Python ModulesA python module can be defined as a python program file which contains a python code including python functions, class, or variables. In other words, we can say that our python code file saved with the extension (.py) is treated as the module. We may have a runnable code inside the python module. Modules in Python provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical way. To use the functionality of one module into another, we must have to import the specific module. ExampleIn this example, we will create a module named as file.py which contains a function func that contains a code to print some message on the console. Let's create the module named as file.py. Here, we need to include this module into our main module to call the method displayMsg() defined in the module named file. Loading the module in our python codeWe need to load the module in our python code to use its functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below.
The import statementThe import statement is used to import all the functionality of one module into another. Here, we must notice that we can use the functionality of any python source file by importing that file as the module into another python source file. We can import multiple modules with a single import statement, but a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times, it has been imported into our file. The syntax to use the import statement is given below. Hence, if we need to call the function displayMsg() defined in the file file.py, we have to import that file as a module into our module as shown in the example below. Example:Output: Enter the name?John Hi John The from-import statementInstead of importing the whole module into the namespace, python provides the flexibility to import only the specific attributes of a module. This can be done by using from? import statement. The syntax to use the from-import statement is given below. Consider the following module named as calculation which contains three functions as summation, multiplication, and divide. calculation.py: Main.py: Output: Enter the first number10 Enter the second number20 Sum = 30 The from...import statement is always better to use if we know the attributes to be imported from the module in advance. It doesn't let our code to be heavier. We can also import all the attributes from a module by using *. Consider the following syntax. Renaming a modulePython provides us the flexibility to import some module with a specific name so that we can use this name to use that module in our python source file. The syntax to rename a module is given below. ExampleOutput: Enter a?10 Enter b?20 Sum = 30 Using dir() functionThe dir() function returns a sorted list of names defined in the passed module. This list contains all the sub-modules, variables and functions defined in this module. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: ['JSONDecoder', 'JSONEncoder', '__all__', '__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_default_decoder', '_default_encoder', 'decoder', 'dump', 'dumps', 'encoder', 'load', 'loads', 'scanner'] The reload() functionAs we have already stated that, a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times it is imported into the python source file. However, if you want to reload the already imported module to re-execute the top-level code, python provides us the reload() function. The syntax to use the reload() function is given below. for example, to reload the module calculation defined in the previous example, we must use the following line of code. Scope of variablesIn Python, variables are associated with two types of scopes. All the variables defined in a module contain the global scope unless or until it is defined within a function. All the variables defined inside a function contain a local scope that is limited to this function itself. We can not access a local variable globally. If two variables are defined with the same name with the two different scopes, i.e., local and global, then the priority will always be given to the local variable. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: Hi David Python packagesThe packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development environment by providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains sub-packages, modules, and sub-modules. The packages are used to categorize the application level code efficiently. Let's create a package named Employees in your home directory. Consider the following steps. 1. Create a directory with name Employees on path /home. 2. Create a python source file with name ITEmployees.py on the path /home/Employees. ITEmployees.py 3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py and create a function getBPONames(). 4. Now, the directory Employees which we have created in the first step contains two python modules. To make this directory a package, we need to include one more file here, that is __init__.py which contains the import statements of the modules defined in this directory. __init__.py 5. Now, the directory Employees has become the package containing two python modules. Here we must notice that we must have to create __init__.py inside a directory to convert this directory to a package. 6. To use the modules defined inside the package Employees, we must have to import this in our python source file. Let's create a simple python source file at our home directory (/home) which uses the modules defined in this package. Test.py Output: ['John', 'David', 'Nick', 'Martin'] We can have sub-packages inside the packages. We can nest the packages up to any level depending upon the application requirements. The following image shows the directory structure of an application Library management system which contains three sub-packages as Admin, Librarian, and Student. The sub-packages contain the python modules.
Next TopicPython Exception Handling
|
Python ModulesA python module can be defined as a python program file which contains a python code including python functions, class, or variables. In other words, we can say that our python code file saved with the extension (.py) is treated as the module. We may have a runnable code inside the python module. Modules in Python provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical way. To use the functionality of one module into another, we must have to import the specific module. ExampleIn this example, we will create a module named as file.py which contains a function func that contains a code to print some message on the console. Let's create the module named as file.py. Here, we need to include this module into our main module to call the method displayMsg() defined in the module named file. Loading the module in our python codeWe need to load the module in our python code to use its functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below.
The import statementThe import statement is used to import all the functionality of one module into another. Here, we must notice that we can use the functionality of any python source file by importing that file as the module into another python source file. We can import multiple modules with a single import statement, but a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times, it has been imported into our file. The syntax to use the import statement is given below. Hence, if we need to call the function displayMsg() defined in the file file.py, we have to import that file as a module into our module as shown in the example below. Example:Output: Enter the name?John Hi John The from-import statementInstead of importing the whole module into the namespace, python provides the flexibility to import only the specific attributes of a module. This can be done by using from? import statement. The syntax to use the from-import statement is given below. Consider the following module named as calculation which contains three functions as summation, multiplication, and divide. calculation.py: Main.py: Output: Enter the first number10 Enter the second number20 Sum = 30 The from...import statement is always better to use if we know the attributes to be imported from the module in advance. It doesn't let our code to be heavier. We can also import all the attributes from a module by using *. Consider the following syntax. Renaming a modulePython provides us the flexibility to import some module with a specific name so that we can use this name to use that module in our python source file. The syntax to rename a module is given below. ExampleOutput: Enter a?10 Enter b?20 Sum = 30 Using dir() functionThe dir() function returns a sorted list of names defined in the passed module. This list contains all the sub-modules, variables and functions defined in this module. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: ['JSONDecoder', 'JSONEncoder', '__all__', '__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_default_decoder', '_default_encoder', 'decoder', 'dump', 'dumps', 'encoder', 'load', 'loads', 'scanner'] The reload() functionAs we have already stated that, a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times it is imported into the python source file. However, if you want to reload the already imported module to re-execute the top-level code, python provides us the reload() function. The syntax to use the reload() function is given below. for example, to reload the module calculation defined in the previous example, we must use the following line of code. Scope of variablesIn Python, variables are associated with two types of scopes. All the variables defined in a module contain the global scope unless or until it is defined within a function. All the variables defined inside a function contain a local scope that is limited to this function itself. We can not access a local variable globally. If two variables are defined with the same name with the two different scopes, i.e., local and global, then the priority will always be given to the local variable. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: Hi David Python packagesThe packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development environment by providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains sub-packages, modules, and sub-modules. The packages are used to categorize the application level code efficiently. Let's create a package named Employees in your home directory. Consider the following steps. 1. Create a directory with name Employees on path /home. 2. Create a python source file with name ITEmployees.py on the path /home/Employees. ITEmployees.py 3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py and create a function getBPONames(). 4. Now, the directory Employees which we have created in the first step contains two python modules. To make this directory a package, we need to include one more file here, that is __init__.py which contains the import statements of the modules defined in this directory. __init__.py 5. Now, the directory Employees has become the package containing two python modules. Here we must notice that we must have to create __init__.py inside a directory to convert this directory to a package. 6. To use the modules defined inside the package Employees, we must have to import this in our python source file. Let's create a simple python source file at our home directory (/home) which uses the modules defined in this package. Test.py Output: ['John', 'David', 'Nick', 'Martin'] We can have sub-packages inside the packages. We can nest the packages up to any level depending upon the application requirements. The following image shows the directory structure of an application Library management system which contains three sub-packages as Admin, Librarian, and Student. The sub-packages contain the python modules.
Next TopicPython Exception Handling
|
