Rudram
Class 1 (2021-01-16)
- Primary aspect of Rg Veda is upasana. Mental worship. In Yajur Veda focus is karma.
- Veda is divided into samhita (collection of mantras, hymns) and brahmana, which is dos and donts, rituals. Brahmana is subdivided into 1) brahmana 2) aranjaka 3) last portion is upanishad.
- We’re all devotes of supreme will.
- Rshih - the one who sees the truth. In Vedic times the vedic seers worshiped the same supreme will in the form of natural forces. Antarjami - inner controller, that’s the Isvara which Vedic hymns worship. We’re worshiping Isvara as multiple extracosmic persons.
- For rshis the worship is born out of the wonder, glory of Isvara in the cosmos. For most devotees today wonder, glory of god, is replaces by desires and fears.
- Rshis looked at water as manifest form of God. How nicely it promotes and sustains life. It is so abundant. Name is vArunah.
- Bhakti is wonder, not sentimentality. When you wonder, there is no me and mine. Sentimentality mostly is about me and mine.
- Whenever the rishi looks at the fire there is a wonder. It is the most powerful manifestation of universal power called God. Therefore fire became primary alter of worship for Vedic rshis. They worshiped wind, space which is grafity, sun, moon, stars, prthivi as mother, trees, plants. All their worship are born form the sense of wonder in the heart.
- Chandogya upanishad, Brhadaranyika upanishad, beginning of Yajur Veda give an idea about Rudra.
- Upanishads are not continuation of karma and upasana. They are revolution of them.
- Human life are divided into three savanas (section). First 24y pratah savana. All our troubles are taken care of by parents. Next 48y up to 72y we’re independent people. We need some kind of propitiation -> Chandogya advises to worship Rudras.
- Indriyas are called Rudras because they make us cry. And they themselves cry. Rudanti, rodayanti. Rudra is malevolent aspect of supreme will. You cannot have only good aspect in the creation. Best example for Rudra nowadays is Covid.
- You’re always praying to the supreme will. Now you call it (address the aspect) Rudra, later something else, it is still one supreme will.
- Don’t react to anger (of the other). Act. First do namaskara to anger. Prostrate if not welcome. Attitude like “Oh, Covid devata, my prostrations to you”.
- Anybody carrying a weapon is Rudra. Don’t look at him as villain, criminal. Rudra has taken him over at the moment.
Class 2 (2021-01-23: Verse 1 - 5)
- A mantra having a specific meter, i.e. a verse, is called Rg Matra. Prose mantra, meaning it has no specific meter, is yajuh.
- Everything happens because of the higher power (Isvara). This recognition is called bhakti. Scientists say the same thing with a different terminology. A small thing is the way it is because the entire universe is the way it is.
- Name of the unfavorable expression of the supreme will is Rudra. Rudra is the one who strikes, presented as a personification.
- Verses are pointing towards seeing Rudra as virus/bacterial infection. They are asking not to be subjected to these as favour from Rudra.
- Reason for putting a temple on the summit of a mountain. 1) Beauty 2) to reach the summit of a mountain you have to leave worldly life behind. You’re one with nature, with beauty. 3) It also requires earnestness in the heart. It requires effort, tapas.
- In artificial beauty, jiva expresses. In natural beauty, Shiva expresses.
- Giri is megha, rain bearing cloud. Agriculture depends on rains. Rain is considered blessing from above. The one who abides in that giri as the most pious life giving water is Shiva, called “girishanta”. Or the one who abides in (behind) the sacred words of upanishads. Puranic meaning - god abiding in the mountain of Kailash.
- “Giritra” one who abides in the rain bearing cloud or in the words of upanishads and protects as.
- Agrarian society means “purusham (people) jagat (living beings moving around)”. In modern times for city dwellers it’s only about purusham. Veda mantras begin with cattle, because for agrarian people cattle is their life.
- Generally people don’t pray to gain God. This prayer is to gain Rudra, using the most auspicious words - shivena vacasa. Prayer or no, whatever you say must be Shiva. Why speak inauspicious, harsh words at all?
- If you work under a boss you want a favourable disposition of your boss. Here authors are asking Rudra to think of them favourably.
- These prayers say “naha” (us, all of us - family, community, cattle), not “mama” (mine).
- If Covid-19 is Rudra’s weapon then the vaccine is Rudra’s blessing only. Both are his blessings.
Class 3 (2021-01-30)
- Prayer: may the Isvara (Rudra) think nice about us and say nice things about us. May he bless us.
- Blessing can be in the form of thought or speech. Generally it is thought of as speech.
- Pratamah - foremost. Who was there as the time of creation. The cosmic person. Hiranyagarbha. That is Rudra only.
- “Who am I?” Better question is “What am I”?
- Students of Vedanta should pay attention to the word “deva”. Isvarah cinmayavapuhuh.
- bhiSak - physician
- Innocence is divinity. You find it with village folk (India), side by side which ignorance, which has no value. The innocent people look at the physician as a god.
- dhanvantari - physician of the gods
- We should not say english medicine, telugu medicine. Knowledge has no boundaries.
- The faith you have into the doctor helps you to get out of the illness, recover quickly.
- In fact you surrender to the physician. Illness cured by the physician is limited to the body. But there is psychological illness - seeking more. The sense of more. We’ve countless desires and then fears. This kind of illness is treated by surrendering to the higher power called Izvara. Immediate disease: sukhaduka cycle. Long range: birth and death cycle. Only Izvara (supreme will/prime mover) can treat that.
- Agrarian society. Everywhere there are serpents. Serpent is in the psyche of vedic people. Serpent is anything which crawls. A crawling creature.
- Two kinds of evil spirits: rakshasa - cruel, violent, they carry a weapon on their body. asura - people given unbridled pleasure-seeking 24/7. They are evil people because everything is looked at through pleasure seeking.
- Weather has big impact on psyche. The way a person speaks and acts you can figure out the weather in which he was born and brought up.
- Sun worshipers worship sun excluding everything else. We worship Isvara (in the form of sun) including everything else.
- In India midday sun is very harsh, so it is the morning and evening sun that is worshipped.
- When there is no thought, inner silence, spaciousness - there are no boundaries. When you abide in that, that itself is considered supreme worship of Isvara. If you want to make it saguna you can visualise in your heart the prime mover - upasana. If you want to come down further and need an image, look at the rising sun.
- Vedic rishis did not worship God in man-made images. They worshipped god in god-made images. Waters, sun, candra, prthivi … They did not have the need to build a brick-and-mortar temple and install a image to worship God. To such an extend they looked at the rising sun as the supreme alter of God that they never missed a rising sun. They made it a rule.
- asau - “rising sun” in vedic sanskrit.
- tAmrah (copper-brown) -> arunah (ochre, reddish) -> babhru (white). In the heart of a vedic seer there cannot be anything more auspicious than that. They have a very special bond to the sun, which they feel in the heart. Seeing Sun as the most glorious aspect of the higher power.
- How to worship? Say it with feeling, mechanical mumbling words has no value. And now you’re in direct communion.
- In Newtonian physics the distance between the eyes and the sun is millions of miles. In Einsteinian physics the distance is zero.
- You can see your position in the cosmic game of Isvara when you are praying to the rising sun.
Class 4
-
ayam - this “this”; asau - that “this”. Also a name for the sun that is in the yonder yet still visible to the eye.
-
Rishis loved to wake up before the sunrise and contemplate on the reality. What appears before of you is not real.
-
Personification itself is an aspect of the puranas. In the mantras you don’t see personification.
-
Here we’re not bringing the reality to the person. Here we’re rather taking the person to the reality.
-
Nama rupa should symbolise, signify the real. If it doesn’t do that the purpose of nama rupa is defeated.
-
While explaining mantras we don’t want to rely on Puranas as vedic mantras are much much older.
-
Nilakantaya - entire horizon is the purusha. The reddy horizon is his body. The dark blue (rain bearing) clouds here and there providing the contrast are the blueish neck.
-
gopa - cow herd boys. Protectors of cows. Signifies uneducated, unsophisticated even uncivilised humans, who occupy a very low rank in the social ladder. Even they enjoy the glory of the shrine called rising sun. You don’t need any other shrine, if you pay attention to this shrine. It’s open to all, without questions, differentiations and divisions. Yet we want to command and control the god. Here is the real God. You need not anybodies permission. Be your own priest.
-
You do not find a bird, a cow, a buffalo or an animal for that matter oversleeping while the sun is rising. Only humans sleep at that time, unfortunately.
-
Brahmana is one who is praying to Brahma - the rising and setting sun. Through devotion, mantra, in his heart connected.
-
“Give me happiness”. That is not a desire. You’ve every right to seek what you already are. Desire says “I do not have it I shall have it in the future”.
-
sahasraksAya - one with thousand eyes. Normally Indra. Indra is the cloud which is giving rain here. That Indra open his eyes and drops start to pour. From the eyes the drops of joy start to fall.
-
Lord Indra travels by elephant. Elephant looks like a cloud.
-
Desha kala vastu. If God is not here, that is not God. If God is not now, that is not God.
-
The vision, if you have that sensitivity, makes you a rishi. Do you want to be a rishi or a priest? Mantra is the same.
-
Shateshute - one with hundred quivers.
-
Empty ornaments vs. functional instruments.
-
Puranas have converted shiva - all-auspicious into a gentlemen sitting somewhere. Same for all-pervasive vishnu.
-
The prayer is a community prayer, not a personal. Personal is not very sacred…
Class 5
- In a person’s life there is a personal order and there is a supra-personal order. Personal order: I do things of my own will, like taking breakfast of my own will. Supra-personal: order because of which sun rises etc. These interfere. If the supra-personal order favours the personal order it is called a blessing.
- The person is a product of personal order. You are a person only if you desire this and that.
- rodhayati (rudh) iti rudrah. One who makes you cry. Once the idea of punishment is there the idea of weapons is not far away. Primary weapon is archery because it can punish a person from a distance.
- Matted hair of ziva: look at any mountain range. Assumed that the slopes are not denuded by deforestation.  That is the matted hair. Or or the mass of rain bearing clouds in the sky. Also, mountain people unlike civilized people do not care much about hair, you can find them with matted hair.
- Weapon of Lord Rudra is sickness, infection. So blessing of Rudra is keeping his weapon away.

