--- layout: post title: "More One Last Song interviews!" --- This time the fine folks at The Pulse talk to the boys.


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Phone : {{package.receiver[0].phone}}
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Email : {{package.receiver[0].email}}
Phone : {{package.receiver[0].phone}}
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Buying a BS4 car
by Staff WriterShould I buy a BS4 car or do I wait for a BS6 model and will there be any restrictions on the former after four or five years?
I want to buy a new car as there are discounts available due to the sales of BS4 cars stopping in March 2020. Should I buy a BS4 car or wait for a BS6 model? Will there be any kind of government restrictions on BS4 cars after four to five years?
Ravi, Delhi
There’s no doubt that BS4 cars will be cheaper than BS6 models, which will come with expensive hardware to meet the new emission standards. If you are getting a good deal, then go for a BS4 vehicle; it theoretically will have better fuel economy and performance. The government has also clarified that there will be no premature ban on BS4 cars and they will be legal as long as their registration is valid.


The MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol, optimized for high-latency.
Before we start, we have to install required package:
$ npm i --save mqtt
In order to switch to MQTT transporter, we need to modify an options object passed to the createMicroservice()
method.
{{ options }}
There are a bunch of available options that determine a transporter behavior. They are well-described here.


|
Mars Base Engine
|
Stores an object's animations and their progress. More...
#include <Animator.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef std::function< void(TAnimated &, float)> | AnimationFunction |
| Functor to animate the objects. More... | |
| typedef std::shared_ptr< Animator< TAnimated > > | Ptr |
| typedef std::weak_ptr< Animator< TAnimated > > | WPtr |
| typedef std::unique_ptr< Animator< TAnimated > > | UPtr |
| Public Types inherited from mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string > | |
| typedef std::shared_ptr< BaseAnimator > | Ptr |
| typedef std::weak_ptr< BaseAnimator > | WPtr |
| typedef std::unique_ptr< BaseAnimator > | UPtr |
Public Member Functions | |
| Animator (TAnimated &animatedObject) | |
| Constructor. More... | |
| ~Animator ()=default | |
| Default destructor. | |
| void | Update (sf::Time frameTime) override |
| Updates the animator's progress. More... | |
| void | AddAnimation (std::string id, const AnimationFunction &animation, sf::Time duration) |
| Registers an animation with a given id and duration. More... | |
| void | PlayAnimation (const std::string &id, bool loop=false) override |
| Plays the animation with the given id. More... | |
| void | SetPaused (bool value=true) override |
| Pauses or unpauses the currently playing animation. More... | |
| void | StopAnimation () override |
| Interrupts the animation that is currently active. More... | |
| bool | IsPlayingAnimation () const override |
| Checks whether an animation is currently playing. More... | |
| bool | IsPaused () const override |
| const std::string & | GetPlayingAnimation () const override |
| Returns the id of the currently playing animation. More... | |
| bool | HasAnimation (const std::string &id) const override |
| Returns true if an animation with this id has been registered. More... | |
| void | Destroy () override |
| Sets the animator inactive. More... | |
| bool | IsActive () const override |
| Returns true if this animator is active, false otherwise. More... | |
Stores an object's animations and their progress.
Template overload of the mbe::Animator class when TID = std::string.
Takes care of multiple animations which are registered by an id. The animations can be played at any time but only one animation can be played at a time.
If the animated object gets destroyed, the animator will be set inactive and have no effect.
| TAnimated | The type of the object being animated. TAnimated must inherit from mbe::HandleBase |
| typedef std::function<void(TAnimated&, float)> mbe::Animator< TAnimated, std::string >::AnimationFunction |
Functor to animate the objects.
TAnimated is the object being animated.
The float represents the progress in [0,1] determining the state of the animation
|
inline |
Constructor.
| animatedObject | A reference to the object being animated. |
Internally the object's handle id is stored so it doesn't matter when the reference becomes invalid
|
inline |
Registers an animation with a given id and duration.
| id | The id that will later be used to play the animation. |
| animation | The animation to be registered. Any functor of the correct signature suffices |
| duration | The absolute duration of the animation in seconds. This parameter can be used to play 'smooth' animations. For a FrameAnimation The duration should be set to (1 / target frame rate) * number of frames |
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Sets the animator inactive.
An inactive is likely to be deleted by a higher level system
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Returns the id of the currently playing animation.
| std::runntime_error | if the no animation is playing. Therefore, you have to make sure by a preceding call to IsPlayingAnimation() whether it is safe to call GetPlayingAnimation(). |
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Returns true if an animation with this id has been registered.
| id | The id of the animation. |
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Returns true if this animator is active, false otherwise.
An animator can be set inactive using the Destroy() method
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
@brķef Returns whether the currently playing animation is paused
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Checks whether an animation is currently playing.
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Plays the animation with the given id.
| id | The id of the animation to be played. |
| loop | If set to true, the animation will be played repeatedly (until stopped elsewhere). Is set to false by default. |
| std::runntime_error | if no animation has been registed under the given id. Therefore, you have to make sure by a preceding call to HasAnimation() that an animation with this id exists. |
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Pauses or unpauses the currently playing animation.
| value | Pass true to pause, false to unpause |
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Interrupts the animation that is currently active.
The animated object remains in the state of the stopped animation. Calling PlayAnimation() will reset the animation though.
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Updates the animator's progress.
This method should be called once each frame. This is done automatically when used in a the mbe::AnimationComponent.
| frameTime | The delta time between two successive frames |
Implements mbe::detail::BaseAnimator< std::string >.


