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1 1 Kai Du, Bin Gao, Yazhong Wang, Xianghan Xu, Jaewook Kim, Rongwei Hu, Fei-Ting Huang and Sang-Wook Cheong* Dr. K. Du, Dr. B. Gao, Y. Wang, X. Xu, Dr. J. W. Kim, Dr. R. Hu, Dr. F. Huang and Prof. S.- W. Cheong* Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA * To whom the correspondence should be addressed. (E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Here, we report the first 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO ( h -LSFO) 1 μm in s ize. On the other hand, the loop WFM domains are ~100 μm in size, h -LSFO. The domain decoupling can be
2 2 Multiferroics, Magnetoelectric coupling, Hexagonal ferrites, Weak ferromagnetism, Improper ferroelectricity Multiferroic materials, in which two or multiple ferroic orders coexist, have drawn a great deal of attentions due to their fundamental importance and potentials for the next generation devices – . However, in most multiferroics, the magnetoelectric (ME) coupling strength is quite weak, especially in linear-ME materials , which limits their practical applications. Therefore, multiferroics with the direct domain coupling between spontaneous magnetization ( ) and polarization ( P ) are highly sought after. The direct domain coupling can result in giant ME coupling, enabling the mutual control in the sense that flipping one of M or P can induce the flipping of the other. This direct domain coupling effect has been partially achieved, for example, at the hetero-interfaces of bilayer films. M in one film layer can be flipped by flipping P in the other film layer by electrical fields, however not the other way around . The similar situation has also been discovered in single-phase Dy 0.7 Tb 0.3 FeO and Dy 0.75 Gd 0.25 FeO where only the flipping of M by electrical fields is reported . Other examples in single-phase bulk systems are very limited. CoCr O 7,8 and Mn GeO appear to be the only two single-phase materials that contain spontaneous M and magnetism-induced P , which can be flipped by the magnetic field. However, their P magnitude is tiny for any applications, and flipping P (thus, M ) with electrical fields cannot be achieved due to the small magnitude of P . Recently, a theoretical study suggests that the single-phase hexagonal LuFeO ( h -LuFeO ) system may have the potential to realize this ideal effect with the direct
3 3 domain coupling between its ferroelectricity (FE) and weak ferromagnetism (WFM) . Thus, it is of great importance to study experimentally the possibility of a direct domain coupling effect in h -LuFeO , which is energy efficient and highly desirable for future applications. Meanwhile, the recent ME coupling study on h -LuFeO /LuFe O superlattices demonstrates the capability of electrical field control of magnetism near the room temperature, which indicates h -LuFeO and its related compounds are promising for future applications. However, with little knowledge of the intrinsic ME coupling of h -LuFeO itself, a full understanding of the ME coupling in superlattices and other related materials is unrealistic. For the possible giant ME coupling, h -LuFeO systems in the P6 cm polar structure ( Figure ) has attracted a significant research attentions, since this metastable hexagonal phase of its orthorhombic bulk form was reported to be stabilized in thin film form by epitaxial strain 12,13 or in bulk by Sc or Mn doping – . Samples in both forms are believed to show similar physical properties despite different approaches used for the synthesis (see Supplementary Information, note 1 for details). They exhibit robust ferroelectricity well above room temperature, similar to the well-studied multiferroic hexagonal RMnO ( h -RMnO , R=rare earth) 17,18 . Their improper ferroelectricity due to the structural instability is associated with the structural trimerization. The trimerization drives the FE transition from the non-polar P6 /mmc to the polar P6 cm structure and results in a two-up/one-down (or two-down/one-up) displacement of R-site ions, which, in turn, leads to ferroelectric polarization along the c axis. Note that alternating FE domains are clamped to the six structural vortex domains around one topological defect, forming an intriguing cloverleaf pattern in h -RMnO (ref. 19). Although magnetic domains in h -RMnO can be coupled with FE domains 20,21 , there exists no bulk spontaneous M in h -RMnO .
4 4 Compared with h -RMnO , the strong magnetic interaction between Fe 3+ spins in h -LuFeO induces a high antiferromagnetic ordering temperature ( T N = 440 K in ref. 12, 170 K in ref. 13). Even though the exact T N is still under debate, the presence of net ferromagnetic moment along the c axis is evident below 160-170 K. The magnetic state below 160-170 K is confirmed in both theory and experiment to be the A -dominant spin configuration (Figure 1b) 10,15 , which results in a significant canted-antiferromagnetic (or WFM) moment along the c axis. Both large spontaneous P and M do coexist below 160-170 K. More importantly, a theoretical study predicts the presence of a bulk linear ME coupling or even the direct coupling between polarization and WFM domains in h -LuFeO (ref. 10). Therefore, h -LuFeO is a unique candidate where a direct mutual control of P and M domains can be explored. Despite all of these extensive investigations, the intrinsic FE domain structure in h -LuFeO is still unexplored, and the direct experimental study of the ME coupling in h -LuFeO is absent. One of the main reasons is the instability of the h -LuFeO phase at ambient synthesis conditions, which makes it challenging to synthesize bulk single crystals. Here, we report a successful growth of high-quality highly-cleavable h -Lu 1-x Sc x FeO (nominal x=0.4) single crystals for the first time, using a floating zone technique and subsequent extensive annealing with different cooling rates (see Methods and Supplementary Information, note 2). The X-ray spectrum obtained using a PANalytical diffractometer (Figure 1c) is consistent with the pure h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO phase 14,16 , and does not exhibit any measurable peak broadening or the presence of any second phases, indicating the high quality of crystals. Three 1 °C/h-cooled h - Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO specimens (LSFO1-3) were prepared by mechanical cleaving to expose hexagonal a - b surfaces, and used for most of our scanning experiments. A large and flat surface of LSFO1 after cleaving is shown in Figure 1d, while an image of the whole as-grown crystal is shown in the inset. From room-temperature piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM)
5 5 studies, we have visualized a cloverleaf pattern of vortex FE domains in h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO for the first time, which is absent in epitaxial h -LuFeO thin films. Furthermore, low-temperature magnetic force microscopy (MFM) studies on the same surfaces suggest that WFM domains are distinct from FE domains in terms of the size and shape, and there exists no mutual locking between FE and WFM domain walls. These observations undoubtedly indicate a complete decoupling between FE and WFM. A. Ferroelectricity h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO surfaces with different cooling rates in the 1200 C-1400 C range, in which FE Curie temperature ( T C ) locates (see Supplementary Information, note 2). The fast-cooled sample (100 °C/h) shows small disordered FE domains on a ~100 nm scale (Figure 2a). Additional dark field transmission electron microscopy (DF-TEM) studies confirm that a 100 °C/h-cooled h- Lu 0.5 Sc 0.5 FeO crystal also exhibits irregular-shape and disordered FE domains on a similar scale (Supplementary Information, Figure S1), possibly due to a large amount of chemical/structural disorders (e.g. partial edge dislocations and large line defects ). A cloverleaf pattern of vortex FE domains, similar to that in h -RMnO (ref. 19), is now visible in the 10 °C/h-cooled specimen (Figure 2b). A well-organized micron-size cloverleaf pattern of vortex FE domains (Figure 2c and 2d) is evident in the 1 °C/h-cooled LSFO1 (area A). We found that vortex FE domains distribute uniformly across the whole cleaved surface. For example, Figure 2f shows the PFM image of another area (area B, far away from area A) of LSFO1, resembling those of area A. These results demonstrate that the intrinsic FE domain structure in h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO is a topological vortex configuration, which is sensitive to chemical/structural disorders. Their relevant length scale can be systematically tuned by the cooling rate across the FE Curie temperature, which is in the range of 1400 °C-1200 °C. Although most of our samples have FE domains with +P and – P domains in 50/50 ratio,
6 6 known as type-I domains, some cleaved samples closed to the surface of crystals do show type-II narrow domains (Figure S2) due to the self-poling effect during the annealing process, which is also commonly observed in h -RMnO compounds . We plotted the density of topological defects (vortices and antivortices) in PFM images vs. the cooling rate (Figure 2e). The h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO tends to show a much higher density of topological defects, compared with h -RMnO ( e.g. ErMnO and TmMnO , data obtained from ref. 25), even though it has a higher T C than, e.g., ErMnO ( T C ≈ 1129 °C). Note that a higher- T C h -RMnO tends to exhibit a lower density of topological defects. The estimated linear slope of ~0.88 is significantly larger than the slope (~0.59) predicted by the Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) in h -RMnO (ref. 25). This discrepancy is likely due to the high density of chemical/structural disorders in fast-cooled h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO 3, which can be annealed away through the slow cooling at the high-temperature range. This disorder is probably related to the metastable nature of the hexagonal phase of LuFeO , unlike the stable h -RMnO phase. Meanwhile, the poor R-Square value (~0.84) of the linear fitting in h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO (Figure 2e) also suggests that the density of topological defects is likely affected by extrinsic effects such as pinning by structural defects. Therefore, the intrinsic slope of h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO needs to be further studied in the future, especially in the slowly-cooled range where the pinning effect by structural defects are minimized. We emphasize that we have observed the cloverleaf-pattern FE domains in h -LSFO, which has not been reported before, e.g., in epitaxial h -LuFeO thin films . Note that h -LuFeO films are typically synthesized at 700 °C-900 °C, which is well below the T C . Thus, it is possible that films may have significant chemical/structural disorders, resulting in ultra-fine irregular FE domains or single FE domain due to surface boundary conditions.
7 7 We obtained good polarization loops (Figure 2g) of another 1 °C/h-cooled specimen (LSFO2) using a Ferroelectric Material Test System (FMTS, Radiant), demonstrating the presence of switchable ferroelectric polarization. Complimentary polarization loops as a function of the frequency are also provided in the Supplementary Information Figure S3a. Their consistency and similarities at different frequencies suggest that the measured loops reflect their intrinsic polarizations without artifacts. The permittivity and the loss tangent as a function of frequency and temperature are shown in Figure S3b and S3c respectively. The low loss at the room temperature and its continuous drop at low temperatures indicate h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO is a good insulator. B. Magnetism The magnetic susceptibility of LSFO2 in magnetic fields along and perpendicular to the c axis (Figure 3a), measured by a Magnetic Property Measurement System (Quantum Design), demonstrate the existence of the canted antiferromagnetic (or WFM) moment along the c axis below 163 K, which is consistent with the presence of the A spin order. A smooth reduction of magnetic susceptibility below 75 K upon cooling may indicate the presence of a spin reorientation transition away from the A spin order, which has been reported in Lu 0.5 Sc 0.5 FeO (ref. 15). This behavior is also evident in the M-H curves at 5 K and 130 K (Figure 3b). Thus, WFM domain structures were examined by a low-temperature MFM (Attocube) at the liquid nitrogen temperature (~78 K), where the A phase (thus, WFM moment) is dominant. Compared with the micron-size vortex FE domains, large loop-like WFM domains (Figure 3c) without any hint of cloverleaf cores are clearly observed in LSFO1 (area C, Figure 3d). To further confirm the magnetic origin of these MFM contrasts, the specimen was warmed up to 200 K (above the A -phase transition temperature of 163 K) and cooled back to 78 K. After this new thermal cycle, the WFM domain structure of the same area has completely changed (Figure 3e and 3f). For a clear view of WFM domain structure, a
8 8 large-range mosaic MFM image around the area C is shown in Figure 3g. The vortex FE domains at the lower-left corner of Figure 3g, reproduced from Figure 2d, are distinct from the large WFM domains. The size of these WFM domains is roughly ~100 m, while FE domains are on the order of ~1 m. Furthermore, the WFM domain wall thickness is as large as 2-4 m (Figure S4), which is also distinct from the almost-atomically-sharp FE domain walls. Moreover, our in-situ PFM images at the room temperature (Figure S5a and S5b) and 78 K (Figure S5c and S5d) show an identical domain pattern at both temperatures. Considering that WFM domains change in different thermal cycles (Figure 3c and 3e) while FE domains should remain unchanged, we could confidently draw the conclusion that they are decoupled. C. ME coupling There are two and only two possible types of coupling among ferroelectric polarization, structural antiphases, and A -type antiferromagnetic spins that have been theoretically proposed . They may result in different relationships among FE ( P= ±P), WFM ( M c = ±M c , magnetization along the c axis), and ME ( c = ± c , ME coefficient along the c axis) domains, where P = c M c . First, note that within unit-cell translation, structural distortions such as oxygen distortions rotate | /3 | across one FE domain wall, which is a structural antiphase boundary at the same time, so that the six domain structure in Figure 4 is a topological vortex. Now, in the first case (Figure 4a), in-plane spins rotate | Δ | = /3 across one FE domain wall. In this case, FE domains are directly coupled with WFM domains but decoupled from ME domains. So WFM domains and FE domains must exhibit an identical pattern. In the other case (Figure 4b), in-plane spins rotate | Δ | = /3 across one FE domain wall , which is in the same manner as structural distortions. So FE domains will be decoupled with WFM
9 9 domains and coupled with ME domains. Our experimental findings clearly indicate the decoupling between FE and WFM domains (Figure 4b). It can be summarized in the cartoon of Figure 4c, obtained by combining Figure 2d and 3e. Note that similar PFM and MFM S6). Moreover, the similar magnetic susceptibility and PE loop can also be reproduced in different crystal pieces (Figure S7) that are cleaved from the same batch, which is an indication of uniform ferroelectric and magnetic properties within the batch. Figure 4d illustrates the zoom-in view of the dotted area in Figure 4c, and the 3D spin configurations of trimerized Fe 3+ are drawn for each domain. Another evidence of this domain decoupling between FE and WFM is the absence of magnetoelectric current (or P switching) when M c is switched by magnetic fields (see Figure S8 and Supplementary Information note 3 for details). Our results of decoupled FE and WFM domains can be understood in terms of magnetic domain wall energy. It is expected that the domain wall energy with the in-plane spin rotation of large | /3 | likely costs larger than that with the small | /3| rotation. This can also be understood in terms of topology. Structural distortions such as oxygen distortions all the way around one vortex (antivortex) core rotate by +(-)2 , so the relevant structural topological charge (or the winding number, n s ) of one vortex (antivortex) is +(-)1. Similarly, magnetic topological charge (or the winding number, n m ) for the in-plane spins of a vortex (antivortex) in the domain-decoupled case (Figure 4b) is +(-)1. On the other hand, n m is +(-)2 in the domain-coupled case (Figure 4a), which is different from n s and likely not favored topologically. As a consequence of this coupling between structural distortions and in-plane antiferromagnetic spins, the out-of-plane spins (WFM) are decoupled with FE domains as observed experimentally. Though a further experimental proof of this coupling is needed in the future, the statement above is still logically true as the coupling between structural
10 10 distortions and in-plane antiferromagnetic spins is the only possibility based on theoretical predictions (ref. 10). This is also consistent with the situation in YMnO where FE domains are found to be coupled to its in-plane antiferromagnetic domains . We want to emphasize that the spin-canting angle in h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO , estimated from the observed remnant magnetization (~ 0.01 /Fe), is tiny (< 1°). Therefore, antiferromagnetic in-plane spins are still dominant. So it is natural to have n m =n s , which leads to the decoupling between FE and WFM domains, since WFM is only a small out-of-plane spin component of the dominant in- plane spins. In summary, we have found that the intrinsic FE domain structure of h -LSFO is of fine topological vortex configuration. In contrast, weak ferromagnetic domains are of a loop shape with a much larger size. The distinct sizes and shapes demonstrate the decoupling between ferroelectricity and out-of-plane weak ferromagnetism, even though in-plane antiferromagnetic spins likely correlate with structural modulations around topological vortices according to theoretical predictions. Our results indicate that the magnetic topological charge tends to be identical with the structural topological charge. This observation is consistent with the absence of any FE and WFM domain-coupled ME effects in h -LSFO. Our ferroelectricity mediated through structural distortions, which will be useful for the future applications of multiferroics. High-quality h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO single crystals were grown using a floating zone method under 0.8 MPa O atmosphere. The feed rods were prepared using the standard solid-state reaction (ref. 14). The as-grown crystals were annealed at 1400 °C in air for 24 hours to enhance
