OCF Enumeration Overview
NOTE:
This is the full list of enums, not listed per resource though.
Devices
Resources
Resources with Enumerations
Enumerations
Specification Info
Github
Enum value
Enum description


New Annotations¶
New annotations can be added by users using an API. We can add annotations in several ways. A user can use the Throughput Widget on a data repository website to annotate a particular data object, or dataset. An individual may add an annotation to link a data repository to a particular code repository, or may create an annotation that adds additional information to a particular element within the Throughput annotation graph (for example, a description, keyword or subject to an object).
Annotating a Dataset¶
curl Request¶
curl -d '{dbid: 'r3d0000000', orcid: '0000-0000-0000-000X', additionalType: 'doi', id: '10.00000/00000000', body: 'This dataset is considered to be an outlier in Akenbata et al., 2021', token: 'XXXXXXX'}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' https://throughputdb.com/api/widget
The dataset annotation API is a POST
method that accepts the following parameters:
dbid
, the unique database identifier; orcid
, the user ORCID (for the user making the request), additionalType
, this is a parameter that is implemented by the database on which the user is making the POST
request, to identify at which level the annotation is being made, this is to account for potentially overlapping identifiers; id
, the object identifier, associated with the additionalType
and dbid
; body
, the text that us to be used to annotate the object, for example, "This dataset is considered to be an outlier in Akenbata et al., 2021"; token
, the unique alphanumeric token that is associated with a particular database for use with the Annotation Widget.
In the figure above we can see that there are two AGENT
elements, one is the Widget software that was used to post the annotation, and the particular instance of this widget is identified by the token passed in the POST
request. The second AGENT
is the individual making the annotation, identified using their ORCID. The OBJECT
of TYPE
Dataset
is Contain
ed within the OBJECT
of TYPE
schema:DataCatalog
, identified by the dbid
passed to the POST
method.
The API call thus accounts for all elements needed to generate the graph for this particular annotation.
DeepDive Annotations¶
Tools used to extract text from full text documents can store records in the Throughput graph. This allows the document identifiers (e.g., DOIs) to then be linked to then be linked to the metadata extraction. For example, a database could build metadata stubs for dataset entries based on prior extraction from full-text documents. By then searching the graph for these annotations (using the DOI) some data entry can then be automated.
In this instance spatial information is extracted from a publication (OBJECT
with TYPE
schema:Article
). The annotation is placed in a TextualBody
, however, this may not be the most appropriate data model. We will continue this discussion as the project develops.


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| AddressOnCardRecyclerViewAdapter.AddressonCardRecyclerViewInterface |
The interface Addresson card recycler view interface.
|
| CountriesRecyclerViewAdapter.CountriesRecyclerViewAdapterCallback |
The interface Countries recycler view adapter callback.
|
| RecentPaymentsRecyclerViewAdapter.RecentPaymentsRecyclerViewAdapterListener |
The interface Recent payments recycler view adapter listener.
|
| RecentPaymentsRecyclerViewAdapter.RecentPaymentsRecyclerViewAdapterShakingListener |
Interface to be implemented by
GroupViewHolder
in order to change title from Cancel to Edit in case user stopped cards shaking |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AddressOnCardRecyclerViewAdapter |
The type Address on card recycler view adapter.
|
| CardSystemsRecyclerViewAdapter |
The type Card systems recycler view adapter.
|
| CardSystemViewHolder |
The type Card system view holder.
|
| CountriesRecyclerViewAdapter |
The type Countries recycler view adapter.
|
| CurrenciesRecyclerViewAdapter |
The type Currencies recycler view adapter.
|
| PaymentOptionsRecyclerViewAdapter |
The type Payment options recycler view adapter.
|
| PaymentOptionsRecyclerViewAdapter1 |
The type Payment options recycler view adapter 1.
|
| RecentPaymentsRecyclerViewAdapter |
The type Recent payments recycler view adapter.
|


I enjoy all things sport
Sport has always played a large role in my life. I started playing Gaelic Football at the age of five at my local club Castletownbere. For me sport has thought me a lot about playing as part of a team, discipline, resilience and respect. I have been fortunate to represent my county in Gaelic Football from under 14 right up to Senior level. I made my Cork senior football debut in 2017 against Waterford.
Outside of GAA I am a big Liverpool and Munster supporter. In my spare time as well I enjoy the occasional round of golf and play of a handicap of 11.


Modals
Use Bootstrap’s JavaScript modal plugin to add dialogs to your site for lightboxes, user notifications, or completely custom content.
How it works
- Modals are built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They’re positioned over everything else in the document and remove scroll from the

so that modal content scrolls instead. - Clicking on the modal “backdrop” will automatically close the modal.
- Bootstrap only supports one modal window at a time. Nested modals aren’t supported as we believe them to be poor user experiences.
- Modals use
position: fixed
, which can sometimes be a bit particular about its rendering. Whenever possible, place your modal HTML in a top-level position to avoid potential interference from other elements. You’ll likely run into issues when nesting a.modal
within another fixed element. - Once again, due to
position: fixed
, there are some caveats with using modals on mobile devices. See our browser support docs for details. - Due to how HTML5 defines its semantics, the autofocus HTML attribute has no effect in Bootstrap modals. To achieve the same effect, use some custom JavaScript:
$('#myModal').on('shown.bs.modal', function () {
$('#myInput').trigger('focus')
})
Keep reading for demos and usage guidelines.
Example

Modal title

Modal body text goes here.

Modal footer text goes here.

Usage
The modal plugin toggles your hidden content on demand, via data attributes or JavaScript. It also adds .modal-open
to the
to override default scrolling behavior and generates a .modal-backdrop
to provide a click area for dismissing shown modals when clicking outside the modal.
Via data attributes
Activate a modal without writing JavaScript. Set data-toggle="modal"
on a controller element, like a button, along with a data-target="#foo"
or href="#foo"
to target a specific modal to toggle.
<button type="button" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#myModal">Launch modal</button>


By setting your Scopus identifier (Author ID) in Scientilla, the system is going to find automatically the documents linked to your Scopus profile, including metadata (citations, ...). Documents imported from Scopus will be shown in the External section. Both the documents imported from Scopus and documents already present in Scientilla that likely belong to you or your research line will be shown in the Suggested section.
To see how to retrieve your personal Scopus identifier, please watch the video and fill the Scopus identifier field. Click here to look for your identifier.


AnyBoundary
open class AnyBoundary
Type erasure for boundary objects. This is the base class for any client extension. This base class has a default associated type for dependencies. By default the dependencies list is empty.
-
Default Dependencies associatedtype for BoundaryProtocol.
Declaration
Swift
public typealias Dependencies = BoundaryList
-
Internal use only struct. This can’t be initialized publicly.
Declaration
Swift
public struct Internals
-
Required initializer for this class.
Declaration
Swift
public required init(internals: Internals)
-
Creates an input port based on the passed implementation. InputPorts make your properties Accessible to dependents of your boundaries. This method is the only way to create input ports The init of the InputPort is internal. This brings cohesion between ports and boundaries.
Declaration
Swift
public final func makeInputPort<Interface>(implementation: Interface) -> InputPort<Interface>


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| 040:010 Khan | : |
Those who disbelieve will be addressed (at the time of entering into the Fire): "Allah's aversion was greater towards you (in the worldly life when you used to reject the Faith) than your aversion towards one another (now in the Fire of Hell, as you are now enemies to one another), when you were called to the Faith but you used to refuse." |
| 040:010 Maulana | : |
Those who disbelieve are told: Certainly Allah's hatred (of you), when you were called upon to the faith and you rejected, was much greater than your hatred (now) of yourselves. |
| 040:010 Pickthal | : |
Lo! (on that day) those who disbelieve are informed by proclamation: Verily Allah's abhorrence is more terrible than your abhorrence one of another, when ye were called unto the faith but did refuse. |
| 040:010 Rashad | : |
Those who disbelieve will be told, "GOD's abhorrence towards you is even worse than your own abhorrence towards yourselves. For you were invited to believe, but you chose to disbelieve."  You were called to the faith but you disbelieved". |
| 040:010 Shakir | : |
Surely those who disbelieve shall be cried out to: Certainly Allah's hatred (of you) when you were called upon to the faith and you rejected, is much greater than your hatred of yourselves. |
| 040:010 Sherali | : |
It will be announced to those who disbelieve: 'Greater was the abhorrence of ALLAH, when you were called to the faith and you disbelieved, than your own abhorrence of yourselves today.' |
| 040:010 Yusufali | : |
The Unbelievers will be addressed: "Greater was the aversion of Allah to you than (is) your aversion to yourselves, seeing that ye were called to the Faith and ye used to refuse." |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > غضبه Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Anger أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > الوعيد Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> The Threat أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > الكافرون > صفات الكفار Pillars of Islam> Islamic> The Disbelievers> The Characteristics of the Disbelievers أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > الكافرون > ندم الكفار Pillars of Islam> Islamic> The Disbelievers> The Disbelievers' Repent
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


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Welcome to JPJ Engineering College
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Stwu Class
Definition
Line
854
of
cmsxm/Instruction.cm
Inheritance
Constructors & Destructor
public
nothrow
Stwu
()
Member Functions
public
override
void
Execute
(
Registers
& regs,
Memory
& mem,
byte
x,
byte
y,
byte
z)
public
override
nothrow
bool
IsAbsoluteAddressInst
()
const
Constructor& Destructor Details
Stwu Constructor
public
nothrow
Stwu()
Definition
Line
856
of
cmsxm/Instruction.cm
Member Function Details
Execute Member Function
public
override
void
Execute(
Registers
& regs,
Memory
& mem,
byte
x,
byte
y,
byte
z)
Definition
Line
859
of
cmsxm/Instruction.cm
IsAbsoluteAddressInst Member Function
public
override
nothrow
bool
IsAbsoluteAddressInst()
Definition
Line
867
of
cmsxm/Instruction.cm