Our Goals for Today:
Why plan the iterations?
Our Goals for Today:
Our Goals for Today:
Note: Your Functional Design might have other parts as well - depending on your project.
Education and Civil Society:
Municipality Projects and Activities:
Tourism:
Our Goals for Today:
Agile/Scrum also does iterations, but it adds certain Sprint Activities
Our Goals for Today:
Those who could not present it during our November 8 class, can arrange a meeting (a quorum of 4 members can meet me during the next week and present the same Before November 13).
Our Goals for Today:
Most items are graded for the team; some individual grades.
Up to 100 points awarded by Claudio.
Will be discussed by Kalvis and Viesturs on November 22.


About
Description
The place really lives up to its name. Traditional Sindhi Cuisine served at its best. It really packs a punch(Duma Dum) and is absolutely delicious(Mast Kalandar). The ambience is Sindhi themed and is decent. The staff are really cooperative and suggest you their best dishes.
Lets look at what we had:
Traditional Sindhi Cool Drink: Refreshing and fruity. Fresh watermelon and rose syrup combined with ice cubes.
Pudina Matho: Your very own spiced buttermilk with minty freshness.
Mango Lassi: Really loved this, the mango flavor really comes through in the drink.
Sindhi Tikki: Channa Dal stuffed in alu tikki and drizzled with a tangy sauce. Absolutely recommended.
Chicken Papad Fry: Papad crumbed chicken deep fried served with chutney. People who love deep fried stuff should really try it.
Lahori Chicken Tikka: The tikka had a really good smoky flavor to it which made it a very good appetizer.
Stuffed Paneer Sikhanji Tikka: Fresh and tender paneer cubes stuffed with ajwain based filling.
Ghar Jaisa Chicken Makhanwala(with naan): Who doesnt love butter chicken and specially when it is called Ghar ka. Small chicken pieces mixed in a flavorful and desi makhan gravy.
Veg Biryani: The rice was perfectly cooked and had lots of veggies and small cubes of paneer. The spice and the flavors were really well balanced.
Must try*: Traditional Sindhi Cool Drink, Mango Lassi, Sindhi Tikki, Ghar Jaisa Chicken Makhanwala.
New place in Chembur. It is next to Eastern express highway so it`s convenient by road.
The place is a ground plus one structure. They have swings like seatings upsatirs .
.
We started our meal with refreshing watermelon drinks.
Then we ordered tomato with ajwaine soup. I didn`t like the taste of ajwaine in it but my friend loved it.
.
Dal pakwan was one of the bestest starters that I`ve tried in Sindhi cuisine. Loved the Flavours of Dal.
.
Stuffed paneer Tikka was also mouthwatering. The stuffing was of onion and tomato. So the combination was going good.
.
Paneer makhanwala pizza - this flavour was something unique. The taste was little bland as I was expecting that makhanwala taste which was lagging in it.
.
Sev Tikka bhaji and Indian breads are perfect combination for main course. I`ll really recommend this dish.
.
For dessert we ordered falooda which was in the mocktail section because we didn`t want rabri in our falooda. But he bought us rabri falooda without rabri and it was just dry. There was nothing expect those sevaya . Dessert was disappointing because he misinterpreted our order.
.
Overall it was nice place. Viraj


Juno <IP_ADDRESS> is a moderate update.
The biggest improvement is the ability to associate external INI config files with REST servlets using the ConfigFile functionality.
Core
- Significant API changes to org.apache.juneau.config API.
ConfigFile is now thread safe and can be shared across multiple threads.
- New
ConfigMgr class for managing configuration files.
- Serializers and parsers can be associated with config files for storing and retrieving POJOs.
Default support provided for JSON.
- New {@link oaj.html.SimpleHtmlWriter} class.
Can be used for simple HTML DOM construction.
- New
ProcBuilder class for calling external processes.
- New
ObjectMap.remove(Class,String,Object)method.
- "class='link'" added to links generated by {@link oaj.html.HtmlDocSerializer}.
- New
EncoderGroup.append(EncoderGroup)method.
- New HtmlDocSerializerContext.HTMLDOC_addLinks configuration property.
- Modified the Parser.createContext(ObjectMap,Method,Object) method.
Outer context objects can be passed in to create instances of non-static inner classes.
- Fixed bug in {@link oaj.html.HtmlStrippedDocSerializer} where exception was thrown when trying to serialize primitive arrays.
- {@link oaj.json.JsonParser} now handles parsing JSON boolean/numeric values as strings to bean properties of type boolean or number.
- {@link oaj.urlencoding.UrlEncodingSerializer} and {@link oaj.urlencoding.UrlEncodingParser} now
represent arrays and collections as key-value pairs where the keys are numbers (e.g. "?0=foo&1=bar").
- Various internal improvements to
IOPipe.
- New
ReflectionUtils.getResource(Class,String)method.
StringUtils.parseNumber(String,Class) now returns zero for empty strings.
This affects the way most parsers handle blank values.
Server
- You can now parse into non-static inner classes of a servlet for parameters/attributes/content.
Useful if you like to define your marshaller beans inside your servlet.
- Changes to
RestServlet:
- New methods for accessing external INI config files:
RestServlet.getConfig()
RestServlet.createConfigFile()
- New "$C{...}" variable that resolve to INI config file values.
- New "$UE{...}" variable that URL-encodes the value inside the variable.
- New convenience methods for retrieving classpath resource files:
RestServlet.getResource(String)
RestServlet.getResourceAsString(String)
RestServlet.getResource(Class,String,String).
Useful if you want to load predefined POJOs from JSON files in your classpath.
- New
RestServlet.handleNotFound(int,RestRequest,RestResponse) method for customized handling
of when a resource or method was not found.
BasicRestServlet now automatically processes "/favicon.ico" requests by
overriding the new RestServlet.handleNotFound(int,RestRequest,RestResponse)method.
- New {@link oajr.RestRequest} methods:
RestRequest.resolveVars(String)
- RestRequest.getVarResource(String)
RestRequest.getConfig()
- New {@link oajr.RestResponse} methods:
- {@link oajr.RestResponse#getDirectWriter(String)}.
- {@link oajr.RestResponse#getNegotiatedWriter()}.
getWriter() now returns an unnegotiated writer.
getUnbufferedWriter() has been removed.
- New
RestMethod.encoders() @RestMethod(encoders)and
RestMethod.inheritEncoders() annotations.
Allows encoders to be fine-tuned at the method level.
- New
@RestResource(config) annotation for associating external ConfigFileconfig files with servlets.
ResourceLink.
- New org.apache.juneau.rest.matcher package for commonly-used
RestMatchers:
MultipartFormDataMatcher
UrlEncodedFormMatcher
Microservice
- New juneau-microservice.jar file that encapsulates all 3 juneau jars with code necessary for creating fast and efficent jetty-powered REST microservices.
Contains the following:
- Jetty 8.0
- Apache HttpClient 4.3.5
- Apache Commons FileUpload 1.3.1
- Microservice now supports Java 6 (previously required Java 7)


