pieces of three-quarter inch pine are screwed to the sides, running aft horizontally six or eight inches from the aftermost end of the box, holes being bored in them an inch apart "athwartship" and cut opposite each other, through which a quarter-inch brass rod is passed for the back rest to play on. As the lower end of the back rest strikes the end of the box near the floor when in use, it may be "slanted" as inclination demands by changing the brass rod from one set of holes to another.
To carry the provisions in the box so that they will not mix or spill, several water-tight tins should be used. The Consolidated Fruit Jar Company, 49 Warren Street, New York, makes tin screw-tops for jars and canisters that are perfectly water-tight. Send for several of these tops, of assorted sizes, and have a tinsmith make the tin cans of the dimensions you desire, so that they will nest in the box closely. The same company will also furnish you with a pint or quart earthen jar with water-tight screw-top, in which butter may be kept sweet for a long time in hot weather, and which may be enveloped in a net and lowered to the bottom of the river or lake without fear of its leaking.
To figure out what items to stock in the tin cans, they can be as followed:
(A special screw-top is made for fluid cans.) Pepper and salt are in small spice boxes with two covers. Eggs are safest carried in the tins with the flour, coffee and rice. Bread and bacon (or salt pork) are wrapped in macintosh and put near the top of the chest. The vinegar goes in a whisky flask (Recommended: mark it to avoid mistakes). Lastly, canned goods, condensed milk, and baking powder, etc., can be in their own cans.
The alcohol stove and utensils to cook the meals should go in the box, such as coffee pot, cup, fork, knife, spoon, frying pan and plates. The coffee pot should small, with handle and lip riveted. Cups or plates should be of tin or granite ware. The fork and knife should have their coverings of leather inside the box cover. The plates should nest in the frying pan, which should have no handle, and is fastened inside the chest cover by two buttons, so that it may be easily accessed.
Next, the knife and fork have a covering for a pair of small blacksmith's pliers. This instrument serves as a handle to the frying pan, a lifter for everything on the fire, and can always be kept cool. A three-quart tin or granite ware pail is necessary for cooking stews, and two smaller ones may be nested in it, of two-quart and three-pint capacity, respectively. Put the can of condensed milk in the smallest pail. That way it will be out of the way and won't make anything sticky inside.
If you carry potatoes, onions or others, be sure to always have enough in the chest for three meals. The provisions, such as vegetables, extra bread, crackers, flour, meal, pork or bacon, etc., should be carried in waterproof bags and can be stored away wherever necessary to slim down the canoe.
These waterproof bags may be used also for clothing and blankets. They are made of unbleached muslin, sewn in a lap seam, with a double row of stitches. When sewn they are dipped in water and slightly shaken to remove the drops, and then while wet a mixture of equal parts of boiled oil, raw oil and turpentine is applied to the outside with a brush. This takes about a week to become thoroughly dry, and then another coat is put on without dampening the cloth, and if a little liquid drier is added to the mixture, this coat will dry in four or five days.
Having prepared several bags, the provisions, clothing, blankets, etc., are put in the bag, and its mouth is inserted in that of another bag of the same size, the latter being drawn on like a stocking as far as it will go. If several bags are used instead of one or two large ones, the canoe can be trimmed and packed to better advantage.
A canoeist's portable oven is made of two small basins, one of which has "ears" riveted to its rim. The purpose is that when the “ears” are placed bottom up on the other the ears will spring over the rim of the second basin, making sure gases can escape. The basins should be made of sheet-iron, and, as their interiors can easily be kept clean, they go well for soup dishes. Instructions for baking in them will be given later. These should not go in the provision chest, as they will smear everything with which they come in contact. Butter is better in its jar outside of the chest than inside. Outside, too, are kept a small jug of molasses, and a jug of fresh water, if cruising on the "briny."
There is no perfect canoe stove. The "flamme forcé" is probably as good as any. It takes up a little more room than the folding "pocket" variety, and it does not give more heat; but it burns for a longer time and is not top-heavy when a heavy pot or pan is set on it. For cooking in large utensils have three of these flamme forcé alcohol lamps, light them and place them side by side, and you can cook in this way a dozen slapjacks at once on a big griddle, if you like.
Beware of "folding stoves" to use ashore and burn wood in. They are the greatest possible troubles - smutty, red-hot and cumbersome. Don't carry an oil stove.