Settings
Domain
Depth*
Load Time (seconds)*
URL suffix
URL File
Note:
-
gclid and gclsrc values have been generated and will be appended to the starting URL as follows: https://mysampleurl.com?gclid=&gclsrc=
Disclaimer:
You may notice a drop in site performance during the audit, this is due to the volume of network requests being processed by the tool for each page.
Enable Manual Mode
Enable Global Site Tag Verification
Reset Global Site Tag Per Webpage
Show Pages with No Conversion Tags
Stats
Conversion Tag Report
| Page | Tag Type | Account Id | gTag (T/F) | Network Call | Floodlight ID | Floodlight Activity Tag | Floodlight Activity Group | Floodlight Sales Order | Floodlight uVariables | Warnings | Errors |
|---|


Former Wallabies prop Toby Smith quits rugby following concussion issues
by Online EditorsHurricanes prop Toby Smith has announced he is retiring from rugby following issues with concussion.
The 31-year-old Smith, a Super Rugby centurion and former Australian international, has opted not to renew his contract with the Hurricanes to preserve his long-term health by seeking out new opportunities.
“I am making the difficult choice now to leave the game I love and that has given me so many amazing experiences and where I have made some life-long friendships,” Smith said.
Continue reading below…
“I have had some on-going issues with concussion, and while I am currently symptom-free, I do not wish to put that at further risk.
“I’m really grateful for the support and encouragement I have had from the Hurricanes and NZR and I now look forward to new challenges.”
In addition to being a capped Wallaby, Smith played 108 Super Rugby games for the Chiefs, Rebels and Hurricanes. He debuted for the Hurricanes against the Bulls in Pretoria in 2018 and went on to play 21 times for the Wellington-based club over two seasons.
Hurricanes coach John Plumtree praised Smith, highlighting his performance in this year’s Super Rugby semifinal.
“Despite injuries and concussion, Toby has been a fantastic Hurricane epitomised by his outstanding performance in his last match for us in the 2019 Super Rugby semifinal,” Plumtree said.
“We will certainly miss him but player welfare must continue to be the number one priority.”
NZ Rugby head of professional rugby Chris Lendrum commended Smith on a brave but exciting decision.
“Toby can be proud of his achievements – he has represented a number of teams, and he is a capped Australian international,” he said.
“The centurions club is an exclusive club and it is remarkable that across three different teams he has amassed 108 games in what is regarded as the world’s toughest inter-regional competition.”
This article first appeared on nzherald.co.nz and was republished with permission.
In other news:


MotoGP, Alex Marquez: “My crash was a rookie error"
“I haven't spoken to Marc yet, but I'll be in the garage with him at Jerez. When I see him I'll ask how he sees me on the Honda”
by Riccardo GugliemettiMuch of the spotlight on day one of testing at Valencia fell on Alex Marquez. Marc's younger brother had chance to make his MotoGP debut at Ricardo Tormo, building confidence with the 2019 Honda, with the support of Lucio Cecchinello's team. Not until Jerez will he enter the HRC garage, alongside his brother and the team headed up by Ramon Aurin who, until last Sunday, followed Jorge Lorenzo.
It wasn't an easy start for Alex at Cheste, the Spaniard suffering as a crash just few minutes into the session. This setback caused Marquez jr to lost a lot of time in the garage, before returning to the track in the afternoon.
“I think I've had a positive first day – begins Alex – a pity about the crash, a rookie mistake. I tried to improve lap after lap and am positive ahead of Wednesday. The crash changed our plans, but as I've said overall my day proved quite positive. I have a lot to learn of course, especially in terms of the tyres, though I'm quite pleased with my pace, as I was able to improve my competitiveness through certain turns”.
Alex looks ahead to Wednesday.
“I'll try to complete more laps, and try to be quicker. With respect to the Moto2, the MotoGP is more powerful and there's the big difference of the carbon brakes. The second aspect has definitely struck me most. I need to continue to work, and also try to remain focused on the new bike”.
There is another key aspect that the Spaniard highlights.
“The electronics used in Moto2 have definitely helped me to be more prepared for this category".
The Marquez brothers rarely came across each other on track on day one.
“I haven't had chance to talk to Marc yet, but we will of course. He's a professional and is focused on his work. If I ask him one thing, it will be how he sees me on the bike (he smiles). I got on well with the Honda and that's the most important thing anyway”.
There is some regret regarding the morning's crash.
“Puig told me not to worry, but I'm sorry I lost so much time. The important thing is to grow as a rider and know the bike's limit. I hope to understand everything for Qatar and be ready for the Jerez test, where I may be in the garage with my brother already. This was my first day in MotoGP and I completed only a few laps, so for now it all seems great”.
Yet Alex already had chance to ride the Honda two years ago, standing in for Luthi during a test at Jerez.
“That's true but the bike is very different and it's hard to draw a comparison”
The Spaniard is aware of what awaits him.
“This is a great opportunity to learn and grow, on a great team like Honda, where my aim is to improve as arider. I'll try to do my best, together with the team, the same guys that worked with Lorenzo”.
Audio recorded by Paolo Scalera


Auto generated package holding constants for any PIT message.
This package is generated each time you create a message using the UI application or if you call PIT_ADMIN.create_message_package explicitly.
Don't edit this package manually, as any manual change will be overwritten next time you re-create it.


Tropical Pond Aquaculture and Coastal Wetlands Website
Clark Labs
This project is mapping an inventory of pond aquaculture and coastal habitats in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. My job in this project is to design the right panel of the website -- display the statistics with interactive charts.
Main Works
Interactive charts
Users can interact with chart to see the landchange and landcover data. One can hover on the bar to see the classification and exact number. Also, when there are some legends which are not necessary or some legends whose values are so large that others cannot be seen, users can click the legends to hide them.
There are other useful features:
- Select specific coastal cities by dropdown box or click cities on the map
- Click layers on map to check the information
- Download map data
Data processing
The data format should be json and geojson to be stored in the server. My another work is to convert the shapefile and Excel files to geojson and json files, separately. Python code was written to automatically standarize the output. So, it is easy and efficient to update new data.
Last modified August 4, 2020


---
layout: archive
---
{{ content }}
Our Vision
In the TAT Lab, we engage in design and participatory inquiry to re-imagine collective futures. Responding to the
entangled troubles of advanced capitalism, climate crises, and systemic inequities, we embark on projects that put acts
of place making in conversation with accountability, authenticity, sustainability, and care. We contribute to systems
and technologies for people and communities that help build worlds infused with access, equity, and joy.


- There's something happening here; what it is ain't exactly clear…
- Reproducibility in Psychology
- Reproducibility in Neuroscience
- Toward a better future
2018-11-16 08:50:34
Adolph, K., Tamis-LeMonda, C. & Gilmore, R.O. (2016). PLAY Project: Webinar discussions on protocol and coding. Databrary. Retrieved February 17, 2017 from https://nyu.databrary.org/volume/232
See also: http://demographics.mturk-tracker.com/
"This article reports 9 experiments, involving more than 1,000 participants, that test for retroactive influence by "time-reversing" well-established psychological effects so that the individual's responses are obtained before the putatively causal stimulus events occur."
"We argue that in order to convince a skeptical audience of a controversial claim, one needs to conduct strictly confirmatory studies and analyze the results with statistical tests that are conservative rather than liberal. We conclude that Bem's p values do not indicate evidence in favor of precognition; instead, they indicate that experimental psychologists need to change the way they conduct their experiments and analyze their data."
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/nyregion/human-project-new-york-city-study.html
This talk was produced on 2018-11-16 in RStudio 1.0.143 using R Markdown and the reveal.JS framework. A BibTex format reference file can be found in bib/psu-repro.bib The code and materials used to generate the slides may be found at https://github.com/gilmore-lab/psu-data-repro-bootcamp-2017-07-10/. Information about the R Session that produced the code is as follows:
## R version 3.5.1 (2018-07-02) ## Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin15.6.0 (64-bit) ## Running under: macOS Sierra 10.12.6 ## ## Matrix products: default ## BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib ## LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/3.5/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib ## ## locale: ## [1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8 ## ## attached base packages: ## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base ## ## other attached packages: ## [1] dplyr_0.7.6 ggplot2_3.0.0 ## ## loaded via a namespace (and not attached): ## [1] Rcpp_0.12.18 bindr_0.1.1 knitr_1.20 magrittr_1.5 ## [5] tidyselect_0.2.4 munsell_0.5.0 colorspace_1.3-2 R6_2.2.2 ## [9] rlang_0.2.2 stringr_1.3.1 plyr_1.8.4 tools_3.5.1 ## [13] grid_3.5.1 gtable_0.2.0 withr_2.1.2 htmltools_0.3.6 ## [17] assertthat_0.2.0 yaml_2.2.0 lazyeval_0.2.1 rprojroot_1.3-2 ## [21] digest_0.6.16 tibble_1.4.2 crayon_1.3.4 bindrcpp_0.2.2 ## [25] purrr_0.2.5 glue_1.3.0 evaluate_0.11 rmarkdown_1.10 ## [29] labeling_0.3 stringi_1.2.4 compiler_3.5.1 pillar_1.3.0 ## [33] scales_1.0.0 backports_1.1.2 pkgconfig_2.0.2
Gilmore, R. O., Diaz, M. T., Wyble, B. A., & Yarkoni, T. (2017). Progress toward openness, transparency, and reproducibility in cognitive neuroscience. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13325
Poldrack, R. A., Baker, C. I., Durnez, J., Gorgolewski, K. J., Matthews, P. M., Munafò, M. R., … Yarkoni, T. (2017). Scanning the horizon: Towards transparent and reproducible neuroimaging research. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.167


| Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 |
Maths
A120
|
Art
C1
|
English
B21
|
Maths
A120
|
Geography
B101
|
| P2 |
Science
Lab1
|
History
B104
|
Spanish
C17
|
P.E.
A Gym
|
Maths
A120
|
| Break | |||||
| P3 |
I.T.
ICT 1
|
English
B21
|
Musique
C5
|
English
B21
|
PSHE
A24
|
| Lunch | |||||
| P4 |
History
B104
|
Drama
C17
|
Maths
A120
|
Geography
B101
|
P.E.
A Gym
|
| P5 |
Spanish
C17
|
Science
Lab1
|
English
B21
|
Science
Lab1
|
R.E.
B18
|