WITNESS LIST Public School Finance, Select Committee July 16, 2003-10:00A Property Tax On: Wooten, Tim (Texas Comptroller) State Tax Reform For: Hartman, David A. (Lonestar Foundation) Taxation On: Comer, Teresa (Comptroller of Public Accounts) LeBas, James (Comptroller's Office) Stearns, Eric (Comptroller of Public Accounts) Warren, Ed (Comptroller of Public Accounts) Wieferman, John (Comptroller of Public Accounts)


This component provides functionality to send many different kinds of serial packets on top of a general packet sending component. It achieves this by knowing where the different packets in a message_t exist through the SerialPacketInfo interface.


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| org.apache.commons.collections.bidimap | |
| org.apache.commons.collections.map |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractMapDecorator
Provides a base decorator that enables additional functionality to be added
to a Map via decoration.
|
| AbstractSortedMapDecorator
Provides a base decorator that enables additional functionality to be added
to a Map via decoration.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractHashedMap
An abstract implementation of a hash-based map which provides numerous points for
subclasses to override.
|
| AbstractHashedMap.EntrySet
EntrySet implementation.
|
| AbstractHashedMap.EntrySetIterator
EntrySet iterator.
|
| AbstractHashedMap.HashEntry
HashEntry used to store the data.
|
| AbstractHashedMap.HashIterator
Base Iterator
|
| AbstractHashedMap.KeySet
KeySet implementation.
|
| AbstractHashedMap.Values
Values implementation.
|
| AbstractLinkedMap
An abstract implementation of a hash-based map that links entries to create an
ordered map and which provides numerous points for subclasses to override.
|
| AbstractLinkedMap.EntrySetIterator
EntrySet iterator.
|
| AbstractLinkedMap.LinkEntry
LinkEntry that stores the data.
|
| AbstractLinkedMap.LinkIterator
Base Iterator that iterates in link order.
|
| AbstractMapDecorator
Provides a base decorator that enables additional functionality to be added
to a Map via decoration.
|
| AbstractOrderedMapDecorator
Provides a base decorator that enables additional functionality to be added
to an OrderedMap via decoration.
|
| AbstractReferenceMap
An abstract implementation of a hash-based map that allows the entries to
be removed by the garbage collector.
|
| AbstractReferenceMap.ReferenceEntry
A MapEntry implementation for the map.
|
| AbstractSortedMapDecorator
Provides a base decorator that enables additional functionality to be added
to a Map via decoration.
|
| CompositeMap
Decorates a map of other maps to provide a single unified view.
|
| CompositeMap.MapMutator
This interface allows definition for all of the indeterminate
mutators in a CompositeMap, as well as providing a hook for
callbacks on key collisions.
|
| LazyMap
Decorates another
Map to create objects in the map on demand. |
| MultiKeyMap
A
Map implementation that uses multiple keys to map the value. |
| MultiValueMap
A MultiValueMap decorates another map, allowing it to have
more than one value for a key.
|
| PredicatedMap
Decorates another
Map to validate that additions
match a specified predicate. |
| TransformedMap
Decorates another
Map to transform objects that are added. |
Copyright © 2001–2015 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


Add ESLint to build process
Start by adding ESLint to your package.json file or installing via NPM
Job Board wireframes
Wireframe annotations are important because they give clients clear explanations to your design decisions.
Dashboard Mockups
After the functional mockups are approved the remainder of the site will be built.


Angucomplete Alt
Awesome Autocompleteness for AngularJS
A minimal looking autocomplete directive originally developed by Daryl Rowland as Angucomplete, and I added a few tweaks to it.
Example 1 - Countries of the World
You selected {{selectedCountry.originalObject.name}} which has a country code of {{selectedCountry.originalObject.code}}
Example 2 - People
You selected {{selectedPerson.originalObject.firstName}} {{selectedPerson.originalObject.surname}}
Example 3 - Clear Result on Selection
You selected {{selectedCountry2.originalObject.name}} which has a country code of {{selectedCountry2.originalObject.code}}


0 Goomies
0.0 Goomies per second
0.0 Goomies per second
Level 1
Now with 100% more responsive design!
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, I have no idea what I'm doing because I have so much space left over for text.
The original Cookie Clicker parody. © 2014 Joe Zeng.
Pokémon is © 1996-2014 Game Freak, Creatures Inc., Nintendo.
Exported save string:
QR code for mobile:


60
Questions
Timer
Answer A
Answer B
Answer C
Answer D
Start
Next
CONGRATS!
You have reached the end of the game.
You Got
6
out of 6
Start Again
Enter your initials below
Submit


--- layout: default --- {% assign sorted_members = site.data.members | sort:"end" %} {% for member in sorted_members %}


Lorem Ipsum
Soft inversion is where a redstone torch placed upon a powered piston will also be powered, even if the piston is only soft-powered. Pistons are the only block this applies to. Soft inversion will still happen if the piston cannot extend, but will not work is the side of the piston head is powered.
Redstone ticks in Bedrock Edition are divided into two halves: a C-tick, and a P-tick, which respectively represent the first and second game tick a redstone takes place in. Producers include: repeaters, comparators, redstone torches, observers and redstone blocks. Consumers include everything else (pistons, dispensers, etc).
C-Ticks will only have an effect within the simulated area, defined by the simulation distance.
P-Ticks will function in the entire rendered area, which is defined by the render distance set by the client.