Now as to eatables in general, condensed milk is a good thing, but condensed coffee, condensed eggs and condensed beef are disgusting to have. Self-rising flour, wheat, rye, Indian or Graham, is easily made into bread and slapjacks. The directions come with the packages. Pilot bread will keep an indefinite time and is not so inedible as hard-tack. Indian meal is very nutritious and easily made up, as it requires nothing to lighten it but scald it before using when it is not fresh. Canned tomatoes, corn, fruits, beans, soups, salmon, etc., are easy to prepare, and can be stored as weight in the canoe.
Mr. Hicks, of the Toronto Canoe Club, prepares certain kinds of food in cans for ballast as follows, according to the American Canoeist:
"Get a number of flat square tin cans made like oyster cans, of a handy size to lie under your floor boards.  Get as much meat in as you can before putting in the fat. Put up fruit in square flat cans in the same way. There is your ballast, and heavy stuff it is. When the provisions run short let the crew feed on the ballast. The preparation described is far more nutritious than canned corned beef, is more palatable, and will keep indefinitely - that is, throughout a very long cruise."
I have not tried this method of preserving provisions, but I do not see why it would not be a feasible method. The Brunswick canned soups are the cheapest, are easily prepared, and as wholesome as any. However, I have known nervous canoeists who would not use them because they didn't like the way the powder looked. Dried beef, corned beef, lemons and sardines make good additions to an outfit. Potatoes, onions and other vegetables should be procured en route as needed, if possible.
As it may puzzle some beginners to know how much of each article of food to take in the canoe. Here, I give below the exact amount of provisions I carried on a week-long cruise last autumn. I did not run short of anything at the end of the week, but I had not have any left for three square meals:


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Episode 5.07 - Beating a Dead Fish author: display_name: Corey Fineran login: Corey email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Corey author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 8455 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=8455 date: '2013-05-05 14:03:40 +0000' date_gmt: '2013-05-05 19:03:40 +0000' categories: - Uncategorized tags: [] comments: [] ---
In this episode of the podcast, we continue the discussion on renovations to Wrigley since the Cubs released more images of what the jumbotron at Wrigley will look like. We'll give you our first impressions and talk about the points of leverage that the Cubs have in this whole situation.
It wouldn't be an Ivy Envy Podcast episode in 2013 if we didn't spend a good amount of time talking about how good the starting pitching is and how bad the bullpen is. Of course, we don't ignore the bright spots in the bullpen, Kevin Gregg and James Russell.
What should the Cubs do with Carlos Marmol? And what should the Cubs do with the rotation and bullpen with Matt Garza returns?
We have a scary stat of the week, an internet muscle flex of the week and an unexpected winner of this week's photo caption contest.


--- layout: page --- {% if page.url == '/' %}
Welcome to the Lexington High School Student-Faculty Senate! The Senate meets after school on Wednesdays in the Library Media Center.
We implement school-wide policies on a number of issues, from things as mundane as placing extra benches around the school to changes as significant as eliminating the community service requirement for open campus, allowing students to eat in the Quad, or determining what information will be printed on transcripts.
All meetings are open to the public! If you want to change something about the school, we would love to hear and discuss your ideas.
When and where does the Senate meet?
The Senate meets every Wednesday afternoon after school in the Library Media Center.
What happened to X-Block?
X-Block was originally created as a time for Senate to meet. The Department of Education has found that X-Block did not engage the time of a sufficient number of students to be counted as a Time and Learning hour. The school will be discussing how to restore X-Block to the schedule this year (2014-2015).
Are Senate meetings open to those who aren't members?
Yes. Anyone who wishes to attend a senate meeting may do so.
How many Senators are there?
There are up to 10 faculty senators, along with approximately 10 student senators elected per grade. See the Constitution for details.
What are Senate Committees?
Each senator is assigned to a Committee at the beginning of the year. There are 6 committees: Executive, Community Service, Oversight, Climate, Policy, and Communications. Each committee meets once a week outside of the Senate meeting.


I'm a freelance software engineer. Previously I founded and worked on
open data projects.
Currently I'm focusing on machine learning, NLP, advanced search and
analytics. 〉
{% endif %}
{{ content }}
{% if page.type == post %}
I'm a freelance software engineer. Previously I founded and worked on
open data projects.