11 11 crystallinity, and then cooled down to 1200 °C with different cooling rates (100 °C/h, 10 °C/h and 1 °C/h). Afterward, they were cooled to room temperature at the same cooling rate of 100 °C/h. Finally, they were further annealed under 20 MPa O pressure at 1000 °C in a high- pressure oxygen furnace to remove any oxygen vacancies and thus enhance resistance. In similar h -RMnO compounds, it is well known that the topological vortex density can be symmetrically tuned by different cooling rates near their FE Curie temperatures (ref. 23). As different densities of vortex FE domains are observed in samples with different rates for the 1200 °C-1400 °C cooling in this work, the FE Curie temperature of h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO is in the range of 1200 °C-1400 °C. For all the PFM measurements, AC 5V at 68 kHz was applied to a tip (a commercial conductive AFM tip) while sample backside is grounded. Before the MFM measurement, a 20 nm gold film was sputtered onto the same cleaved surface of LSFO1 after PFM experiments to eliminate any electrostatic signal from FE domains during the MFM scanning (ref. 20). All the MFM images are obtained using a dual pass mode with a lift height of 50 nm. PE loops were measured on a polished thin sample by the “ PUND ” method provide in the Ferroelectric Material Test System (RADIANT TECHNOLOGIES INC.). The remanent-only polarization hysteresis loop is finally derived. (Also see the reference in Supplementary information note 2) All relevant data are available from the authors upon request.
12 12 We would like to thank M. Mostovoy for insightful discussions. This work was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation’s EPiQS Initiative through Grant GBMF4413 to the Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials. The authors declare no competing interests. B. G.,K.D., X. X. and R.H. prepared the samples; F. H. performed the TEM investigation; Y. W. and J. K. measured P-E loops and magnetic properties; K. D. did PFM and MFM measurements; S. C. guided the project; K.D. and S. C. analysed the data and wrote the paper. Supplementary information is available online or from the author. 1. Cheong, S.-W. & Mostovoy, M. Multiferroics: a magnetic twist for ferroelectricity. Nat. Mater. 6, – 20 (2007). 2. Ramesh, R. & Spaldin, N. A. Multiferroics: progress and prospects in thin films. Nat. Mater. 6, – 29 (2007). 3. Khomskii, D. Classifying multiferroics: mechanisms and effects. Physics (College. Park. Md). 2, 20 (2009). 4. Tokunaga, Y. et al. Composite domain walls in a multiferroic perovskite ferrite. Nat. Mater. 8, – 562 (2009). 5. Heron, J. T. et al. Deterministic switching of ferromagnetism at room temperature using an electric field. Nature 516, – 373 (2014).
13 13 6. Tokunaga, Y., Taguchi, Y., Arima, T. & Tokura, Y. Electric-field-induced generation and reversal of ferromagnetic moment in ferrites. Nat. Phys. 8, – 844 (2012). 7. Yamasaki, Y. et al. Magnetic reversal of the ferroelectric polarization in a multiferroic spinel oxide. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 207204 (2006). 8. Lawes, G. et al. Dielectric anomalies and spiral magnetic order in CoCr O . Phys. Rev. B 74, 24413 (2006). 9. White, J. S. et al. Coupling of magnetic and ferroelectric hysteresis by a multicomponent magnetic structure in Mn GeO . Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 77204 (2012). 10. Das, H., Wysocki, A. L., Geng, Y., Wu, W. & Fennie, C. J. Bulk magnetoelectricity in the hexagonal manganites and ferrites. Nat. Commun. 5, 2998 (2014). 11. Mundy, J. A. et al. Atomically engineered ferroic layers yield a room-temperature magnetoelectric multiferroic. Nature 537, – 527 (2016). 12. Wang, W. et al. Room-temperature multiferroic hexagonal LuFeO films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 237601 (2013). 13. Disseler, S. M. et al. Magnetic structure and ordering of multiferroic hexagonal LuFeO . Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 217602 (2015). 14. Masuno, A. et al. Weak ferromagnetic transition with a dielectric anomaly in hexagonal Lu 0.5 Sc 0.5 FeO . Inorg. Chem. 52, – 11894 (2013). 15. Disseler, S. M. et al. Multiferroicity in doped hexagonal LuFeO . Phys. Rev. B 92, 54435 (2015). 16. Lin, L. et al. Hexagonal phase stabilization and magnetic orders of multiferroic Lu 1−x Sc x FeO . Phys. Rev. B 93, 75146 (2016). 17. Abrahams, S. C. Ferroelectricity and structure in the YMnO family. Acta Crystallogr. B57, – 490 (2001). 18. Koehler, W. C., Yakel, H. L., Wollan, E. O. & Cable, J. W. A note on the magnetic structures of rare earth manganese oxides. Phys. Lett. 9, – 95 (1964). 19. Choi, T. et al. Insulating interlocked ferroelectric and structural antiphase domain walls in multiferroic YMnO . Nat. Mater. 9, – 258 (2010). 20. Geng, Y., Lee, N., Choi, Y. J., Cheong, S.-W. & Wu, W. Collective magnetism at multiferroic vortex domain walls. Nano Lett. 12, – 6059 (2012).
14 14 21. Fiebig, M., Lottermoser, T., Fröhlich, D., Goltsev, A. V. & Pisarev, R. V. Observation of coupled magnetic and electric domains. Nature 419, – 820 (2002). 22. Cheng, S. et al. Topologically allowed nonsixfold vortices in a sixfold multiferroic material: observation and classification. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 145501 (2017). 23. Chae, S. C. et al. Direct observation of the proliferation of ferroelectric loop domains and vortex-antivortex pairs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 167603 (2012). 24. Wang, X., Huang, F.-T., Hu, R., Fan, F. & Cheong, S.-W. Self-poling with oxygen off- stoichiometry in ferroelectric hexagonal manganites. APL Mater. 3, 41505 (2015). 25. Lin, S.-Z. et al. Topological defects as relics of emergent continuous symmetry and Higgs condensation of disorder in ferroelectrics. Nat. Phys. 10, – 977 (2014).
15 15 h -(Lu, Sc)FeO . (a) Crystallographic structure of h -(Lu, Sc)FeO in P6 cm space group .  The black arrows show the displacement directions of Lu or Sc atoms with a two-down/one-up case. Trimerized Fe atoms are illustrated with green bonds. 3D magnetic structure of h -(Lu, Sc)FeO in A phase, which enables the spin canting along the c axis. Ordered Fe spins in two adjacent layers are shown with red open arrows, and the Fe trimerization of Z=0 layer is labeled with green bonds. (c) X-ray diffraction of the Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO single crystal ground powders which shows the pure hexagonal phase in P6 cm space group. The refinement was done by Reitica with the simulated lattice constant a=5.879 Å and c= 11.695 Å, t he standard deviation Rp=6.851, Rwp=10.62 and χ2=0.514 (d)
16 16 Optical microscope image of a cleaved Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO surface (LSFO1). Scale bar is 200 m. The image of the whole crystal before cleaving is shown in the inset.
image.16.1[425*557]17 17 h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO . Room-temperature PFM images of cleaved surfaces of crystals after (a) 100 °C/h, (b) 10 °C/h and (c) 1 °C/h cooling in the 1400 C-1200 C temperature range. (d) The large-range PFM image of the area A of LSFO1 (the black dashed square corresponds to (c)). (e) The density of defects as a function of cooling rates. Error bars of the defect density for 1 °C/h, 10 °C/h, and 100 °C/h cooling are 0.005 μm , 0.16 μm , and 0.4 μm respectively. Data of ErMnO and TmMnO is obtained from ref. 25. (f) PFM image of another area in LSFO1 (area B). (g) Room-temperature P-E loops of LSMO2 at 2702 Hz, which prove its robust and switchable ferroelectricity. Scale bars are 2 m in (a), (b) and (c), 5 m in (d) and (f).
18 18 h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO . (a) magnetic susceptibility of LSFO2 in 2 kOe (H c; open squares, and H//c; red circles) as a function of temperature. (b) Out-of-plane magnetization (H//c) of LSFO2 as a function of magnetic field at 130 K (red circles) and 5 K (black triangles), and linear in-plane magnetization (H c) at 5 K (blue open squares). (c) MFM image and (d) corresponding topography of LSFO1 (area C) at 78 K. (e) MFM image and (f) its topography of the same area C at 78 K after a new thermal cycle. (g) Large-range MFM image collage around the area C, which is shown with the black dashed square. PFM image of LSFO1 (area A) is shown in the black square at the left-lower corner with the same scale for comparison. Large loop-shape WFM domains are clearly visible in ~100 m scale. Scale bars are 20 m.
19 19 h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO . Possible in-plane magnetic structures of coupled (a) and decoupled (b) cases between FE and WFM domains. Blue (black) dashed lines show the FE (WFM) domain walls. Dark circles are Fe 3+ ions, and the red open arrows illustrate their in-plane spins. Black arrows stand for the structural distortions of top- apical oxygen ions. Trimerized Fe 3+ ions are labeled with green bonds. The blue ( + P , - M c ), yellow ( + P , + M c ), orange ( - P , + M c ) and purple ( - P , - M c ) background colors represent the 4 possible FE and WFM domain combinations. c is the ME coefficient along the c axis. The + domain is chosen to be the same for clear comparison. S pins in dark grey triangle backgrounds are supposedly identical by unit-cell translations, rotate | ΔΦ | = /3 for (a) and | ΔΦ | = /3 for (b) across an FE domain wall. (c) Cartoon of real FE and WFM domain distributions drawn by combining Fig. 2d and 3e in the same scale. (d) Zoom-in cartoon of
image.19.1[453*369]20 20 the black dotted area in (c) , and the 3D cartoon of spin configurations for four different domains. Spins are shown by the red open arrows, and other symbols remain the same as in and (b) , except that red (black) solid arrows are now the c -direction canted magnetic moments (electric polarizations). The domain decoupled case of (b) corresponds to the experimental result of (c) or (d) , which demonstrates decoupling between FE and WFM domains.
21 21 Kai Du, Bin Gao, Yazhong Wang, Xianghan Xu, Jaewook Kim, Rongwei Hu, Feiting Huang and Sang-Wook Cheong* Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA * To whom the correspondence should be addressed. (E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>h -LuFeO and pure h -LuFeO Hexagonal rare-earth ferrites ( h -RFeO ) are metastable and do not exist under normal synthesis conditions, unlike the stable hexagonal rare-earth manganites. In order to stabilize the hexagonal phase experimentally, strain from small-ion doping into A-site for bulk crystals (e.g. h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO ) or from the hexagonal substrate for thin films (e.g. h -LuFeO /YSZ) are required. Generally, these two approaches apply strain to its original stable lattice and should give the similar effect in stabilizing the metastable hexagonal phase. Besides, strong theoretical and experimental evidence has illustrated that Sc-doped h -LuFeO and pure h -LuFeO do share the similar ferroelectric and magnetic properties. Theoretically, DFT calculations have been conducted to the Sc-doped h -LuFeO in ref. 16 compared to the pure h -LuFeO . It concludes that the Sc doping will not affect the ferroelectricity and magnetic properties, other than just helping to stabilize the hexagonal phase. A secondary effect of the small Sc doping is: Fe-Fe distance becomes closer, and thus their magnetic interaction becomes stronger, which is consistent with high magnetic transition temperatures of the Sc-doped h -LuFeO .
22 22 Experimentally, it is also true that our h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO has a slightly higher weak ferromagnetic transition temperature at 160 K-170 K, comparing to pure h -LuFeO thin films (140 K-150 K). Except for that small difference, bulk Sc-doped h -LuFeO shows similar magnetic properties to pure h -LuFeO thin films, based on the magnetic susceptibility and neutron diffraction study in ref. 13 and ref. 15. Therefore, h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO in this work should have the similar properties to theoretically studied pure h -LuFeO , based on both first principle calculations and the experimental data. However, as mentioned later in the main text, our bulk h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO single crystals have much better quality so that it could enable us to further study their intrinsic FE domains and ME coupling, which is difficult to realize in pure h -LuFeO thin films. Thus, bulk Sc-doped h -LuFeO can be a better platform to explore the intrinsic properties and novel fundamental physics in the h -LuFeO system. High-quality h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO single crystals were grown using a floating zone method under 0.8 MPa O atmosphere. The feed rods were prepared using the standard solid-state reaction (ref. 14). The as-grown crystals were annealed at 1400 °C in air for 24 hours to enhance crystallinity, and then cooled down to 1200 °C with different cooling rates (100 °C/h, 10 °C/h and 1 °C/h). Afterward, they were cooled to room temperature at the same cooling rate of 100 °C/h. Finally, they were further annealed under 20 MPa O pressure at 1000 °C in a high- pressure oxygen furnace to remove any oxygen vacancies and thus enhance resistance. In similar h -RMnO compounds, it is well known that the topological vortex density can be symmetrically tuned by different cooling rates near their FE Curie temperatures (ref. 23). As different densities of vortex FE domains are observed in samples with different rates for the
23 23 1200 °C-1400 °C cooling in this work, the FE Curie temperature of h -Lu 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO is in the range of 1200 °C-1400 °C. For all the PFM measurements, AC 5V at 68 kHz was applied to a tip (a commercial conductive AFM tip) while sample backside is grounded. Before the MFM measurement, a 20 nm gold film was sputtered onto the same cleaved surface of LSFO1 after PFM experiments to eliminate any electrostatic signal from FE domains during the MFM scanning (ref. 20). All the MFM images are obtained using a dual pass mode with a lift height of 50 nm. PE loops were measured on a polished thin sample by the “ PUND ” method provide in the Ferroelectric Material Test System (RADIANT TECHNOLOGIES INC.). The remanent-only polarization hysteresis loop is finally derived. 0.5 Sc 0.5 FeO . (a) The diffraction pattern of the (1-11) surface. (b) FE domain image using the Friedel pair breaking of the ⅓(−123) superlattice spot (labeled with green circle). Small disordered and irregular FE domains with highly-curved domain walls are visualized.
image.23.1[375*202]24 24 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO due to the self-poling (a) PFM image of a cleaved surface closed to the surface of the crystal. (b) Cartoon of the type-II domains on a self-poled sample. Because of the oxygen gradient created near the sample surface during the annealing process, +P domains are poled to be dominant. – P domains contract and become narrow lines in shape.
image.24.1[407*182]25 25 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO . (a) PE loops as a function of frequency. As there are no clear differences in PE loops with different frequencies, PE curves are from intrinsic polarizations other than leakage current contributions. (b) The real part of permittivity and the loss tangent as a function of frequency at the room temperature. (c) The real part of permittivity and the loss tangent as a function of temperature. The low loss at the room temperature and its continuous drop at low temperatures indicate the sample is a good insulator.
image.25.1[371*508]26 26 MFM image and (b) the line-profile of the red dashed line of a hard disk sample. 150 nm-sized domains are well resolved in the MFM image, which indicates that the spacial resolution of MFM is better than 150 nm. (c) MFM image and the line-profile of the red dashed line of LSFO1 (area C). The same tip and experimental set-up were used for both experiments, and the domain wall thickness estimated from the MFM line-profile in (d) (the width of the pronounced steep lines) is larger than 2 m.
image.26.1[421*379]27 27 Topography and (b) corresponding PFM image of LSFO3 (area C) at the room temperature. (c) Topography and (d) corresponding PFM image of LSFO3 (area C) at 78 K. Identical FE domains are observed. Tiny differences are due to the possible scanner distortions at different temperatures
image.27.1[288*351]28 28 h - 0.6 Sc 0.4 FeO (LSFO3). (a) Optical microscope image of the cleaved LSFO3. The red scale bar is 100 m. (b) Topography and (c) corresponding PFM image of LSFO3 (area A) at the room temperature. (d) Topography and (e) corresponding MFM image of LSFO3 (area B) at 78 K. The black scale bar is 10 m. FE and WFM domains form in very different length- scales.
image.28.1[453*379]29 29 Magnetic susceptibilities. (b) PE loops. Reproducible data indicates the ferroelectric and magnetic properties are uniform for samples from the same batch.
image.29.1[453*198]30 30 E H c. The measured current does not respond to the switching of magnetic fields and remains within the noise level. The sequence of the measurement was in the order of black, red, and green arrows.
image.30.1[409*313]31 31 We could estimate the minimum induced current (I min ) if a 180° polarization flipping happens when sweeping the field by having the following experimental parameters: electrode contact area (S=0.00021 cm ), sweeping speed of magnetic fields (v=0.02 T/s), the saturated polarization according to PE loops (p=1 μC /cm ). For the worst case, we assume the polarization flips during the whole field sweeping process (from 0 T to 9 T) which takes t= 9 T/ (0.02 T/s) = 450 s. Then I min = 2P S/t = 0.9 pA, which is at least 9 times of our current sensitivity (< 0.1 pA) in the measurement. Therefore, the absence of magnetoelectric current when sweeping magnetic fields is the strong evidence of the decoupling between WFM and FE domains. A topological vortex concept is essential to understand the decoupling between FE and WFM domains. Here, structural distortions and spins of the identical sites by unit-cell translations (e.g. sites with darker grey triangle backgrounds in Figure 4a and 4b) need to be considered and compared. As the structural (e.g. oxygen) distortion directions (defined by the angle in around the merging point becomes which can define a topological charge (or the winding number n s ) of 1. The sign of (or 1 of the topological charge) depends on the sense of rotation. For example, if vortices that rotate clockwise are defined to have +1 topological charges, then anti-vortices that rotate counter-clockwise have – 1 topological charges. The details of these vortex domains as topological objects can be also found in ref. 19 and ref. 23. In addition, antiferromagnetic spins also rotate around a merging point, similar to what happens with structural distortions. Thus, magnetic domains can also be considered as a
32 32 topological object and its magnetic topological charge is well defined . However, two spin configurations are possible: in one case, spins rotate by 60° between two adjacent domains (i.e. the magnetic topological charge n m of 1 around a merging point, Figure 4b), and spins rotate by 120° between two adjacent domains in the other case (i.e. the magnetic topological charge n m of 2 around a merging point, Figure 4a). Our MFM results are completely consistent with the former even though the theory proposed the possibility of both. This indicates that the magnetic topological charge (n m ) tends to be identical with the structural topological charge (n s ), which leads to the decoupling of FE and WFM domains. Therefore, we propose it is necessary to consider topological properties when ME coupling is studied in h -LuFeO . 1. Feng, S. M. et al. Determination of the intrinsic ferroelectric polarization in orthorhombic HoMnO3. New J. Phys. , 073006 (2010). 2. Artyukhin, S., Delaney, K. T., Spaldin, N. A. & Mostovoy, M. Landau theory of topological defects in multiferroic hexagonal manganites. Nat. Mater. 13, – 49 (2014).