- Instead of saying mama better say nah (we). That’s the nice way of prayer, just like Rudram. Use me and mine only when you tell Lord about your blemishes in order to to ask him to remove them. There is no wisdom in personalised prayer. There is wisdom only in community prayer.
- Prayer has a minus point if it comes from fear. Convert it into a plus by making it a community prayer. Also, original (historically) prayers are community prayers.
- When you’re seeking something to uplift yourself, then you can use mama.
- Enemies here are internal enemies: kAma, krodha, lobha, moha, mada, mAtsarya (envy). Preferably avoid the enemy thing.
- The reality which abides in the solar orb resides in your heart as well (Aditya hRdayam).
- God is everywhere. Better yet: everywhere is God.
- bAhu - hands, arms.
- hiraNya - effulgence
- senAnI - army chief. In every army chief Lord Rudra is sitting.
- There is peace and there is war. The world is like that since the moment of creation and it will be like that until the moment of annihilation.
Class 6
- The mantras have originated through, not in, the mind of a rshih who lived millennia ago.
- Sanskrit which we are familiar with - set of rules fixed by Panini. It is not enough to understand vedic mantras. A commentary/explanation is needed. Inspite of having the commentary, we need to retain our original thinking.
- Tradition: freezing the thought process.
- Original thinking vs. conditioning.
- Woods (forrest) have the power to make you god conscious. Every single tree is a standing example of the infinite power of life. Trees are manifest form of the cosmic life called Hiranyagarbha. Woods are the God. Woods are the shrine.
- Tree represents a nice model of meditation. It doesn’t move, it is silent. Soaring into the space. ekah - all alone.
- Life restricted to a single organism is called jIva. Life which is universal - God (Hiranyagarbha).
- Vision of the rshis - god consciousness.
- When you see somebody falling a tree you feel like “come here instead, fall this body”. That is education. What we have is literacy.
- arsha = darshanam.
- Who are you to cut a branch? Did you give the permission to the tree to grow that branch? That is not a spiritual act. I do not even pluck a leaf.
- Trees have life. Trees have emotions.
- Lord protects all the lifeforms by giving life to it. Having created the form God has entered into it as life.
- Pasupati protector of animals. Like a shepherd protects the sheep. All the life forms are “sheep”.
- saspinjarAya: If a tree is the manifested form of God, why not grass and other horizontal spreading flora. This is not entirely green, but mixed with several hues. Lord as the meadow. Lord as wide marshlands.
- There is the jada in you and there is the chetana in you. The chetana in you is the Lord. If you identify with the body you are the zava (cadaver). If with chetana you are ziva.
- Religious mind invokes God periodically, contextually (when it is context to invoke God, he invokes). Wherever he feels in the worldly life that he’s in control of the situation, he will not invoke God. Only when the situation is out of his control. Religions mind is talks of God now and then when situation demands, but is conscious of the world only. For a spiritual person God is protecting always. He’s equally conscious of God in prosperity and in adversity. And he operates in the world.
- bablushAya - He who is seated on a bull. babhru = cotton brown.
- God created the world = God has written the poetry called world = God has painted on canvas the picture called world and the painter is found in the painting. The one who shines in the mosaic of the world is “babhrushAya”.
- vivyAdhine - the one who hits hard
- annAnAm pataye namah: anecdote: Some acarya thinks “who will take care of my son when I take to sanyasa?” He witnesses a lizard hatching out of its egg and catching a small fly. He understands. Lizard comes out of its shell and food is immediately provided by Ishvara. Belief that I’m providing food for my son is a wrong belief. I’m not providing food for my son. Bhagavan is providing food for me, my son and every other lifeform. Every time you remember food you remember god.
Class 7: flora; worldliness
- harikeshaya - leaves of the tree, living manifestation of Lord, are like his hairstyle. Lord Shiva has green coloured matted hair. One with eternal youth. hari - green, black.
- Become lover of trees. Learn to love flora and fauna. If you love the trees, plants etc. without the idea of Ishvara, you’re called environmentalist. If you love and see them as manifestation of Ishvara -> you’re a god conscious human being. That’s spirituality. That’s what students of vedanta should aim at.
- upavItine - manifestation of sacred thread. A creeper on a tree. Like lovers.
- pustAnAm - people of great qualities. Well nourished (pusti - nourishment) people. In the context of Upanishads and Gita we can say “people endowed with daivisampat”.
- 10 kinds of nourishment (blessing): speech, jnana, strong body and organs, big home, plenty of cash and grains, plenty of offspring, cattle, community in which you live is doing well, dharma (plenty if righteous actions), miraculous powers (can be ignored by us, creates attitude of believing anything).
- bhavasya hetyai (weapon against worldliness): World is not the problem. Worldliness is (attachment to things, people, events). Look from Ishvara’s world of view. There is no more personal view. I’m waiting to know how Isvara decides. Not being attached to some outcome.
- Religion (of the masses); puranas: good and bad are absolute. Devil is parallel to God. Division of the creation between good and evil betrays ignorance.
- Rudra stands symbolically for prana shakti / cosmic life. That’s why Rudra is also called ksetranampati. Glory of the cosmic life can be seen everywhere. In the street, nature …
- sUta - driver, charioteer
- People have opinion that peace is god and war is devil. There is nothing like absolute good and evil. Everything is but manifested Isvara. War is also god.
- rohita - reddy in colour
- sthapati - one who commands authority, ruler; sculptor (architect, master builder)
- Once you’re a devotee of Rudra you’ve no right to disturb a tree. You look at the tree in your heart as manifest form of Isvara.
- mantrI - minister
- vaNik - business people. Wholesales and retailers. Without them there is no economy. Without them there is no social life.
- kakSA - bush; impenetrable region (secret knowledge)
- Stop all landscaping activity. People are going to war against plants, trees, nature.
- A blade of grass and the solar orb have the same significance in the scheme of universe.
- We need oxygen and produce carbon dioxide. Plants need carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. We’ve to develop love and respects towards them.
- Plant gets the water from earth, gets CO2 from atmosphere and gets the energy from the sunlight. They produce glucose and oxygen. We’re able to live because of plants. They sustain life on the earth.
- vArivaskrt - creator of wealth (grasses -> rice, wheat).
- oSadhi - plant that live only until they give crops
Class 8 - start of 3rd anuvaka; warfare; stealing
- To surrender, to overcome the ego you need sattvaguna. That’s why they’re called sattvanAm pataye namah. If the encircled soldiers are rajasic, they will fight to the last man.
- sahamAna - the one who crushes the enemy, who doesn’t forgive. Who insults. Who takes revenge. All this behaviour is represented by Lord Rudra.
- stena - (gupta cora) something like a hacker. A hidden thief. Lord Rudra protects such thieves.
- As long as you take good and evil as absolute, you’re a jiva. When you see the same glory of the awareness absolute which is paramatma in both good and evil you’re a jnani. These mantras help us to rise above the opposites. Here we see the glory of Isvhara in evil people also.
- taskara - thief who steals openly.
- Look at it (when you’re made a victim) as Rudra. Then you can let go of your grudge and bitterness. If you don’t let go of it, it will carry into every other relationship. And you will not be able to enjoy the present.
- Rudra is not only a philanthropist but also an open thief.
- vancata - cheater; parivancate - cheating again and again
- stAyu - hidden thief, wearing the dress of sanyasi
- Accept all the evil characters of society as manifest form of Rudra and forgive them.
- You cannot push somebody who is telling you “I love you”.
- Entertaining ill-will itself drains your energy and increases you blood pressure.
Class 9
- Concentration: when the mind wanders, you have to make it stay focused. That is enormous effort. Japa meditation is all effort because of this. Different from niddidhiasanam.
- It is the nature of the mind to wander. Concentration - exclusion. You have to exclude everything but object of concentration.
- Emotion is the movement of mind. Sensation, sentiment … Love is not an emotional experience. Attachment is. You have to come to love by negating all what love is not. Love is not an action, verbal statement, intellectual exercise, concentration of the mind, emotion, sentiment, sensation… When you negate all these things the mind becomes very silent and the pure being (sat) in which there is no doing is love. You cannot possible fail at this because your nature is this love.
- aranyanam pataye namah - lord of the forest.
- Children automatically play on/with the ground. It looks like there is automatic love for the terrestrial. Then slowly we lose our connection with the nature and become artificial. We have to rediscover this connection.
- parichara - impatient, moving around, bazaar thief
- You have to appreciate the talent of these rudras (thieves). Rise to that level of sarvatmabhava that the one who robbed you is looked at Rudra. You do that and you’re the real spiritual person.
- Like in medicine there are many specialisations, so in thieves there are many kinds.
- Even worst kind of robbers, those who kill, are protected by Rudra.
- ushnisha - turban. Symbol of an (asiatic) gentleman.
- kuluncanam - thieves of land, property, real estate. Big shots, usually Looked upon as respectable members of society.
- Why are there villains in the movies? Because they come from the society and vice versa.