Currently I'm focusing on machine learning, NLP, advanced search and
analytics. 〉
{% endif %}


Press F5 or Refresh to load script again. This is a program for Rolling a Dice number of times as prompt by user


Properties
- AjaxFileUpload - AjaxFileUpload that is used to upload images
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Methods
- Decode() - Decodes html tags that are not generated by an htmlEditorExtender button
Events
- ImageUploadComplete - An event handler to complete the Ajax Image upload


David Okun | raywenderlich.com
Kitura Team
Paul Hudson | @TwoStraws
Community Book | Nocturnal
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It consists of Animal card of your favorite animal.
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let us dive into the world of Batman.


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{% extends 'common/base.html' %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}
A Baggage Handling System(BHS) is a type of conveyor installed in airports that transports checked luggage from ticket counters to areas where the bags can be loaded onto the airplanes. Although the primary function of a BHS is the transportation of bags, a typical BHS will serve other functions involved in making sure that a bag gets to the correct location in the airport. The process of identifying a bag, and the information associated with it, to make a decision on where the bag should be directed within the system is known as sortation.


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♦ University of Maryland Baltimore County,Maryland
Master of Science in Information Systems
- In 30 credit course intensify my level of understanding with respect to system development. The advance level course work helps synthesize my knowledge.
- Course works like Cyber Security, Advance Database Concept, Web Mining,Structured Systems Analysis and Design really add to my skill set.


 He wrote:
@fakedansavage I think gay people, like all voters, can/should make voting decisions based on a wide array of issues, not just this one
— Glenn Greenwald (@ggreenwald) May 9, 2012
I responded, and he came back:
@samgrossberg @fakedansavage So you think only of yourself when voting, not any one else's interests? And you're proud of that?
— Glenn Greenwald (@ggreenwald) May 9, 2012
No, Glenn Greenwald, I don't think only of myself when voting. I live in San Francisco, where I feel almost no discrimination or persecution for being gay. I will likely be able to marry the person I love by the time I'm ready. When I vote this November, I'll think of the gay teenagers in North Carolina who go to bed every night thinking they are worthless, hearing their parents and friends debating the political issue of the day, talking about how they need to keep the faggots from getting married.
 I'd like to think that when my straight friends, family members, and neighbors go to the ballot box next November, they will also think about the millions of human beings for whom this election matters. To steal a line from Fred Wilson's blog post on the subject, "It is about basic human decency." Frank Bruni at the New York Times said it more eloquently than I can:
I find myself thinking about all the teenagers and young adults out there who cower in silence because they worry about being ostracized if they speak the truth about their sexual orientation. I think about the ones who are bullied, even the ones who contemplate taking their own lives.
And I think about what it will mean to them to hear the president say what he did today, not because they’re focused on marriage but because they’re buoyed by any and every reassurance that there’s nothing wrong with them, nothing inferior about them. Today their president gave them that reassurance.
I think about how it would have felt to me when I was 16, and fearful, and often deeply, deeply depressed, to hear a president say what ours did today. I can’t imagine it. In the three decades since, our country has traveled an enormous distance, and today is a poignant and compelling marker of that.
This isn't about politics. This isn't about the details of foreign policy agendas, economic policy, health care, or anything else that is a matter of opinion. This isn't about weddings. This is about the message society sends to gay people. This is about loving your neighbor as yourself. Glenn, if you had a gay daughter, could you look her in the eye and say, "You deserve to be treated as a second class citizen because I'm afraid my health care premium might go up"? It would certainly be different if Obama was intentionally slaughtering civilians in Afghanistan, but the principle stays the same - it's about human decency. No, Glenn Greenwald, I don't think there's a political issue important enough for me to ignore basic human decency.


Creating Multisignature Transactions
How It Works
General
In bitcoin there are several transaction types and one of them is Multisig. Multisig addresses and transactions are created from multiple private keys and can be used in multiple situations. For example, you can secure your funds using multiple keys on multiple devices. If you want to spend transactions received on multisig address, you'll need to sign transactions on both devices. As another example, in large companies where several people are in charge of funds, they can create multisig addresses for company funds where you have multiple signatories. This will improve the security of the funds from both internal and external threats since no one can send a tx without the approval of other signatories. More examples of multisig applications can be found on the wiki.