Python ModulesA python module can be defined as a python program file which contains a python code including python functions, class, or variables. In other words, we can say that our python code file saved with the extension (.py) is treated as the module. We may have a runnable code inside the python module. Modules in Python provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical way. To use the functionality of one module into another, we must have to import the specific module. ExampleIn this example, we will create a module named as file.py which contains a function func that contains a code to print some message on the console. Let's create the module named as file.py. Here, we need to include this module into our main module to call the method displayMsg() defined in the module named file. Loading the module in our python codeWe need to load the module in our python code to use its functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below.
The import statementThe import statement is used to import all the functionality of one module into another. Here, we must notice that we can use the functionality of any python source file by importing that file as the module into another python source file. We can import multiple modules with a single import statement, but a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times, it has been imported into our file. The syntax to use the import statement is given below. Hence, if we need to call the function displayMsg() defined in the file file.py, we have to import that file as a module into our module as shown in the example below. Example:Output: Enter the name?John Hi John The from-import statementInstead of importing the whole module into the namespace, python provides the flexibility to import only the specific attributes of a module. This can be done by using from? import statement. The syntax to use the from-import statement is given below. Consider the following module named as calculation which contains three functions as summation, multiplication, and divide. calculation.py: Main.py: Output: Enter the first number10 Enter the second number20 Sum = 30 The from...import statement is always better to use if we know the attributes to be imported from the module in advance. It doesn't let our code to be heavier. We can also import all the attributes from a module by using *. Consider the following syntax. Renaming a modulePython provides us the flexibility to import some module with a specific name so that we can use this name to use that module in our python source file. The syntax to rename a module is given below. ExampleOutput: Enter a?10 Enter b?20 Sum = 30 Using dir() functionThe dir() function returns a sorted list of names defined in the passed module. This list contains all the sub-modules, variables and functions defined in this module. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: ['JSONDecoder', 'JSONEncoder', '__all__', '__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_default_decoder', '_default_encoder', 'decoder', 'dump', 'dumps', 'encoder', 'load', 'loads', 'scanner'] The reload() functionAs we have already stated that, a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times it is imported into the python source file. However, if you want to reload the already imported module to re-execute the top-level code, python provides us the reload() function. The syntax to use the reload() function is given below. for example, to reload the module calculation defined in the previous example, we must use the following line of code. Scope of variablesIn Python, variables are associated with two types of scopes. All the variables defined in a module contain the global scope unless or until it is defined within a function. All the variables defined inside a function contain a local scope that is limited to this function itself. We can not access a local variable globally. If two variables are defined with the same name with the two different scopes, i.e., local and global, then the priority will always be given to the local variable. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: Hi David Python packagesThe packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development environment by providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains sub-packages, modules, and sub-modules. The packages are used to categorize the application level code efficiently. Let's create a package named Employees in your home directory. Consider the following steps. 1. Create a directory with name Employees on path /home. 2. Create a python source file with name ITEmployees.py on the path /home/Employees. ITEmployees.py 3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py and create a function getBPONames(). 4. Now, the directory Employees which we have created in the first step contains two python modules. To make this directory a package, we need to include one more file here, that is __init__.py which contains the import statements of the modules defined in this directory. __init__.py 5. Now, the directory Employees has become the package containing two python modules. Here we must notice that we must have to create __init__.py inside a directory to convert this directory to a package. 6. To use the modules defined inside the package Employees, we must have to import this in our python source file. Let's create a simple python source file at our home directory (/home) which uses the modules defined in this package. Test.py Output: ['John', 'David', 'Nick', 'Martin'] We can have sub-packages inside the packages. We can nest the packages up to any level depending upon the application requirements. The following image shows the directory structure of an application Library management system which contains three sub-packages as Admin, Librarian, and Student. The sub-packages contain the python modules.
Next TopicPython Exception Handling
|
Python ModulesA python module can be defined as a python program file which contains a python code including python functions, class, or variables. In other words, we can say that our python code file saved with the extension (.py) is treated as the module. We may have a runnable code inside the python module. Modules in Python provides us the flexibility to organize the code in a logical way. To use the functionality of one module into another, we must have to import the specific module. ExampleIn this example, we will create a module named as file.py which contains a function func that contains a code to print some message on the console. Let's create the module named as file.py. Here, we need to include this module into our main module to call the method displayMsg() defined in the module named file. Loading the module in our python codeWe need to load the module in our python code to use its functionality. Python provides two types of statements as defined below.
The import statementThe import statement is used to import all the functionality of one module into another. Here, we must notice that we can use the functionality of any python source file by importing that file as the module into another python source file. We can import multiple modules with a single import statement, but a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times, it has been imported into our file. The syntax to use the import statement is given below. Hence, if we need to call the function displayMsg() defined in the file file.py, we have to import that file as a module into our module as shown in the example below. Example:Output: Enter the name?John Hi John The from-import statementInstead of importing the whole module into the namespace, python provides the flexibility to import only the specific attributes of a module. This can be done by using from? import statement. The syntax to use the from-import statement is given below. Consider the following module named as calculation which contains three functions as summation, multiplication, and divide. calculation.py: Main.py: Output: Enter the first number10 Enter the second number20 Sum = 30 The from...import statement is always better to use if we know the attributes to be imported from the module in advance. It doesn't let our code to be heavier. We can also import all the attributes from a module by using *. Consider the following syntax. Renaming a modulePython provides us the flexibility to import some module with a specific name so that we can use this name to use that module in our python source file. The syntax to rename a module is given below. ExampleOutput: Enter a?10 Enter b?20 Sum = 30 Using dir() functionThe dir() function returns a sorted list of names defined in the passed module. This list contains all the sub-modules, variables and functions defined in this module. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: ['JSONDecoder', 'JSONEncoder', '__all__', '__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', '_default_decoder', '_default_encoder', 'decoder', 'dump', 'dumps', 'encoder', 'load', 'loads', 'scanner'] The reload() functionAs we have already stated that, a module is loaded once regardless of the number of times it is imported into the python source file. However, if you want to reload the already imported module to re-execute the top-level code, python provides us the reload() function. The syntax to use the reload() function is given below. for example, to reload the module calculation defined in the previous example, we must use the following line of code. Scope of variablesIn Python, variables are associated with two types of scopes. All the variables defined in a module contain the global scope unless or until it is defined within a function. All the variables defined inside a function contain a local scope that is limited to this function itself. We can not access a local variable globally. If two variables are defined with the same name with the two different scopes, i.e., local and global, then the priority will always be given to the local variable. Consider the following example. ExampleOutput: Hi David Python packagesThe packages in python facilitate the developer with the application development environment by providing a hierarchical directory structure where a package contains sub-packages, modules, and sub-modules. The packages are used to categorize the application level code efficiently. Let's create a package named Employees in your home directory. Consider the following steps. 1. Create a directory with name Employees on path /home. 2. Create a python source file with name ITEmployees.py on the path /home/Employees. ITEmployees.py 3. Similarly, create one more python file with name BPOEmployees.py and create a function getBPONames(). 4. Now, the directory Employees which we have created in the first step contains two python modules. To make this directory a package, we need to include one more file here, that is __init__.py which contains the import statements of the modules defined in this directory. __init__.py 5. Now, the directory Employees has become the package containing two python modules. Here we must notice that we must have to create __init__.py inside a directory to convert this directory to a package. 6. To use the modules defined inside the package Employees, we must have to import this in our python source file. Let's create a simple python source file at our home directory (/home) which uses the modules defined in this package. Test.py Output: ['John', 'David', 'Nick', 'Martin'] We can have sub-packages inside the packages. We can nest the packages up to any level depending upon the application requirements. The following image shows the directory structure of an application Library management system which contains three sub-packages as Admin, Librarian, and Student. The sub-packages contain the python modules.
Next TopicPython Exception Handling
|