Cancun is a city on tip of the Yucatan Peninsula that hosts a vibrant community of technologists and entrepreneurs. If you ever visit the area we'd be thrilled to meet up and share a drink with you.
Cancun concentrates talent thanks to it's services and tourism industry, it has one of the most connected airports in Mexico; with direct flights to plenty of destinations, it also counts with white sand beaches and beautiful surroundings along with most large city commodities.
We are aware that our local ecosystem is small, and that an outsider vantage point is very valuable. We don't want to sell our products, we want to meet up and chat about small or big ideas that might have in mind.
My Science Fiction readings drove me from Biology to Technology in 1985.
My scuba diving hobbie brings me from Mexico City to Cancún in 1989.
XXI century found me developing for Hotels and Restaurants with an USA company. With my software I'm serving a select group of Restaurantes in Cancún, Playa del Carmen and Corporate other cities, some of them for more then 10 years with our systems.
I have written software since I got my first computer at 8 (a TRS-80), been in love with guitar playing since teenager and have founded several startups since the 2000's, currently co-founder of PulsoViral and contractor for private companies; love to work with and for startups the rush is addictive for me.
Formerly in the culinary arts school. I started my inclination to develop web applications that serve for my personal purposes. This led in time to leave my career and focus on full-time development.
I created some solutions online hacking and extending existing technologies for my needs. Later I worked as a freelancer a couple of years.
I am currently working as a web developer in Genotipo, a design and web development agency.
I develop and manage various mobile and web applications, mainly for iPhone and Android using Appcelerator Titanium.
Specialties:Mobile app development and marketing, including pay per click (ppc) search and display advertising, search engine optimization, and consulting. Appcelerator Titanium for iPhone and Android mobile platforms.
Long time OpenOffice.org contributer, currently part of The Apache Foundation, SugarLabs and other open source projects. Participated as a mentor for Google Summer of Code and Google Code-in.
Usually do conference around the world about open innovation, consult about large scale migrations to open source systems and open standards.
Consider myself a secret Otaku fan, and pretty open basketball and HipHop fan.
World traveller, language enthusiast, entrepreneur, career coach, event planner, photographer, illustrator, pole dancer, mixologist, critical writer, skydiver.
CEO of Mevvy, The Next Generation Tool & App Store.
Telematic engineer more on the side of software development. Software development is my passion because of the great feeling of solving a problem. The way i solve things is practical and simple, just like myself.
Certified AuraPortal Consultant and IT Integrator, Developed CRM integrated Asterisk VoIP systems and Web based Apps.
Biologist by education, photographer by passion, musician by stubbornness , and community manager by neediness. Have been worked as diver, diving photographer, webmaster, community manager, photographer, tacos and sushi maker among other jobs.
Love dogs and have notions on how to train them. Actually the only thing I never do is drawing.
I'm a marketeer, passionate about design and technology. Fan of coffee and good music. Workholic... a little bit, but only with the things I love. Holding an affair with Tech, Marketing, Advertising and New Media.
Work? What's that? I love what I do!
Cancun is located in the Yucatán Peninsula in the state of Quintana Roo [kinˈtana ˈro]. It is within the CST timezone, one hour behind the US East Coast and two hours ahead of the West Coast. Weather is warm year-long, rainy season is Sept-Oct. Showers are usually short and intense, day long bad weather is a rare occurrence.
Cancun is one of the most prestigious hotspots in the world at the shores of the Mexican Caribbean. In the last two decades it has seen explosive growth, drawing many young professionals from Mexico and abroad. It is home to significant community of ex-pats from Canada, Italy, Argentina, Israel, as well as young Mexican dreamers who come for a share of paradise.
Yes. The LA Times has a recent article on safety in Cancun from an ex-pat perspective. When in doubt, err on the side of safety.
You can pay in USD in most places, but you won't receive a good exchange rate. Change your USD/CAD to pesos at a bank in Mexico and you'll get 15%-20% more out of your USD.
A little bit of Spanish never hurt anybody, but most people here know at least a little bit of English. In tourist areas conversational English is the norm. Locals are usually willing to communicate by whatever means possible.
Hustlers gawking souvenirs and wares along Zona Hotelera are often an annoyance. Just ignore and keep on walking.


RAJASTHAN HOME GUARDS TRAINING CENTER, BHILWARA
(current)
MAIN MENU
Attendance Record
Volunteers List
Checkpoint
Trash
My Profile
Contact Directory
Bug Report
Logout
Admin Signup
Belt Number
Name (in English)
Name (in Hindi)
Gender
Select
Male
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Father's Name
Permanent Address
Current Address
Same as permanent address
Date of Birth
Email address
Qualification
Select
Post Graduation
Graduation
Higher Secondary
Secondary
Other
Designation
Current posting
Joining Date
Retirement Date
Trainings Done
Remarks
Mobile Number
Aadhar Number
PAN Number
Bank Account Number
Photograph upload
Upload
Signature upload
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This rotation we started working with 3d modeling, using the program Autodesk Fusion 360. To start, we had to make six models from a set of fifty. It took me a bit to learn how to read the designs, but once I figured it out it was very easy to build what I needed to. It was intersting to figure out what the most efficient way to build a model was, such as from the bottom up or from the side out.
The second thing I made in autodesk was a laptop stand. I used a tutorial for the basics, but I modified it to fit my laptop, as well as some other small changes I thought would make it better.