Definition
Multisig transactions have an m-of-n
form, where m
stands for number of signatures required to spend funds and n
stands
for maximum number of pubkeys that are permitted to sign (m <= n
). You can check the motivation
and specification in BIP11. We'll also be using the Pay-to-Script-Hash(P2SH) format for the script
and its address format for our addresses and for receiving the transactions.
Address Creation
When you want to create a multisig address, first you need to aggree on the numbers in m-of-n
. If one of the
signatories chooses a different m
or a different n
, they'll end up with different addresses.
You also need to know the pubkey for all cosigners.
You can share these pubkeys however you want. Wallets support various ways for sharing pubkeys, using QR Codes
or sending base58check encoded strings. After you have collected all pubkeys and agreed on m
and n
,
you construct the multisig script and generate P2SH address from that.
Spending Received Transaction
After you've received a transaction on your multisig address, you can spend it if the minimum number of signatures are provided in a signature script.
- You need all public keys, the same as were used in address generation.
- From that you can construct the redeem script, that is the original script you constructed for address.
- Once you have the redeem script, you can start creating the signature script which will be constructed according to BIP11 and BIP16.
- When you prepend your signature, you take this transaction (not yet fully valid) and send it to another pubkey owner,
who'll be signing next. The next person will do the same, until you have
m
signatures in the sigscript.
After this process is done, your transaction is fully signed and you can broadcast your transaction.
The Code
Manual construction
In this setup, we won't be running a node or running any of the blockchain or wallet functionality of bcoin. This is a slightly more abstract than constructing bare scripts ourselves. We'll split code in multiple files and share keys using the current directory (So you can use fresh dir).
Step 1: Address Creation
In the following code, we'll import all necessary libraries, generate private and public keys, and create a multisig address.
'use strict';
const fs = require('fs');
const bcoin = require('bcoin');
const KeyRing = bcoin.wallet.WalletKey;
const Script = bcoin.Script;
// Network is important when creating addresses
// and storing private keys, You don't want to accidentally spend
// or confuse keys/transactions/addresses with different networks.
const network = 'regtest';
// use compressed pubkeys
// See notes in guide.
const compressed = true;
// This will generate two private keys
// See notes in guide
const ring1 = KeyRing.generate(compressed, network);
const ring2 = KeyRing.generate(compressed, network);
// export to wif for reimporting them later.
fs.writeFileSync(`${network}-key1.wif`, ring1.toSecret(network));
fs.writeFileSync(`${network}-key2.wif`, ring2.toSecret(network));
// create 2-of-2 address
const m = 2;
const n = 2;
const pubKeys = [ring1.publicKey, ring2.publicKey];
// assemble multisig script from pubkeys and m-of-n
const multiSigScript = Script.fromMultisig(m, n, pubKeys);
// now generate P2SH address
const base58addr = multiSigScript.getAddress().toBase58(network);
// store address too
fs.writeFileSync(`${network}-address`, base58addr);
// Print multisig address
console.log(`Address: ${base58addr}`);
const ring1 = KeyRing.generate(compressed, network);
Here we generate a private key and public key pair. We need to provide information about the network and public key format. There are two Public key formats one compressed and one uncompressed. More details can be found at the Bitcoin Developer Guide
Step 2: Generate Transaction
In this part, we assume that we received a transaction on the network with the following information:
Transaction ID: 3b1dd17cc82e2ac43ba62bf8f1c6a0fe805df43911653d22c902571eb3a212ce
Output index: 0
Amount: 100 BTC
We are going to send 50 BTC
to RF1PJ1VkHG6H9dwoE2k19a5aigWcWr6Lsu
on the regtest network.
'use strict';
const fs = require('fs');
const assert = require('assert');
const bcoin = require('bcoin');
const KeyRing = bcoin.wallet.WalletKey;
const Script = bcoin.Script;
const MTX = bcoin.MTX;
const Amount = bcoin.Amount;
const Coin = bcoin.Coin;
const network = 'regtest';
// grab private keys
const secret1 = fs.readFileSync('./regtest-key1.wif').toString();
const secret2 = fs.readFileSync('./regtest-key2.wif').toString();
// generate keyring object (pubkeys too)
const ring1 = KeyRing.fromSecret(secret1);
const ring2 = KeyRing.fromSecret(secret2);
const m = 2;
const n = 2;
// Each of them will have both pubkeys
const pubkey1 = ring1.publicKey;
const pubkey2 = ring2.publicKey;
// the redeem
const redeem = Script.fromMultisig(m, n, [pubkey1, pubkey2]);
// p2sh script
const script = Script.fromScripthash(redeem.hash160());
// NOTE: we'll send change to the same address for simplicity
// consider using HD Wallets and common Paths within HD Wallets.