 Nothing too interesting is going on, but a racist tweet directed towards Asians catches your eye. You respond by...
Ignoring the tweet
OR
Reporting the tweeter
Your browser does not support the audio element.
Your browser does not support the audio element.


{% load custom_tags %}
This is your {{ user.profile.get_subscription_frequency_display }} automated alert from Open States.
{% if bill_updates %}{{ bill_updates|length }} of your tracked bills had new activity:
{{ query_updates|length }} of your tracked queries had new legislation introduced.


“How much ?” and “How many ?” are the common interrogatives that yield numerical answers. Sanskrit interrogative is कति.
- When we go to a shop, we would ask,
- “How much does this thing cost ?” कति मूल्यं अस्य ? (** Note – As detailed below, कति is always plural. Hence using it with मूल्यं, which is singular, becomes wrong. Thanks to Mr. Dhananjay Nanivadekar for pointing this error. The question can rather be कियद् मूल्यम् अस्य ? or किम् मूल्यम् अस्य ?)
- The shopkeeper may say “Ten Rupees” दश रूप्यकाणि.
- Since coinage-systems will be different at different places, we will have to adapt in Sanskrit-speaking same names, as they prevail. These are proper nouns. Proper Nouns are never to be translated.
- The other day I could not go to a meeting. But was curious to know how many people turned out.
- I asked my friend, “How many people were there ? कति जनाः आसन् ? Note, आसन् is भूतकाल प्रथमपुरुष बहुवचन inflection of verb अस् (= to be) Hence आसन् = were. We shall discuss past tense separately in another chapter.
- Surprisingly, he told, “Only two of us, Mr. Ramesh and Myself” केवलं आवां द्वौ रमेशवर्यः अहं च |
- Some people think it good to do inflections of proper-nouns also. In रामायणम् महाभारतम् भागवतम् there are inflections of large number of proper nouns. But proper nouns in many countries around the world may not be easy to make their
inflections. Mr. John may rather be called as जॉन्-वर्यः It would sound odd to say जॉन:, right ? Actually जॉन् is a consonant-ending word. So जॉन: would not be grammatically correct. That becomes the problem to do inflections of
proper nouns.
- In fact Hindi-speaking people who also follow Devanagari script for Hindi may write and pronounce the name as जोन्
- In Marathi writing, which also uses Devanagari script, writing the pronunciation as जॉन् with a crescent above जा is accepted almost as a norm.
- Likewise “Ann” may be called एन्-महोदया ऐन्-महोदया.
Anyway, these are digressions from the main subject of “Numbers”.
By the way, the interrogative कति is by convention “always plural”. And it has identical inflections for all genders. Its inflections in different cases are – कति (प्रथमा), कति (द्वितीया), कतिभिः (तृतीया), कतिभ्यः (चतुर्थी), कतिभ्यः (पञ्चमी), कतीनाम् (षष्ठी), कतिषु (सप्तमी).
Answers of questions asked using कति could be vague or uncertain. In Lesson 5 towards its end, there was the mention of the suffix चित् and its usage with all inflections of the pronoun किम्. The suffix चित् can as well be used with all inflections of कति to obtain a meaning “some” or “few”. For example –
- The proposal was accepted by some people = प्रस्तावः (proposal) कतिभिश्चित् (by some or few) जनैः (people) स्वीकृतः (was accepted).
- “It is useful for some” = कतिभ्यश्चित् उपयोगि इदम् Note –
- कतिभ्यश्चित् (= कतीभ्यः+चित् = for some)
- उपयोगि (useful)
- इदम् (= this)
- This phrase कतिभ्यश्चित् उपयोगि इदम् could as well be a question, “Is it useful for (at least) a few ?” Right at the beginning of Lesson 3, there was introduction to making interrogatives from simple sentences by using pronoun किम्. However, since some interrogative sense is implicit in कति, a question can be formed even without using any other obvious or clear interrogative.
- कतिभ्यश्चित् उपयोगि इदम् is a good example of this. Just a change in intonation would make it affirmative or interrogative.
In Apte’s dictionary many more interesting details about कति are given.
- Meaning 1 of कति – ‘How many’
- Meaning 2 of कति – ‘some’
- When followed by चित् चन अपि the pronoun कति loses its interrogative force and becomes indefinite in sense, meaning ‘some’, ‘several’, ‘a few’
- This detail in Apte’s dictionary puts in doubt usage of कति in the interrogative, as shown above in the phrase कतिभ्यश्चित् उपयोगि इदम् as a question, “Is it useful for (at least) a few ?” Sanskrit-experts may please comment.
- In the dictionary, some more words derived from कति are detailed separately.
- कतिकृत्वस् or कतिकृत्व: an indeclinable अव्यय meaning ‘how many times’
- Here I would like to thankfully acknowledge an important comment posted by Dr. H. N. Bhat. To ensure that the comment may not be missed out, I am editing this Lesson 8 itself.
- The point is that कृत्वस् or कृत्व: is a suffix which makes an adverb from a numeral nominal.
- कतिधा an indeclinable अव्यय meaning ‘how often’, ‘in how many places or parts’
- A good example of this is possibly the quotation विष्णुः त्रेधा निदधे पदम् (= ViShNu put his foot at three places). This quotation can prompt a question विष्णुः कतिधा निदधे पदम् ? (= At how many places did ViShNu put his foot ?)
- This quotation विष्णुः त्रेधा निदधे पदम् has the context of वामनावतार when Lord विष्णु asks of दैत्य-king बलि land enough for just four steps. Although विष्णु appears as वामन, as a small boy, in three steps विष्णु pervades all three worlds – the heaven, the earth and also the netherworld. True to his offer of land of four steps, बलि kneels before विष्णु for विष्णु to put the fourth step on his own head.
- A good example of this is possibly the quotation विष्णुः त्रेधा निदधे पदम् (= ViShNu put his foot at three places). This quotation can prompt a question विष्णुः कतिधा निदधे पदम् ? (= At how many places did ViShNu put his foot ?)
- कतिपय an adjective विशेषणम्, hence would have inflections in all three genders, all seven cases and in all three numbers. कतिपय means ‘some, ‘several’, ‘a certain number of’ (Here ‘a certain’ has indefinite sense)
- Comes to mind an example from बाण-भट्ट’s कादंबरी where, वैशंपायन is narrating of early days of his second birth as a parrot with human tongue. He says – एवं च अवहितचेतसा हारीतेन संवर्ध्यमानः कतिपयैः एव दिवसैः संजातपक्षः अभवम् Here एवं च (= Thus) being lovingly tended by हारीत (the son of Rishi Jaabaala) अवहितचेतसा हारीतेन संवर्ध्यमानः, in a few कतिपयैः days दिवसैः I had wings grown on me संजातपक्षः अभवम्.
- Note, कतिपयैः as adjective of दिवसैः has identical (masculine) gender, (third) case and (plural) number.
- कतिविध, an adjective, विशेषणम् hence declinable in all three genders, all seven cases and in all three numbers. Its meaning ‘of how many kinds’. For example, कतिविधानि भूतानि Living beings are of how many kinds ? – द्विपदा: (= bipeds)
चतुष्पदा: (= quadrupeds) खगाः (= birds) मत्स्याः (= aquatic) सर्पाः (= reptiles) जन्तवः (= insects and microbes)
- Here also I would like to thankfully acknowledge an important comment posted by Dr. H. N. Bhat. To ensure that the comment may not be missed out, I am editing this Lesson 8 itself here also.
- The point is that विध is a suffix, which makes an adjecttive from a numeral nominal. कति is a numeral nominal, similar to other numeral nominals such as एक द्वि त्रि चतुर् सहस्र
- So adjectives derived from एक द्वि त्रि चतुर् सहस्र by affixing the suffix विध are एकविध द्विविध त्रिविध चतुर्विध सहस्रविध also कतिविध.
- A few examples of these in different genders and numbers will be –
- Volunteers have a common uniform स्वयंसेवकानां एकविधः गणवेशः
- स्वयंसेवकानां = of volunteers
- एकविधः = of one type, common, identical
- गणवेशः = uniform
- A mind dwelling on this or that is not good for decision-making द्विविधस्य मनसः न निर्णयः
- द्विविधस्य = of two types (of thoughts)
- मनसः = of mind
- न निर्णयः = no decision
- द्विविधस्य मनसः न निर्णयः = no decision (happens) of mind of two types of thoughts
- Of people who become my devotees, there are four types, i.e. Four types of people become my devotees चतुर्विधा भजन्ते मां जनाः सुकृतिनोऽर्जुन (गीता, ७-१६). Note चतुर्विधा is actually चतुर्विधाः
- Volunteers have a common uniform स्वयंसेवकानां एकविधः गणवेशः
- कतिशस् or कतिशः an indeclinable अव्यय, meaning ‘how many at a time’ Say, for example, “In how many pieces did the wood-cutter break the log ?” दारुकर्मिणा दारुः कतिशः विभक्तः ?
- दारुकर्मिणा = by the wood-worker (i.e. wood-cutter)
- दारुः = log
- कतिशः = in how many pieces
- विभक्तः = was cut
As mentioned above from Apte’s dictionary, कति may be followed by another suffix चन. There it was also mentioned, “… When followed by चित् चन अपि the pronoun कति loses its interrogative force and becomes indefinite in sense, meaning ‘some’, ‘several’, ‘a few’…” By that कतिचन would mean ‘few’, ‘some’. For example, नेतुः स्वागताय कार्यकर्तारः कतिचन मालाः अर्पयन्ति meaning नेतुः (= of the leader) स्वागताय (= for welcome) कार्यकर्तारः (= workers) कतिचन (a few) मालाः (= garlands) अर्पयन्ति (= offer) i.e. Workers offer a few garlands for welcome of the leader.
By the way, it is to be noted that चित्, चन and अपि can as well be affixed to interrogative adverbs such as कदा कुत्र कथम्. With these suffixes the adverbs also will lose their interrogative force. They may get some negative shade of meaning !
In fact some people contend that चन has the derivation च + न = and not. By that token use of चन lends some different shade of meaning than use of चित्. Use of अपि also has an effect similar to that of चन. For example
–
Is it possible any time ? कदाचन शक्यं इदम् ?
May be possible शक्यं कदाचित्
- It may be noted that here कदाचित् has the meaning of ‘may be’ and not just as ‘some time’
Never possible न कदापि शक्यम्
- Here suffix अपि makes the negative न so much more forceful !
Instead of the question कदाचन शक्यं इदम् ? one could as well say कदाचित् शक्यं इदम् ? or कदापि शक्यं इदम् ? But conventionally the force becomes different.
- कदाचन शक्यं इदम् ? = Is it any time possible ? Here the questioner could just be inquisitive.
- कदाचित् शक्यं इदम् ? = Is there a possibility that this would be possible ? Here the questioner implies some positive possibility.
- कदापि शक्यं इदम् ? = Is it ever possible ? The questioner is almost implying that it is never possible.
The difference in force in use of चित्, चन and अपि is substantially conventional.
Just see how the interrogative कदाचन can also become affirmative कदाचन or negative कदाचन —
कदाचन शक्यं इदम् ? = Is it any time possible ?
कदाचन तु शक्यं | किं न ? = Some time or other possible, why not ? or
कदाचन न शक्यम् = Not possible any time, i.e. never possible.
Here is another example of कदापि.
Two and two will be four always. Never otherwise. द्व्यधिके द्वे चत्वारि सर्वदा | न अन्यथा कदापि |
- द्व्यधिके द्वे = two added to two Note, द्व्यधिके is द्वि + अधिके
- चत्वारि सर्वदा = four always
- न अन्यथा कदापि = not otherwise ever.
Note in द्व्यधिके द्वे चत्वारि they are all in neuter gender, again by convention. When speaking of numbers as numbers they will be by neuter gender.
शुभमस्तु |