Bicyclist with no lights arrested after fleeing police in Clewiston
by WFTX Digital TeamCLEWISTON, Fla. -- Police say an attempt to stop a bicyclist for not having lights led to a chase and an arrest.
According to Clewiston Police, on Friday night an officer spotted 40-year-old Salvador Ramirez riding a bicycle on U.S. 27 without lights.
Instead of stopping, officers say Ramirez fled the scene. He was later stopped and arrested on Gloria Street, where a search found items stolen from the Clewiston Walmart.
Ramirez was charged with Fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement officer,a nd was transported to the Clewiston Police Department.
In Florida, all bicycles must have a steady front head light and a red flashing light to the rear during the nighttime.


Angular
Normal
Hover
Active
Focus
Disabled
Save as
Upload to drive
Angular - Outline SplitButton
Normal
Hover
Active
Focus
Disabled
Angular - Flat SplitButton
Normal
Hover
Active
Focus
Disabled
Angular - RTL
Save
Save as
Upload to drive


Vertical...


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
http://czester.herokuapp.com/api/v1/prediction/
The API currently allows only POST requests with a singleton input text value provided in the Input_Text
parameter.
curl -X POST -F Input_Text="your text for analysis" http://czester.herokuapp.com/api/v1/prediction/
{"mimetype":"application/json","sentiment_result":{"overall_sentiment":{"probability":0.72,"sentiment":"negative"}},"status":200}
insufficient input text - missing at least 3 words
:
{"error":"Sorry, need to submit at least 3 non stop-words","mimetype":"application/json","status":400}
insufficient input text - missing at least 1 word with 3 and more characters
:
{"error":"Sorry, need to submit at least 1 word with 3 and more characters","mimetype":"application/json","status":400}
insufficient input text - Czech language not recognized
:
{"error":"Sorry, need to submit text written in Czech","mimetype":"application/json","status":400}
not found
:
{"error":"404 Not Found: The requested URL was not found on the server. If you entered the URL manually please check your spelling and try again.","mimetype":"application/json","status":404}
bad request
:
{"error":"405 Method Not Allowed: The method is not allowed for the requested URL.","mimetype":"application/json","status":405}


Zone: a VRML space with a common theme and aesthetic (even the theme of no-theme) with a defined volume and which abuts other zones via matching borders.
Segment: a subdivision of a zone. Segments are small enough to be comfortably loaded in a reasonable time on "typical" VRML browsing machines. They are connected to other segments in the same zone (or to other zone's segments if they are border segments).
Static vs. CGI world generation: chief difference, from browser's perspective, is that CGI allows dynamic definition of the segment size and borders (browser user decides what size chunks to load). Static worlds have fixed segment sizes.
Home: a VRML file provided as an inline to a segment by the "inhabitant" of a zone. The Home resides on the inhabitant's server and must meet certain requirements determined by VCP and Zoning Rules.
VCP: Virtual Community Protocols. These are the set of rules that all zones (and all they contain) must abide by in order to permit the community to exist and be browsable. Example VCP rules: VRML 1.0 or compatible standards only. Contiguous borders between zones (should be able to quilt together). Top level rules, mainly technical.
Zoning Rules: These are the set of rules that apply within a zone only. They tend to be aesthetic in nature and are determined by whatever authority is created or accepted by the zone. These are the Home Rule rules and do not apply outside the zone.


Dan Brace | About Me
My name is Dan Brace. I am new sophomore at Reserve. I recently just moved to Bratenahl, near Cleveland, from Cincinnati. Before I came to Reserve, I took an engineering at my old school, Indian Hill High School. I really enjoy engineering and want to pursue a career in it in the future.


DKItemType
public enum DKItemType : String, CaseIterable
High-level item representations handled by Dropmark. Item types are expressed as strings, and are thus comparable and printable. Item types, Universal Type Identifers, MIMEs, and file extensions are tightly integrated in the Dropmark SDK.
-
Represents a data file such as a JPEG, PNG, or HEIC image.
Declaration
Swift
case image
-
Represents a data file such as a MPEG, MP4, or MOV video.
Declaration
Swift
case video
-
Represents a data file such as a MP3, AAC, or WAV audio file.
Declaration
Swift
case audio
-
Represents a string conforming to a URL scheme.
Declaration
Swift
case link
-
Represents a string (potentially formatted with Markdown)
Declaration
Swift
case text
-
Represents a hex color string.
Declaration
Swift
case color
-
Special case item that behaves as a parent to other items.
Declaration
Swift
case stack
-
An item not conforming to any of the other item types. Oftentimes this is a data file in a proprietary format, such as a Sketch or Photoshop file.
Declaration
Swift
case other
-
Derive a Dropmark item type from a file’s MIME type (such as “image/jpeg”).
Declaration
Swift
public init?(mimeType: String)
Parameters
mimeType
The MIME type of the item’s associated file
Return Value
A Dropmark item type
-
Derive a Dropmark item type from a filename extension (like “jpg”).
Declaration
Swift
public init?(filenameExtension: String)
Parameters
filenameExtension
The filename extension of the item’s associated file
Return Value
A Dropmark item type
-
String useful for displaying an item type on screen. Returns a capitalized version of the case value, except for
.other
, which returns “File”Declaration
Swift
public var displayTitle: String { get }


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %} FormalDateFinder.com {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Whether you are the life of the party, or just need some time away from schoolwork, find an event to attend here! RSVP made easy. To get quickly register for an event, sign in through your personal Facebook account above.


About Me
A little about me.
BIO
My journey for web development began late in the year of 2018 in pursuit of a long and rewarding career in something i am passionate about. While my journey has nearly just started i have a few technologies stated about i have worked with.I attend to start Lambda Coding School in July of 2019 to further extend my knowledge and land a career in the technology field.
Norfolk Southern
Conductor
Currently employed by the railroad as a conductor. Pursuing a career in web development field.
Freelance
Front End Developer
I currently have several small projects i am working on for family and local companies along with beginner projects i have done.
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Download the RoW serialized chapters in your preferred e-book format below
E-book files will be updated each week when new chapter(s) are released. If they aren't updated within an hour of the chapter release, I am probably swamped at work so please check again in the evening.


ICPC, NOA launch community campaign to monitor constituency projects
by Jennifer UGWAAdvertisement
AS part of its effort to fight corruption, the Independent Corruption Practices and other related Offence Commission (ICPC) in collaboration with the National Orientation Agency (NOA) has launched a National Awareness Campaign on Community Monitoring and Ownership of Constituency Projects.
The campaign: “My Constituency, My Project” held on Thursday at the NOA headquarters Abuja is a new initiative that would ensure maximum participation of citizens in tracking constituency projects while holding representatives overseeing the projects accountable.
“It is a move to ensure that every fund allocated for the implementation of constituency project equal what is delivered by contractors and other parties,” said Garba Abari, Director-General, NOA.
ICPC said the new development was necessitated after a three-month field tracking exercise which comprised of 424 projects by its officials in selected states.
The deplorable states of constituency projects and the gross fund misappropriation in the development sector which unfortunately is often fuelled by the lax attitude of project supervisors in monitoring contractors, the Commission said.
Professor Bolaji Owasanye, Chairman ICPC, in his remark condemned the culture of branding constituency projects as a personal favour to the citizens, noting that the new campaign is designed to educate and encourage the citizens to take ownership of government offers as theirs.
He said the partnership between the ICPC, NOA and other stakeholders is key to achieve the objectives of this campaign.
Owasanye urged the NOA to be proactive in the new partnership towards carrying out their duties as a government orientation agency to ensure that the campaign yield the desired results.
Advertisement
Hafiz Mohammed, ICPC field official, during the presentation of the new campaign, also expressed concern about the opacity around the constituency projects.
“Citizens do not even know that the government funds these projects through tax returns and it has been confused for ‘goodwill’ donations by politicians.”
Also bemoaning the slow pace of implementation of constituency, Dayo Olaide, Deputy Country Director, Mac Arthur Foundation recommended the creation of an independent committee that would query political dealings at the local government level.
“Corruption in constituency project is not just criminal but wicked, this is no different from a father raping his daughter,” he said.
Other stakeholders at the event such as media practitioners and non-governmental organisations also recommended that that detail of constituency projects should be made accessible to the public online, and the National Budget Office assured the audience to implement the recommendation.
Partners comprising the Constituency Projects Tracking Group include Nigeria Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS), International Centre for Investigative Reporting (ICIR), PremiumTime Centre for Investigative Journalism (PTCIJ), Budgit, Office of the Accountant General of the Federation, Budget Office of the Federation, Bureau of Public Procurement, Office of the Auditor- General of the Federation and others.