// See BIP45 for multisig paths.
const changeAddr = script.getAddress().toBase58(network);
// tx info
const sendTo = 'RF1PJ1VkHG6H9dwoE2k19a5aigWcWr6Lsu';
const txInfo = {
// How much we received with this transaction
value: Amount.fromBTC('100').toValue(),
// prevout txid and vout
hash: '3b1dd17cc82e2ac43ba62bf8f1c6a0fe805df43911653d22c902571eb3a212ce',
index: 0
};
// Coin provides information for the transaction
// that is aggregated in CoinView within the mtx
// and contains information about the previous output
const coin = Coin.fromJSON({
version: 1,
height: -1,
value: txInfo.value,
coinbase: false,
script: script.toJSON(),
hash: txInfo.hash,
index: txInfo.index
});
// Now we create mutable transaction object
const spend1 = new MTX();
// let's give redeemscript to ring1
// Later it will be used by signInput for
// signing transaction
ring1.script = redeem;
// send
spend1.addOutput({
address: sendTo,
value: Amount.fromBTC('50').toValue()
});
// Check notes below
// send change to ourselves
spend1.addOutput({
address: changeAddr,
value: Amount.fromBTC('49.99').toValue()
});
// We can manually add this coin
// and this will also add input
// to our transaction
spend1.addCoin(coin);
// scriptInput will assemble redeem and create
// space for signatures in the script.
spend1.scriptInput(0, coin, ring1);
// all info is here, all is left is to sign
// First signs first one and sends signed tx
// to another person for signing.
spend1.signInput(0, coin, ring1);
// Now we can take raw transaction and do the same
// thing with second user.
const raw = spend1.toRaw();
// let's simulate sending raw tx to another user
const spend2 = MTX.fromRaw(raw);
// information provided before `new MTX` in spend1
// is common for both, both need to construct them
// ring2 needs redeem script too, for signing input
spend2.script = redeem;
// Because input already exists in transaction
// we only need to provide Coin to CoinView
spend2.view.addCoin(coin);
// now we sign
spend2.signInput(0, coin, ring2);
// We are done.
// Both users signed the transactions
// Let's make sure that the transaction is valid
assert(spend2.verify(), 'Transaction isnt valid.');
console.log(spend2.toRaw().toString('hex'));
Since there's a lot of code here, I wanted to review a couple of sections. This snippet below will return a raw transaction and also makes sure the transaction has all the signatures.
// send change to ourselves
spend1.addOutput({
address: changeAddr,
value: Amount.fromBTC('49.99').toValue()
});
// We can manually add this coin
// and this will also add input
// to our transaction
spend1.addCoin(coin);
In this next snippet we send change to ourselves and specify it manually.
Alternatively, we could also use MTX.prototype.fund
which automatically
allocates coins to outputs, based on the amounts they need and
also calculate change and append a new output for it.
Instead of the code above, we could have simpler and more automated
calculations:
// this will automatically select coins and
// send change back to our address
await spend1.fund([coin], {
rate: 1000,
changeAddress: changeAddr
});
Using Wallet API
While it's possible to use bcoin
for manually constructing a transaction with just private keys, it's not
convenient to handle all logic manually, and even more complex to deal with all HD wallet logic. So if you have a bcoin node running and you have access to it via HTTP, you can use bcoin.http.Client
and bcoin.http.Wallet
. These classes
provide all API methods described on bcoin and will communicate with the node's Wallets.
NOTE: You can check API Docs
Step 1: Address Creation
In this step we'll create two new wallets for two cosigners. In this demo, they will exist on same node, but it shouldn't matter if these two wallets are on the same node or not.