We are moved to create a premium, harmful chemical free, sparkling clean liquid laundry soap clinically safe for babies and children’s health.
We are moved to create a premium, harmful chemical free, sparkling clean liquid laundry soap.
We are moved to create a premium, harmful chemical free, sparkling clean liquid laundry soap.
We are moved to create a premium, harmful chemical free, sparkling clean liquid laundry soap.
We are moved to create a premium, harmful chemical free, sparkling clean liquid laundry soap.
We use our knowledge and expertise to provide the most effecient, effective and environmentally friendly cleaning possible. Having in mind the daily increase in percentage of children cancer patients world wide, skin reactions caused by harmful chemicals, high priced soaps leading to parents using products not ideal for children.
We use our knowledge and expertise to provide the most effecient, effective and environmentally friendly cleaning possible. Having in mind the daily increase in percentage of children cancer patients world wide, skin reactions caused by harmful chemicals, high priced soaps leading to parents using products not ideal for children.
We use our knowledge and expertise to provide the most effecient, effective and environmentally friendly cleaning possible
Laundry Owner
I have tried it oooo, the thickness and smell is everything.
A Nursing Mother
Yeah I have bought after I gave birth because I feel my baby’s clothes deserve bqsafewash I and to protect his skin from rashes and allergies
A Nursing Mother
I tried bqsafewash yesterday! It was the Bomb! My customers are happy and coming back for more


Welcome to Sauvie Island Farms!
Click on a farm to get more details
Welcome to the interactive website for your favorite island west of Portland, OR!
45.7054° N, 122.8131° W // The Great PNW
Columbia Farms U-Pick
Columbia Farms U-Pick
21024 NW Gillihan Rd, Portland, OR 97231
(503) 621-3909
Tuesday-Sunday 9am-5pm, Closed: Monday
http://www.columbiafarmsu-pick.com/
- Strawberries
- raspberries
- blueberries
- blackberries
- currants
- Pumpkin Patch!
- U-pick
- sustainable farming
Douglas Farm
15330 NW Sauvie Island Rd. Sauvie Island, OR 97231
503-621-3177
Monday to Saturday 9am - 6pm, Sunday 10am - 5pm
http://www.douglasfarmu-pick.com/
- Golden Berries
- Blackberries
- Peaches
- Marionberries
- Boysenberries
- Thornless Blackberries
- Apples(Mcintosh, Jonagold, Honeycrisp, Romes, King)
- Pears
- Prunes
Kruger's Farm Market
17100 NW Sauvie Island Rd, Portland, OR 97231
(503) 621-3489
9am-8pm
http://www.krugersfarmmarket.com/
- blueberries
- boysenberries
- raspberries
- marionberries
- They also offer Farm-to-Table dinners!
The Pumpkin Patch & The Maize
16511 NW Gillihan Rd, Portland, OR 97231
503.621.7110 ,<PHONE_NUMBER>
Open daily 10am to 6pm
http://www.portlandmaze.com/
Sauvie Island Lavender Farm
20230 NW Sauvie Island Road Portland, Oregon
503-577-6565
Tues-Sun 10-5
http://sauvieislandlavenderfarm.com/
Sauvie Island Farms
19818 NW Sauvie Island Rd, Portland, OR 97231
503-621-3988
wed-sat 8-7pm
http://www.sauvieislandfarms.com/
- kale
- beets
- fresh flowers
- corn
- peaches
- marionberries
- raspberries
- Christmas Tree's in the winter
- fresh herbs
- u-pick flowers
Sauvie Island Blueberry Farm
15140 NW Burlington Ct, Portland, OR 97231
(503) 621-3332
m-f 8am-6pm


Welcome to the Rachleff Scholars website! Rachleff scholars in an undergraduate research program in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. This program seeks to promote engineering research and encourage undergraduates to stay in the engineering profession.
For more information about the program and how to apply, check the About section. For information about the Rachleff Scholar Society and their activities, look at The Society and the About sections. For information on individual students and their projects, click on the Students page.
News and Events
Rachleff Scholars had a symposium!   August 5, 2014
It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.
Rachleff Scholars had a symposium!   August 5, 2014
It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.It was cool.


@* * Copyright 2019 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import uk.gov.hmrc.ofstedformsfrontend.forms.SubmittedForm @import uk.gov.hmrc.ofstedformsfrontend.controllers.{routes => appRoutes} @import uk.gov.hmrc.ofstedformsfrontend.views.html._ @this(main_template: main_template) @(form: SubmittedForm)(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages) @main_template("Pending forms list") {


{% extends 'auth/email/base.html' %} {% block message %}
We have received your password reset request.
If you initiated this request, please click on the link below:
Reset password.
If you did not initiate this password reset, you may safely ignore this email.
{% endblock %}


Eloquent Software
About
Eloquent Software provides free open-source software components and applications for public use. These projects are the result of many crazy ideas, sleepless nights, intense discussions, and hard working people. We hope you find them useful.
Projects
Loading GitHub data...


We can help find which municipal jurisdiction your ticket was given in. Just provide us with an address or cross street where you received the ticket.
{{page._court_result._name}}
Site of Ticket
| Address of Ticket: |
{{ page._court_lookup }} |
| Coordinates: |
{{ page._ticket_lat }}, {{ page._ticket_lng }} |
Click for street view
Court Location
| Court Name: |
{{ page._court_name }} |
| Court Address: |
{{ page._court_result._address || "Missing from DB, Bug Drew" }} |
| Coordinates: |
{{ page._court_lat }}, {{ page._court_lng }} |
| Phone Number: |
{{ page._court_result._phone || "None Provided" }} |
| Website: |
|
| Email: |
|
Click for street view
Municipal Statistics
| |
Municipal |
County Average |
{{ page._court_stats.each do |v| }}
|
{{v[0]}}:
|
{{v[1]}}
|
{{v[2]}}
|
{{ end }}