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WORK EXPERIENCE
Thomson Reuters - Ann Arbor, MI
Associate Architect - (06/2018–Present)
- Lead front-end contributor for an enterprise Angular application and five libraries
- Mentor and onboard front-end developers with varying base skill sets on an international level
- Champion industry best-practices in the front-end space for the entire department
- Produce and maintain reliable documentation for department processes, systems, and code bases
- Support all tax teams with consulting on front-end architecture and provide guidance to mitigate complex scenarios
- Coordinate and expedite the migration efforts of the entire front-end catalog of applications and libraries
- Facilitate department in-person trainings, tech talks, and recorded videos
Senior Software Engineer - (03/2017–06/2018)
- Lead front-end development resource for three enterprise AngularJS Applications, five libraries, and several C++ projects
- Championed modernization of department AngularJS assets and standardization of both front-end builds and libraries
- Trained long-term C++ developers on transitioning into web development and common debugging tools/strategies
Software Engineer - (01/2015–03/2017)
- Maintained six C++ tax projects and an AngularJS development resource for a separate team
- Managed time effectively between special projects and being a shared resource for three seperate teams
-
Spearheaded solutions for internal teams as well as the entire application suite, such as suite-wide analytics logging and various
UIs used by internal teams for json specification CRUD
Hewlett-Packard - Pontiac, MI / Remote
SharePoint Technical Consultant Intern - (05/2013–08/2014)
- Designed and developed SharePoint 2013 Apps, using HTML, JavaScript, CSS, jQuery, and AngularJS
- Developed documentation, including system specifications and user guides for SharePoint 2013 Apps
- Managed own time and schedule, while communicating and working with colleagues remotely
EDUCATION
Western Michigan University - Kalamazoo, MI
B.S. Computer Engineering - Graduated Fall 2014
Computer Science Minor - Overall GPA: 3.26 (4.00 scale)
Senior Design Project: Performance Feedback Punching Bag System; Patent Pending
-
Scrummaster and Developer
HONORS AND ACTIVITIES
- Achieved the rank of Eagle Scout, November 2007, Alum
- Active Volunteer for Playworks Michigan (2016-Present)
- ng-conf 2019 attendee