Thank you for your order! Please commit this page to memory for your records.
Order #: {{checkout.orderNumber}}
You will not receive an email. If you do receive an email regarding this order, it is a fake.


To clone (and track) a repository in GitHub these steps:
Open a web browser and go to the repository page, in this case https://github.com/Bigsby/NetCore
As no extra software was installed, browser here means: Microsoft Edge for Windows, IceWeasel for Debian and Safari for Mac OS X
Other Git providers, like Visual Studio Online (now called Team Services) or Bitbucket also provider a similar button or, at least, the URL to copy and use to clone.
Click the button that says "Clone or download" and, then, click the button next to the URL to copy the URL to the clipboard
In the CLI (Command Line Interface, yes, Terminal for Linux and Mac OS and Command Prompt for Windows) run:
The output should look like this:
Browser the folder. In the CLI, run:
The folder should contain, at this point, 1 folder:
...and 3 files:
If you run this after I complete the next steps in these series, more content should display.


Departments
Add Employee
Expense Report
Logout
{{if .FirstName}}
Delete Employee
{{end}} {{if .FirstName}}
Name
{{ .FirstName }} {{ .LastName }}
Date of Birth
{{ .DateOfBirth }}
Hire Date
{{ .HireDate }}
Department
Job Title
Salaried {{if .IsSalaried}}
{{else}}
{{end}}
Compensation
{{else}}
404 ERROR => Employee Not Found
{{end}}


Zend and Xdebug
After having coded most of my sites all from scratch with some of my own libraries, I am getting into using Zend framework, PHPUnit, and Xdebug.
If the two first ones have been of little trouble to install, I can’t say the same for Xdebug.
At first I have followed all the common tutorials that you can find around the web:
- downloading the pre-compiled xdebug.so for my PHP install
- simply copying to the proper folder
- modifying my php.ini configuration by adding the correct zend_extension parameter for [xdebug].
Until here, nothing fancy, it seems to work for most. BUT, when every install how-to on the web says “that’s it you’re done”, nothing happened for me. Xdebug was not loaded, there was no error message and everything was still running fine.
That’s when things started to get complicated, given the amount of combination possible of wrong configuration parameters and pre-compiled available shared objects, all of which would fail silently if anything would go wrong.
I tried to change zend_extension to zend_extension_ts because I was running PHP 5.2.8, but this did not change anything, I tried to compile xdebug.so manually and use the compiled object with the several parameters combination I have already tested with the pre-compiled version… Nothing. not single error or idicatio that could put me on the right way!
Then, I came across an old article on devzone.zend.com that I have discarded at first for its age (December 2007…) but that I ended up reading thoroughly and the following lines flashed before me:
Please note that phpize and php-config must match the PHP version you are using, so do not just copy them to your system from some other PHP installation. When your development tools are in place, you can download and compile xdebug
The phpize command on my system was not pointing to the proper one, as I compiled my own AMP install on the Mac. Running the proper phpize (in /usr/local/php/bin/ for me), it gave kind of a weird result:
PHP Api Version: 20041225 Zend Module Api No: Zend Extension Api No:
Yep! No Zend API version numbers at all. As phpise is a simple shell script that extracts the API numbers from the PHP and Zend configurations, I thought there was a problem simply with my PHP install, and not with xdebug at all.
As I was running 5.2.8, I upgraded to PHP 5.3, cleaned all xdebug.so files, cleaned my php.ini file and tried it all again!
The pre-compiled version DID NOT WORK either, but compiling it myself from source, this time phpize giving the right API numbers:
PHP Api Version: 20090626 Zend Module Api No: 20090626 Zend Extension Api No: 220090626
And finally xdebug worked! So, a few things to remember:
- sort your PHP install properly first, with the commands pointing to the right places. That’s also valid for php-config that is required for the compilation of xdebug
- trying the pre-compiled version might not work on your system, so compile your own, it’s simple enough and the article on zend.com(http://devzone.zend.com/article/2803), albeit old, is still valid


Showing "Mail" icon in control panel through Group Policy
I recently had to lock down a Windows 2008R2 remote desktop server
(terminal server)
One of the requirements was to show only some control panel items, a
setting that can be achieved using the Group Policy setting "Show only
specified Control Panel items" (under Policies > Administrative
Templates > Control Panel
), but …


The count-and-say sequence is the sequence of integers with the first five terms as following:
1. 1
2. 11
3. 21
4. 1211
5. 111221
1
is read off as "one 1"
or 11
.
11
is read off as "two 1s"
or 21
.
21
is read off as "one 2
, then
one 1"
or 1211
.
Given an integer n, generate the nth term of the count-and-say sequence.
Note: Each term of the sequence of integers will be represented as a string.
Example 1:
Input: 1
Output: "1"
Example 2:
Input: 4
Output: "1211"
Just loop and grow the sequence.
JavaScript specific.
/**
* @param {number} n
* @return {string}
*/
var countAndSay = function(n) {
let num = '1'
while (--n > 0) {
num = num.match(/(\d)\1*/g).map(x => x.length + x[0]).join('')
}
return num
};
General solution.
/**
* @param {number} n
* @return {string}
*/
var countAndSay = function(n) {
let num = '1'
while (--n > 0) {
let newNum = ''
for (let i = 0, accu = 1; i < num.length; i++, accu++) {
if (num[i] !== num[i+1]) {
newNum += accu + num[i]
accu = 0
}
}
num = newNum
}
return num
};
Template generated via Leetmark.