Zebkit UI components apply default properties values during its instantiation. The default properties values are read from static context of appropriate UI component class or from a parent class (if it has been configured). For instance, to change color of all subsequent “zebkit.ui.Label” component instances set appropriate property on label component class level:
// specify default label color value in label class static context
zebkit.ui.Label.color = "orange";
...
// all label instances will have color set to "orange"
var lab1 = new zebkit.ui.Label("Label 1");
var lab2 = new zebkit.ui.Label("Label 2");
...
By default properties values defined on parent class level are not applied to an instance of a class that inherits the parent class. To change the behavior do the following:
// zebkit.ui.TextField class inherits zebkit.ui.Label
// class. To take in account label default properties
// let's set "inheritProperties" to true
zebkit.ui.TextField.inheritProperties = true;
...
// specify default label color value in label class static context
zebkit.ui.Label.color = "orange";
...
// text field component instances will have color set to "orange"
var tf1 = new zebkit.ui.TextField("Text field 1");
var tf2 = new zebkit.ui.TextField("Text field 2");
By default UI configuration JSON files are stored on the same level with zebkit UI components JS file(s) in “rs” sub-folder. The structure of zebkit UI configuration resources are shown below:
[rs] # root resource folder
+-- [light] # light theme resources folder
| +-- ui.json # zebkit.ui package configuration
| +-- ui.web.json # zebkit.ui.web package configuration
| +-- ui.tree.json # zebkit.ui.tree package configuration
| +-- ui.grid.json # zebkit.ui.grid package configuration
+-- [dark] # dark theme resources folder
| +-- ui.json
| +-- ui.web.json
| +-- ui.tree.json
| +-- ui.grid.json
|
+-- ui.common.json
Loading JSON configurations setups static fields for appropriate package entities (classes, interfaces, etc) that will be later used as default properties values for the entities instances. Configuration Zebkit keeps JSON configuration per package (if necessary). It is also possible to load a custom configuration manually with “configWith([path])” method. For instance, imagine we have created JSON shown below to customize text field component properties:
{
...
"TextField" : {
"border" :{"@zebkit.draw.Border":["red", 2]},
"color" :"white",
"background":{"@zebkit.draw.Gradient":["red","orange"]}
}
}
To apply the JSON do the following:
zebkit.ui.configWith("/tf.json");
Pay attention the way zebkit looks up for a required JSON :
By default zebkit expects a theme resources are located in appropriate sub-folder in “rs”. To switch UI theme set “theme” configuration variable (that has to match a sub-folder hosted in “rs” folder):
// say to use light theme
zebkit.ui.config("theme", "light");
In a case if zebkit theme is located in other place specify base directory where the theme resources are stored:
// define path to custom theme
zebkit.ui.config("basedir","http://test.com./myfolder/mytheme");
If there are number of themes you need to host in a custom place specify “basedir” as follow:
// define path to light theme
zebkit.ui.config("basedir","http://test.com./myfolder/%{theme}");
...
// specify theme to be used
zebkit.ui.config("theme", "mytheme1");
Note: Note that configuration variables (theme, base directory, etc) have to be adjusted outside of “require” or “package” zebkit sections. The customization should look something like the following:
<script>
// adjust theme variable
zebkit.ui.config("theme","light");
zebkit.require("ui", function(ui) {
// develop UI
...
});
</script>
JSON format is handy and clear way to declare various configurations, transfer data between clients and servers, etc. Zebkit extends JSON format interpretation with number of powerful features what allows developers to use it for UI form definition.
To load the JSON UI definition the following code can be used:
zebkit.require("ui", function(ui) {
// load root component content with "simple.json" file
new ui.zCanvas(400, 300).root.load("simple.json");
});
For example, let’s load the following Zson:
{
"stackLayout": [],
"kids" : [{
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[],
"borderLayout" : 4,
"padding": 4,
"border" : "plain",
"kids" : {
"top": {
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Simple application",
"padding" : 4
},
"center": {<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"" },
"bottom": {
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Clear",
"canHaveFocus" : false
}
}
}],
"#actions" : [{
"source" : "//zebkit.ui.Button",
"target" : {
"path" : "//zebkit.ui.TextArea",
"update" : { "value": "" }
}
}]
}
The result of the loading is shown below:
| JSON UI |
A you can see there is “#actions” section in the JSON shown above. The section allows developers to declare simple events handling. In this particular case the section says to empty text area component value by button click. Full supported features of the section are shown below:
| JSON element | Description |
|---|---|
| "#actions.source" | Path to identify a source component that fires an event(s) |
| "#actions.event" | Optional an event name that has to be handled from the source |
| "#actions.condition" | Optional condition that defines when the source event has to be handled. The condition is a dictionary of properties and its values. Source component properties have to match all properties defined with the condition, otherwise source event will be ignored. |
|
"#actions.targets" or
"#actions.target" | List of targets ("#actions.targets") components or single target ("#actions.target") component to be updated by the source event(s) |
| "#actions.target.path" | Path to detect a target component |
| "#actions.target.condition" | Optional condition that defines if target "update" and "do" sections have to be applied. Condition is a dictionary of properties and its values. If all properties values of the specified condition match the correspondent properties of target component then "update" and/or "do" sections are applied to the target component. |
| "#actions.target.update" | Properties set the target has to be updated |
| "#actions.target.do" | Set of actions over the target component |
Zson can be composed from multiple JSONs. Zson guarantees everything is loaded in a order it is mentioned in Zson, so you can safely add references to variables located in external JSONs if the reference appears later.
To combine multiple JSONs:
{
"%{../external1.json}": "",
"%{../external2.json}": "",
"key" : {
...
}
}
Or you can fulfill a value with the given JSON as follow:
{
"key" : "%{../external.json}"
}
For example let use slightly modified JSON from previous UI example to populate the same UI four times:
{
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[],
"stackLayout": [],
"kids" : [{
"@zebkit.ui.Panel":[],
"borderLayout" : 4,
"padding": 4,
"border" : "plain",
"kids" : {
"top": {
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Simple application",
"padding" : 4
},
"center": {<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"" },
"bottom": {
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Clear",
"canHaveFocus" : false
}
}
}],
"#actions" : [{
"source" : "//zebkit.ui.Button",
"target" : {
"path" : "//zebkit.ui.TextArea",
"update" : { "value": "" }
}
}]
}
Find JSON to load external JSON mentioned above four times below:
{
"gridLayout" : [2, 2, true, true],
"kids" : [
"%{./simple.json}",
"%{./simple.json}",
"%{./simple.json}",
"%{./simple.json}"
]
}
The result is the application below:
| Combining JSONs |


# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
""" Helper functions to deal with dates
"""
from __future__ import print_function, division, unicode_literals
import time
import datetime
[docs]def now(utc_setting=True, timezone=None, timestamp=None):
""" The current moment in time.
:sig: (bool, Union[datetime.timezone, None], Union[float, None]) -> datetime.datetime
Parameters
----------
utc_setting : bool, optional
Whether we want the current moment to be timezone agnostic.
(the default is True, which denotes to be timezone agnostic.)
timezone : datetime.timezone, optional
Which timezone we want the current moment to be reported in.
(the default is None, which denotes the local machine's timezone.)
timestamp : float, optional
POSIX timestamp of the moment considered to be the "now" moment.
(the default is None, which denotes the use of the current moment.)
This parameter is mostly useful for testing purposes, otherwise it
shouldn't be provided.
Returns
-------
the_now_moment : datetime.datetime
The current moment.
"""
if timestamp is None:
timestamp = time.time()
if utc_setting:
the_now_moment = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)
else:
the_now_moment = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=timezone)
return the_now_moment
[docs]def current_date(utc_setting=True, moment=None):
""" The current date as text in the ISO format.
:sig: (bool, Union[datetime.datetime, None]) -> str
Parameters
----------
utc_setting : bool, optional
Whether we want the current moment to be timezone agnostic.
(the default is True, which denotes to be timezone agnostic.)
moment : datetime.datetime, optional
The moment considered to be the "now" moment.
(the default is None, which denotes the use of the current moment.)
This parameter is mostly useful for testing purposes, otherwise it
shouldn't be provided.
Returns
-------
str
The current date as text.
"""
if moment is None:
moment = now(utc_setting)
return str(moment.date())
[docs]def current_day(utc_setting=True, moment=None):
""" The current day of the week.
:sig: (bool, Union[datetime.datetime, None]) -> int
Parameters
----------
utc_setting : bool, optional
Whether we want the current moment to be timezone agnostic.
(the default is True, which denotes to be timezone agnostic.)
moment : datetime.datetime, optional
The moment considered to be the "now" moment.
(the default is None, which denotes the use of the current moment.)
This parameter is mostly useful for testing purposes, otherwise it
shouldn't be provided.
Returns
-------
int
The current day of the week in range [0, 6], Monday is 0.
"""
if moment is None:
moment = now(utc_setting)
return datetime.datetime.timetuple(moment)[6]
[docs]def current_time(utc_setting=True, moment=None):
""" The current time of the day in the HH:MM format (no seconds).
:sig: (bool, Union[datetime.datetime, None]) -> str
Parameters
----------
utc_setting : bool, optional
Whether we want the current moment to be timezone agnostic.
(the default is True, which denotes to be timezone agnostic.)
moment : datetime.datetime, optional
The moment considered to be the "now" moment.
(the default is None, which denotes the use of the current moment.)
This parameter is mostly useful for testing purposes, otherwise it
shouldn't be provided.
Returns
-------
str
The current time of the day as text.
"""
if moment is None:
moment = now(utc_setting)
return str(moment.time())[:5]
[docs]def current_seconds_milliseconds(moment=None):
""" The seconds and milliseconds of the current minute.
:sig: (Union[datetime.datetime, None]) -> float
Parameters
----------
moment : datetime.datetime, optional
The moment considered to be the "now" moment.
(the default is None, which denotes the use of the current moment.)
This parameter is mostly useful for testing purposes, otherwise it
shouldn't be provided.
Returns
-------
float
The current seconds, with the milliseconds after the decimal point.
"""
if moment is None:
moment = datetime.datetime.now()
return int(float(str(moment.time()).split(':')[-1]) * 1000.0) / 1000.0
[docs]def current_seconds(moment=None):
""" The seconds of the current minute.
:sig: (Union[datetime.datetime, None]) -> int
Parameters
----------
moment : datetime.datetime, optional
The moment considered to be the "now" moment.
(the default is None, which denotes the use of the current moment.)
This parameter is mostly useful for testing purposes, otherwise it
shouldn't be provided.
Returns
-------
int
The current seconds within the current minute.
"""
if moment is None:
moment = datetime.datetime.now()
return int(str(moment.time()).split(':')[-1].split('.')[0])


Nature reveal 'OOPSIE (My Bad)' dance practice
by germainejNature have revealed a look at their dance practice for "OOPSIE (My Bad)".
Nature made a comeback with "OOPSIE (My Bad)" last week, and after the making of their music video, they're now giving fans a look behind the scenes at their choreography practice. As previously reported, "OOPSIE (My Bad)" is the title song of the girl group's second mini album 'Nature World: Code A'.
Watch Nature's dance practice video above!