- Horse - living idol of Rudra (any life-form for that matter).
Class 10 - 4th anuvaka
- Earlier both anuvakas have highlighted the masculine aspect of Rudra. Now feminine is highlighted.
- Any discrimination of the feminine is obviously irrational and ridiculous. We should not do such things.
- There are great women warriors like in Indian history Rani Rudrama Devi, Rani Laksmi Bai.
- Women do not lack in any aspect. As soldiers they can inflict as much damage as men to the enemy. Such women are indeed manifest forms of Rudra. Our prostrations to such women soldiers.
- gana - group of people.
- In the world, most of the worships are rajasa and tamasa. Our (vedantic people) must not be, it must be sattvika. But we should understand that even those aspects (rajasic and tamasic) are not different from Isvara.
- grTsah - worldly people entirely dedicated to sense pleasures. The world is full of them. They are all rudras! You don’t go anywhere near them, at the same they we do not look at them as sinners. They are also paramatma svarupas. There is no division of good and bad in this world. It is entirely a projection of the condition mind. There is only brahman (Rudra in this context) in this world.
- gRtsah - (other meaning) highly intellectual, clever. IT jobs.
- In Sanskrit every word is define from a verbal root (dhatu). And dhatus have multiple meanings. The moment you connect a word to its verbal root it can have different meaning.
- vrAta - motley crew
- ganAnam tva ganapatim … is the praise of agni. You don’t find ganapati in the vedas. Ganapati of the purana corresponds to agni of vedas. Sun god (surya) of the puranas is the same as vishnu of the vedas.
- gana-psychology: Man is a social animal. Because people are afraid of being lonely, they want to belong (that gives the feeling of security). They don’t want freedom. Even devatas come generally as ganas. Same for religious life. Members are ganas and the leader is ganapati.
- Vedanta is the anti-thesis of gana-psychology. If vedantins form a gana, it goes againts the spirit of Vedanta. We love to stand single. But I understand that is how the world works. Every one of the ganas and the organizers of them are Rudra. We do not discriminate, our prostrations to both the good and the opposite.
- Two ways of standing apart.  These are the virupas. The other, rajasic way: you decorate yourself, become extremely beautiful, ornamented…
- virUpa - deformed, handicapped. Are also all manifest forms of Rudra.
- mahatbhyah - great people. All Rudra only.
- ksullakebhyah - useless people. All Rudra. (kSullaka - youngest, small, poor)
- You should respect the lowest among the lowly as you respect the mighty. Respect both with equal devotion. That is the samatvam and then you know what is respect.
- All the divisions (like great and lowly) are projections of the ignorant mind. Dharma adharma is all conditioning.
- When you can worship a vehicle why not look at the vehicle as manifest form of the intelligence of Rudra and do namaskara.
- To all uber etc. drivers, our namaskara.
- takSa - carpenter
- kulAla - potter
- kArmAra - smith
- puJjiSTha - hunters of birds. Nowadays hatchery people. People specialized in killing the birds for food.
- niSAda - fisherman
- mRgayu - hunter
- zvani - dog-leader
- zvA - dog
- Suppose a dog bites you. Then it is Rudra. If it has caused an injury, then it is doing the job of Rudra only.
Class 11 - 5th anuvaka
- Bhava - the presence, the one which is, the being. The presence of what? That question betrays your commitment to nama rupa. The “presence in the form of river”, as the river. Not the “presence of a river”.
- We should always strive to feel the truth, the reality. Otherwise the entire study becomes conceptual and there is no point in that.
- Sharva - one who destroys everything
- There is only bhagavan. It is the human mind that projects good and evil.
- Pashupati - lord of knowledge (derived from pash - to see); lord of animals. Animals are two legged (humans) and four legged. Thus lord of all. Bhagavatam - in Sri Krishnas herd there were not only cows, but sheep, goats, buffaloes. Jesus Christ - Son of God - also a shepherd. Idea from Bharat, coming to Middle East and back.
- vyuptakesha - shaved head (hair, beard, moustache).
- Avoid imagining about incarnations.
- sahasrAksa - thousand eyes. Rudra has infinite eyes.
- sipi - rays of light
- vistha - surrounded by
- midhustamaya - one who showers (blessings) whatever he showers, e.g. rain.
- The lists here are only indicative, not exhaustive. Everything is Rudra.
- samvrdhvane - one who has grown old but did not remain ignorant, whose glory is enhanced by his scholarship.
- agriyAya - the one who was there before this creation, hiranyagarbha, brahmadeva; chief, the foremost one
- Ashu - one who moves forward very quickly.
- (In the beginning 5th anuvaka was recited, in the end the 6th.)
Class 12 - 6th anuvaka
- There is no difference in the upasya (the worshipped - one god), only in the upasana (worship that includes nama rupa).
- Gita: give up desires all-together. There is no distinction between cultivated and natural desires there. Binding or non-binding desires. The attempt to classify desires betrays the attitude to keep some of them.
- Difference between “what I have” and “what I should have” is time. This is mental space, not chronological time. Therefore desire creates psychological time. And there is a second kind of gulp between what I’m and what I should be in future. Again psychological time is created and in the process karma. You’ve created schism between karma and karmaphala and thus samsara. I become blind to what I have. Do you know, I’ve infinite happiness in myself? And I have the cosmic life manifesting in this body/mind! I’ve infinite riches in myself and I’m blind to that and looking for something I do not have.
- When you are a student of vedanta you’ve to examine what you already have instead of looking for something what you don’t have.
- You jump into a well and yet do not fall into the well when you entertain desires and hope to realise yourself.
- Intuition is a means of knowledge. It comes from a source deeper than the intellect. Body doesn’t know. Sense organs give us perception. Mind/intellect gives us inferential knowledge. The source deeper than intellect is the atma. Intuition originates from within your inner-most self. Therefore be guided by your intuitive knowledge.
- If I depend upon intellect it will tell me “I lack a thousand things”. Therefore I know beyond the frontiers of the intellect, I enter into a deeper source which I can call only atma, then intuitively realize I’m the endless love, I’m free, I’m the universe.
- I intuitively realize, see, understand that there is no other person in the atma, that there is no friend and foe. That nama rupa are unreal, mere appearances and the truth is essentially nameless and formless.
- Never dismiss the obvious meaning. Then you look into somewhat deeper meaning. You should not manufacture meaning. That will become a distraction.
- Among the jivas hiranyagarbha is the prathama jivah. He’s called jyeSTha. Therefore in the veda the word jyeSTha always refers to hiranyagarbha. And it is the rudra who is in the form of hiranyagarbha the cosmic person described in purushasuktam. And I’m (or the person infront of me) kaNiSTha, the last part of the sequence.
- kaniSTha - youngest, inferior
- For upasana saguna is required. The moment you come to saguna sakara it becomes male or female and rudra obtains the form of both male and female. In saguna nirakara there is no gender.
- aparaja - immature. If there is some immaturity in me, that is also rudra.
- sobhya - punya and papa. Everybody has some good and some not so good and even bad. Everybody is a mishra. Instead of dividing people into good and bad, overcome.
- kSema - welfare. For a vedanta student welfare is self-realization. For a student of physics passing the exams in flying colours. In any kind of welfare, rudra obtains.
- urvara - field full of crops.
- u+sa becomes uSa
- zUra - hero
- bilma - helmet
- kavaca - armour, shell, shield
Class 13 - 7th anuvaka
- dundubhi - drum. In the old days drummers were accompanying solders into battle. Lord Rudra is represented by the sound that abides in the drum beating stick - Ahananya.
- Running away from battlefield is considered a sin for a soldier.
- drSNuh - fearless soldier
- pramRSAh - soldier gathering intelligence
- dUtAh - messenger
- prahitA - servant, person sent by the master to do a given job
- svAyudhA {su + Ayudh} - beautiful arm (weapon)
- srutih - narrow footpath. You see the manifestation of Rudra in the little footpath. Because it helps you to reach the goal.
- pathyA - road, highway. You hit the highway, stay on it and reach the destination. That’s the glory of a highway. Highway it is a very reassuring thing. Hitting a highway translates into reaching the goal. It’s a manifestation of Rudra.
- We are so conditioned to anthropomorphic gods (Shiva, Vishnu, Vinayaka …) that we reach a point where god means that only. In a vedic literature ghat kind of context is not there. God is manifested as entire universe. You see bhagavan in a road because it leads you to your destination etc.
- kAtAh - creek (a small flow of water which you can easily cross on foot), well
- nIpa - tiny waterfall
- sUdah - marshland, wetland. You see glory of Isvara in them, and you protect them.
- saras - pond, a village tank. Source of life. When there is a tank try to see Rudra in that.
- nadI - river. Why people take sacred bath in rivers etc. The answer is found in Veda: water is sacred. Water - manifest form of Isvara. River is particular form of water, thus “double sacred”.
- vaizantA - small pond connected to the river, where there is no flow of water.
- kUpah - well
- varSa - rain. That is Rudra. Never, ever curse the rain. Cheer up, it’s Isvara. You should be feel it as Isvara’s glory. Study of rudram should bring out the sensitivity in us. Devotion, love of water is very characteristic of vedic rshis. Nowadays water bodies are not important any longer, instead image in a temple is worshipped.
- Pay attention to different forms of water bodies, earth, fire, wind... Worship of graven images, priestcraft is popular religion. True religion is seeing God in a water body.