WACloudStorageClientDelegate Protocol Reference
| Conforms to | NSObject |
| Declared in | WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h |
Overview
The WACloudStorageClientDelegate protocol defines methods that a delegate of WACloudStorageClient object can optionally implement when a request is made.
Tasks
Request Completion
-
– storageClient:didFailRequest:withError:
Sent if a URL request failed.
Blob Request Completion
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobContainers:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of blob containers.
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobContainers:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of blob containers and the result continuation that you can use when making future requests to get the next set of containers.
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobContainer:
Sent when the client successfully returns a blob container.
-
– storageClient:didAddBlobContainerNamed:
Sent when the client successsfully adds a new blob container.
-
– storageClient:didAddBlobContainer:
Sent when the client successsfully adds a new blob container.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteBlobContainer:
Sent when the client successfully removes an existing blob container.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteBlobContainerNamed:
Sent when the client successfully removes an existing blob container.
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobs:inContainer:
Sent when the client successfully returns blobs from an existing container.
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobs:inContainer:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns blobs from an existing container.
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobData:blob:
Sent when the client successfully returns blob data for a given blob.
-
– storageClient:didFetchBlobData:URL:
Sent when the client successfully returns blob data for a given URL.
-
– storageClient:didAddBlobToContainer:blobName:
Sent when the client successfully adds a blob to a specified container.
-
– storageClient:didAddBlob:toContainer:
Sent when the client successfully adds a blob to a specified container.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteBlob:
Sent when the client successfully deletes a blob.
Queue Request Completion
-
– storageClient:didFetchQueues:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of queues.
-
– storageClient:didFetchQueues:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of queues with a result continuation.
-
– storageClient:didAddQueueNamed:
Sent when the client successfully adds a queue.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteQueueNamed:
Sent when the client successfully removes an existing queue.
-
– storageClient:didFetchQueueMessages:
Sent when the client successfully get messages from the specified queue.
-
– storageClient:didFetchQueueMessage:
Sent when the client successfully got a single message from the specified queue
-
– storageClient:didPeekQueueMessage:
Sent when the client successfully peeked a single message from the specified queue.
-
– storageClient:didPeekQueueMessages:
Sent when the client successfully peeked messages from the specified queue.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteQueueMessage:queueName:
Sent when the client successfully delete a message from the specified queue
-
– storageClient:didAddMessageToQueue:queueName:
Sent when the client successfully put a message into the specified queue.
Table Request Completion
-
– storageClient:didFetchTables:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of tables.
-
– storageClient:didFetchTables:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of tables with a continuation.
-
– storageClient:didCreateTableNamed:
Sent when the client successfully creates a table.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteTableNamed:
Sent when the client successfully deletes a specified table.
-
– storageClient:didFetchEntities:fromTableNamed:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of entities from a table.
-
– storageClient:didFetchEntities:fromTableNamed:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of entities from a table.
-
– storageClient:didInsertEntity:
Sent when the client successfully inserts an entity into a table.
-
– storageClient:didUpdateEntity:
Sent when the client successfully updates an entity within a table.
-
– storageClient:didMergeEntity:
Sent when the client successfully merges an entity within a table.
-
– storageClient:didDeleteEntity:
Sent when the client successfully deletes an entity from a table.
Instance Methods
storageClient:didAddBlob:toContainer:
Sent when the client successfully adds a blob to a specified container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didAddBlob:(WABlob *)blob toContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- blob
The blob added.
- container
The container the blob was added.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didAddBlobContainer:
Sent when the client successsfully adds a new blob container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didAddBlobContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- container
The container that was added.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didAddBlobContainerNamed:
Sent when the client successsfully adds a new blob container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didAddBlobContainerNamed:(NSString *)name
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- name
The name that was added.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didAddBlobToContainer:blobName:
Sent when the client successfully adds a blob to a specified container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didAddBlobToContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container blobName:(NSString *)blobName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- container
The container to add the blob.
- blobName
The name of the blob
Discussion
Deprecated: now use WACloudStorageClientDelegate#storageClient:didAddBlob:toContainer:
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didAddMessageToQueue:queueName:
Sent when the client successfully put a message into the specified queue.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didAddMessageToQueue:(NSString *)message queueName:(NSString *)queueName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- message
The message that was added.
- queueName
The name of the queue that the message was added.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didAddQueueNamed:
Sent when the client successfully adds a queue.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didAddQueueNamed:(NSString *)queueName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request
- queueName
The name of the queue that was added.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didCreateTableNamed:
Sent when the client successfully creates a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didCreateTableNamed:(NSString *)tableName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- tableName
The table name that was created.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteBlob:
Sent when the client successfully deletes a blob.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteBlob:(WABlob *)blob
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- blob
The blob that was deleted.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteBlobContainer:
Sent when the client successfully removes an existing blob container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteBlobContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- container
The container that was deleted.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteBlobContainerNamed:
Sent when the client successfully removes an existing blob container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteBlobContainerNamed:(NSString *)name
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- name
The name of the container that was deleted.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteEntity:
Sent when the client successfully deletes an entity from a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteEntity:(WATableEntity *)entity
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- entity
The entity that was deleted.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteQueueMessage:queueName:
Sent when the client successfully delete a message from the specified queue
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteQueueMessage:(WAQueueMessage *)queueMessage queueName:(NSString *)queueName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- queueMessage
The message that was deleted.
- queueName
The name of the queue where the message was deleted.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteQueueNamed:
Sent when the client successfully removes an existing queue.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteQueueNamed:(NSString *)queueName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- queueName
The name of the queue that was deleted.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didDeleteTableNamed:
Sent when the client successfully deletes a specified table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didDeleteTableNamed:(NSString *)tableName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- tableName
The table name that was deleted.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFailRequest:withError:
Sent if a URL request failed.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFailRequest:(NSURLRequest *)request withError:(NSError *)error
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- request
The request that failed.
- error
The error that occurred.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobContainer:
Sent when the client successfully returns a blob container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- container
The container the client requested.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobContainers:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of blob containers.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobContainers:(NSArray *)containers
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- containers
The array of WABlobContainer objects returned from the request.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobContainers:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of blob containers and the result continuation that you can use when making future requests to get the next set of containers.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobContainers:(NSArray *)containers withResultContinuation:(WAResultContinuation *)resultContinuation
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- containers
The array of WABlobContainer objects returned from the request.
- resultContinuation
The result continuation that contains the marker to use for the next request.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobData:URL:
Sent when the client successfully returns blob data for a given URL.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobData:(NSData *)data URL:(NSURL *)URL
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- data
The data for the blob.
- URL
The URL for the the data.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobData:blob:
Sent when the client successfully returns blob data for a given blob.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobData:(NSData *)data blob:(WABlob *)blob
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- data
The data for the blob.
- blob
The blob for the the data.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobs:inContainer:
Sent when the client successfully returns blobs from an existing container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobs:(NSArray *)blobs inContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- blobs
The array of WABlob objects returned from the request.
- container
The WABlobContainer object for the blobs.
@deprecated Now use WACloudStorageClientDelegate#storageClient:didFetchBlobs:inContainer:withResultContinuation:
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchBlobs:inContainer:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns blobs from an existing container.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchBlobs:(NSArray *)blobs inContainer:(WABlobContainer *)container withResultContinuation:(WAResultContinuation *)resultContinuation
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- blobs
The array of WABlob objects returned from the request.
- container
The WABlobContainer object for the blobs.
- resultContinuation
The result continuation that contains the marker to use for the next request.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchEntities:fromTableNamed:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of entities from a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchEntities:(NSArray *)entities fromTableNamed:(NSString *)tableName
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- entities
An array of WATableEntity objects.
- tableName
The name of the table that contains the enties.
@deprecated Now use WACloudStorageClientDelegate#storageClient:didFetchEntities:fromTableNamed:withResultContinuation:
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchEntities:fromTableNamed:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of entities from a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchEntities:(NSArray *)entities fromTableNamed:(NSString *)tableName withResultContinuation:(WAResultContinuation *)resultContinuation
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- entities
An array of WATableEntity objects.
- tableName
The table name that contains the entities.
- resultContinuation
The result continuation that contains the marker to use for the next request.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchQueueMessage:
Sent when the client successfully got a single message from the specified queue
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchQueueMessage:(WAQueueMessage *)queueMessage
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- queueMessage
The message that was fetched.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchQueueMessages:
Sent when the client successfully get messages from the specified queue.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchQueueMessages:(NSArray *)queueMessages
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchQueues:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of queues.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchQueues:(NSArray *)queues
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request
- queues
An array of WAQueue objects.
@deprecated Now use WACloudStorageClientDelegate#storageClient:didFetchQueues:withResultContinuation:
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchQueues:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of queues with a result continuation.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchQueues:(NSArray *)queues withResultContinuation:(WAResultContinuation *)resultContinuation
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request
- queues
An array of WAQueue objects.
- resultContinuation
The result continuation that contains the marker to use for the next request.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchTables:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of tables.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchTables:(NSArray *)tables
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- tables
An array of NSString objects that are the names of the tables.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didFetchTables:withResultContinuation:
Sent when the client successfully returns a list of tables with a continuation.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didFetchTables:(NSArray *)tables withResultContinuation:(WAResultContinuation *)resultContinuation
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- tables
An array of NSString objects that are the names of the tables.
- resultContinuation
The result continuation that contains the marker to use for the next request.
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didInsertEntity:
Sent when the client successfully inserts an entity into a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didInsertEntity:(WATableEntity *)entity
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- entity
The entity that was inserted.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didMergeEntity:
Sent when the client successfully merges an entity within a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didMergeEntity:(WATableEntity *)entity
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- entity
The entity that was merged.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didPeekQueueMessage:
Sent when the client successfully peeked a single message from the specified queue.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didPeekQueueMessage:(WAQueueMessage *)queueMessage
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- queueMessage
The message that was fetched.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didPeekQueueMessages:
Sent when the client successfully peeked messages from the specified queue.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didPeekQueueMessages:(NSArray *)queueMessages
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- queueMessages
An array of WAQueueMessage objects.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h
storageClient:didUpdateEntity:
Sent when the client successfully updates an entity within a table.
- (void)storageClient:(WACloudStorageClient *)client didUpdateEntity:(WATableEntity *)entity
Parameters
- client
The client that sent the request.
- entity
The entity that was updated.
See Also
Declared In
WACloudStorageClientDelegate.h