Getting Started¶
Installation¶
Faerun can be installed using pip.
pip install faerun
In order to use it in a script, the class Faerun
has to be imported from the package.
from faerun import Faerun
That’s it for the installation.
Create a Plot Document¶
In order to plot, a plot document has to be created. To do so, create an instance of the class Faerun
from faerun import Faerun
f = Faerun(title='faerun-example', clear_color='#222222', coords=False, view='free')
Here, we set the title
of the plot document. This will be used as the title of the HTML document. The clear color of the canvas, which is the background color of the plot, is set to '#222222'
(which is the hex-code for a dark gray).
The drawing of coordinate axes is disabled by setting coords=False
and since we want to draw 3D data, the argument view
is set to 'free'
to enable the user to pan and rotate the plot.
Preparing Data for Plotting¶
The next step is to prepare the data which is to be plotted. In the tutorial, we will just generate some nice looking data using numpy
.
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(0, 12.0, 326)
y = np.sin(np.pi * x)
z = np.cos(np.pi * x)
c = np.random.randint(0, 6, len(x))
This data can then be wrapped in a dict
. In addition, DataFrame
from the pandas
package are also supported by faerun.
In the example, the same values are used for the colors c
and labels labels
.
data = {'x': x, 'y': y, 'z': z, 'c': c, 'labels': c}
Adding a Scatter Layer¶
Given the Faerun
instance and the data, a scatter plot can be created using the method add_scatter
.
f.add_scatter('helix', data, shader='sphere', colormap='Dark2', point_scale=5.0,
categorical=True, has_legend=True, legend_labels=[(0, 'Zero'), (1, 'One')])
The data is added as a scatter layer named helix. The chose shader will render the data points as
spheres (with diffuse and specular lighting) of size 5.0 with colors from the matplotlib
colormap 'Dark2'
.
As the c
is categorical, the parameter categorical
is set to True
, otherwise matplotlib
will mess up the values.
Finally, has_legend=True
adds the scatter layer to the legend and legend_labels
is a list
of tuple
, associating values with a label.
Saving to HTML¶
The faerun document can the be plotted to an HTML document with an accompanying JavaScript data file.
f.plot('helix')
This saves the plot as helix.html` and ``helix.js
. The files can be opened locally or hosted on any web server.
Saving to Faerun Data File¶
The faerun document can also be exported to a faerun data file, which in turn can then be hosted using the web
module.
import pickle
with open('helix.faerun', 'wb+') as handle:
pickle.dump(f.create_python_data(), handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
Complete Example¶
import pickle
import numpy as np
from faerun import Faerun
def main():
f = Faerun(title='faerun-example', clear_color='#222222', coords=False, view='free')
x = np.linspace(0, 12.0, 326)
y = np.sin(np.pi * x)
z = np.cos(np.pi * x)
c = np.random.randint(0, 2, len(x))
data = {'x': x, 'y': y, 'z': z, 'c': c, 'labels': c}
f.add_scatter('helix', data, shader='sphere', colormap='Dark2', point_scale=5.0,
categorical=True, has_legend=True, legend_labels=[(0, 'Zero'), (1, 'One')])
f.plot('helix')
with open('helix.faerun', 'wb+') as handle:
pickle.dump(f.create_python_data(), handle, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()


This post is a derivation of a talk i gave on complexity and social network analysis @ PyOhio 2011 in Columbus, OH.
The main point of the talk was/is to inspire curiosity in you the reader/audience member!
Developing the talk, and the project related to the talk, has been a slow journey. I enjoy thinking about complexity, and methods/programs to model it. The journey then, is the point i guess.
Specifically, i want to show how graphical models can help us understand complex phenomena. After highlighting some high-level ideas/philosophies, i will detail a real-world implementation using gensim (an efficient/distributed python LDA implementation).
I hope to give a new rendition of this talk @ PyCon 2012 in Santa Clara, CA. Please shoot me an email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>w/ any questions, thoughts, scolding criticism.
The universe is complex. Everything around us (our weather, milk, yards, economy, etc...) operate under a veil of complexity. We have a long history of trying to tame complexity. This has been the goal of reductionist science for thousands of years.
"Tiger got to hunt, bird got to fly; Man got to sit and wonder 'why, why, why?' Tiger got to sleep, bird got to land; Man got to tell himself he understand." -- Kurt Vonnegut
Arguably, the butterfly effect is complexity science's crowning achievement. Show me another complexity inspired movie starring, man of science, Ashton Kutcher and i'll rethink that claim.
The butterfly effect is a simple idea. A butterfly fluttering her wings in Casablanca, Morocco can effect the weather in Cleveland, Ohio. This is an example used to make a larger point. Things are related in weird ways.
Perhaps everything is related!
If that doesn't melt your mind, read what wikipedia has to say about determinism. From August 23 2011:
"The philosophical argument here would be that the big bang triggered every single action, and possibly mental thought, through the system of cause and effect."
"everything under the sun is in tune"
Also from the wikipedia article on determinism:
"Mathematical models that are not deterministic because they involve randomness are called stochastic. Because of sensitive dependence on initial conditions, some deterministic models may appear to behave non-deterministically... Such considerations can motivate the consideration of a stochastic model even though the underlying system is governed by deterministic equations."
Even if we could measure and compute everything's influence on everything else, we'd still run into something akin to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In short, we need to embrace uncertainty!
[horn_blows] Enter probability!
"Probability provides a way of summarizing the uncertainty that comes from our laziness and ignorance." -- from the text of Stanford's free AI class
The evolution of a seemingly random process can be modeled by a graph of related random variables (probability distributions). This is know as graphical modeling, and turns out to be a great way to model complexity.
The visualization below is a Strange attractor. It's a computer generated visualization, of a computer generated model, of a real physical system or process. I'm fond of this image.
Try to imagine this picture as a joint probability distribution of two related random variables (two variables because one axis holds the probability measure).
Now try to imagine a joint probability distribution with 10, 100, or 1,000 random variables.
Now you understand why we need computers.
The stock market is perhaps the best forum for complexity analysis. The stakes are high, and slight advantages equate to big $$$$.
"Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than mathematical expectations." -- John Maynard Keynes
This is the paper that got me interested in social network analysis: Twitter mood predicts the stock market. You may have seen this. If not, you may want to read that again.
Derwent Capital Markets, an investment firm in London, built a $40 million hedge fund around the idea. After its first full month of trading in July, the fund out-performed the Standard & Poor's 500 for that month, returning 1.85% while the index fell 2.2%.
No small feat! The financial industry spends a lot of money on methods to predict the future. A lot of money is really an understatement. How/why is twitter good at predicting the market?
Imagine all us crazy humans as a single, interconnected system. A lot of people have had this thought, you've probably heard the term 'the human super organism'.
Taken in aggregate, the human super organism is an amazing analytical machine. We experience, categorize, learn, and teach. In this way we gain collective knowledge over time.
"The Quality which creates the world emerges as a relationship between man and his experience. He is a participant in the creation of all things. The measure of all things." -- Robert Pirsig
The web lets us experience, categorize, learn, and teach w/ great speed and ease. We're still discovering what this means. Here are a few of many examples:
The following is from a WSJ article on Virginia's magnitude 5.8 earthquake that hit last August :
Never have scientists had so much readily accessible, real-time data about what people say... Twitter texts are as timely as a pulse beat and, taken together, automatically compile the raw material of social history.
As Twitter's message traffic has grown explosively, so has the scientific appetite for the insights the data can yield. Dozens of new scholarly studies over the past 18 months by computer-network analysts and sociologists have plumbed the public torrents of data made available by Twitter through special links with the company's computer servers. This research has harnessed the service to monitor political activity and employee morale, track outbreaks of flu and food poisoning, map fluctuations in moods around the world, predict box-office receipts for new movies, and get a jump on changes in the stock market.
This is from the DARPA Social Media in Strategic Communication RFP :
The general goal of the Social Media in Strategic Communication (SMISC) program is to develop a new science of social networks built on an emerging technology base. In particular, SMISC will develop automated and semi‐automated operator support tools and techniques for the systematic and methodical use of social media at data scale and in a timely fashion to accomplish four specific program goals:
- Detect, classify, measure and track the (a) formation, development and spread of ideas and concepts (memes), and (b) purposeful or deceptive messaging and misinformation.
- Recognize persuasion campaign structures and influence operations across social media sites and communities.
- Identify participants and intent, and measure effects of persuasion campaigns.
- Counter messaging of detected adversary influence operations.
That's right, "Counter messaging". It's not just about listening, it's also about influence!
OK, that sets the stage for implementation. Our next post will move from crazy philosophy to actual code.