- avarSa - ocean (it doesn’t depend on rain).
- mehati {mih} mehati - to drop water, to shower (also ejaculate, pee) -> megha = cloud.
- vastu - useful object which gives wealth. Rudra is manifested in such valuable things.
- vAstu - house plot. Bhagavan obtains in it and protects it.
Class 14 - 8th anuvaka
- soma in veda is the moon and the soma-creeper. Lord Rudra manifests as both. Uma is puranic meaning.
- pUtika - malabar spinach, used as substitute for soma in soma yaga.
- tAmra - reddy, rising sun
- aruna - yellowish, already risen sun
- sham - sukham
- zangah - one who makes us happy
- ugra - ferocious person, bhIma - frightening person. Both are manifest form of Rudra.
- hanIyase - one who excels in killing the enemies. Gita: Arjuna, your job is to release the arrow. I kill. You get the credit. The one who slays does not slay, the one who is slain is not slain. Atma can neither kill or get killed. Therefore the real killer is Rudra.
- We don’t justify killing. At the same time we don’t justify taking revenge on the killer.
- Live and let live. You should apply it to trees and plants. Rishi doesn’t take a sword and start cutting the plants. Change your way.
- tArA - long loud sound. Religious context: tArA is pranava.
- shambhu - the one who creates happiness, one who makes you happy. It doesn’t come from outside. It comes from within you. Atma is the Rudra. It generates happiness in us.
- mayah - sukham.
- Mr. Shiva, Mr. Vishnu is wrong. It created a schism in hinduism. People believe that Mr. Shiva and Vishnu come down occasionally as avataras.
- shambhu = shamkara.
- Wherever and whenever you see happiness, e.g. dog eating its food, in the eyes of the other lifeform. Or when you look at trees, plants revelling in the rain, that should connect your heart to the Rudra, who is the origin of that sukham.
- Look at jagat as nama rupa and different, it binds you. Look at jagat as the substratum (sat) Isvara and it liberates you.
- shiva - the one who has transcended the three gunas.
- shivatara - one who bestows also mokshasukhah.
- Ishvara is the real preceptor, guru. Otherwise gurudom.
- tIrtha - river, kUlA - bank
- pratAranA - boatman, who helps you to cross the river
- AlA - karma phala. AlAdha - Brahman who abides in jIva is AlAdha. Worship God in every life-form. You’re not doing service to the other person, you’re worshipping the god in the other person. That is the true religion. Vivekananda: worship god in man. Don’t do puja and neglect your duty (to the other people).
- zaSpa - green tender grass (on the banks of the river). Develop sensitivity in small things. If you can avoid stepping on the grass, do it.
- sikatA - sand
- pravAha - stream
Class 15 - 9th anuvaka
- IriNa - fallow land. It is Rudra only.
- prapAta - express way, path used by many people. It is the abode of Lord Rudra.
- kapardin - one with matted hair.
- pulastih (purastih) - one who stands before you. This brings out the idea of SarvAtmabhAva.
- goSTha - cow shed. Shed behind the house where cows live. In both Rudra abides.
- kATa - impenetrable forest
- hrada - deep lake
- niveSpa - dew drop
- paMsu - dust (tiny particles only seen in a ray of light in dark room)
- rajasa - dust (which is all around(
- zuSka - dry piece of wood
- lopah - stony place
- ulapa - grass; place where grass grows
- sUrmi - lake full of waves
- Have sensibility, sensitivity. Whenever there is a paper with something written on it - knowledge - represented by Saraswati, don’t step on it. It is also Rudra. Even more for living entities like green leaves. Don’t close the door with a bang. Have respect. That sensibility/sensitivity is the hallmark of a God conscious person.
- aparugate - to reject, to uplift arm to strike/defend
- Akhkhidan - one who causes wide-spread suffering. It is also Rudra.
- prakhikhan - one who causes intense suffering.
- kirikA - generous people
- Rudra is both singular and plural also.
- Heart stands for love and good will. Head stands for logic.
- In Vedic literature, earth is chetana, living entity and therefore devata. Sun is also a living entity. Everything is consciousness and living. What you catch on the photo is dead body.
- kSINa - decline, degeneration. thin, slender.
- Human beings come and go, humanity doesn’t disappear. Rudra stands for humanity.
- If you see a hurt animal. The injury is caused by Lord Rudra. If you go to a hospital and see many injured people - all that violence is inflicted upon them by Rudra himself.
- vicinvat - accomplished people (goal -> realization). Discriminate people.
- We (want to) see only the good side of God. That is wishful thinking. In real life there is war, death etc. also. All must be manifest form of Isvara only - all is God.
- Anirhatebhyah - those, from whom one cannot escape. Once Rudra choses one to be killed, nobody can escape.
- If you have sraddha, you allow the upanishad to tell something to you. It has a message to you. If you try to put your meaning instead of the statement of the upanishad because you don’t like the original message - that is utter lack of sraddha. If you have sraddha, you allow he sruti to tell you something with an open mind.
- You teach the text by being faithful to the text. Don’t put the book away. Faith to the text should remain unwavering.
- AmIvatkah - ones going on a rampage. Like Corona virus nowadays.
- Essence of all the prose yajur mantras up to now:
- Punitive aspect of Rudra.
- Rudra is manifest in all and everything. Earth, creek, river, dry leaf … SarvAtmabhAva of Rudra.
Class 16 - 10th anuvaka
- Except 1st anuvaka all mantras were from Yajurveda. Now we’re entering again into RG mantras.
- dra - wretched state of life. drapih - Rudra as one who pushes one into it.
- andhasaspate - Lord of the food. Ishvara is the one who really puts the bread on the table.
- Generally a potmaker makes a pot and feels he’s done a good job. Ishvara creates the whole universe but doesn’t have a sense of accomplishment. He sustains the whole universe but doesn’t have a sense of ownership. He destroys the whole universe without anger/regret.
- Shiva is the source of all wealth but he doesn’t own any of it. Kubera is the treasury secretary. Suppose the devote also doesn’t own nothing he’ll be metamorphosed into isvara. By owning the little you’re a litmited person. If you don’t own anything you own all. That’s the significance of addressing Isvara as daridra (unattached to weatlh).
- Ama - sickness
- Rudra has many bodies. Rudras are many.
- One doctor is enough. At most get a second opinion. People should not be in a hurry, have tittiksha. Bear with it. It appears as if the calamity comes suddenly. Nothing comes suddenly, nothing goes suddenly. It only looks like suddenly. Accept the adversity with an equanimity of mind - vedantic way of living your life. But people want quick-fix solutions. So there will be guru who will provide the “proper ritual”. There is always a ritual/worship/ritual waiting to be brought out clever salesman who is planing for the weakness of the human mind.
- The head of the family looks around and sees all the lifeforms: four-legged and two-legged ones. He looks at them with sense of equal love and concern.
- The prayer is not only for one self, not only for the family, not only for extended family and the animals, but also for the entire village. Community prayer.
- kapardi - matted hair. Nilarohita and kapardi: Rshi looking at the horizon seeing the rain-bearing clouds bringing water/life.
- tavas = balam.
- “May the Manu-father who knows everything bestow us with happiness and take away any reason for unhappiness.”
Class 17
- Rudra is one and also many.
- ukshantam - mature, young man
- ukshitam - child in the womb
- toka - offspring, grandson
- sumnam - sukha karam (form which blesses with happiness, benevolent form of Rudra)
- adhi - great
- brUhi - please tell
- sharma - happiness
- “Mind, wake up, do not be lazy, you praise that Rudra so you can avoid being hit by that Rudra”.
- “Rudra your armies may destroy the enemy, not us, we’re praising you”. We’re vedantic students. Whenever you see such mantras, substitute the enemies with inner enemies. We don’t have any enemies. There is no friend, no enemy, there is only divinity.
- Kama is the captain of the six inner enemies. If you destroy it, all go.
- durmati - undesirable attitude of the mind on the part of the Rudra
- magha - oblation (cooked rice).
- pinAka - bow
- vikirida - one who gives (da) wealth (vikiri)
- parAcIna - turned away from
- mukha - head (arrowhead)
Class 18 - 11th anuvaka
- Thousands of rudras commanding the earth. Please stand down, not stand by.
- In Ramayana bow primary weapon is bow. In Veda bow is the primary weapon. In Mahabharata is one of the weapons.
- In Vedamantras (only) the atmosphere, the sky is sometimes compared to the ocean. Sun is sometimes called Varuna.
- griva - total neck
- kantha - adams’s apple; throat
- shiti - white
- nilagriva shitikantha - sky with white clouds and then suddenly a black piece of cloud
- Rudras are there on the earth, in the sky and now below the earth - adhah kshamAcarAh.
- There are Rudras waiting to strike in the interstellar space also. E.g. meteors. The prayer is in the usual sequence bhuh, bhuvah, suvah. Earth, atmosphere, interstellar space.
- adhipati - boss, over-lord.
- Special dimension of “mafia” in India: Odd sanyasis, sadhus, religious/spiritual people who smoke marijuana, eat meat, drink alcohol, have women among them. Like a mafia don who took up worship of gods and goddesses.
- anneshu pAtreshu - Rudras are sitting in the food and drinks (vessel, pots).
- pathAm pathirakshaya - all the paths we take are also protected by Rudras.
- tIrtha - river bank.
- niSaGga - sword, quiver
- When it comes to Rudra, only then finger namaskar (both hands clapped together) will work.
- “Me and my family” - is a syndrome from vedantic point of view, because it puts you into a cocoon. We should encourage prayers that help you to come out of this, where the community is used. Use “nah”, don’t say “mama” or “me” all the time.
- We hate the bondage of ajnana which manifests as kama, krodha, jealousy etc. These are our enemies and these we put into the wide open jaws of death represented by Lord Rudra.