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setKey(int, KeyczarKey)
- Method in class org.keyczar.
MockKeyczarReader
setMetadata(KeyMetadata)
- Method in class org.keyczar.
MockKeyczarReader
setPublicKey(int, KeyczarKey)
- Method in class org.keyczar.
MockKeyczarReader
setPublicKeyMetadata(KeyMetadata)
- Method in class org.keyczar.
MockKeyczarReader
setReader(MockKeyczarReader)
- Static method in class org.keyczar.
KeyczarTool
Sets the mock KeyczarReader used only for testing.
ShortBufferException
- Exception in
org.keyczar.exceptions
An input buffer is too short.
ShortBufferException(int, int)
- Constructor for exception org.keyczar.exceptions.
ShortBufferException
ShortBufferException(Throwable)
- Constructor for exception org.keyczar.exceptions.
ShortBufferException
ShortCiphertextException
- Exception in
org.keyczar.exceptions
Keyczar is trying to decrypt a ciphertext that is too short to be valid (e.g.
ShortCiphertextException(int)
- Constructor for exception org.keyczar.exceptions.
ShortCiphertextException
ShortSignatureException
- Exception in
org.keyczar.exceptions
Keyczar signature is too short to be valid.
ShortSignatureException(int)
- Constructor for exception org.keyczar.exceptions.
ShortSignatureException
sign(URI)
- Method in class org.keyczar.experimental.
UriSigner
Returns a signed URI with the signature in the default parameter 'sig'.
sign(URI, String)
- Method in class org.keyczar.experimental.
UriSigner
Returns a signed URI with the signature in a parameter with the specified name.
sign(ByteBuffer)
- Method in interface org.keyczar.interfaces.
SigningStream
Sign the updated input and output the signature in the given buffer.
sign(byte[])
- Method in class org.keyczar.
Signer
Sign the given input and return a signature.
sign(ByteBuffer, ByteBuffer)
- Method in class org.keyczar.
Signer
Sign the given input and write the signature to the given ByteBuffer
sign(String)
- Method in class org.keyczar.
Signer
Signs the given input String and return the output as a web-safe Base64 encoded String.
Signer
- Class in
org.keyczar
Signers may both sign and verify data using sets of symmetric or private keys.
Signer(KeyczarReader)
- Constructor for class org.keyczar.
Signer
Initialize a new Signer with a KeyczarReader.
Signer(String)
- Constructor for class org.keyczar.
Signer
Initialize a new Signer with a key set location.
SigningStream
- Interface in
org.keyczar.interfaces
Signing streams are able to sign data
Stream
- Interface in
org.keyczar.interfaces
This is a placeholder class that is extended by various stream types.
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TYSABRI® (natalizumab) is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. TYSABRI increases the risk of PML. When initiating and continuing treatment with TYSABRI, physicians should consider whether the expected benefit of TYSABRI is sufficient to offset this risk. See important information regarding the risk of PML with TYSABRI.
WARNING
TYSABRI® (natalizumab) increases the risk of PML, an opportunistic viral infection of the brain that usually leads to death or severe disability. Risk factors for the development of PML include duration of therapy, prior use of immunosuppressants, and presence of anti-JCV antibodies. These factors should be considered in the context of expected benefit when initiating and continuing treatment with TYSABRI.
Healthcare professionals should monitor patients on TYSABRI for any new sign or symptom that may be suggestive of PML. TYSABRI dosing should be withheld immediately at the first sign or symptom suggestive
Scalfari A, Neuhaus A, Degenhardt A, et al. The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study 10: relapses and long‑term disability. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 7):1914‑1929.
Scalfari 2010.pdf
Hutchinson M. Predicting and preventing the future: actively managing multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol.. 2009;9:133-143.
Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology. 1983;33(11):1444‑1452.
Kurtzke 1983.pdf
Dutta R, Trapp BD. Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol. 2011;93(1):1–12.
Kurtzke 1983.pdf
Jacobs LD, Wende Ke, Brownscheidle CM, et al; and The New York Multiple Sclerosis Consortium. A profile of multiple sclerosis: The New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium. Mult Scler. 1999;5(5):369‑376.
Jacobs 1999.pdf
Leray E, Yaouanq J, Le Page E, et al. Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2010:133;1900‑1913.
Jacobs 1999.pdf
TYSABRI Prescribing Information. Cambridge, MA: Biogen Idec.
Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al; the AFFIRM Investigators. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):899‑910.
Jacobs 1999.pdf
Data on file, Biogen Idec.
Rio J, Tintore M, Sastre-Garriga J, et al. Change in the clinical activity of multiple sclerosis after treatment switch for suboptimal response. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19(6):899‑904.
Prosperini L, Gallo V, Petsas N, Borriello G, Pollizzi C. One-year MRI scan predicts clinical response to interferon beta in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:1202‑1209.
Coyle PK, Foley JF, Fox EJ, Jeffery DR, Munschauer III FE, Tornatore C. Best practice recommendations for the selection and management of patients with multiple sclerosis receiving natalizumab therapy. Mult Scler. 2009;15(S4):S26‑S36.
Bauer M, Brakebusch C, Coisne C, et al. β1 integrins differentially control extravasation of inflammatory cell subsets into the CNS during autoimmunity. PNAS. 2009;106(6):1920‑1925.
Denis L, Namey M, Costello K, et al. Long-term treatment optimization in individuals with multiple sclerosis using disease-modifying therapies: a nursing approach. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2004;36(1):10‑22.
Kennedy P. Patient expectations of therapy: combining reality and hope. Int J MS Care. 2005:(suppl):15‑20. http://www.mscare.org/CMSC/Images/journal/pdf/w0506_Patient_Expectations.pdf. Accessed November 29, 2011.
Morgante L, Hartley G, Lowden D, Namey M, LaRocca T, Shilling J. Decision making in multiple sclerosis: theory to practice. Int J MS Care. 2006;8(4):113‑120.
Kennedy P. Putting research into practice: managing patient expectations of therapy. MS Scan. Winter 2006. http://neura.net/mylibrary/print.asp?src=1&id=522. Published July 24, 2009. Accessed July 24, 2009.
Johnson KL, Kuehn CM, Yorkston KM, Kraft GH, Klanser E, Amtmann D. Patient perspectives on disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis. In J MS Care. 2006;8:11‑18.