'use strict';
const assert = require('assert');
const bcoin = require('bcoin');
const {NodeClient, WalletClient} = require('bclient');
const network = 'regtest';
const m = 2;
const n = 2;
// Wrapper for skipping errors, when you rerun the script
// It could have been as simple as
// await client.createWallet('primary', options);
const createMultisigWallet = async function createMultisigWallet(client, options, skipExists) {
assert(client instanceof NodeClient, 'client should be NodeClient');
assert(options.id, 'You need to provide id in options');
const defaultOpts = {
type: 'multisig',
m: m,
n: n
};
Object.assign(defaultOpts, options);
let res;
try {
res = await client.createWallet('primary', defaultOpts);
} catch (e) {
if (skipExists && e.message === 'WDB: Wallet already exists.') {
return null;
}
throw e;
}
return res;
};
// Wrapper for skipping errors, when you rerun the script
// It could have been as simple as
// await client.addSharedKey(account, xpubkey);
const addSharedKey = async function addSharedKey(client, account, xpubkey, skipRemoveError) {
assert(client instanceof WalletClient, 'client should be WalletClient');
assert(account, 'should provide account');
assert(xpubkey, 'should provide xpubkey');
let res;
try {
res = await client.addSharedKey('primary', account, xpubkey);
} catch (e) {
if (e.message === 'Cannot remove key.') {
return null;
}
throw e;
}
return res;
};
(async () => {
const client = new NodeClient({ network });
// Let's create wallets if they don't exist
await createMultisigWallet(client, { id: 'cosigner1' }, true);
await createMultisigWallet(client, { id: 'cosigner2' }, true);
// Initialize wallet http clients
// They will be talking to Node's API
const wallet1 = new WalletClient({ id: 'cosigner1', network });
const wallet2 = new WalletClient({ id: 'cosigner2', network });
// This isn't strictly necessary, but you can either create new
// accounts under wallets and use them
const wallet1account = 'default';
const wallet2account = 'default';
// Both wallets need to exchange XPUBKEYs to each other
// in order to generate receiving and change addresses.
// Let's take it from the default account.
const wallet1info = await wallet1.getInfo('primary');
const wallet2info = await wallet2.getInfo('primary');
// Grab the xpubkey from wallet, we need to share them
const wallet1xpubkey = wallet1info.account.accountKey;
const wallet2xpubkey = wallet2info.account.accountKey;
// Here we share xpubkeys to each other
await addSharedKey(wallet1, wallet1account, wallet2xpubkey);
await addSharedKey(wallet2, wallet2account, wallet1xpubkey);
// Now we can get address from both wallets
// NOTE: that both wallets should be on the same index
// (depth) of derivation to geth the same addresses
// NOTE: Each time you createAddress index(depth) is
// incremented an new address is generated
const address1 = await wallet1.createAddress('primary', wallet1account);
const address2 = await wallet2.createAddress('primary', wallet2account);
// Address for both shouuld be the same
// Unless they were run separately. (Or by manually triggering API)
console.log(address1);
console.log(address2);
})().catch((e) => {
console.error(e);
process.exit(1);
});
You will notice that we grab the .account.accountKey
, first key is the xpubkey
and both will be using xpubkey key derivation to come up with new addresses.
You won't need to share any other public keys, they will derive them for you.
Depth of the account is the only thing you'll need to keep in mind.
addSharedKey in
wallet/account is used for adding cosigner xpubkeys keys.
Step 2: Generate Transaction
We have received transaction
Transaction ID: c12e1b260354fd2a2848030222c4a66339892f1d63b18752ff80ef4eb0197d2
Output index: 0
Amount: 100 BTC
We are going to send 1 BTC
to RBg1TLaNuRpH6UTFzogFXhjqubPYZaqWgs
on the regtest network.
We won't need transaction ID and output index when using wallet API. It will be automatically allocated from coins by bcoin node wallet service.
'use strict';
const bcoin = require('bcoin');
const {NodeClient, WalletClient} = require('bclient');
const Amount = bcoin.Amount;
const network = 'regtest';
const sendTo = 'RBg1TLaNuRpH6UTFzogFXhjqubPYZaqWgs';
(async () => {
const client = new NodeClient({ network });
const wallet1 = new WalletClient({ id: 'cosigner1', network });
const wallet2 = new WalletClient({ id: 'cosigner2', network });
// Because we can't sign and spend from account
// We can't use `spend` as we do with normal transactions
// since it immediately publishes to the network
// and we need other signatures first.