{% extends "layout.html" %}
{% block content %}
James Shaddix
Software Engineer
and
Data Analyst
I graduated from Colorado State University with dual Bachelor of Science degrees in Applied Physics and Computer Science, and I have a passion for scientific programming! While I was a student, I served as the president of the Society of Physics Students club, worked an internship position as a software engineer at the Colorado State University Energy Institute, and participated as an undergraduate researcher. I currently work as a member of a condensed matter physics team at Colorado State University where I develop software, primarily using MATLAB and Python, for data analysis and visualization purposes.


Teacher Detail
ID :
First Name :
Last Name :
Middle Name :
Email :
Department :
Add Class
Class List
User detail
todo
todo
All inputs are required.
Subject
Section
Save
Import student
Browse (or) Drop your file here
Schedule
None
Add Schedule
×
Create a schedule
Day
Monday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Room
Time
From
To
Add


A paragraph
JavaScript getElementsByTagName() Demo
First heading
This is the first paragraph.
Second heading
This is the second paragraph.
Third heading
This is the third paragraph.
Count H2
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
TypeScript
Example 1
Example 2


Research on dynamical and hybrid systems has produced several methods for verification and controller synthesis. A common step in these methods is the reachability analysis of the system. Reachability analysis is concerned with the computation of the reach set in a way that can effectively meet requests like the following:
Except for very specific classes of systems, exact computation of reach sets is not possible, and approximation techniques are needed. For controlled linear systems with convex bounds on the control and initial conditions, the efficiency and accuracy of these techniques depend on how they represent convex sets and how well they perform the operations of unions, intersections, geometric (Minkowski) sums and differences of convex sets. Two basic objects are used as convex approximations: polytopes of various types, including general polytopes, zonotopes, parallelotopes, rectangular polytopes; and ellipsoids.
Reachability analysis for general polytopes is implemented in the Multi Parametric Toolbox (MPT) for Matlab ([KVAS2004], [MPTHP]). The reach set at every time step is computed as the geometric sum of two polytopes. The procedure consists in finding the vertices of the resulting polytope and calculating their convex hull. MPT’s convex hull algorithm is based on the Double Description method [MOTZ1953] and implemented in the CDD/CDD+ package [CDDHP]. Its complexity is , where is the number of vertices and is the state space dimension. Hence the use of MPT is practicable for low dimensional systems. But even in low dimensional systems the number of vertices in the reach set polytope can grow very large with the number of time steps. For example, consider the system,
with , , and .
Starting with a rectangular initial set, the number of vertices of the reach set polytope is at the th step.
In [DDTHP], the reach set is approximated by unions of rectangular polytopes [ASAR2000].
The algorithm works as follows. First, given the set of initial conditions defined as a polytope, the evolution in time of the polytope’s extreme points is computed (figure 34 (a)).
in figure 34 (a) is the reach set of the system at time , and is the set of all points that can be reached during . Second, the algorithm computes the convex hull of vertices of both, the initial polytope and (figure 34 (b)). The resulting polytope is then bloated to include all the reachable states in (figure 34 (c)). Finally, this overapproximating polytope is in its turn overapproximated by the union of rectangles (figure 34 (d)). The same procedure is repeated for the next time interval , and the union of both rectangular approximations is taken (figure 34 (e,f)), and so on. Rectangular polytopes are easy to represent and the number of facets grows linearly with dimension, but a large number of rectangles must be used to assure the approximation is not overly conservative. Besides, the important part of this method is again the convex hull calculation whose implementation relies on the same CDD/CDD+ library. This limits the dimension of the system and time interval for which it is feasible to calculate the reach set.
Polytopes can give arbitrarily close approximations to any convex set, but the number of vertices can grow prohibitively large and, as shown in [AVIS1997], the computation of a polytope by its convex hull becomes intractable for large number of vertices in high dimensions.
The method of zonotopes for approximation of reach sets ([GIR2005], [GIR2006], [MATHP]) uses a special class of polytopes (see [ZONOHP]) of the form,
wherein and are vectors in . Thus, a zonotope is represented by its center and ‘generator’ vectors . The value is called the order of the zonotope. The main benefit of zonotopes over general polytopes is that a symmetric polytope can be represented more compactly than a general polytope. The geometric sum of two zonotopes is a zonotope:
wherein and are matrices whose columns are generator vectors, and is their concatenation. Thus, in the reach set computation, the order of the zonotope increases by with every time step. This difficulty can be averted by limiting the number of generator vectors, and overapproximating zonotopes whose number of generator vectors exceeds the limit by lower order zonotopes. The benefits of the compact zonotype representation, however, appear to diminish because in order to plot them or check if they intersect with given objects and compute those intersections, these operations are performed after converting zonotopes to polytopes.
CheckMate [CMHP] is a Matlab toolbox that can evaluate specifications for trajectories starting from the set of initial (continuous) states corresponding to the parameter values at the vertices of the parameter set. This provides preliminary insight into whether the specifications will be true for all parameter values. The method of oriented rectangluar polytopes for external approximation of reach sets is introduced in [STUR2003]. The basic idea is to construct an oriented rectangular hull of the reach set for every time step, whose orientation is determined by the singular value decomposition of the sample covariance matrix for the states reachable from the vertices of the initial polytope. The limitation of CheckMate and the method of oriented rectangles is that only autonomous (i.e. uncontrolled) systems, or systems with fixed input are allowed, and only an external approximation of the reach set is provided.
All the methods described so far employ the notion of time step, and calculate the reach set or its approximation at each time step. This approach can be used only with discrete-time systems. By contrast, the analytic methods which we are about to discuss, provide a formula or differential equation describing the (continuous) time evolution of the reach set or its approximation.
The level set method ([MIT2000], [LSTHP]) deals with general nonlinear controlled systems and gives exact representation of their reach sets, but requires solving the HJB equation and finding the set of states that belong to sub-zero level set of the value function. The method [LSTHP] is impractical for systems of dimension higher than three.
Requiem [REQHP] is a Mathematica notebook which, given a linear system, the set of initial conditions and control bounds, symbolically computes the exact reach set, using the experimental quantifier elimination package. Quantifier elimination is the removal of all quantifiers (the universal quantifier and the existential quantifier ) from a quantified system. Each quantified formula is substituted with quantifier-free expression with operations , , and . For example, consider the discrete-time system
with and .
For initial conditions and controls , the reach set for is given by the quantified formula
which is equivalent to the quantifier-free expression
It is proved in [LAFF2001] that for continuous-time systems, , if is constant and nilpotent or is diagonalizable with rational real or purely imaginary eigenvalues, and with suitable restrictions on the control and initial conditions, the quantifier elimination package returns a quantifier free formula describing the reach set. Quantifier elimination has limited applicability.
The reach set approximation via parallelotopes [KOST2001] employs the idea of parametrization described in [KUR2000] for ellipsoids. The reach set is represented as the intersection of tight external, and the union of tight internal, parallelotopes. The evolution equations for the centers and orientation matrices of both external and internal parallelotopes are provided. This method also finds controls that can drive the system to the boundary points of the reach set, similarly to [VAR1998] and [KUR2000]. It works for general linear systems. The computation to solve the evolution equation for tight approximating parallelotopes, however, is more involved than that for ellipsoids, and for discrete-time systems this method does not deal with singular state transition matrices.
Ellipsoidal Toolbox (ET) implements in MATLAB the ellipsoidal calculus [KUR1997] and its application to the reachability analysis of continuous-time [KUR2000], discrete-time [VAR2007], possibly time-varying linear systems, and linear systems with disturbances [KUR2001], for which ET calculates both open-loop and close-loop reach sets. The ellipsoidal calculus provides the following benefits:
The report is organized as follows. Chapter 2 describes the operations of the ellipsoidal calculus: affine transformation, geometric sum, geometric difference, intersections with hyperplane, ellipsoid, halfspace and polytope, calculation of maximum ellipsoid, calculation of minimum ellipsoid. Chapter 3 presents the reachability problem and ellipsoidal methods for the reach set approximation. Chapter 4 contains Ellipsoidal Toolbox installation and quick start instructions, and lists the software packages used by the toolbox. Chapter 5 describes structures and objects implemented and used in toolbox. Also it describes the implementation of methods from chapters 2 and 3 and visualization routines. Chapter 6 describes structures and objects implemented and used in the toolbox. Chapter 6 gives examples of how to use the toolbox. Chapter 7 collects some conclusions and plans for future toolbox development. The functions provided by the toolbox together with their descriptions are listed in appendix A.
| [MOTZ1953] | T. S. Motzkin, H. Raiffa, G. L. Thompson, and R. M. Thrall. The double description method. In H. W. Kuhn and A. W. Tucker, editors, Conttributions to Theory of Games, volume 2. Princeton University Press, 1953. |
| [CDDHP] | CDD/CDD+ homepage. http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~fukuda/soft/cdd_home/cdd.html. |
| [DDTHP] | homepage. http://www-verimag.imag.fr/~tdang/ddt.html. |
| [ASAR2000] | (1, 2) E.Asarin, O.Bournez, T.Dang, and O.Maler. Approximate reachability analysis of piecewise linear dynamical systems. In N.Lynch and B.H.Krogh, editors, Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, volume 1790 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 482–497. Springer, 2000. |
| [AVIS1997] | D. Avis, D. Bremner, and R. Seidel. How good are convex hull algorithms? Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications, 7:265–301, 1997. |
| [GIR2005] | A. Girard. Reachability of uncertain linear systems using zonotopes. In M. Morari, L. Thiele, and F. Rossi, editors, Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, volume 3414 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 291–305. Springer, 2005. |
| [GIR2006] | A.Girard, C.Le Guernic, and O.Maler. Computation of reachable sets of linear time-invariant systems with inputs. In J.Hespanha and A.Tiwari, editors, Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, volume 3927 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 257–271. Springer, 2006. |
| [MATHP] | MATISSE homepage. http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~agirard/Software/MATISSE. |
| [ZONOHP] | Zonotope methods on Wolfgang Kühn homepage. http://www.decatur.de. |
| [CMHP] | CheckMate homepage. http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~webk/checkmate. |
| [STUR2003] | O. Stursberg and B. H. Krogh. Efficient representation and computation of reachable sets for hybrid systems. In O. Maler and A. Pnueli, editors, Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, volume 2623 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 482–497. Springer, 2003. |
| [MIT2000] | I. Mitchell and C. Tomlin. Level set methods for computation in hybrid systems. In N. Lynch and B. H. Krogh, editors, Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control, volume 1790 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 21–31. Springer, 2000. |
| [LSTHP] | (1, 2) Level Set Toolbox homepage. http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~mitchell/ToolboxLS. |
| [REQHP] | Requiem homepage. http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~hybrid/requiem/requiem.html. |
| [LAFF2001] | G. Lafferriere, G. J. Pappas, and S. Yovine. Symbolic reachability computation for families of linear vector fields. Journal of Symbolic Computation, 32:231–253, 2001. |
| [KOST2001] | E. K. Kostousova. Control synthesis via parallelotopes: optimization and parallel computations. Optimization Methods and Software, 14(4):267–310, 2001. |
| [KUR2000] | (1, 2, 3) A. B. Kurzhanski and P. Varaiya. On ellipsoidal techniques for reachability analysis. Optimization Methods and Software, 17:177–237, 2000. |
| [VAR1998] | P. Varaiya. Reach set computation using optimal control. Proc. of KITWorkshop on Verification on Hybrid Systems. Verimag, Grenoble., 1998. |
| [KUR1997] | A. B. Kurzhanski and I. Vályi. Ellipsoidal Calculus for Estimation and Control. ser. SCFA. Birkhäuser, 1997. |
| [KUR2001] | A. B. Kurzhanski and P. Varaiya. Reachability analysis for uncertain systems - the ellipsoidal technique. Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems Series B: Applications and Algorithms, 9:347–367, 2001. |


Blot could not find a blog with this address. You could create one if you like. Please do not hesitate to contact support if you have any questions about this or anything else.
Go to Blot


---
layout: page
weight: 0
title: Docs Home
icon: fa-home
showTitle: false
breadcrumbs: false
hideFeedback: true
navigation:
show: true
seo:
title: Getting Started
description: Learn how to get started using SendGrid. Find out what SendGrid has to offer and how it can help solve your email deliverability problems.
---
Vlang Docs


The Technology Student Association (TSA) is a Career and Technical Student Organization that specifically promotes careers and professions in the field of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). TSA offers competition, community service opportunities, and student leadership positions at the regional, state, and national levels, and works hard to provide members with an organization that helps them grow as individuals as well as students. National TSA currently has over 250,000 members.
"The Technology Student Association enhances personal development, leadership, and career opportunities in STEM, whereby members apply and integrate these concepts through intracurricular activities, competitions, and related programs."
"Learning to lead in a technical world"
"I believe that Technology Education holds an important place in my life in the technical world. I believe there is a need for the development of good attitudes concerning work, tools, materials, experimentation, and processes of industry. Guided by my teachers, artisans from industry, and my own initiative, I will strive to do my best in making my school, community, state, and nation better places in which to live. I will accept the responsibilities that are mine. I will accept the theories that are supported by proper evidence. I will explore on my own for safer, more effective methods of working and living. I will strive to develop a cooperative attitude and will exercise tact and respect for other individuals. Through the work of my hands and mind, I will express my ideas to the best of my ability. I will make it my goal to do better each day the task before me, and to be steadfast in my belief in my God, and my fellow Americans."


{{ url_webhook_checkout_completed }}
This page is intended for admins and developers to test the checkout functionality
Note, amounts are provided in a currency’s smallest unit. For example, to charge $10 USD, provide an amount value of 1000 (i.e, 1000 cents).
{% for checkout in test_checkouts %}{{ checkout.description }}
{% else %}None
{% endif %}{{ checkout.date_created }}
{{ checkout.amount}}
{{ checkout.currency|upper }}


In 1990, Congress passed a series of landmark anti-discrimination laws that require public and private organizations to take strides to accommodate those with recognized disabilities trying to use their services or goods. The ADA is most well-known for its rules about accessibility, but it also governs closed captioning. If a video, PowerPoint presentation, or commercial is available publicly, it is legally required to be captioned. Penn State was once sued for inaccessible content: Settlement Between Penn State University and National Federation of the Blind (psu.edu).
Therefore, our goal is to help familiarize you with some of the processes where you can make your materials more accessible to all students in accordance with Federal law. Each week, we will provide you with the challenge and instructions on how to complete the challenge. You--if you choose to accept the mission--will work through the steps to make your content more accessible and submit it to our Submission folder. Those participants who complete all 4 challenges will be entered into a drawing for some fun College of Science/ODL swag. Ultimately, the biggest prize will be your expanded ability to help make content accessible for our students. We wish you the best of luck. Please don’t hesitate to contact us if you have any questions.
The first challenge involves ordering Machine Captions for a video (your own or a sample video provided by us).
You can read the complete instructions here:
The second challenge discusses alternative text and long descriptions.
You can read the complete instructions here:
Learn how to format a Word document with headings and subheadings to enhance organization and aid a screen reader’s playback for visually impaired users.
You can read the complete instructions here:


Introduction¶
Metadata tools is a package of Matlab based software components designed to help unify the handling of metadata. This package provides:
- a framework for defining metadata stucture via an XML based defaults tree,
- a mechanism for specifying validation criteria and default values for metadata,
- system of checks and queries to determine if all required metadata has been acquired,
- two different modes, “basic” and “advanced”, for metadata entry and validation,
- an automatically generated GUI dialog for user entry of metadata and
- a mechanism for saving the metadata, to an XML file, after it has been acquired.


Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Published by the Free Software Foundation
59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Printed copies are available for $20 each.
ISBN 1-882114-11-6
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on "inside" another program while it executes--or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
You can use GDB to debug programs written in C or C++. For more information, see section C and C++.
Support for Modula-2 and Chill is partial. For information on Modula-2, see section Modula-2. There is no further documentation on Chill yet.
Debugging Pascal programs which use sets, subranges, file variables, or nested functions does not currently work. GDB does not support entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Pascal syntax.
GDB can be used to debug programs written in Fortran, although it does not yet support entering expressions, printing values, or similar features using Fortran syntax. It may be necessary to refer to some variables with a trailing underscore.
GDB is free software, protected by the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GPL gives you the freedom to copy or adapt a licensed program--but every person getting a copy also gets with it the freedom to modify that copy (which means that they must get access to the source code), and the freedom to distribute further copies. Typical software companies use copyrights to limit your freedoms; the Free Software Foundation uses the GPL to preserve these freedoms.
Fundamentally, the General Public License is a license which says that you have these freedoms and that you cannot take these freedoms away from anyone else.
Richard Stallman was the original author of GDB, and of many other GNU programs. Many others have contributed to its development. This section attempts to credit major contributors. One of the virtues of free software is that everyone is free to contribute to it; with regret, we cannot actually acknowledge everyone here. The file `ChangeLog' in the GDB distribution approximates a blow-by-blow account.
Changes much prior to version 2.0 are lost in the mists of time.
Plea: Additions to this section are particularly welcome. If you or your friends (or enemies, to be evenhanded) have been unfairly omitted from this list, we would like to add your names!
So that they may not regard their long labor as thankless, we particularly thank those who shepherded GDB through major releases: Stan Shebs (release 4.14), Fred Fish (releases 4.13, 4.12, 4.11, 4.10, and 4.9), Stu Grossman and John Gilmore (releases 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, and 4.4), John Gilmore (releases 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0, and 3.9); Jim Kingdon (releases 3.5, 3.4, and 3.3); and Randy Smith (releases 3.2, 3.1, and 3.0). As major maintainer of GDB for some period, each contributed significantly to the structure, stability, and capabilities of the entire debugger.
Richard Stallman, assisted at various times by Peter TerMaat, Chris Hanson, and Richard Mlynarik, handled releases through 2.8.
Michael Tiemann is the author of most of the GNU C++ support in GDB, with significant additional contributions from Per Bothner. James Clark wrote the GNU C++ demangler. Early work on C++ was by Peter TerMaat (who also did much general update work leading to release 3.0).
GDB 4 uses the BFD subroutine library to examine multiple object-file formats; BFD was a joint project of David V. Henkel-Wallace, Rich Pixley, Steve Chamberlain, and John Gilmore.
David Johnson wrote the original COFF support; Pace Willison did the original support for encapsulated COFF.
Brent Benson of Harris Computer Systems contributed DWARF 2 support.
Adam de Boor and Bradley Davis contributed the ISI Optimum V support. Per Bothner, Noboyuki Hikichi, and Alessandro Forin contributed MIPS support. Jean-Daniel Fekete contributed Sun 386i support. Chris Hanson improved the HP9000 support. Noboyuki Hikichi and Tomoyuki Hasei contributed Sony/News OS 3 support. David Johnson contributed Encore Umax support. Jyrki Kuoppala contributed Altos 3068 support. Jeff Law contributed HP PA and SOM support. Keith Packard contributed NS32K support. Doug Rabson contributed Acorn Risc Machine support. Bob Rusk contributed Harris Nighthawk CX-UX support. Chris Smith contributed Convex support (and Fortran debugging). Jonathan Stone contributed Pyramid support. Michael Tiemann contributed SPARC support. Tim Tucker contributed support for the Gould NP1 and Gould Powernode. Pace Willison contributed Intel 386 support. Jay Vosburgh contributed Symmetry support.
Rich Schaefer and Peter Schauer helped with support of SunOS shared libraries.
Jay Fenlason and Roland McGrath ensured that GDB and GAS agree about several machine instruction sets.
Patrick Duval, Ted Goldstein, Vikram Koka and Glenn Engel helped develop remote debugging. Intel Corporation, Wind River Systems, AMD, and ARM contributed remote debugging modules for the i960, VxWorks, A29K UDI, and RDI targets, respectively.
Brian Fox is the author of the readline libraries providing command-line editing and command history.
Andrew Beers of SUNY Buffalo wrote the language-switching code, the Modula-2 support, and contributed the Languages chapter of this manual.
Fred Fish wrote most of the support for Unix System Vr4. He also enhanced the command-completion support to cover C++ overloaded symbols.
Hitachi America, Ltd. sponsored the support for Hitachi microprocessors.
Kung Hsu, Jeff Law, and Rick Sladkey added support for hardware watchpoints.
Michael Snyder added support for tracepoints.
Stu Grossman wrote gdbserver.
Jim Kingdon, Peter Schauer, Ian Taylor, and Stu Grossman made nearly innumerable bug fixes and cleanups throughout GDB.
Cygnus Solutions has sponsored GDB maintenance and much of its development since 1991.
Go to the first, previous, next, last section, table of contents.


sea turtles turtle urchins {border-style intestinal px;} #ffffff;} loggerhead urchin Gran Sciences stranded ingestion lesions mortality Canary Vibrio amounts associated large turtles, Caretta Diadema px; stranding {font-family Biology Canaria Health Life Sea Spain enteritis fibrinonecrotic font-size loggerheads Animal Fig Mar Methodology cause caused causes detected double; focal included overfishing possible severe sp. species Islands Islands, Medicine Orós Palmas Sphaerechinus University border-color border-width diagnosed fishing gastrointestinal health impaction increase long-spined marine obstruction remains showed small solid; spines study {font-style {font-weight (%) Cabildo Calabuig Digestive Las Med. Physiology Tafira Wildl Wildlife Zoo [], africanum anthropogenic apparatus blood bold case conservation courier; data diagnosis diseases em; findings frequently intestine mainly mucosa original pathological pt;} spleen studies turtles. urchins, urchins. using


Algorithms for Walking, Running, Swimming, Flying, and Manipulation
© Russ Tedrake, 2023
Last modified .
How to cite these notes, use annotations, and give feedback.
Note: These are working notes used for a course being taught at MIT. They will be updated throughout the Spring 2023 semester. Lecture videos are available on YouTube.
| Previous Chapter | Table of contents | Next Chapter |
The term "motion planning" is a quite general term which almost certainly encompasses the dynamic programming, feedback design, and trajectory optimization algorithms that we have already discussed. However, there are a number of algorithms and ideas that we have not yet discussed which have grown from the idea of formulating motion planning as a search problem -- for instance searching for a path from a start to a goal in a graph which is too large solve completely with dynamic programming.
My goal for this chapter is to introduce these additional tools based on search into our toolkit. For robotics, they will play a particularly valuable role when the planning problem is geometrically complex (e.g. a robot moving around obstacles in 3D) or the optimization landscape is very nonconvex, because these are the problems where the trajectory optimization formulation we've studied before will potentially suffer badly from local minima. Many of these algorithms were developed initially for discrete or purely kinematic planning problems; a major theme of this chapter will be the adaptations that allow them to work for underactuated systems. There are also many deep mathematical connections between discrete search and combinatorial optimization; I hope to make a few of those connections for you here.
Search algorithms have a long history in AI research -- even before the
recent rise of the large language
models (LLMs). For decades, many AI researchers felt that the route to
creating intelligent machines was to collect large ontologies of knowledge,
and then perform very efficient search. Some notable examples from this
storied history include Samuel's checker players, theorem proving, Cyc,
Deep Blue playing chess, and IBM Watson. Now it seems that LLMs are
providing evidence that humans have put enough "knowledge" on the web such
that relatively simple learning paradigms like next-word prediction can
lead to a surprising level of "intelligence". As of early 2023, the word on
the street is that these models are not yet good at long-term reasoning --
making multi-step plans with more than a few steps
Indeed, thanks to decades of research, planning algorithms in AI have also scaled to impressive heights, making efficient use of heuristics and factorizations to solve impressively large planning instances. Since 1998, the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS) has been hosting regular planning competitions which have helped to solidify problem specification formats and to benchmark the state of the art.
These algorithms have focused on primarily on logical/discrete planning (although they do support "objects", and so can have a sort of open vocabulary). In the language of underactuated, this connects back to the discrete-state, discrete-action, discrete-time planning problems that we discussed to introduce dynamic programming as graph search. Dynamic programming is a very efficient algorithm to solve for the cost-to-go from every state, but if we only need to find an (optimal) path from a single start state to the goal, we can potentially do better. In particular, in order to scale to very large planning instances, one of the essential ideas is the idea of "incremental" search, which can avoid every putting the entire (often exponentially large) graph into memory.
Is it possible to find an optimal path from the start to a goal without visiting every node? Yes! Indeed, one of the key insights that powers these incremental algorithms is the use of admissible heuristics to guide the search -- an approximate cost-to-go which is guaranteed to never over-estimate the cost-to-go. A great example of this would be searching for directions on a map -- the straight-line distance from the start to the goal ("as the crow flies") is guaranteed to never over-estimate the true cost to go (which has to stay on the roads). The most famous search algorithm to leverage these heuristics is A*. In robotics, we often use online planning extensions, such as D* and D*-Lite.
There are numerous other heuristics that power state-of-the-art
large-scale logical search algorithms. Another important one is
factorization. For a robotics example, consider a robot manipulating many
possible objects -- it's reasonable to plan the manipulation of one object
assuming it's independent of the other objects and then to revise that plan
only when the optimal plan ends up putting two objects on intersecting
paths. Many of these heuristics are summarized nicely in the Fast Downward
paper
Some of the most visible success stories in deep learning today still make use of planning. For example: DeepMind's AlphaGo and AlphaZero combine the planning algorithms developed over the years in discrete games , notably Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), with learned heuristics in the form of policies and value functions.
If you remember how we introduced dynamic programming initially as a graph search, you'll remember that there were some challenges in discretizing the state space. Let's assume that we have discretized the continuous space into some finite set of discrete nodes in our graph. Even if we are willing to discretize the action space for the robot (this might even be acceptable in practice), we had a problem where discrete actions from one node in the graph, integrated over some finite interval $h$, are extremely unlikely to land exactly on top of another node in the graph. To combat this, we had to start working on methods for interpolating the value function estimate between nodes.
Interpolation can work well if you are trying to solve for the cost-to-go function over the entire state space, but it's less compatible with search methods which are trying to find just a single path through the space. If I start in node 1, and land between node 2 and node 3, then which node do I continue to expand from?
Fortunately, the incremental search algorithms from logical search already give us a way to think about this -- we can simply build a search tree as the search executes, instead of relying on a predefined mesh discretization. This tree will contain nodes rooted in the continuous space at exactly the points where system can reach.
Another potential problem with any fixed-mesh discretization of a continuous space, or even a fixed discretization of the action space, is that unless we have specific geometric / dynamic insights into our continuous system, it can be very difficult to provide a complete planning algorithm. A planning algorithm is complete if it always finds a path (from the start to the goal) when a path exists. Even if we can show that no path to the goal exists on the tree/graph, how can we be certain that there is no path for the continuous system? Perhaps a solution would have emerged if we had discretized the system differently, or more finely?
One approach to addressing this second challenge is to toss out the notion of a fixed discretizations, and replace them with random sampling (another approach would be to adaptively add resolution to the discretization as the algorithm runs). Random sampling, e.g. of the action space, can yield algorithms that are probabilistically complete for the continuous space -- if a solution to the problem exists, then a probabilistically complete algorithm will find that solution with probability 1 as the number of samples goes to infinity.
With these motivations in mind, we can build what is perhaps the simplest probabilistically complete algorithm for finding a path from a starting state to some goal region within a continuous state and action space:
Let us denote the data structure which contains the tree as ${\cal T}$. The algorithm is very simple:
Although this "straw-man" algorithm is probabilistically complete, it is certainly not efficient. After expanding 1000 nodes, the tree is basically a mess of node points all right on top of each other:
We're nowhere close to the goal yet, and this is a particularly easy problem instance.
The idea of generating a tree of feasible points has clear advantages, but it seems that we have lost the ability to mark a region of space as having been sufficiently explored. It seems that, to make randomized algorithms effective, we are going to at the very least need some form of heuristic for encouraging the nodes to spread out and explore the space.
Multi-query planning with PRMs, ...
RRT*, RRT-sharp, RRTx, ...
Kinodynamic-RRT*, LQR-RRT(*)
Complexity bounds and dispersion limits
Not sure yet whether randomness is fundamental here, or whether is a temporary "crutch" until we understand geometric and dynamic planning better.
Cell decomposition...
Approximate decompositions for complex environments (e.g. IRIS)
Shortest path on a graph as a linear program.
Mixed-integer planning.
In this we will write code for the Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT). Building on this implementation we will also implement RRT*, a variant of RRT that converges towards an optimal solution.
| Previous Chapter | Table of contents | Next Chapter |