Overview | Reports | Quarter | Contract
| Vendor Name: | SCIENCE-METRIX INC |
| Reference number: |<PHONE_NUMBER> |
| Contract Date: | 2015-06-18 |
| Description of work: | 0492 Research Contracts |
| Contract period: | 2015-06-18 to 2015-08-07 |
| Delivery Date: | |
| Contract Value: | $22,825.69 |
| Comments: | Study on how EC science is being used within the scientific community. |


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I am not extremely experienced with psychedelics, but was always fascinated with their potential. I have ordered several Research Chemicals for the purpose of trying to find a good combination.
I have obtained 2C-I and BZP and mixed 15 mg of 2C-I with 100 mg of BZP. Gel caps were taken at 5:30 pm.
T+0:15 - Start feeling a little different. Feels like a slight buzz, warmth, improved mood
T+1:00 - The effects are increasing and are very similar to MDMA onset, but more speedy and pleasant.
T+1:30 - Absolutely amazing! Music sounds absolutely heavenly. The beat generates waves of pleasure and euphoria that echo across the entire body. I must say... the E pills I tried before don't even come close the level of euphoria and stimulation on this combo. I am chatting online and having an absolute blast.
I have noticed that communication with people online is much more pleasant than talking with my friends in a room. I am being very cordial and sweet to people I am talking to. At the same time the sense of humor, the way I phrase my sentences is very elaborate and creative.
T+2:15 - I am peaking with Euphoria. I retired to my room to see how it will feel to masturbate. It is interesting that I wasn't feeling very sexual per say, and did not want to have a sexual experience with a person, but rather by myself. So, it is hard to masturbate, as I have some major shrinkage, but it is still fully functional. I will cut the details out. I have tried pot, meth, MDMA, mushrooms and salvia.
My favorite orgasm came from Salvia+Cannabis and Meth... as I call them 'rolling echo orgasms'. MDMA is somewhat similar to those as well. Yet with this combination it was different. The pleasure was not as intense but it felt more like an explosion of star... there is a silent and bright flash and then I see the explosion of the matter reaching out from the center with increasing noise. That's the best way I can describe the orgasm. I jerked off 2 more times that day and the effects were similar.
T+3:30 - T:+8:00 - Now that is the best time! Interestingly, the mind high comes a bit later... I feel almost just like MDMA, being full of love, appreciation, goodness and warmth - empathy just flows! Perhaps this the actually the best part, as body high is lessened and now there is more focus on the body.
T+12:00 (5:30) I am finally ready to sleep. I still feel the effects. The comedown is very gradual and slow... and I start missing all the excitement.
Overall:
I think this combination of 2C-I and BZP is absolutely fantastic. I didn't feel any side effects at all, and the comedown was similar to MDMA but not as intense. One thing that I must say was a little bit interesting, is that there is much more control over my mind while on this combo. I can distract myself from euphoria by simply focusing on something. Overall, I was absolutely blown away with this.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Quick Solr Setup
Environment
- OS X 10.8 or newer versions
- Java SE Runtime 1.7
- Apache Solr 4.10.0
Installation
The easiest way to install Solr is by using homebrew.
Continue reading...
The easiest way to install Solr is by using homebrew.
Working on last few projects, i’ve realized that use of closures can come really handy in day-to-day work. Can you imagine writing loops after loops to extract or collect properties from list of custom objects? It can be tiring and painful. And hence, I have decided to add this post - mainly to point out couple of situations where introduction to closures can really ease this pain.
Most of you must have used Project Lambok or Functional Java to achive this. Unfortunately not everyone gets the choice to be able to use opensource libraries. Yeah, there are clients who prefers to avoid use of opensource libraries in this day and age, can you believe it ? Anyways, i have tried to point out some of the features offerred by closures in this post.
Before going forward in more details, let’s try and understand what closures mean in Java and what it can bring on the table. A Closure is a first class function or reference to a function together with a referencing environment. Most of the time, function types, anonumous functions and inline function-valued expressions are also refered as closures in java. An anonymous function that contains some context surrounding it as a snapshot & can be passed as a parameter. The definition of closure can be broken down into two main parts - callbacks and contextual information surrounding this callback function.
Please note, Anonymous classes in java are close to being called as closures, but they do not fully support definition of closure. But they come close to it and hence you can find lot of literature calling anonymous inner classes as closures. The main reason behind not supporting definition, is due to the fact that inner class can only access final local variable of the enclosing method. And also, because these variables get created and stored in a stack, they get destroyed when execution of the method completes and result gets returned. And If you want to make an anonymous inner class as a closure, it should be allowed to access all the fields surrounding body - which is not permissible by current memory management.
Enough with the explanation, let’s look at some of the examples!
In pre Java 8, versions we can simulate closures
public interface Funct<A,B> {
public B func(A a);
}
We can use this interface to emulate anonymous inner class easily. Below mentioned methods can be used to perform simple comparison tasks and can be later extended to combine with interface Funct<A,B>
to simulate closures.
Method to retrieve larger values compared to provided comparison value:
public static int larger( final List<Integer> objectList, final Integer refObj ){
for( Integer comparedObj : objectList ){
if( comaredObj > refObj ){
return comparedObj;
}
}
return refObj;
}
Another method to determine smaller value compared to provided comparison value:
public static int smaller( final List<Integer> objectList, final Integer refObj ){
for( Integer comparedObj : objectList ){
if( comparedObj < refObj ){
return comparedObj;
}
}
return refObj;
}
These method are very identical - except the conditions. These can be combined using above mentioned interface like this:
public static <T> T firstMatch( final List<T> objectList, final Funct<T, Boolean> functor, T refObj ){
for( T comparedObj : objectList ){
if(functor.func(comparedObj)){
return comparedObj;
}
}
return refObj;
}
This method can be used as :
Func<Integer,Boolean> greaterThanFive = new Func<Integer,Boolean>{
Boolean func(Integer no){
return no > 5;
}
}
int numbersBiggerThanFive = firstMatch( someIntegerList, greaterThanFive, defaultValue );
Other few examples can be found in (progfun)[https://github.com/SaumilP/java-progfun].
In Java 8, streams can be used to make use of newly added feature - lambda expressions.
final Integer noBiggerThanFive = someList.stream().filter(no -> no > 5 ).get();
It is less verbose compared to older version of the code, but it gives neat and short presentation of the code. Developers can focus more on the work getting done instead of worrying about getting syntax correct.
I will add more Java 8 examples in next post.


monty.design_patterns module¶
Some common design patterns such as singleton and cached classes.
- cached_class(klass)[source]¶
Decorator to cache class instances by constructor arguments. This results in a class that behaves like a singleton for each set of constructor arguments, ensuring efficiency.
Note that this should be used for immutable classes only. Having a cached mutable class makes very little sense. For efficiency, avoid using this decorator for situations where there are many constructor arguments permutations.
The keywords argument dictionary is converted to a tuple because dicts are mutable; keywords themselves are strings and so are always hashable, but if any arguments (keyword or positional) are non-hashable, that set of arguments is not cached.


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ADMINISTRATION OF UNDISPOSED LANDS
Section 8. All provisions of the Act of Congress approved March 18, 1959 reserving rights or powers to the United States, as well as those prescribing the terms or conditions of the grants of lands or other property therein made to the State of Hawaii are consented to fully by the State and its people. [Am 73 Stat 4 and election June27, 1959; ren Const Con 1968 and election Nov5, 1968; ren and am Const Con 1978 and election Nov7, 1978]
Case Notes
By section, continuance of C.A.B. jurisdiction over air commerce during transitional period was accepted by State; arrangement not unconstitutional. 44 H. 634, 361 P.2d 390.