--- layout: page title: Art Works permalink: /artworks/ ---
This is a selected collection of my painting works.
These paintings including digital paintings which usaully created with Photoshop, Sai, and of course, Wacom Intuos pen tablet - my good friend ;)
And Watercolor paintings, my tools including Cotman - Winsor Newton water colors and KURETAKE watercolor painting pens, and Copic Liners.
And sometimes I also like to create animations, not much though.


Before Change
x = x()
if callable(alt) and isinstance(x, C.cntk_py.Function) is False:
alt = alt()
_LEARNING_PHASE.value = np.asarray([1])
x._uses_learning_phase = uses_learning_phase
return x
After Change
if callable(alt) and isinstance(alt, C.cntk_py.Function) is False:
alt = alt()
if training is True:
x._uses_learning_phase = uses_learning_phase
return x
else:
result = C.element_select(training, x, alt)
result._uses_learning_phase = uses_learning_phase
return result
def in_test_phase(x, alt):
global _LEARNING_PHASE
// Similiar as in_train_phase, use element_select as workaround.
if callable(x) and isinstance(x, C.cntk_py.Function) is False:


Hello, @name Select One Ticket TD Garden - Ball Game vip $2000 floor1 $1000 floor2 $500 floor3 $200 balcony $100 Boston Symphony Orchestra - Concert vip $1000 floor1 $500 floor2 $250 balcony $100 Museum of Fine Arts vip $50 standard $20