• Follow My Programming Experiences Page on Facebook.
• Follow My Twitter.
• Subscribe to my mail list.


Sh4dow gh0st
We are hackers / Progammers who want to learn and create fun projects together. everyone on this site is Whitehat! We do not want BlackHat hackers on this site + If you are doing illegal things we will ban you from the site , we are just people who like this as their hobby to do. This site is brand new, so we would appreciate it if more people want to join. anyone can join if he can speak/type english. if you want to become a member please click here. it's free and you learn a lot from it. If you are older then 13 you can join! if you want to contact us click here! we always answer. Have fun!
The latest project is the website where you are looking at! i spended a lot of time in it but now i can create html/css website's, It is very intrested you can create the site just with html and the design with css. If you need help with html/css just ask me in discord or u can just add it in the description while joining.
We also have a Youtube channel, We upload video's like how to / html / css etc. If you want to folow these video's Subscribe and like the videos that wil support us to make more videos. If you have a good video u can send it to Sh4dow g0st and he will upload it. Click Here for the Youtube video's


Draw a network diagram to aid IT and Information Security tasks.
The network diagram is useful for IT and Information Security tasks. The network diagram can help with identifying potential vulnerabilities in the network design, planning changes to the network, and performing routine maintenance tasks. The network diagram is required to pass the PCI DSS compliance certification process.
Draw a network diagram when preparing the network documentation. It may be helpful to draw a network diagram before deploying the network.
Perform the following actions to draw a network diagram and to keep it up-to-date:
Choose diagramming software. To draw a network map, diagramming software is recommended. The choice of diagramming software may be left to the person responsible for the network diagram. One software capable of this task is MS Visio.
Diagram the servers and workstations. Identify all network nodes that handle cardholder data. Draw the network nodes that handle cardholder data on the network map. You might want to add notes that explain the roles of specific network nodes in handling cardholder data. These notes should be located next to the symbolic representations of the respective network nodes.
Diagram the routers and firewalls. Draw all the routers and firewalls that are connected to the network nodes that handle cardholder data. Draw the connections between the routers, the firewalls and the network nodes that handle cardholder data. Routers and firewalls are network nodes, but for the purposes of this article, we will use the term "network nodes" to refer to devices that have a purpose other than operations on the network layer.
Diagram the wireless networks. Draw all wireless networks that may be routable to the cardholder data environment.
Diagram the Internet connections. Identify all Internet connections. Draw all Internet connections on the network map. Draw the relationships of each Internet connection to the routers and firewalls.
Diagram the flow of cardholder data. Identify the flow of cardholder data. Make a copy of the network diagram and add notes to this copy that explain the flow of the cardholder data. Usually these notes should be located next to the links between the network devices.
Delegate responsibility. Designate a qualified person to prepare the network diagram and to keep it up-to-date.


php-rescuetime
PHP API for RescueTime Licensed under the MIT license
Installation
Simply place the rescuetime.php somewhere in your website. Require the file and enable the love.
Usage
require 'api/rescuetime.php'
For visualisation include chartjs on your HTML page.
And the javascript js/rescuetime.js
Request
To do an API request, you need an api-key
. Get one here.
Create a new request object:
$rt_request = new RescueTimeRequest( $apikey );
and use one or more of the following functions to manipulate the request:
- set_perspective
: Sets the perspective (rank, member, interval)
- set_resolution
: Sets the resolution (hour, week, day, month)
- set_startdate
: Sets the start date restriction
- set_enddate
: Sets the end date restriction
- restrict_user
: Restricts to a certain user name or e-mail
- restrict_group
: Restricts to a certain group name
- restrict_kind
: Restricts to a certain kind
- restrict_project
: Restricts to a certain project
- restrict_thing
: Restricts to a certain taxonomy
- restrict_thingy
: Restricts to a certain sub-taxonomy
The function calls are chainable, so you can:
$rt_request->set_perspective( 'interval' )->set_resolution( 'hour' )->restrict_user<EMAIL_ADDRESS>);
When you are ready call the execute command:
$rt_result = $rt_request->execute();
The request object is re-usable.
Result
You can manipulate the result, as long as the request was valid:
$rt_result->is_error(); //checks if the result has data
The data returned is tabular and the headers are provided seperately from the rows. Access those:
- get_rows
: Gets the raw row data
- get_row_headers
: Gets the row headers
You can GROUP BY
by issuing one of the get_by
commands. Does not manipulate the data:
- get_rows_by_activity
: Group per activity
- get_rows_by_category
: Group per category
- get_rows_by_productivity
: Group per productivity value
- get_rows_by_person
: Group per person (only valid with perspective member)
- get_rows_by_date
: Group per date (only valid with perspective interval)
You can WHERE
data by issuing one of the get_with
commands. Simply provide one value or an array of valid values. Does not manipulate the data:
- get_rows_with_rank
: Gets a row with a rank (only valid with perspective rank)
- get_rows_with_activity
: Gets rows with that activity
- get_rows_with_category
: Gets rows with that category
- get_rows_with_productivity
: Gets rows with that productivity
- get_rows_with_person
: Gets rows with that person (only valid with perspective member)
- get_rows_between_time
: Gets rows between min and max time spent
You can filter data just like WHERE
issuing one of the filter
commands. Same arguments as the get_with
are valid. Note: you don't get a subsection of rows back. Instead a new RescueTimeResult
object is created with the subsection of data:
- filter_time
: Filters the data on rows between min and max time spent
- filter_min_time
: Filters the data on rows at least time spent
- filter_max_time
: Filters the data on rows at most time spent
- filter_activity
: Filters the data on rows with that activity
- filter_category
: Filters the data on rows with that category
- filter_productivity
: Filters the data on rows with that productivity
- filter_unproductive
: Filters data to only unproductive rows
- filter_productive
: Filters data to only productive rows
- filter_person
: Filters rows for that person (only valid with perspective member)


{% load static %}
X-Andra Photography
{% if images %}
{% for list_of_image in list_of_images %}
{% for image in list_of_image %}
{% endfor %}
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
No images yet.
{% endif %}


{% load i18n %}
{% url 'cookies_policy' as terms_url %} {% blocktrans %}We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Take a look.{% endblocktrans %}


Chuck Norris Joke
Get a Joke!
CN Query
First Name
Last Name
Get New Joke!
Weather
Zip:
Get Weather
Train Station Schedule


| public class | BinaryExpressionRule |
| public class | DecNumberRule |
| public class | ExpressionRule |
| public class | FormatExpressionRule |
| public class | FormatRule |
| public class | HexNumberRule |
| public class | PrimaryExpressionRule |
| public class | RegNumberRule |
| public class | SegmentRule |
| public class | StrongOperatorRule |
| public class | SymbolRule |
| public class | TermRule |
| public class | UnaryExpressionRule |
| public class | UnaryOperatorRule |
| public class | WeakOperatorRule |
| public | ExprGrammar() |
| public | ExprGrammar(ParsingDomain* parsingDomain) |
| public override void | CreateRules() |
| public override void | GetReferencedGrammars() |
| public Node* | Parse(const uchar* start, const uchar* end, int fileIndex, const String<char>& fileName) |


Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify colors on page level using  tag or you can set colors for individual tags using bgcolor attribute.
The  tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors:
bgcolor - sets a color for the background of the page.
text - sets a color for the body text.
alink - sets a color for active links or selected links.
link - sets a color for linked text.
vlink - sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text that you have already clicked on.
There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page:
Color names - You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
Hex codes - A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue that makes up the color.
Color decimal or percentage values - This value is specified using the rgb( ) property.
Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.
You can sepecify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16 basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200 different color names supported by major browsers.
Note: Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.
Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.
| Black | Gray | Silver | White | ||||
| Yellow | Lime | Aqua | Fuchsia | ||||
| Red | Green | Blue | Purple | ||||
| Maroon | Olive | Navy | Teal |
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name:
<!DOCTYPE html>   <title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
Use different color names for for body and table and see the result.