---
layout: archive
title: Lean Prover Zulip Chat Archive
permalink: 116395maths/268440d3impliesd012.html
---
The archive URL format has changed. Please find this page at:
https://leanprover-community.github.io/archive/stream/116395-maths/topic/0.3C.3Dd.3C3.20implies.20d.3D0.2C1.2C2.html


This is a tool to help you generate a QR code with Telegram SMS configuration in your browser. You can use Telegram SMS to scan this QR code, which will allow you to quickly apply your configuration.
This tool is purely frontend-based, which won't upload any data into our server. You can get source code here.


About
Version:
(YY.MM.Rev)
15.11.1
Contact:
Tel: 9219 9107
Fax: 9367 9913
Email
Disclaimer:
The Department of Parks and Wildlife does not guarantee that this map is without flaw of any kind and disclaims all liability for any error, or loss or other consequence which may arise from relying on any information depicted.
Apart from any use permitted under the copyright act, no part of this map may be reproduced by any process without the written permission of the authors. Crown copyright reserved.


NoSQL Databases
Adapting to Keep Up with Modern Applications
May 10, 2015
SQL databases and NoSQL databases both have their trade-offs, but this post is intended to at least provide a high level understanding of what a NoSQL database is. SQL databases were developed in the 1970s while NoSQL databases were developed in the 2000s. You may have guessed just by reading that last sentence that there were very different needs at the time of their development so there are bound to be differences in design. You're absolutely correct.
The real advantage of NoSQL databases comes from their ability to handle large volumes of data and data manipulation very efficiently. They were developed with modern applications in mind and take advantage of the cheap storage and vast processing power. They scale "horizontally" which basically means that when you have too much data and you want to expand -- you add servers instead of adding more resources to a single server. They usually support something called auto-sharding which means that they inherently know how to spread data across several servers. Load balancers automatically distribute the data and queries so as to not unfairly burden individual servers with a lot of work. It also provides another failsafe because if a server crashes, you still have the remaining servers that can continue to support your application.
Again this is just meant as an introduction. Let's go over some of the differences between SQL databases and NoSQL databases. There are several different types of NoSQL databases (key-value stores, document databases, wide-column stores and graph databases) whereas there is just on type of SQL database. SQL databases use tables, rows and columns to store information about entities. You then need to join the tables together to acquire more complex datasets. NoSQL databases store their information in different ways depending on their type. Key-values stores use (you guessed it) two columns -- a key and a value. Document databases (such as MongoDB) store all relevant data together in something called a "document." The advantage here is that this approach is not dependent on a schema. This means that you can store data with different structures together (unlike rows in SQL databases which adhere to a template). The documents can also be stored in JSON or another useful format that is in prominent use for modern web applications. As I mentioned in the previous paragraph, SQL databases scale vertically. This means that you must keep adding resources on to a single server in order to accommodate increasing data demand. It is not impossible to have them scale horizontally, but it requires a significant engineering committment. NoSQL databases scale horizontally. You can add more servers or instances on the cloud and the data automatically spreads and re-distributes to the new servers. The last difference I'll mention has to do with actually manipulating the data. In SQL, you have to use a specific language (SELECT, INSERT, JOIN, FROM, WHERE, etc...) to create queries that act on the data. In NoSQL databases, however, there are object-oriented APIs which do this.
For further reading on this topic you can search for NoSQL databases online or check out this article.


Welcome to your MyBank.com transaction page. Here, you can deposit funds into your MyBank.com account as well as withdraw funds from your MyBank.com account. Be sure not to overdraft your account!
| transactionid | type | amount |
|---|---|---|
| {{ row["transactionid"] }} | {{ row["type"] }} | {{ row["amount"] }} |


{% extends 'imagersite/base.html' %} {% block title %}
Thank you for registering! A confirmation email will be sent to you


Enter your preferences
Basic Details
Starch %
Age (Months)
Price/Kg
Dimensions
Diameter (cm)
Length
SLA
Volume (Kg)/Day
Max. Spike
Done!


This app visualizes Mohr's Circle. It explains how Mohr's Circle can be used to identify the different stresses that act on a differential element with variable orientation.
The principal stresses can be computed with $$\sigma_{\mathrm{I}/\mathrm{II}} = \frac{1}{2} \, \left[ \sigma_z + \sigma_x \pm \sqrt{\left( \sigma_z - \sigma_x \right)^2 + 4 \, \tau_{xz}^2} \right],$$ the principal stress angle with $$ \tan \left( 2 \, \alpha_0 \right) = 2 \cdot \frac{\tau_{xz}}{\sigma_z - \sigma_x}.$$
In this application, the normal stresses in $x$- and in $z$-direction $\sigma_x$ and $\sigma_z$ can be changed, as well as the tangential stress $\tau_{xz}$.
After selecting the initial stress state, a click on "Draw" shows Mohr's Circle. Visualized are the normal stresses $\sigma_x$ and $\sigma_z$, the shear stress $\tau_{xz}$, and the current stress state $A$. A click on "Show principal stress + direction" reveals the principal stresses $\sigma_I$ and $\sigma_{II}$, the center of Mohr's Circle $\sigma_M$, and the principal stress angle $\alpha_0$.
The element can be rotated in the third figure, resulting in the stress state $B$. It can be observed, that the shear stresses vanish, if the element is rotated according to $\alpha_0$. The current normal stresses $\sigma_{\overline{x}}$ and $\sigma_{\overline{z}}$ can also be seen in the plot visualizing Mohr's Circle.


--- creation_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER> lastmod_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER> categories: ['Computer Problems'] title: Outlook 2007 calendar export leaves off time zone --- So I discovered that if someone sent me a meeting invite with the time zone set differently than mine that it causes problems when exporting the calendar to a file.
Sure it shows up correctly in Outlook for my local time zone, but the exported file leaves out the organizers time zone information which when imported into my Google Calendar causes the event to show up at the incorrect hour.
Looks like I will have to use a different sync tool instead of the built-in export. No big deal since there are lots of tools for plugging into Outlook anyway just annoying.