Time To Play Tic Tac Toe!
Player 1 Name
Wins: {{ ttt.game.playerOneScore }}
Player 2 Name
Wins: {{ ttt.game.playerTwoScore }}
{{ ttt.game.winner }}
Yes
No


First Name :
Last Name :
E-mail Adress :
AGE :
Your speciality :
Name of store :
Are you :
Telephone Number


public interface Iso14443SRCustomCommandInterface
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
completion()
After receiving the completion() command, any ST Iso14443SR-type tag in the SELECTED state transitions
to the DEACTIVATED state and stops decoding any new command.
|
byte[] |
getUid()
Asks the SELECTED ST Iso14443SR-type tag for its 8-byte UID (transmitted LSB first).
|
byte |
initiate()
initiate() is used to initiate the anticollision sequence of the ST Iso14443SR-type tag.
|
byte |
pCall16()
After receiving the pCall16() command, the ST Iso14443SR-type tag generates a new random chip slot
number value.
|
byte[] |
readBlock(byte blockAddress)
Reads the desired memory blocks of the ST iso14443SR-type tag in the SELECTED state.
|
void |
resetToInventory()
After receiving the resetToInventory() command, all ST Iso14443SR-type tag in the SELECTED state revert
to the INVENTORY state.
|
byte |
select(byte chipID)
The select(chipID) command moves the targeted ST Iso14443SR-type tag into the SELECTED state.
|
byte |
slotMarker(byte slotNumber)
After receiving the slotMarker(slotNumber) command, the ST Iso14443SR-type tag compares the 4 least
significant bits of its chipID to slotNumber.
|
void |
writeBlock(byte blockAddress,
byte[] buffer)
Writes the four bytes of buffer at address blockAddress of the SELECTED ST Iso14443SR-type tag
(provided that the block is available and not write-protected).
|
byte initiate() throws STException
STException
- STExceptionbyte pCall16() throws STException
STException
- STExceptionbyte slotMarker(byte slotNumber) throws STException
slotNumber
- Only the 4 least significant bits are passed as parameterSTException
- STExceptionbyte select(byte chipID) throws STException
chipID
- 8-bit random numberSTException
- STExceptionvoid completion() throws STException
STException
- STExceptionvoid resetToInventory() throws STException
STException
- STExceptionbyte[] readBlock(byte blockAddress) throws STException
blockAddress
- Memory location to read. If blockAddress is bigger than the tag's memory capacity,
the tag will not respond.STException
- STExceptionvoid writeBlock(byte blockAddress, byte[] buffer) throws STException
blockAddress
- Memory location to write. If blockAddress is bigger than the tag's memory capacity,
the tag will not respond. The system area is located at address 255.buffer
- 4-byte little endian dataSTException
- STExceptionbyte[] getUid() throws STException
STException
- STExceptionCOPYRIGHT 2017 STMicroelectronics. All rights reserved.


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10
1 I am weary of my life;
I will give free expression to my complaint;
I will speak in the bitterness of my soul.
2 I will say to God, 'Do not merely condemn me;
show me why you accuse me.
3 Is it good to you that you should oppress me,
to despise the work of your hands
while you smile on the plans of the wicked?
4 Do you have eyes of flesh?

I wish I had given up my spirit and that no eye had ever seen me.
19 I would have been as though I had never existed;
I would have been carried from the womb to the grave.
20 Are not my days only a few? Stop then,
let me alone, so that I may have a little rest
21 before I go from where I will not return,
to the land of darkness and of the shadow of death,
22 the land that is as dark as midnight,
the land of the shadow of death, without any order,
where the light is like midnight.'"


Exodus 25:14
And thou shalt put the staves into the rings by the sides of the ark, that the ark may be borne with them.


ame [options] <sequence file> <motif file>+
The name of a file containing a set of (primary) sequences in FASTA format. The FASTA header line of each sequence may contain a number (called a 'FASTA score') immediately following the sequence name that is used by some of AME's statistical enrichment methods.
>sequence_name score other_descriptive_text
The names of one or more files containing MEME formatted motifs. Outputs from MEME and DREME are supported, as well as Minimal MEME Format. You can convert many other motif formats to MEME format using conversion scripts available with the MEME Suite.
AME writes its output to files in a directory named
ame_out
, which it creates if necessary. You can change the
output directory using the --o or --oc options.
The directory will contain the following files:
ame.html
-
an HTML file that provides the results in a human-readable format
ame.tsv
-
a TSV (tab-separated values) file that provides
the results in a format suitable for parsing by scripts and viewing with Excel
sequences.tsv
-
(optional, --method fisher only)
a TSV (tab-separated values) file that lists the true- and false-positive sequences
identified by AME
In all output files, only results for significantly enriched motifs are reported.
Note: See this detailed description of the AME output formats for more information.
Scores- AME uses two scores for each sequence in computing motif enrichment. The 'PWM score' is computed by scoring the sequence with the motif. The 'FASTA score' is either provided in the sequence header line (see above); otherwise it is the rank of the sequence within the sequence file.
Partition maximization- AME sorts the sequences in increasing order of FASTA score, and then 'partitions' the sequences, labeling the first N sequences 'positive', and the rest 'negative'. AME computes the significance of motif enrichment using this labeling and the PWM scores, and then repeats the process using values of N from 1 to the total number of sequences. AME reports the partition with the highest significance.
Variations- The above behavior can be modified using the options described below. For example, with some enrichment methods you can switch the roles of the FASTA and PWM scores (see options --poslist and --linreg-switchxy, below). With two enrichment methods (fisher and ranksum), you can provide control sequences (see --control, below), which causes both FASTA scores and sequence order to be ignored. Two other enrichment methods (pearson and spearman), which are based on the correlation coefficient, ignore the 'negative' sequences entirely during partition maximization. You can also define which sequences are 'positive' by specifying '--fix-partition N', which causes the first N sequences (sorted by FASTA score) to be labeled 'positive'.
| Option | Parameter | Description | Default Behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| General Options | |||
| --control | file | A set of control sequences in FASTA format or the keyword --shuffle--. AME will determine if each motif is enriched in the primary sequences compared to the control sequences by labeling the primary sequences 'positive' and the control sequences 'negative', and then applying the enrichment method to that labeling. The keyword --shuffle-- causes AME to create (a minimum of 1000) control sequences by shuffling the letters in each primary sequence while preserving the frequencies of k-mers (see option --kmer, below). Note: The control sequences should have (approximately) the same distribution of lengths as the primary sequences or AME may fail to correctly detect enriched motifs and will report inaccurate p-values. | AME sorts the sequences by FASTA score and performs partition maximization, labeling the first N sequences as positive, for N=1,..,number of sequences. |
| --kmer | k | Preserve the frequencies of k-mers when creating a control dataset by shuffling the letters of each primary sequence. | A value of 2 is used. |
| --seed | s | Use s as the initial random number seed when shuffling sequence letters. | A value of 1 is used. |
| --method | fisher|ranksum|pearson |spearman|3dmhg|4dmhg | The method for testing motif enrichment.
|
The one-tailed Fisher's exact test (fisher ) method is used for testing motif enrichment. |
| --scoring | avg|max|sum|totalhits | The method for scoring a single sequence for matches to a motif's PWM.
The PWM score assigned to a sequence is either:
|
The avg scoring method is used. |
| --hit-lo-fraction | fraction | The hit threshold for a motif is defined as fraction times the maximum possible log-odds score for the motif. A position is considered a "hit" if the log-odds score is greater than or equal to the hit threshold. | A value of 0.25 is used. |
| --evalue-report-threshold | evalue | E-value threshold for reporting a motif as significantly enriched. | A threshold of 10 is used for reporting a motif. |
| --fasta-threshold | score | For the Fisher's exact test only when you use --poslist pwm ,
and you do not use --control --fix-partition .
AME will classify sequences with FASTA scores below
score as 'positives'. |
A maximum FASTA score of 0.001 is used by AME to classify a sequence as 'positive'. |
| --fix-partition | N | Causes AME to evaluate only the single partition consisting of the first N sequences. May not be use with --control or --poslist pwm. | Partition maximization is performed. |
| --poslist | pwm|fasta | For partition maximization, test thresholds on either X (PWM score)
or Y (FASTA score). May not be used with --control or
--fix-partition.
poslist . It switches between
using X and Y for determining true positives in the contingency matrix,
in addition to switching which of X and Y AME uses for partition maximization. |
Use the FASTA score. |
| --log-fscores | Convert FASTA scores into log-space. Only relevant for the pearson method. | Use the FASTA score directly. | |
| --log-pwmscores | Convert PWM scores into log-space. Only relevant for the pearson method. | Use the PWM score directly. | |
| --linreg-switchxy | Make the x-points FASTA scores and the y-points PWM scores. Only relevant for the pearson and spearman methods. | Keep the original axis. | |
| --noseq | (--method fisher only)
Do not output the TSV (tab-separated values) file
sequences.tsv .
Note: This option is recommended when there are many many
motifs and many input sequences as the TSV file can become
extremely large.
|
AME outputs file
sequences.tsv ,
which lists the true- and false-positive sequences identified
by AME using Fisher's Exact test. |
|
| --verbose | 1|2|3|4|5 | A number that regulates the verbosity level of the output information messages. If set to 1 (quiet) then AME will only output error messages whereas the other extreme 5 (dump) outputs lots of mostly useless information. This option is best placed first. At verbosity level 3, AME will report the significance of each set of each partition of the sequences that it considers. | The verbosity level is set to 2 (normal). |
If you use AME in your research, please cite the following paper:
Robert McLeay and Timothy L. Bailey,
"Motif Enrichment Analysis: A unified framework and method evaluation",
BMC Bioinformatics, 11:165, 2010, doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-165.
[full text]