  This text will appear white on black background.

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).
A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop, Paintshop Pro or MS Paint.
Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of few colors using hexadecimal notation.
| Color | Color HEX |
|---|---|
| #000000 | |
| #FF0000 | |
| #00FF00 | |
| #0000FF | |
| #FFFF00 | |
| #00FFFF | |
| #FF00FF | |
| #C0C0C0 | |
| #FFFFFF |
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal:
<!DOCTYPE html>   <title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the result.

  This text will appear white on black background.

This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values, one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
Note: All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is recommended not to use it.
Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.
| Color | Color RGB |
|---|---|
| rgb(0,0,0) | |
| rgb(255,0,0) | |
| rgb(0,255,0) | |
| rgb(0,0,255) | |
| rgb(255,255,0) | |
| rgb(0,255,255) | |
| rgb(255,0,255) | |
| rgb(192,192,192) | |
| rgb(255,255,255) |
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb() values:
<!DOCTYPE html>   <title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
Use different color code for for body and table and see the result.

  This text will appear white on black background.

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported by all the computers having 256 color palette.
| 000000 | 000033 | 000066 | 000099 | 0000CC | 0000FF |
| 003300 | 003333 | 003366 | 003399 | 0033CC | 0033FF |
| 006600 | 006633 | 006666 | 006699 | 0066CC | 0066FF |
| 009900 | 009933 | 009966 | 009999 | 0099CC | 0099FF |
| 00CC00 | 00CC33 | 00CC66 | 00CC99 | 00CCCC | 00CCFF |
| 00FF00 | 00FF33 | 00FF66 | 00FF99 | 00FFCC | 00FFFF |
| 330000 | 330033 | 330066 | 330099 | 3300CC | 3300FF |
| 333300 | 333333 | 333366 | 333399 | 3333CC | 3333FF |
| 336600 | 336633 | 336666 | 336699 | 3366CC | 3366FF |
| 339900 | 339933 | 339966 | 339999 | 3399CC | 3399FF |
| 33CC00 | 33CC33 | 33CC66 | 33CC99 | 33CCCC | 33CCFF |
| 33FF00 | 33FF33 | 33FF66 | 33FF99 | 33FFCC | 33FFFF |
| 660000 | 660033 | 660066 | 660099 | 6600CC | 6600FF |
| 663300 | 663333 | 663366 | 663399 | 6633CC | 6633FF |
| 666600 | 666633 | 666666 | 666699 | 6666CC | 6666FF |
| 669900 | 669933 | 669966 | 669999 | 6699CC | 6699FF |
| 66CC00 | 66CC33 | 66CC66 | 66CC99 | 66CCCC | 66CCFF |
| 66FF00 | 66FF33 | 66FF66 | 66FF99 | 66FFCC | 66FFFF |
| 990000 | 990033 | 990066 | 990099 | 9900CC | 9900FF |
| 993300 | 993333 | 993366 | 993399 | 9933CC | 9933FF |
| 996600 | 996633 | 996666 | 996699 | 9966CC | 9966FF |
| 999900 | 999933 | 999966 | 999999 | 9999CC | 9999FF |
| 99CC00 | 99CC33 | 99CC66 | 99CC99 | 99CCCC | 99CCFF |
| 99FF00 | 99FF33 | 99FF66 | 99FF99 | 99FFCC | 99FFFF |
| CC0000 | CC0033 | CC0066 | CC0099 | CC00CC | CC00FF |
| CC3300 | CC3333 | CC3366 | CC3399 | CC33CC | CC33FF |
| CC6600 | CC6633 | CC6666 | CC6699 | CC66CC | CC66FF |
| CC9900 | CC9933 | CC9966 | CC9999 | CC99CC | CC99FF |
| CCCC00 | CCCC33 | CCCC66 | CCCC99 | CCCCCC | CCCCFF |
| CCFF00 | CCFF33 | CCFF66 | CCFF99 | CCFFCC | CCFFFF |
| FF0000 | FF0033 | FF0066 | FF0099 | FF00CC | FF00FF |
| FF3300 | FF3333 | FF3366 | FF3399 | FF33CC | FF33FF |
| FF6600 | FF6633 | FF6666 | FF6699 | FF66CC | FF66FF |
| FF9900 | FF9933 | FF9966 | FF9999 | FF99CC | FF99FF |
| FFCC00 | FFCC33 | FFCC66 | FFCC99 | FFCCCC | FFCCFF |
| FFFF00 | FFFF33 | FFFF66 | FFFF99 | FFFFCC | FFFFFF |


SweetFreeStuff.com
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free Dove Body Wash Sample for Sams Club Members
Posted: 11 Nov 2014 10:36 AM PST
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Click on Get a Sample. Sams Club membership number required. Free Dove Body
Wash Sample for Sam’s Club Members
The post Free Dove Body Wash Sample for Sam’s Club Members appeared first
on SweetFreeStuff.com.
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free Vita Foods Product Coupon
Posted: 11 Nov 2014 08:28 AM PST
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Take the survey and at the end you will be offered a mailed coupon for
a Free 3oz or 4oz Package of Smoked Salmon, or a Free 8oz or 12oz Jar of
Herring! Free Vita Foods Product Coupon
The post Free Vita Foods Product Coupon appeared first on
SweetFreeStuff.com.
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free 3M Command Item at Meijer
Posted: 11 Nov 2014 07:30 AM PST
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Get 1 Free 3M Command Item Priced $2.99 or Less with mPerks digital coupon.
Log into mPerks, click the “Coupons” tab up top, and type “freehooks14” in
the search bar. Free 3M Command Item at Meijer
The post Free 3M Command Item at Meijer appeared first on
SweetFreeStuff.com.
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free Single-Serve Sample of Schar Bont dItalia Pasta
Posted: 11 Nov 2014 05:34 AM PST
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
You will need to register your e-mail for their free club first. Free
Single-Serve Sample of Schar Bontà d’Italia Pasta
The post Free Single-Serve Sample of Schar Bontà d’Italia Pasta appeared
first on SweetFreeStuff.com.
///////////////////////////////////////////
Free Subscription to Mens Health Magazine
Posted: 11 Nov 2014 03:21 AM PST
http://feedproxy.google.com/&edburner&utm_medium=email
Free Subscription to Mens Health Magazine
The post Free Subscription to Mens Health Magazine appeared first on
SweetFreeStuff.com.


Okay first thing in the morning after the house is emptied of wife and kiddies I take two 10mg Valium. Within 20 minutes I'm feeling pretty good cuz I'm also doing a cold water extraction on 7 5/500 Vicodin tabs.
The extraction is well explained elsewhere online for Codiene but, works just as well on Hydrocodone. I find that the best way to do it is to put the tabs into a little slightly warm water and let 'em dissolve completely into a paste for about 10 minutes. I end up with a paste that I then combine with with about 50ml of ice water stirring well. I use the top of a 2 liter soda bottle lined with a wet down coffee filter fitted over the top of a glass to extract the hydro. I filter once than add another 25ml of water to the sludge to get as much hydro out as possible. The whole process takes about 1/2 hour to 45 mins.
 A lot of folks don't like the taste and sweeten it. I actually like the taste and just down it in a single gulp. Yum, Yum. Oh by the way I prefer to have an empty stomach for faster drug absorbtion.
As an aside, I tend to stagger my doseage so that I at least maintain the illusion that there is some sort of process to be followed. I don't know what the effects of downing the Valium,Hydro, and Soma at one time would be but, I like to appreciate the finer points of first experiencing the Valium, then adding the Vicodin, and finally icing the cake with Soma. I not really looking for a faster coma.
So I'm nice and Valium calm at the start. Wonderful and peaceful feelings predominate and I'm looking forward to adding Vikes. For me, I don't realize any 'buzz' so to speak from the Valium, just calm and feel that the stage is set to potentiate the Hydrocodone.
Within minutes of downing the hydro extract I can feel my little benzo and opiod cocktail starting to kick in. Oh yes, here we go. Time to find a quiet corner and put on some music. Great combo, the body is gently bouyed by the narcos and the puts one's head into a good place to appreciate rhythms and patterns. I don't like to socialize under the influence. For me, that's just too much like work. What's best is solitude and comfortable surroundings. For some reason my cat seems to pick up on my vibe and becomes a purring pillow in my lap. The music choices I make are usually something along the lines of classic jazz (Miles, or Monk)or maybe some Floyd or Brian Eno. Doesn't really matter I suppose, what ever you like will work.
About 25-30 minutes in I'm nodding like a rocking horse and seeing little pictures in my mind. Hard to keep the eyes open for more than a few seconds at a time. Peaceful body rushes roll in like a pleasure tide. Time means nothing, actually nothing means nothing. I'm reading the same line in a book about fifteen times and keep getting distacted by the incredible shadows and light that passes through my patio window. So,I go outside for a while and it's almost like a trip to Eden. The air smells so fresh and sun so warm that I'm even more transported into bliss.
Back in the house, I notice that after about 1 1/2 to 2 hours that I can feel the lines of reality getting a little more defined and decide that it's time for the Soma. Doesn't take long for it to kick in due to all the other stuff still floating around my blood stream. Now I have to sit, because stumbling around is not at all dignified for someone my age. I don't know how dangerous all this is but, this really does help one to reach the apex of the narcotic summit. The nods are incredibly deep with my head on my chest most of the time. I'm in and out of conciousness but, hey, no worries. Breathing is fine and I'm just starting to get a bit of the itchies. My daydreams are indistingushable from reality and I live in a beautiful place in my head. Slowly the fog rolls in and now comes full on sleep and how lovely it is.
I wake up after a short nap feeling good. Everything seems light and although I'm close to baseline sobriety the peaceful feelings will stay with me through out the day.
So then, other than the VERY REAL possibliltes of addiction or overdose I find this to be a wonderful way to spend a couple of days in the week. I have been doing this combo for about 2 months and still (happily) consider myself a lightweight and plan to stay that way.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.