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Based in Brooklyn, New York, Jackie spent most of her career in higher education administration as a University recruiter. While she is leaving her career in admissions behind, she hopes to continue being an advocate for higher education through projects that help support students while they earn their degree.


{{resourceService?.frmelmnts?.lbl?.mobileEmailInfoText | interpolate:'{instance}': resourceService.instance}}


Mindset: exhausted, bored, but determined, infused with new energy and direction from some realizations about myself. Primarily I had discovered that my depression, now under control with wellbutrin and lexapro, had created an infrastructure of negative thoughts that needed to be overcome. So I was hoping that the salvia would perhaps show me where to go. I said a prayer to the fire spirits of the south, from whence the plant came, to show me the right path.
Setting: At my friend’s house, in the backyard, at night.
Other chemicals: earlier in the week I had used a lot of stimulants and alcohol. Earlier in the day I had used some stimulants, I do not wish to specify what they are, and a lot of old kava extract that I don’t think did anything. Additionally I take 300mg wellbutrin and 10mg lexapro every day.
I pack the bowl and take the bong outside to the backyard, and sit on the grass. I take the lighter and torch the bowl as directly as possible, taking a giant hit, holding for a while. I exhale, and start to take another hit. As I’m taking the second hit I feel I serious pull, feeling of motion that curves everything. I realize I am about to drop the bong and pass it off to my friend. My vision gets distorted for a moment and then I am a kid, maybe 12 years old, standing alone outside a house very similar to the one I was at, but it was daytime. All of a sudden two figures, loosely based on two of my friends who were in front of me smoking cigs, appear.
They say “We are your parents. You are just a hallucination of some guy in another dimension and he is now done with this hallucination, so it's time to die”
This vision fades to a huge biomechanical construct of sentient humanoid subunits, one male and one female, interlocking in a fractal pattern to create something that is like a roll of carpet being unrolled. The rolling feeling is incredibly intense and I feel I’m being stretched and pulled. Although I really don’t have much of a concept of myself, I think at this point I am the ghost of the kid. As I am pulled along the unrolling carpet I ask each of the beings what is happening. They all say, “I don’t know, ask the next one.” So that goes on for what feels like forever, until I get a sense that the entire universe is this unrolling biomechanical cybernetic carpet thing. Suddenly I am at the end of the carpet, and then back into my body, and I realize that the entire unrolling of the carpet was just my thumb moving across my pants.
At this point I think I am the kid from the beginning, and am thoroughly convinced that I am about to die because I am just being hallucinated by some higher being of which I am a tiny transient part. Then I start to reintegrate into my personality. I said, ‘Wait a second, I took some drug didn’t I?’ I am really confused that there are more than two people there. I am seriously depersonalized and can’t believe that anything is real. My friend says “The universe is a living thing, and we are on it.” and then it clicks and then the terror and shock of that realization sets in.
The experience was so intense and profound I was convinced I was never coming down. I remained severely impaired for about an hour and then slowly came down over the course of the next 2 the 3 hours, overall a 3-4 hour experience, most of which was just trying to figure out what the hell had happened and how I could ever integrate that into my everyday life. My best guess is the length is because of interactions with other drugs/medicines I was taking at the time.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Outcome
This method supports the outcome Text alternatives available.
Detailed description
The intent of this method is to ensure that authors can add alternative content for non-text content and modify that alternative content in the future.
If the type of alternative content (e.g. alternative text) is not typically displayed on screen by user agents, then WYSIWYG editing-views may not display it. This is acceptable as long as another mechanism is provided for modifying that alternative content (e.g. an Image Properties
dialog).
The mechanism for adding or editing alternative text can vary by the type of authoring tool. A simple source code editor could allow editing of the source code. A more sophisticated source code editor could highlight the alternative text when the image is selected. A WYSIWYG editor can display a properties dialog box that allows editing of the image properties including the alternative text. It is important that the ability to edit the alternative text is at least as prominent as other image properties.
Dependencies
None


--- layout: carousel title: Home ---
Confidence Games are about interesting situations with tough strategic decisions. Should I hire a Con Artist or a Wheel Man? Should I use my Sack of Door Knobs or scrap it for the metal?
Tabletop gaming is ultimately about creating a fun experience with friends around the table. We facilitate this unique interaction with modern mechanics, creative themes, and an eclectic sense of humor.
The best games are easy to learn, yet tough to master.


--- layout: post title: Phone purse date: 2005-01-20 00:00:00 category: mobile ---
The phone purse: "Different light patterns would appear on the surface of the bag: each colour would be assigned to a group of callers: someone you know, an unknown caller or a blocked caller."


RIT CANTEEN BUDDY
Canteen Management System
HOME
LOGOUT
ORDER NOW
HELP
Click on a item to remove it from the current menu
Click here to view current menu
Click here to add items to current menu


Welcome to Holiday Kids Club.
It is a happy talent to know how to play
At Holiday Kids Club we play, we learn but above all we create a safe enviroment for your children
Chilren are accomodated from Four to Twelve years.
A day in Holiday Kids Club
Pricing options
Silver pack
$250
- Half day 9am-1pm
- No swimming classes
Golden pack
$350
- Full day 9am-5pm
- Swimming & Hiking classes


Expanding lambda expressions to anonymous classes may be useful if you need to implement other methods inside an anonymous class.
Example:
s -> System.out.println(s)
After the quick-fix is applied:
new Consumer<String>() {
@Override
public void accept(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
Lambda expression appeared in Java 8. This inspection can help to downgrade for backward compatibility with earlier Java versions.