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|
LiteSQL
0.3.17
|
Public Member Functions | |
| TimeStruct (time_t t=0) | |
| int | day () const |
| int | dayOfWeek () const |
| int | dayOfYear () const |
| int | month () const |
| int | year () const |
| int | hour () const |
| int | min () const |
| int | sec () const |
| time_t | timeStamp () const |
| TimeStruct & | setDay (int day) |
| TimeStruct & | setMonth (int month) |
| TimeStruct & | setYear (int year) |
| TimeStruct & | setHour (int hour) |
| TimeStruct & | setMin (int min) |
| TimeStruct & | setSec (int sec) |
| TimeStruct & | setTimeStamp (time_t t) |


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IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM PRESENT: THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE A.M.SHAFFIQUE THURSDAY, THE 21ST DAY OF MARCH 2013/30TH PHALGUNA 1934 WP(C).No. 17180 of 2012 (V) ---------------------------- PETITIONER: ------------ 1. JAYAKUMAR.T.S, THOPPIL, SREERAGAM, KOTTAMURI P.O., THRIKKODITHANAM, CHANGANASSERY, KOTTAYAM-686105. 2. JACOB GEORGE CHETTAKKAD VEEDU, KOTTAMURI P.O., THRIKKODITHANAM CHANGANASSERY, KOTTAYAM-686105. 3. TITTY MERY JAMES, KATTADI VEEDU, KOTTAMURI P.O., THRIKKODITHANAM CHANGANASSERY, KOTTAYAM-686105. BY ADVS.SRI.V.G.ARUN SRI.T.R.HARIKUMAR RESPONDENTS: ------------- 1. THE THRIKKODATHANAM GRAMA PANCHAYATH REPRESENTED BY ITS SECRETARY, THRIKKODITHANM KOTTAYAM 686105. 2. THE KERALA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD, REPRESENTED BY ITS SECRETARY,THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695001. 3. THE DISTRICT MEDICAL OFFICER,KOTTAYAM DISTRICT-686001. 4. CHACKO CHACKO,AYYARUKULANGARA HOUSE, KOTTAMURI P.O., THRIKKODITHANAM, CHANGANASSERY, KOTTAYAM-686105. R1 BY ADV.  COPY OF THE COMPLAINT SUBMITTED BEFORE THE FIRST RESPONDENT DATED 05.10.2006. EXHIBIT-P2. COPY OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD RESPONDENT DATED NIL. EXHIBIT-P3. COPY OF THE COMPLAINT FILED BY THE PETITIONERS BEFORE THE FIRST RESPONDENT DATED 26.11.2011. EXHIBIT-P4. COPY OF THE RECEIPT ISSUED FROM THE OFFICE OF THE FIRST RESPONDENT DATED 26.11.2011. EXHIBIT-P5. COPY OF THE REQUEST UNDER THE RTI ACT DATED 24.01.2012. EXHIBIT-P6. COPY OF THE REPLY DATED 25.2.2012 ISSUED BY THE FIRST RESPONDENT. EXHIBIT-P7. COPY OF THE APPLICATION FOR LICENCE SUBMITTED BY THE 4TH RESPONDENT DATED 19.01.2012. EXHIBIT-P8. COPY OF THE STOP MEMO NO.PCB/KTM/COMP/G/63/2011 DATED 29.12.2011 ISSUED BY THE 2ND RESPONDENT. RESPONDENTS' EXHIBITS : --------------------- EXT.R4(A). COPY OF THE COMMUNICATION NO.266/09 DATED 9.3.2009 FROM THE MEDICAL OFFICER, PRIMARY HEALTH CERNTRE, THRIKKODITHANAM TO THE 1ST RESPONDENT. EXT.R4(B). COPY OF THE CONSENT FROM 8 OF THE NEIGHBOURING RESIDENTS IN FAVOUR OF THE 4TH RESPONDENT. EXT.R4(C). COPY OF THE CONSENT TO OPEATE NO.PCB/KTM/ICO/1686/2012 DATED 26.06.2012 ISSUED BY THE 2ND RESPONDENT. ET.R4(D).  EXT.R4(E). COPY OF THE CERTIFICICATE NO.103/PHC/TKDM DATED 11.05.2012 OF THE MEDICAL OFFICER, PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE, THRIKKODITHANAM. / TRUE COPY / P.A. TO JUDGE VK A.M.SHAFFIQUE, J * * * * * * * * * * * * * W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 ---------------------------------------- Dated this the 21st day of March 2013 J U D G M E N T
W.P.C.No.17180 of 2012 is filed by certain persons complaining of pollution caused by the 4th respondent running a chicken farm and meat stall in his property. The petitioners seeks a direction against respondents 1 to 3 namely the Panchayath, the Kerala Pollution Control Board (in short PCB) and the District Medical Officer, the authorities who refused licence or consent to conduct the chicken farm. According to the petitioners, the chicken farm and meat stall of the 4th respondent is causing large scale pollution, nuisance and possibility of health hazards.
2. It is contended that though an application is filed by the 4th respondent as Ext.P7, no permission was granted by the Panchayath for conducting the chicken farm and the PCB has also not given any such permission. W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 2
3. Counter affidavit is filed by the 3rd respondent inter alia contending that on a visit made by the Medical Officer, it was found that the saw dust, chicken feeds excreta and feathers of chicken have spread inside and outside the poultry shed which is creating foul smell up to 50 meters radius, causing air pollution and generating fly breeding. It is also contended that during rainy season the waste generated from the farm may flow to the natural water source and contaminate it. Hence 'No Objection Certificate' was rejected by the District Medical Officer. The petitioners rely upon Ext.P2 report of the District Medical Officer in relation to the very same chicken farm.
4. The 4th respondent has filed a counter affidavit inter alia contending that he has been conducting the farm since 1991 and the petitioners started residence in the locality subsequently. According to him, the licence was being renewed from time to time and though an application was submitted for renewal of the licence for the period W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 3 2012-2013, the Panchayath has not taken any action and therefore the 4th respondent has a deemed licence in terms of Rule 3 of the Kerala Panchayath Raj (Issue of Licence to Dangerous and Offensive Trades and Factories) Rules, 1996 (hereinafter referred to as the 'D & O Rules'). 4th respondent also produced Ext.R4(c) which is a consent given by the PCB on 26/06/2012 valid up to 31/12/2015 under the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. It is further contended that there are no nearby residences within 50 meters of the property of the petitioner and the chicken farm is being conducted within an area of 2 acres. He denied the contention that any pollution is caused to the nearby area and the farm as well as the meat stall is kept very neat and clean. He also referred to Ext.R4(e), a No Objection Certificate issued by the Medical Officer in-charge of a Primary Health Centre indicating that the chicken farm W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 4 and the meat stall is being conducted in a hygienic manner.
5. W.P.C.No.1949 of 2013 is filed by the 4th respondent in W.P.C.No.17180 of 2012 challenging the report given by the 1st respondent District Medical Officer inter alia indicating that the chicken farm cannot be established as it causes pollution in the nearby locality. Ext.P8 is the said report. In Ext.P8, the District Medical Officer had come to the conclusion that within 50 meters radius of the chicken farm and slaughter house, there are more than nine residences and the nearest water source of chicken farm is about 30 meters. It is stated that during the inspection, chicken feeds excreta and feathers of chicken were found in the area and the chicken farm and slaughter area were not kept in a hygienic condition. Therefore, it is observed that the chicken farm and slaughter house is causing nuisance to the people in the neighbouring locality.
6. Counter affidavit is filed on behalf of the 1st respondent, DMO supporting the stand taken in Ext.P8. W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 5 They also produced Ext.R1(a) Government order G.O.(Rt) No.631/2009/ID/Tvm. dated 25/09/2009 to indicate that certain instructions had been given to the Panchayat to consider the issue relating to a poultry farm in Thrikkodithanam Grama Panchayath.
7. The 2nd respondent, Panchayath has filed a counter affidavit reiterating the contentions urged by the DMO. According to them, necessary steps had been taken to avoid pollution in the said area and they did not grant licence to the petitioner on account of the report of the DMO.
8. Heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and the learned Government Pleader.
9. At the outset, it is relevant to note that the petitioner in W.P.C.No.1949 of 2013 is liable to obtain licence from the Panchayath in terms of Section 232 of the Kerala Panchayath Raj Act read with the D & O Rules and therefore it is obligatory on the part of the petitioner to W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 6 obtain a licence from the local authority.
10. Parties are hereinafter referred to as shown in W.P.C.No.1949 of 2013, unless otherwise stated.
11. It is not in dispute that the petitioner had a licence during the period 2011-2012. He had applied for a licence as per Ext.P3 dated 11/04/2013 for the period 2012-2013, but Ext.P3 has not been considered or rejected by the Panchayath. Going by Section 236(3) of the Panchayath Raj Act and Rule 12(3) of the D& O Rules, it cannot be disputed that the petitioner has a deemed licence. Then the next question is about the impact of the report of the DMO. On a perusal of the Rules relating to the conducting of meat stall in addition to compliance of the licence conditions under the D & O Rules for conducting a meat stall, the petitioner has to comply with the provisions of the Kerala Panchayath Raj (Slaughter House And Meat Stalls) Rules, 1996 in respect of conducting a meat stall for vending of bird meat. Rule 38 applies which reads as under:
W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 7
38. Location of Meat Stalls.- A stall to vend meat of bird or animal in a Panchayath area shall be located in a place approved by the Village Panchayath for that purpose. Meat stall shall be one covered with glass, inaccessible to insects like houseflies and also having abundant air circulation and meat shall be kept in a manner not visible to the lay public and the Licensee of the stall shall exhibit a board in front of the stall, visible to others, specifying his name, number of the stall and price chart."
12. Rule 39 imposes an obligation on the part of the examining authority or President or Secretary or any officer authorised by the Village Panchayath or Government to inspect the meat which is kept for sale. Rule 39 reads as under:
39. Power to inspect meat stalls.-
The Examining Authority or President or Secretary or any officer authorised by the Village Panchayath or Government shall have W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 8 power to inspect the meat kept for sale and to seize and destroy the meat which is seen as disease caused or unfit for consumption. The amount required for such destruction shall be levied as mentioned in Rule 11.
13. Therefore, before conducting a meat stall, there is an obligation on the part of the person conducting the stall to obtain a licence from the Panchayath. Apparently, the petitioner has not obtained the said licence even now. There is nothing either in the aforesaid Rules or in the D & O Rules to indicate that the DMO has to give a report regarding the functioning of the meat stall or the farm house as the case may be. Under Rule 39 of the Kerala Panchayath Raj (Slaughter House And Meat Stalls) Rules, 1996, it is open for the examining authority to inspect the meat kept for sale and to seize and destroy the meat if it is having any disease or is unfit for consumption. This Rule does not give any power to such examining authority which includes Officers of Health Services to give a report as W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 9 contemplated in the impugned report. That being the situation, probably it is open for the Panchayath to call for the report from the DMO to find out whether there is any nuisance or pollution.
14. The fact remains that PCB has already permitted the petitioner to establish a chicken farm and also to have a meat stall in the said farm. It is therefore the obligation of the PCB to verify and ensure that the farm is being conducted in the manner prescribed as per the consent to establish given by the PCB.
15. As far as the Panchayath is concerned, the Panchayath has an obligation to grant licence if an application is filed in time. As matters stand today, the petitioner has a deemed licence for running the farm. He does not have a licence to conduct the meat stall. While conducting the farm, the petitioner has to comply with the procedure prescribed by the PCB and to ensure that no nuisance or pollution is caused to the nearby area or nearby W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 10 residences. The petitioner has a case that the very factual basis on which the DMO had given Ext.P8 report is incorrect especially in view of the fact that there are no residences within a distance of 100 meters of his farm. That apart, it seems that DMO proceeded on the basis that a specified distance is required from the nearby residents since the petitioner is having a slaughter house. In fact, there is no such restriction under the Kerala Panchayath Raj (Slaughter House And Meat Stalls) Rules, 1996. Hence it is not open for the authority to prevent the farm from functioning. The Rule only requires for a licence to conduct a meat stall under Rule 38 and no specific distance factor is mentioned in the said Rules.
16. That being the situation, I am of the view that the opinion of the DMO has no relevance on the point in issue. In regard to pollution, definitely it is for the PCB to ensure that the conditions under which the consent to establish has been granted, is complied with.
W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 11
17. As matters stand now, the petitioner will have to seek for renewal of the licence to continue the farm activity as also to apply for a fresh licence to vend meat in the said area. If such an application is filed by the petitioner, it is for the Panchayath to take appropriate action in the matter after taking into consideration the consent given by the PCB as well.
Under these circumstances, these writ petitions are disposed of with the following directions:
i) In W.P.C.No.17180 of 2012, it is made clear that the 4th respondent will have to apply for renewal of licence and can continue the chicken farm operation only after getting renewal of licence in accordance with the Rules. The 4th respondent can conduct the operation of the meat stall after getting necessary licence from the authorities in accordance with the Rules prescribed under the Kerala Panchayath Raj (Slaughter House And Meat Stalls) Rules, 1996.
W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 12
ii) W.P.C.No.1949 of 2013 is allowed setting aside Ext.P8 and it shall be open for the petitioner to conduct the farm as per the consent issued by the PCB and the petitioner shall apply afresh for conducting the farm and meat stall for the period 2013-2014 and the Panchayath shall consider and pass appropriate orders on the application to be given by the petitioner after taking into consideration the factual circumstances involved in the matter in accordance with law and as per the observations made in the above judgment.
(sd/-) (A.M.SHAFFIQUE, JUDGE) jsr W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 13 W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 14 W.P.C.Nos.17180 of 2012 and 1949 of 2013 15