// So we first create the transaction
const outputs = [{ address: sendTo, value: Amount.fromBTC(1).toValue() }];
const options = {
// rate: 1000,
outputs: outputs
};
// This will automatically find coins and fund the transaction (Sign it),
// also create changeAddress and calculate fee
const tx1 = await wallet1.createTX('primary', options);
// Now you can share this raw output
const raw = tx1.hex;
// Wallet2 will also sign the transaction
const tx2 = await wallet2.sign('primary', raw);
// Now we can broadcast this transaction to the network
const broadcast = await client.broadcast(tx2.hex);
console.log(broadcast);
})().catch((e) => {
console.error(e);
process.exit(1);
});
Here you can see it's much cleaner and easier. We still need to manually, using other means, share raw transaction data for signing.
wallet1.createTX(options)
will automatically find the coins
sent to the multisig wallet, allocate them for spending,
send remaining funds (minus fee) to change address and sign it.
wallet2.sign
will take raw transaction and sign it with according key.
After that we can just broadcast the transaction to the network.
Final Notes
I hope this guide gives you the opportunity to better understand multisig transactions and build apps on top of it.
You can play with this code, extend it, and even use it in production with small changes (e.g. rate estimation).
Here are some other ideas for how to build out on top of the app we built in this guide:
- Build UI for configuring and initializing
m
andn
. - Add communication layer to exchange unsigned transactions and public keys securely.
- Bridge bcoin multisig to different wallets.


I had my first experience on mushrooms a few months ago. It was the beginning of the spring semester at my college, and four friends and I made plans to trip out on a friday night.
We bought the mushrooms the day before and after a heavy dinner, we ate them in my friend's dorm room at about 6:30 and washed them down with orange juice (we each had a little less than an eighth of what supposedly were some really good booms). After a half hour of watching the Simpsons, we went down to the basement to take bong hits in the boiler room. I took 3 or 4 big hits of the chronic weed we had, and I was pretty stoned.
I had taken acid a few times and had pleasant but not-very-intense experiences. I was not at all ready for what was about to happen to me. When we came upstairs, the other two of our 5-person crew that smoke cigarettes came outside with me for a cigarette. As soon as I stepped outside, the buzz hit me.
My two friends were starting to feel it too, but not nearly as hard as I was. They knew something was wrong when I decided I didn't want a cigarette. There was a totally overwhelming ringing in my ears that thoroughly freaked me out. Every noise anyone made sounded like an electric 'zap.'
I hadn't experienced anything like it before and I was pretty scared. It was the coldest night of the year, sub-zero temperatures and about a foot of snow, not to mention the fact that every sidewalk on campus was covered with inch-thick ice. I told my friends I was going for a walk; in reality, I wanted to go back to my dorm and fall asleep to get rid of the incredible feelings I was experiencing.
My friends knew it wasn't a good idea to let me go off on my own, so they said they'd come with me. They called upstairs to the other two guys and said that we were going for a walk. By the time they got downstairs, though, one of my friends had calmed me down and helped me appreciate the trip instead of being scared by it.
We went upstairs and hung out in one of our rooms. I was completely lost in my thoughts, and one pattern that recurred throughout the entire night began at this point. This pattern was my propensity for deep self-reflection. I spent a lot of time in front of the mirror, thinking about how I go through life playing a character and how other people saw me. When we sat in the basement chain-smoking cigarettes later in the evening, that kind of thing dominated our conversations, which tended to be very profound and on much heavier subject matter than what we usually talked about with each other.
We only left the dorm twice over the course of the night. Once, about an hour into our trip, we went outside just for fun. The entire world was frozen over and many of us were having visuals, so being outside was pretty entertaining. We slid around on the ice and played in the snow on the main green. Bypassers must have thought we were insane; everyone else who was out was trying to reach their destination as quickly as possible because it was so cold, while we were just running around like idiots.
The other time we left was to make a beer run minutes before the liquor store closed. The outside world again was especially entertaining, and our determination to get beer before the store closed made us think about how, even though our priorities aren't always the best, we are the kind of people who get what they want.
It's impossible to describe everything that went through my head that night, but it definitely brought me closer to the people I shared the experience with, and it taught me a lot about myself. Overall, it was a night to remember.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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