4 references to GetSaferPolicy
System.Management.Automation (4)
security\SecurityManager.cs (1)
158
saferPolicy = SecuritySupport.
GetSaferPolicy
(path, null);
security\wldpNativeMethods.cs (3)
310
result = SecuritySupport.
GetSaferPolicy
(path, handle);
346
SaferPolicy result = SecuritySupport.
GetSaferPolicy
(testPathScript, null);
349
result = SecuritySupport.
GetSaferPolicy
(testPathModule, null);


(Chapter written by Didier Rémy)
In this chapter, we show some larger examples using objects, classes and modules. We review many of the object features simultaneously on the example of a bank account. We show how modules taken from the standard library can be expressed as classes. Lastly, we describe a programming pattern know of as virtual types through the example of window managers.
In this section, we illustrate most aspects of Object and inheritance by refining, debugging, and specializing the following initial naive definition of a simple bank account. (We reuse the module Euro defined at the end of chapter 3.)
#let euro = new Euro.c;; val euro : float -> Euro.c = <fun> #let zero = euro 0.;; val zero : Euro.c = <obj> #let neg x = x#times (-1.);; val neg : < times : float -> ’a; .. > -> ’a = <fun> #class account = object val mutable balance = zero method balance = balance method deposit x = balance <- balance # plus x method withdraw x = if x#leq balance then (balance <- balance # plus (neg x); x) else zero end;; class account : object val mutable balance : Euro.c method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end #let c = new account in c # deposit (euro 100.); c # withdraw (euro 50.);; - : Euro.c = <obj>
We now refine this definition with a method to compute interest.
#class account_with_interests = object (self) inherit account method private interest = self # deposit (self # balance # times 0.03) end;; class account_with_interests : object val mutable balance : Euro.c method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method private interest : unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end
We make the method interest private, since clearly it should not be called freely from the outside. Here, it is only made accessible to subclasses that will manage monthly or yearly updates of the account.
We should soon fix a bug in the current definition: the deposit method can be used for withdrawing money by depositing negative amounts. We can fix this directly:
#class safe_account = object inherit account method deposit x = if zero#leq x then balance <- balance#plus x end;; class safe_account : object val mutable balance : Euro.c method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end
However, the bug might be fixed more safely by the following definition:
#class safe_account = object inherit account as unsafe method deposit x = if zero#leq x then unsafe # deposit x else raise (Invalid_argument "deposit") end;; class safe_account : object val mutable balance : Euro.c method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end
In particular, this does not require the knowledge of the implementation of the method deposit.
To keep trace of operations, we extend the class with a mutable field history and a private method trace to add an operation in the log. Then each method to be traced is redefined.
#type ’a operation = Deposit of ’a | Retrieval of ’a;; type ’a operation = Deposit of ’a | Retrieval of ’a #class account_with_history = object (self) inherit safe_account as super val mutable history = [] method private trace x = history <- x :: history method deposit x = self#trace (Deposit x); super#deposit x method withdraw x = self#trace (Retrieval x); super#withdraw x method history = List.rev history end;; class account_with_history : object val mutable balance : Euro.c val mutable history : Euro.c operation list method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method history : Euro.c operation list method private trace : Euro.c operation -> unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end
One may wish to open an account and simultaneously deposit some initial amount. Although the initial implementation did not address this requirement, it can be achieved by using an initializer.
#class account_with_deposit x = object inherit account_with_history initializer balance <- x end;; class account_with_deposit : Euro.c -> object val mutable balance : Euro.c val mutable history : Euro.c operation list method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method history : Euro.c operation list method private trace : Euro.c operation -> unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end
A better alternative is:
#class account_with_deposit x = object (self) inherit account_with_history initializer self#deposit x end;; class account_with_deposit : Euro.c -> object val mutable balance : Euro.c val mutable history : Euro.c operation list method balance : Euro.c method deposit : Euro.c -> unit method history : Euro.c operation list method private trace : Euro.c operation -> unit method withdraw : Euro.c -> Euro.c end
Indeed, the latter is safer since the call to deposit will automatically benefit from safety checks and from the trace. Let’s test it:
#let ccp = new account_with_deposit (euro 100.) in let balance = ccp#withdraw (euro 50.) in ccp#history;; Warning Y: unused variable balance. - : Euro.c operation list = [Deposit <obj>; Retrieval <obj>]
Closing an account can be done with the following polymorphic function:
#let close c = c#withdraw (c#balance);; val close : < balance : ’a; withdraw : ’a -> ’b; .. > -> ’b = <fun>
Of course, this applies to all sorts of accounts.
Finally, we gather several versions of the account into a module Account abstracted over some currency.
#let today () = (01,01,2000) (* an approximation *) module Account (M:MONEY) = struct type m = M.c let m = new M.c let zero = m 0. class bank = object (self) val mutable balance = zero method balance = balance val mutable history = [] method private trace x = history <- x::history method deposit x = self#trace (Deposit x); if zero#leq x then balance <- balance # plus x else raise (Invalid_argument "deposit") method withdraw x = if x#leq balance then (balance <- balance # plus (neg x); self#trace (Retrieval x); x) else zero method history = List.rev history end class type client_view = object method deposit : m -> unit method history : m operation list method withdraw : m -> m method balance : m end class virtual check_client x = let y = if (m 100.)#leq x then x else raise (Failure "Insufficient initial deposit") in object (self) initializer self#deposit y end module Client (B : sig class bank : client_view end) = struct class account x : client_view = object inherit B.bank inherit check_client x end let discount x = let c = new account x in if today() < (1998,10,30) then c # deposit (m 100.); c end end;;
This shows the use of modules to group several class definitions that can in fact be thought of as a single unit. This unit would be provided by a bank for both internal and external uses. This is implemented as a functor that abstracts over the currency so that the same code can be used to provide accounts in different currencies.
The class bank is the real implementation of the bank account (it could have been inlined). This is the one that will be used for further extensions, refinements, etc. Conversely, the client will only be given the client view.
#module Euro_account = Account(Euro);; module Client = Euro_account.Client (Euro_account);; new Client.account (new Euro.c 100.);;
Hence, the clients do not have direct access to the balance, nor the history of their own accounts. Their only way to change their balance is to deposit or withdraw money. It is important to give the clients a class and not just the ability to create accounts (such as the promotional discount account), so that they can personalize their account. For instance, a client may refine the deposit and withdraw methods so as to do his own financial bookkeeping, automatically. On the other hand, the function discount is given as such, with no possibility for further personalization.
It is important that to provide the client’s view as a functor Client so that client accounts can still be build after a possible specialization of the bank. The functor Client may remain unchanged and be passed the new definition to initialize a client’s view of the extended account.
#module Investment_account (M : MONEY) = struct type m = M.c module A = Account(M) class bank = object inherit A.bank as super method deposit x = if (new M.c 1000.)#leq x then print_string "Would you like to invest?"; super#deposit x end module Client = A.Client end;;
The functor Client may also be redefined when some new features of the account can be given to the client.
#module Internet_account (M : MONEY) = struct type m = M.c module A = Account(M) class bank = object inherit A.bank method mail s = print_string s end class type client_view = object method deposit : m -> unit method history : m operation list method withdraw : m -> m method balance : m method mail : string -> unit end module Client (B : sig class bank : client_view end) = struct class account x : client_view = object inherit B.bank inherit A.check_client x end end end;;
One may wonder whether it is possible to treat primitive types such as integers and strings as objects. Although this is usually uninteresting for integers or strings, there may be some situations where this is desirable. The class money above is such an example. We show here how to do it for strings.
A naive definition of strings as objects could be:
#class ostring s = object method get n = String.get s n method set n c = String.set s n c method print = print_string s method copy = new ostring (String.copy s) end;; class ostring : string -> object method copy : ostring method get : int -> char method print : unit method set : int -> char -> unit end
However, the method copy returns an object of the class ostring, and not an objet of the current class. Hence, if the class is further extended, the method copy will only return an object of the parent class.
#class sub_string s = object inherit ostring s method sub start len = new sub_string (String.sub s start len) end;; class sub_string : string -> object method copy : ostring method get : int -> char method print : unit method set : int -> char -> unit method sub : int -> int -> sub_string end
As seen in section 3.16, the solution is to use functional update instead. We need to create an instance variable containing the representation s of the string.
#class better_string s = object val repr = s method get n = String.get repr n method set n c = String.set repr n c method print = print_string repr method copy = {< repr = String.copy repr >} method sub start len = {< repr = String.sub s start len >} end;; class better_string : string -> object (’a) val repr : string method copy : ’a method get : int -> char method print : unit method set : int -> char -> unit method sub : int -> int -> ’a end
As shown in the inferred type, the methods copy and sub now return objects of the same type as the one of the class.