Wrestling the classpath in Java. For all my kvetching about assembly reference madness in .Net/VS, this is worse.
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Wrestling the classpath in Java. For all my kvetching about assembly reference madness in .Net/VS, this is worse.
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I DREAMED OF AFRICA A film review by Christopher Null Copyright 2000 filmcritic.com filmcritic.com
Kim Basinger has gone off to Africa on safari, in search of a follow-up Oscar to the one she landed for L.A. Confidential. Looks like she'll be coming home empty-handed, I'm sad to say.
Drawing comparisons to such Man vs. Nature films as Out of Africa, A Far Off Place, and The Ghost and the Darkness, I Dreamed of Africa tells the true story of Kuki Gallmann (Basinger), an Italian divorcee who upends her life to move to Kenya with her second husband Paolo (Vincent Gallo), who, ahem, dreams of buying a 100,000 acre cattle ranch in the middle of nowhere.
Life in Africa, Kuki finds, is hard. Though her son Emanuele (Liam Aiken; later Garrett Strommen) loves it, she has a tough time adapting to the "different rhythm" of the wilderness -- mainly because that rhythm involves fighting off elephants, snakes, lions, poachers, bandits, bad weather, and Kuki's frou-frou mother Franca (Eva Marie Saint, returning to the big screen).
Kuki and Family survive one disaster after another -- until the wilds take their toll, none of which seem to faze anyone very much. Usually, Kuki will shed a brief tear, make a speech, and then move on with life. Two hours of this and the movie is over, and we've borne witness to a largish chunk of Kuki's existence... but to what end? Ultimately the movie becomes The Mosquito Coast, only set in Africa and without an ending.
I Dreamed of Africa sounds suspiciously like the adaptation of Kuki's autobiography, which, of course, is what it is. And as a book adaptation, the story feels strangely abridged, as if the screenplay is based on every other page of the book, willy-nilly. The plot bounces around without much cohesiveness, and few of the characters are developed enough to become lovable. This might all have been redeemed if Basinger had turned in a tour de force performance, but ultimately you don't get a real sense of what Kuki is all about. You don't even get a sense that Kuki is supposed to be Italian.
In the end, we learn little more than the fact that Africa is both beautiful and difficult. Oddly, just like the movie.

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Contains the code for merkle tree. This allows different nodes to synch quickly by exchanging very little information.
For more information look at {@link com.yahoo.mail.force.hashtrees.HashTree}, and the corresponding implementation {@link com.yahoo.mail.force.hashtrees.HashTreeImpl}.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 8
Dietary
This is a gorgeous sweet and spicy treat – great as a pudding or with afternoon tea. If you’ve never tried making a cake, this would be a great place to start.
Set the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4. Use baking parchment to line a 24cm/9½in square cake tin or baking dish.
Sift the flour, baking powder, bicarbonate of soda, cinnamon and ginger into a bowl.
Warm the golden syrup, honey and butter very gently in a pan until the butter and sugar melts. Stir in the muscovardo sugar. Set aside and allow to cool slightly.
Halve the plums, or cut them into quarters if they are very large, and remove the stones.
Break the eggs into a bowl, pour in the milk and whisk lightly to mix.
Pour the golden syrup mixture into the flour and mix with a large, metal spoon. Pour in the egg and milk and continue stirring till you have a loose, almost sloppy batter without any traces of flour.
Tip the mixture into the lined cake tin, drop in the plums and bake for 30-35 minutes.
Now for the topping; halve and de-stone the plums and add to the same pan as you cooked the syrup and honey. Add the sugar, butter and the syrup from a jar of crystallised ginger. Cover and leave to cook down.
Serve the cake with a generous topping of the spicy plums and a dollop of cream.