Buy Dabur India; target of Rs 550: ICICI Direct
ICICI Direct is bullish on Dabur India has recommended buy rating on the stock with a target price of Rs 550 in its research report dated November 06, 2019.
by Broker ResearchICICI Direct's research report on Dabur India
Dabur’s consolidated revenue grew 4.1% YoY to Rs 2,212 crore as domestic business grew 4.9% fully led by volume growth of 4.8% YoY. International business posted constant currency (CC) growth of 3.2% during the quarter, mostly impacted by 35% de-growth in Nepal business due to implementation of vehicle and consignment tracking system (VCTS). Gross margins expanded 142 bps YoY to 50.8%, driving EBITDA margin expansion of 92 bps YoY to 22.1%.
Outlook
We expect Dabur to generate revenue, PAT growth at 9.7%, 12.1% CAGR, respectively, on the back of strong volume growth of 6% in FY19-21E. Hence, we maintain BUY rating on Dabur with a revised target price of Rs 550.
For all recommendations report, click here
Disclaimer: The views and investment tips expressed by investment experts/broking houses/rating agencies on moneycontrol.com are their own, and not that of the website or its management. Moneycontrol.com advises users to check with certified experts before taking any investment decisions.
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[§587A-23] Effect of oral orders. Orders stated orally by the court on the record in a proceeding under this chapter shall have full force and effect from the date of the hearing until further order of the court. All oral orders shall be reduced to writing as soon as is practicable. [L 2010, c 135, pt of §1]


The data compiled and managed in the Yukon Permafrost Database are available for download in a variety of formats. We publish these datasets to an FTP site via weekly scripts. The database is an evolving product that we will update as new data sources become available.
| Name | Dataset Type | Format | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geotechnical Borehole Dataset | Entire dataset | CSV | ~2MB |
| Temperature Sensor Dataset | Entire dataset | CSV | ~170MB |
| Permafrost Report Index | Entire dataset | CSV | <1MB |
| Geotechnical Borehole Locations | Derived data | FGDB, SHP, KMZ | ~1MB |
| Temperature Sensor Locations | Derived data | FGDB, SHP, KMZ | <1MB |
| Geotechnical Reports - Point | Derived data | FGDB, SHP, KMZ | <1MB |
| Geotechnical Reports - Line | Derived data | FGDB, SHP, KMZ | ~1MB |
| Permafrost Reports - Point | Derived data | FGDB, SHP, KMZ | <1MB |
| Permafrost Reports - Polygon | Derived data | FGDB, SHP, KMZ | ~4MB |
| Geotechnical Data Submission Template | Submission Template | XLSX | <1MB |
| Temperature Data Submission Template | Submission Template | XLSX | <1MB |
| Web app user guide | Documentation | ~2MB | |
| Yukon Permafrost Database: A new baseline data resource | Documentation | ~1.5MB |
Recommended citation: Yukon Geological Survey, year accessed. Yukon Permafrost Database. Government of Yukon, https://service.yukon.ca/permafrost/, [accessed (date indicated in readme file)].
For more information, please contact ygs-surficial@yukon.ca.


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12/6/2018
2018 may have had its ups and downs, but it also had memes galore. Here is a list of the top memes of the year, roughly going by what month each one reached peak popularity:
Guys, I have some of the last original Tide Pods. I can’t decide if I should eat them, put them in a time capsule, or attempt to wash away my sins. #TheFlavor pic.twitter.com/O8dKNGyViO
— Killian Wells (@KillianWells) November 28, 2018
In January, all anyone was thinking about was getting a taste of “the forbidden fruit.” The Tide Pod Challenge took the internet (and poison control) by storm when people dared each other to eat the colorful detergent pods. Procter & Gamble, the parent company of Tide, didn’t do itself any favors when it made its new detergent container look like boxed wine.
Just in time for Valentine's Day 2018, “Precious when you smile” blew up. Bazzi’s “Mine” was often paired with romantic Snapchat filters on videos. Everyone from Spongebob to Kim Jong Un had a precious meme dedicated to them.
“Yea, omw” pic.twitter.com/5Ptc03wLoD
— Savage Patrick (@ItsSavagePat) March 14, 2018
This meme came from a season one episode of Spongebob Squarepants. Savage Patrick memes are here to celebrate all the mildly crappy things we do.
 Great job Mason https://t.co/rKkdnbMMcw
— Manuel Spaan (@manuelspaan) September 16, 2018
Also known as “WalMart Yodel Boi,” Mason Ramsey gained instant popularity with a video of him singing Hank Williams’s “Homesick Blues.” Since then, the video has been auto tuned and captioned over and over again to the delight of Mason’s internet fans.
— Tony Cordiliko (@BillyJoelOsment) April 26, 2018
The picture of Momoa sneaking up on Cavill is hilarious. Internet users found it relatable, too. Whether you’re sneaking up on a pint of ice cream or finals are sneaking up on you, this meme is great to share your feelings and share a laugh.
Some of the best LeBron James JR Smith Memes in the aftermath of Game 1 of the NBA Finals. You can take JR Smith off the Knicks but you can never take the Knicks out of JR Smith. #NBAFinals pic.twitter.com/gi1FTHKkRu
— STAT Sports (@STATSports1) June 2, 2018
Clevelanders understood LeBron’s reaction when J.R. Smith blew it during the NBA Finals. Doesn’t make it any less funny, though.
so i’m currently in my hospital bed and i can hear someone playing “johnny johnny yes papa” the fact that I know all the words is frightening pic.twitter.com/WUnm7JUpdd
— 𝖞𝖆𝖘𝖒𝖎𝖓 (@okayyarreaga) November 19, 2018
Maybe this one isn’t a meme in the purest sense, but it sure has made waves. YouTube videos aimed at kids can get pretty weird (ahem, Elsagate...), but this video is at a whole new level. This meme straddles the line between surreal and accidental satire.
TFW you're the most terrifying mascot in the NHL pic.twitter.com/0IGCu00N82
— Terry (@tlheard12) September 24, 2018
The internet didn’t quite know how to respond to the Philadelphia Flyers’ new mascot when he debuted in September. Some saw Gritty as relatable, and others found his perpetual thousand-yard stare unnerving. Eventually fans warmed up to the feisty, fuzzy guy, but the memes are unforgiving.
We've finally got the Elon Musk smoking weed memes. pic.twitter.com/z5ClI72CJM
— Vijay Sankar (@Pink_HeImet) September 7, 2018
Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, is a little outlandish to say the least. When a snapshot of Musk making a weird face while smoking weed on a podcast blew up, internet users got creative with captioning. Dually, the video prompted NASA to review the safety of SpaceX. Whoops.
— Moth memes (@MothLampMemes) October 12, 2018
In July, a Reddit user posted a picture of a moth. Quickly, the meme reached peak surrealness, got its own subreddit and inspired a couple spin off memes. Someone get this moth a lamp.
 Detective Pikachu comes out next May. In the meantime, this meme is making its rounds across the internet by being #relatable.
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Edma Controller Que Status. More...
#include <csl_edma3.h>
Data Fields | |
| CSL_Edma3Que | que |
| Bool | exceed |
| Uint8 | waterMark |
| Uint8 | numVal |
| Uint8 | startPtr |
Edma Controller Que Status.
An object of this type is allocated by the user and its address is passed as a parameter to the CSL_edma3GetQueStatus() /CSL_edma3GetHwStatus().
| Bool CSL_Edma3QueStat_s::exceed |
Output field: The number of valid entries in a queue has exceeded the threshold specified in QWMTHRA has been exceeded
| Uint8 CSL_Edma3QueStat_s::numVal |
Output field: Number of valid entries in Que N
| CSL_Edma3Que CSL_Edma3QueStat_s::que |
Input field: Event Que. This needs to be specified by the user before invocation of the above API
| Uint8 CSL_Edma3QueStat_s::startPtr |
Output field: Start pointer/Head of the queue
| Uint8 CSL_Edma3QueStat_s::waterMark |
Output field: The most entries that have been in Que since reset/last time the watermark was cleared


I have been interested in Computer Science ever since I was a small child. My father working in the networking industry always had me intrigued at the prospects of the field and the possibilities within. I would say seeing the impact of the internet on the world has been largely influential on me. The ability for networking architecture to provide near instant communication or to cause widespread destruction if used irresponsibly intrigues me.
Family and Home
Family are the people that care for you and nurture each other. I have four siblings. Two older Brothers, one younger brother and a younger sister. My older siblings have contributed to my education, when I was younger due to them pushing me to improve my language skills. My younger siblings have fostered a sense of in responsibility in me, which has been highly impactful in my interactions with other in a group setting. My parents have taught me morals and values to live by that shape the decisions that I take. My cat may not be directly part of the family, but he is helpful in calming me down and relaxing. My grandmother has helped teach lessons and experiences from a generation past to take and apply to today.
Entertainment
I consume a lot of written and AV media. Nearly all of it comes from online sources. Written media I consume is split into 2 categories fiction writing and informational content. I listen to political and scientific podcasts. I primarily watch educational content and video games. This media is used in a social manner when I share them with friends. Media provides a platform for information to spread and distribute among others. I recreate that said media by regurgitating ideas and jumbling other concept from various sources into new ideas.
Community
The majority of my communities are virtual. I tend have more niche interests and discourses with others. So, the internet has provided both social and pseudo-social for me to find community. For example, I enjoy reading a genre of Chinese high fantasy fiction writing called "Xiānxiá(仙侠)." I would have never found the genre if not for the efforts of translators and communities found on the internet, let alone people to discuss the reading.
School
My formal schooling has largely felt unguided from the perspective of where it was pushing me, other than activities provided that I dipped my toes in and found I did not want. My informal education on the other hand has massively shaped me. Boy Scout created an interest in governance and policy. It taught me leadership skills and critical thinking. Having philosophical conversations with many people of diverse backgrounds has shaped my philosophical understanding of the world. My father's interest in computer networking has most definitely left a mark on long term goals due to early and continued exposure. I have an idea where these are taking me, but I can never be sure.