Another difficulty is the implementation of the method concat. In order to concatenate a string with another string of the same class, one must be able to access the instance variable externally. Thus, a method repr returning s must be defined. Here is the correct definition of strings:
#class ostring s = object (self : ’mytype) val repr = s method repr = repr method get n = String.get repr n method set n c = String.set repr n c method print = print_string repr method copy = {< repr = String.copy repr >} method sub start len = {< repr = String.sub s start len >} method concat (t : ’mytype) = {< repr = repr ^ t#repr >} end;; class ostring : string -> object (’a) val repr : string method concat : ’a -> ’a method copy : ’a method get : int -> char method print : unit method repr : string method set : int -> char -> unit method sub : int -> int -> ’a end
Another constructor of the class string can be defined to return an uninitialized string of a given length:
#class cstring n = ostring (String.create n);; class cstring : int -> ostring
Here, exposing the representation of strings is probably harmless. We do could also hide the representation of strings as we hid the currency in the class money of section 3.17.
There is sometimes an alternative between using modules or classes for parametric data types. Indeed, there are situations when the two approaches are quite similar. For instance, a stack can be straightforwardly implemented as a class:
#exception Empty;; exception Empty #class [’a] stack = object val mutable l = ([] : ’a list) method push x = l <- x::l method pop = match l with [] -> raise Empty | a::l’ -> l <- l’; a method clear = l <- [] method length = List.length l end;; class [’a] stack : object val mutable l : ’a list method clear : unit method length : int method pop : ’a method push : ’a -> unit end
However, writing a method for iterating over a stack is more problematic. A method fold would have type (’b -> ’a -> ’b) -> ’b -> ’b. Here ’a is the parameter of the stack. The parameter ’b is not related to the class ’a stack but to the argument that will be passed to the method fold. A naive approach is to make ’b an extra parameter of class stack:
#class [’a, ’b] stack2 = object inherit [’a] stack method fold f (x : ’b) = List.fold_left f x l end;; class [’a, ’b] stack2 : object val mutable l : ’a list method clear : unit method fold : (’b -> ’a -> ’b) -> ’b -> ’b method length : int method pop : ’a method push : ’a -> unit end
However, the method fold of a given object can only be applied to functions that all have the same type:
#let s = new stack2;; val s : (’_a, ’_b) stack2 = <obj> #s#fold (+) 0;; - : int = 0 #s;; - : (int, int) stack2 = <obj>
A better solution is to use polymorphic methods, which were introduced in Objective Caml version 3.05. Polymorphic methods makes it possible to treat the type variable ’b in the type of fold as universally quantified, giving fold the polymorphic type Forall ’b. (’b -> ’a -> ’b) -> ’b -> ’b. An explicit type declaration on the method fold is required, since the type checker cannot infer the polymorphic type by itself.
#class [’a] stack3 = object inherit [’a] stack method fold : ’b. (’b -> ’a -> ’b) -> ’b -> ’b = fun f x -> List.fold_left f x l end;; class [’a] stack3 : object val mutable l : ’a list method clear : unit method fold : (’b -> ’a -> ’b) -> ’b -> ’b method length : int method pop : ’a method push : ’a -> unit end
A simplified version of object-oriented hash tables should have the following class type.
#class type [’a, ’b] hash_table = object method find : ’a -> ’b method add : ’a -> ’b -> unit end;; class type [’a, ’b] hash_table = object method add : ’a -> ’b -> unit method find : ’a -> ’b end
A simple implementation, which is quite reasonable for small hastables is to use an association list:
#class [’a, ’b] small_hashtbl : [’a, ’b] hash_table = object val mutable table = [] method find key = List.assoc key table method add key valeur = table <- (key, valeur) :: table end;; class [’a, ’b] small_hashtbl : [’a, ’b] hash_table
A better implementation, and one that scales up better, is to use a true hash tables… whose elements are small hash tables!
#class [’a, ’b] hashtbl size : [’a, ’b] hash_table = object (self) val table = Array.init size (fun i -> new small_hashtbl) method private hash key = (Hashtbl.hash key) mod (Array.length table) method find key = table.(self#hash key) # find key method add key = table.(self#hash key) # add key end;; class [’a, ’b] hashtbl : int -> [’a, ’b] hash_table
Implementing sets leads to another difficulty. Indeed, the method union needs to be able to access the internal representation of another object of the same class.
This is another instance of friend functions as seen in section 3.17. Indeed, this is the same mechanism used in the module Set in the absence of objects.
In the object-oriented version of sets, we only need to add an additional method tag to return the representation of a set. Since sets are parametric in the type of elements, the method tag has a parametric type ’a tag, concrete within the module definition but abstract in its signature. From outside, it will then be guaranteed that two objects with a method tag of the same type will share the same representation.
#module type SET = sig type ’a tag class [’a] c : object (’b) method is_empty : bool method mem : ’a -> bool method add : ’a -> ’b method union : ’b -> ’b method iter : (’a -> unit) -> unit method tag : ’a tag end end;; module Set : SET = struct let rec merge l1 l2 = match l1 with [] -> l2 | h1 :: t1 -> match l2 with [] -> l1 | h2 :: t2 -> if h1 < h2 then h1 :: merge t1 l2 else if h1 > h2 then h2 :: merge l1 t2 else merge t1 l2 type ’a tag = ’a list class [’a] c = object (_ : ’b) val repr = ([] : ’a list) method is_empty = (repr = []) method mem x = List.exists ((=) x) repr method add x = {< repr = merge [x] repr >} method union (s : ’b) = {< repr = merge repr s#tag >} method iter (f : ’a -> unit) = List.iter f repr method tag = repr end end;;
The following example, known as the subject/observer pattern, is often presented in the literature as a difficult inheritance problem with inter-connected classes. The general pattern amounts to the definition a pair of two classes that recursively interact with one another.
The class observer has a distinguished method notify that requires two arguments, a subject and an event to execute an action.
#class virtual [’subject, ’event] observer = object method virtual notify : ’subject -> ’event -> unit end;; class virtual [’a, ’b] observer : object method virtual notify : ’a -> ’b -> unit end
The class subject remembers a list of observers in an instance variable, and has a distinguished method notify_observers to broadcast the message notify to all observers with a particular event e.
#class [’observer, ’event] subject = object (self) val mutable observers = ([]:’observer list) method add_observer obs = observers <- (obs :: observers) method notify_observers (e : ’event) = List.iter (fun x -> x#notify self e) observers end;; class [’a, ’b] subject : object (’c) constraint ’a = < notify : ’c -> ’b -> unit; .. > val mutable observers : ’a list method add_observer : ’a -> unit method notify_observers : ’b -> unit end
The difficulty usually relies in defining instances of the pattern above by inheritance. This can be done in a natural and obvious manner in Ocaml, as shown on the following example manipulating windows.
#type event = Raise | Resize | Move;; type event = Raise | Resize | Move #let string_of_event = function Raise -> "Raise" | Resize -> "Resize" | Move -> "Move";; val string_of_event : event -> string = <fun> #let count = ref 0;; val count : int ref = {contents = 0} #class [’observer] window_subject = let id = count := succ !count; !count in object (self) inherit [’observer, event] subject val mutable position = 0 method identity = id method move x = position <- position + x; self#notify_observers Move method draw = Printf.printf "{Position = %d}\n" position; end;; class [’a] window_subject : object (’b) constraint ’a = < notify : ’b -> event -> unit; .. > val mutable observers : ’a list val mutable position : int method add_observer : ’a -> unit method draw : unit method identity : int method move : int -> unit method notify_observers : event -> unit end #class [’subject] window_observer = object inherit [’subject, event] observer method notify s e = s#draw end;; class [’a] window_observer : object constraint ’a = < draw : unit; .. > method notify : ’a -> event -> unit end
Unsurprisingly the type of window is recursive.
#let window = new window_subject;; val window : < notify : ’a -> event -> unit; _.. > window_subject as ’a = <obj>
However, the two classes of window_subject and window_observer are not mutually recursive.
#let window_observer = new window_observer;; val window_observer : < draw : unit; _.. > window_observer = <obj> #window#add_observer window_observer;; - : unit = () #window#move 1;; {Position = 1} - : unit = ()
Classes window_observer and window_subject can still be extended by inheritance. For instance, one may enrich the subject with new behaviors and refined the behavior of the observer.
#class [’observer] richer_window_subject = object (self) inherit [’observer] window_subject val mutable size = 1 method resize x = size <- size + x; self#notify_observers Resize val mutable top = false method raise = top <- true; self#notify_observers Raise method draw = Printf.printf "{Position = %d; Size = %d}\n" position size; end;; class [’a] richer_window_subject : object (’b) constraint ’a = < notify : ’b -> event -> unit; .. > val mutable observers : ’a list val mutable position : int val mutable size : int val mutable top : bool method add_observer : ’a -> unit method draw : unit method identity : int method move : int -> unit method notify_observers : event -> unit method raise : unit method resize : int -> unit end #class [’subject] richer_window_observer = object inherit [’subject] window_observer as super method notify s e = if e <> Raise then s#raise; super#notify s e end;; class [’a] richer_window_observer : object constraint ’a = < draw : unit; raise : unit; .. > method notify : ’a -> event -> unit end
We can also create a different kind of observer:
#class [’subject] trace_observer = object inherit [’subject, event] observer method notify s e = Printf.printf "<Window %d <== %s>\n" s#identity (string_of_event e) end;; class [’a] trace_observer : object constraint ’a = < identity : int; .. > method notify : ’a -> event -> unit end
and attached several observers to the same object:
#let window = new richer_window_subject;; val window : < notify : ’a -> event -> unit; _.. > richer_window_subject as ’a = <obj> #window#add_observer (new richer_window_observer);; - : unit = () #window#add_observer (new trace_observer);; - : unit = () #window#move 1; window#resize 2;; <Window 1 <== Move> <Window 1 <== Raise> {Position = 1; Size = 1} {Position = 1; Size = 1} <Window 1 <== Resize> <Window 1 <== Raise> {Position = 1; Size = 3} {Position = 1; Size = 3} - : unit = ()


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Finally, I would like to leverage all this skills I learned till now to level-up a company or society!
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This is an index of the following types:
The first column is the type's initial character.
| Name | Origin | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
M |
err() | OwnerResult | |
M |
err() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
err() | Result | |
M |
err() | TokenResult | |
M |
err() | VPPAResult |
M |
fromJSON() | Owner | |
M |
fromArray() | Owner | |
M |
fromStdClass() | Owner | |
M |
fromJSON() | PBSAuth | |
M |
fromArray() | PBSAuth | |
M |
fromStdClass() | PBSAuth | |
M |
fromJSON() | Token | |
M |
fromArray() | Token | |
M |
fromStdClass() | Token | |
M |
fromJSON() | VPPA | |
M |
fromArray() | VPPA | |
M |
fromStdClass() | VPPA |
M |
getPid() | Owner | Gets the PID of the authenticated user. |
M |
getFirstName() | Owner | Gets the first name of the authenticated user. |
M |
getLastName() | Owner | Gets the last name of the authenticated user. |
M |
getEmail() | Owner | Gets the email of the authenticated user. |
M |
getZipCode() | Owner | Gets the zipcode of the authenticated user. |
M |
getAnalyticsId() | Owner | Gets the optional analytics id of the authenticated user. |
M |
getThumbnailUrl() | Owner | Gets the optional thumbnail url of the authenticated user. |
M |
getVPPA() | Owner | Gets the VPPA object representing the authenticated user's VPPA agreement. |
M |
getOwner() | PBSAuth | Gets this inner Owner object. |
M |
getToken() | PBSAuth | Gets the inner Token object. |
M |
getErr() | OwnerResult | |
M |
getErr() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
getErr() | Result | |
M |
getErr() | TokenResult | |
M |
getErr() | VPPAResult | |
M |
getTokenType() | Token | Returns the type of token being held. |
M |
getScope() | Token | Returns an array of scopes that this token is valid for. |
M |
getAccessToken() | Token | Returns the access token for this authentication result. |
M |
getRefreshToken() | Token | Returns the refresh token for this authentication result. |
M |
getExpires() | Token | Returns the expiration value for this authentication result. |
M |
getVPPALastUpdated() | VPPA | Gets the last time that VPPA was accepted by the user. Returns a \DateTime value if an acceptance date was available. If this represents a non-accepted VPPA agreement, then null if returned. |
M |
isOk() | OwnerResult | |
M |
isError() | OwnerResult | |
M |
isOk() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
isError() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
isError() | Result | |
M |
isOk() | Result | |
M |
isOk() | TokenResult | |
M |
isError() | TokenResult | |
M |
isOk() | VPPAResult | |
M |
isError() | VPPAResult | |
M |
isVPPAAccepted() | VPPA | Gets the represented VPPA status. This does not perform validation as to when VPPA was accepted. The caller must use this in conjunction with getVPPALastUpdated() to determine if the acceptance is still valid. |
M |
jsonSerialize() | Owner | |
M |
jsonSerialize() | PBSAuth | |
M |
jsonSerialize() | Token | |
M |
jsonSerialize() | VPPA |
C |
Owner | LibPBSAuth | Class Owner |
C |
OwnerResult | LibPBSAuth\Result | Class OwnerResult |
M |
ok() | OwnerResult | |
M |
ok() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
ok() | Result | |
M |
ok() | TokenResult | |
M |
ok() | VPPAResult |
C |
PBSAuth | LibPBSAuth | Class PBSAuth |
C |
PBSAuthResult | LibPBSAuth\Result | Class PBSAuthResult |
P |
$OwnerResult | OwnerResult | |
P |
$PBSAuthResult | PBSAuthResult | |
C |
Result | LibPBSAuth\Result | Class Result |
P |
$TokenResult | TokenResult | |
P |
$VPPAResult | VPPAResult |
M |
toArray() | Owner | |
M |
toStdClass() | Owner | |
M |
toArray() | PBSAuth | |
M |
toStdClass() | PBSAuth | |
C |
TokenResult | LibPBSAuth\Result | Class TokenResult |
C |
Token | LibPBSAuth | Class Token |
M |
toArray() | Token | |
M |
toStdClass() | Token | |
M |
toArray() | VPPA | |
M |
toStdClass() | VPPA |
M |
value() | OwnerResult | |
M |
valueOr() | OwnerResult | |
M |
value() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
valueOr() | PBSAuthResult | |
M |
value() | Result | |
M |
valueOr() | Result | |
M |
value() | TokenResult | |
M |
valueOr() | TokenResult | |
C |
VPPAResult | LibPBSAuth\Result | Class VPPAResult |
M |
value() | VPPAResult | |
M |
valueOr() | VPPAResult | |
C |
VPPA | LibPBSAuth | Class VPPA |
P |
$Result | Result | |
P |
$Result | Result |


The internet has always been a network of networks (some smaller than others). Local networks (i.e. devices like laptops and cellphones connected to a home Wi-Fi enabled or wired router) are then connected to a greater network through an ISP (internet service provider) like Comcast or Verizon. The ISP then connects you to other ISPs and other networks that are all interconnected. While this may all seem simple and intuitive now, it was not always the case.
Instead of letters, the messages being sent are comprised of 0's and 1's called bits. Bits are assembled into groups of 8 called bytes. Bits can be thought of atoms that make up data. Today we send bits through 3 main mediums (electricity, light, radio). The transmission capacity of these three mediums is referred to as bandwidth. This can be thought of how many “letters” (bits) can fit into a cable or wave at a time. How fast these “letters” (bits) travel is known as the bitrate and the time it takes them to get from origin to destination is known as latency.
As mentioned above, we have three main transmission mediums, electricity, light, and radio. Each of these transmission mediums has a specific material, speed, and set of pros and cons. The first medium we look at is ethernet. Ethernet cables are made up of copper wires that allow for cheap data transfer of electrical signals. They suffer data loss and interference very quickly over long distances.
The next medium is fiber optic cables. Fiber optical cables allow for fast data transfer of light signals. They are also extremely efficient and suffer little too no loss even at large distances. Expensive cables and very hard to work with.
Lastly, we have radio signals. Radio signals (wireless) allow for transfer of data without physical connections. Bits are translated into different wave lengths based on different frequencies and then translated back into data at the receiving end. Signal loss is great at distances (distance varies depending on frequency i.e. AM vs FM). Wi-Fi takes local radio waves and converts them into copper or fiber messages to be sent over the physical network.
During the initial days of the internet, there was no standard in packet sending or receiving. Internetworking Protocol (IP) was developed by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. They thought that the internet would be better served with a design philosophy and architecture expressed in a set of uniform protocols. A protocol is well known set of rules and standards that all parties agree to use to communicate between machines. This has allowed the expansion of the internet and internet capable devices due to uniform standards (i.e. which protocols to use and work with).
All devices on the internet have a unique address (just a number) within a given network. These unique IP addresses work similar to, and can even be thought of as, mailing street addresses of the physical world. Visiting a website can be broken down / thought of as your computer sending mail with the IP address of the website as the recipient address and a return address of your computer. This allows the website to return information to you in the same manner.
Traditional IP addresses are 32 bits long and can be broken down into four 8-bit segments. While this is no longer always the case, IP addresses used to be segmented into country/region/subnetwork/device. This previous standard of segmenting IP addresses was known as IPv4. It was originally designed in 1973 and widely adopted in the 1980s.
While the original IPv4 address allocation allowed up to 4 billion unique addresses (devices) to be connected to the internet, the world and its engineers realized that this would quickly no longer be enough. Due to this, the world is currently in transition to a new standard of IP address allocation called IPv6. This new IP addressing schema uses 128 bits per address (8 segments of 4 hexadecimal characters).
Even with the implementation of these new, more complex, IP addresses, browsing the internet will not change. This is due to the fact that people no longer need to rely on IP addresses to browse the internet like the early days. In today’s world, most people never know or see actual IP addresses of websites due to DNS.
Data transfers on the internet are not point to point but very indirect. Paths can change extremely often, even during a transmission. Packets are data traveling along the internet and work more like cars than trains. Packets are allowed to take any available road (whether it is the most efficient route or not).
Packets can contain almost any type of data and depending on size, messages may be broken up into several packets. Groups of packets can take diverging paths and arrive at the destination at different times and potentially out of order. Packets simply carry the data as well as headers containing to and from addresses and are moved through the networks via Routers.
Keeping with the analogy of IP addresses being similar to mailing street addresses, routers can be thought of as mail sorting machines located within a post office. Routers act like traffic managers to keep packets moving smoothly through the network. Routers attempt to push packets through the "cheapest" available path at any given moment. Having multiple routes allows the network to be fault tolerant (i.e. multiple roads can be closed or blocked but packages can still get to their end destination).
TCP (transmission control protocol) manages the sending and receiving of all your data packets (i.e. guaranteed mail service where TCP validates all packets have been received) so that when all packets are received, they can be reassembled. TCP and Routing were built with scalability in mind. The hope and design philosophy is more routers = more redundancy.


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Class List
Method List
File List
Documentation by YARD <IP_ADDRESS>
Alphabetic Index
File Listing
README
LICENSE
CHANGELOG
Namespace Listing A-Z
A
ActivesupportOverride
C
CoffeeGenerator
(Generator)
Context
(Generator)
D
Dispatcher
(Server)
E
EhcCommandTasks
G
Generator
(Generator)
Generator
H
HamlGenerator
(Generator)
R
Request
(Server)
Response
(Server)
S
SassGenerator
(Generator)
Server
Server
(Server)
StructureGenerator
(Generator)


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The web is many computers that communicate with each other. When a person goes to a web page like www.yahoo.com, that persons computer sends a HTTP Request to a server.
The server will find the necessary HTML document and it sends it back to the user's computer where a web browser interprets the page and displays it on the user's screen.
(HTML) stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML documents form the majority of the content on the web.
HTML documents contain text content which describes "what you see" and markup which describes "how it looks".
HTML documents are made of HTML elements. When writing HTML, we tell browsers the type of each element by using HTML tags.
 This makes them very unforgiving since a small mistake by a programmer can cause huge problems in a program.
HTML elements are either inline or block. Block elements form an "invisible box" around the content inside of them.
HTML elements are either inline or block. Block elements form an "invisible box" around the content inside of them.
The "tree-like structure" comes from the fact that HTML elements can have other elements inside of them. You can draw this relationship like a family tree.
In a browser, this structure shows up as a series of nested boxes. There are boxes inside of boxes inside of boxes, and so on...
When someone reads an HTML document as text, you will see a wave of changing indentations going up and down the left side of the document. The more indented an element is, the more deeply nested its corresponding "box" is.
When writing code, programmers can use special text editors (Sublime Text + many others). These editors make the programmer's life much easier. For example, some text editors will automatically generate a closing HTML tags (which can help drastically save time).
Avoiding repetition is important for a variety of reasons. Avoiding Errors: Most of the time programmers don't avoid repetition, a lot of times they have do the same thing over and over. This may mean copy and pasting certain style attributes into many HTML elements or rewriting the same code (sometimes with minor differences) over and over again. This can open up the door for more errors when a programmer decides to change something. If they don't dilligently make that same change everywhere the repeated code appears, problems will crop up.


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--- layout: single title: Publications excerpt: "Publications" share: false collection: publications ---
Zhenyu Zhu, Fanghui Liu, Grigorios Chrysos, Francesco Locatello, Volkan Cevher
International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2023.
In this work, we study the three interrelated concepts of overparameterization, benign overfitting, and the Lipschitz constant of DNNs and connect them in the lazy training regime.
Grigorios Chrysos, Bohan Wang, Jiankang Deng, Volkan Cevher
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR), 2023.
We demonstrate how polynomial networks (without elementwise activation functions) can benefit from regularization schemes to reach the performance of standard neural networks. Then, we introduce a new class of polynomial networks that achieve even higher degree of expansions by using these additional regularization schemes.
Zhenyu Zhu, Fanghui Liu, Grigorios Chrysos, Volkan Cevher
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 2022.
We explore the interplay of the width, the depth and the initialization(s) on the average robustness of neural networks with both theoretical bounds and empirical validation.
Zhenyu Zhu, Fanghui Liu, Grigorios Chrysos, Volkan Cevher
Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 2022.
Using our theoretical guarantees of neural architecture search (NAS) under various activation functions and residual connections, we design an effective train-free algorithm for NAS.
Grigorios Chrysos* Markos Georgopoulos*, Jiankang Deng, Jean Kossaifi, Yannis Panagakis, Anima Anandkumar
European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2022.
We express modern architectures (e.g., residual and non-local networks) in the form of different degree polynomials of the input. This enables us to design extensions of successful architectures that perform favorably in various benchmarks.
Markos Georgopoulos, James Oldfield, Grigorios Chrysos, Yannis Panagakis
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR), 2022.
We study controllable generation in unsupervised GAN models by leveraging clusters in the representation space of the generator. We show that these clusters, which capture semantic attributes, can be used for conditioning the generator.
Zhenyu Zhu, Fabian Latorre, Grigorios Chrysos, Volkan Cevher
International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2022.
We provide sample complexity results and bounds on the Lipschitz constant of polynomial networks, which we use to construct a regularization scheme that improves the robustness against adversarial noise.
Francesca Babiloni, Ioannis Marras, Filippos Kokkinos, Jiankang Deng, Grigorios Chrysos, Stefanos Zafeiriou
International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021.
We cast non-local blocks as special cases of third degree polynomial functions. In addition, we propose a new non-local block that builds on this polynomial perspective but has more efficient operations, i.e., we aim to retain the expressivity of non-local layers while maintaining a linear complexity.
Yannis Panagakis*, Jean Kossaifi*, Grigorios Chrysos, James Oldfield, Mihalis A. Nicolaou, Anima Anandkumar, Stefanos Zafeiriou
Proceedings of the IEEE, 2021.
We provide an in-depth review of tensors and tensor methods in the context of representation learning and deep learning, with a particular focus on computer vision applications. We also provide jupyter notebooks with accompanying code.
Markos Georgopoulos, Grigorios Chrysos, Maja Pantic, Yannis Panagakis
International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2020.
We extend conditional VAE to capture multiplicative interactions of the (annotated) attributes in the latent space. This enables generating images with unseen attribute combinations during training.
Grigorios Chrysos, Stylianos Moschoglou, Giorgos Bouritsas, Yannis Panagakis, Jiankang Deng, Stefanos Zafeiriou
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR), 2020.
We use a high-order polynomial expansion as a function approximation method. The unknown parameters of the polynomial (i.e., high-order tensors) are estimated using a collective tensor factorization.
Grigorios Chrysos, Jean Kossaifi, Stefanos Zafeiriou
International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2019.
The topic of conditional data generation task (e.g., super-resolution) is the focus of this work. We introduce a new pathway in the encoder-decoder generator to improve the synthesized image.
Ali Ramezani-Kebrya, Fanghui Liu, Thomas Pethick, Grigorios Chrysos, Volkan Cevher
Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR), 2023.
We focus on the aspect of federated learning when there are coavariate shifts, which is a realistic scenario in multiple cases. We derive both theoretical guarantees and demonstrate how this can work in imbalanced data settings.
Francesca Babiloni, Ioannis Marras, Filippos Kokkinos, Jiankang Deng, Matteo Maggioni, Grigorios Chrysos, Philip Torr, Stefanos Zafeiriou
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (T-PAMI), 2023. (impact factor 2019: 17.861).
We cast self-attention (and non-local blocks) as special cases of third degree polynomial functions. In addition, we propose a new block that builds on this polynomial perspective but it is more computationally efficient, i.e., we aim to retain the expressivity of self-attention/non-local layers while maintaining a linear complexity.
Thomas Pethick, Grigorios Chrysos, Volkan Cevher
Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR), 2023.
We propose a new training method called class focused online learning (CFOL) to reduce the gap between the top-performing and worst-performing classes in adversarial training, resulting in a min-max-max optimization formulation.
Grigorios Chrysos, Stylianos Moschoglou, Giorgos Bouritsas, Jiankang Deng, Yannis Panagakis, Stefanos Zafeiriou
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (T-PAMI), 2021. (impact factor 2019: 17.861)
We propose a new class of architectures that use polynomial expansions to approximate the target functions. We validate the proposed polynomial expansions (i.e. Π-nets) in diverse experiments: data generation, data classifcation, face recognition and non-euclidean representation learning.
Grigorios Chrysos, Jean Kossaifi, Stefanos Zafeiriou
International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV), 2020. (impact factor 2019: 11.042)
We leverage structure in the output domain of a conditional data generation task (e.g., super-resolution) to improve the synthesized image. We experimentally validate that this results in synthesized images more robust to noise. Extension of the conference paper.
Grigorios Chrysos, Paolo Favaro, Stefanos Zafeiriou
International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV), 2019. (impact factor 2019: 11.042)
We introduce a framework for tackling motion blur of faces. Our method simulates motion blur using averaging of video frames, while we collect a dataset that contains millions of such frames.
Grigorios Chrysos, Epameinondas Antonakos, Patrick Snape, A. Asthana, Stefanos Zafeiriou
International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV), 2018. (impact factor 2019: 11.042)
We conduct a large-scale study of deformable face tracking `in-the-wild', i.e., with videos captured in unrestricted conditions.
Aleksandr Timofeev, Grigorios Chrysos, Volkan Cevher
International Conference on Machine Learning Workshops (ICMLW), 2021.
We propose a neural architecture search (NAS) framework for real world tasks: (a) in the absence of labels, (b) in the presence of imbalanced datasets, (c) on a constrained computational budget.


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