The function can also convert a time without a date (year, month and day are all 0), in which case it returns the number of seconds that have passed since midnight of the current day.
If the numbers don't make any sense or can't be interpreted, then Time.PartsSec will return 1 and Error.Last and Error.LastMsg will be set to the appropriate error.
put "The number of seconds from 00:00:00 GMT Jan 1, 1970",
"is ", Time.PartsSec (1989, 12, 25, 9, 27, 0)
This means that you can only call the function by calling Time.PartsSec, not by calling PartsSec.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load static %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %} {% block javascript %} {% endblock %} {% block css %} {# #} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This content is a little bit longer.
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional#} {# content. This content is a little bit longer.
#} {#This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
#} {#This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional#} {# content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.
#} {#


Hasina travelling to Kolkata Friday to watch India-Bangladesh Test
by bdnews24.comPrime Minister Sheikh Hasina is set to fly to Kolkata on Friday morning to watch the first day-night Test match between Bangladesh and India.
The pink-ball Test is scheduled to start at 1:30pm at the iconic Eden Gardens stadium.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi formally invited his Bangladesh counterpart to attend the inaugural event of the match.
A special flight of Biman Bangladesh Airlines carrying the prime minister and her entourage will take off from Shahjalal International Airport at 10am on Friday.
It will land at Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata at 10:25am (Indian time).
After the ceremonial events at the airport, Hasina will go to Hotel Taj Bengal Kolkata where she will be staying during her brief visit.
Later, she along with West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee will go to the Eden Gardens and ring the bell to start the Test around 12:30pm (local time).
After watching the first session of the second Test, the prime minister will return to her hotel.
At the end of the first day's match, she will attend a cultural event organised by the Cricket Association of Bengal at the stadium ground.
Hasina will leave Kolkata by a special Biman flight at 10pm (local time) and land at the Dhaka airport at 11:30pm (Bangladesh time).
However, Modi will not be able to attend the event due to his-prescheduled programme.
Hasina had shown interest to attend the match at the invitation of Sourav Ganguly, now president of India's cricket board.


Front End, Back End, 배포까지 자유롭게 공부하고 있습니다
Both Spring MVC and Spring Boot
Docker and Docker Swarm
Express js for Back End Vue js for Fornt End
EC2, S3, ECS ... etc
A yellow pencil with envelopes on a clean, blue backdrop!
A dark blue background with a colored pencil, a clip, and a tiny ice cream cone!

A yellow workspace with some scissors, pencils, and other objects.


A collection of useful documents about open source from Apple Developer
Documentation and resources for Bonjour, Java, UNIX, and WebKit.
Open development of select macOS projects
Why you'll love to develop on your Mac
Learn about the 200+ open source projects that ship with macOS
Beneath the easy-to-use interface of macOS is a rock-solid, UNIX foundation.


-
Square Is Making a Register That Takes Bitcoin and Apple Pay | WIRED
www.wired.com
Over the past year, it’s become a lot easier to buy bitcoin, thanks to services such as Coinbase. And thanks to retailers such as Overstock.com and ...
-
The Internet Braces for the Crazy Shellshock Worm | WIRED
www.wired.com
A nasty bug in many of the world’s Linux and Unix operating systems could allow malicious hackers to create a computer worm that wreaks havoc on ...
-
Drones Will Transform Sports Photography—Once the FAA Gets Out of the Way ...
www.wired.com
For more than 50 years, the dramatic shot from a blimp floating high overhead has sent a clear message to TV viewers: You are watching a big-time ...
-
Wink Could Be the Next Big Platform for the Smart Home | WIRED
www.wired.com
Relay syncs with connected home gadgets to simultaneously do things like lock the front door, bring the blinds down, turn on an alarm, and cool the ...
-
If your iPhone 6 Plus bent in your pocket, would you be bothered enough to ...
www.wedgies.com
WIRED wants to know... If your iPhone 6 Plus bent in your pocket, would you be bothered enough to try and return it? pick one: Yep, I sure would, Nah ...
-
In Forza Horizon 2, Computers Finally Drive as Crazy as Humans | WIRED
www.wired.com
Forza Horizon 2, available for Xbox One on September 30, is different from last year’s Forza 5, which aims to offer an exact reproduction of ...
-
This Palm-Sized Laser Could Make Self-Driving Cars Way Cheaper | WIRED
www.wired.com
At $7,999, it’s small and cheap enough for discreet use on mass-market vehicles, a big help for automakers intent on offering cars that drive ...
-
How to Make a Building Shimmer Like the Ocean, Using Plastic | WIRED
www.wired.com
A museum in San Francisco sports a striking design that's also a technical feat.
-
A Stunning Rainbow Made of Junk and Inspired by Philip K. Dick | WIRED
www.wired.com
While some artists work with paint or pencil, Dan Tobin works with kipple---a concept coined by sci-fi god Philip K. Dick.
-
Apple Watch Mashups Hint at How the Company Could Go High-Fashion | WIRED
www.wired.com
What would the Apple Watch look like if Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Alexander Wang and the like got to join the fun?
-
Pixar Vets Reinvent Speech Recognition So It Works for Kids | WIRED
www.wired.com
Oren Jacob and his daughter Tobey had just finished Skyping with some family members when his daughter, then 7-years-old, picked up Jacob’s phone and ...
-
This App Fights Acne (It's Not Nearly as Silly as It Sounds) | WIRED
www.wired.com
Spruce does a remarkable job at just one thing, making it seem like a step toward a whizbang health-care future.
-
Hilarious Photos Capture the Complex Emotions of the Wet Dog | WIRED
www.wired.com
Few animals are quite so human in their expression as dogs. If you doubt that at all, check out Sophie Gamand’s photos of canines being bathed. These ...
-
Why the Heyday of Credit Card Fraud Is Almost Over | WIRED
www.wired.com
In 1960, an IBM engineer named Forrest Parry was developing a new type of ID card for the CIA when he had an epiphany: Why not make each card a tiny ...
-
Want an iPhone 6? Smash Your iPhone 5s with a Safe - WIRED's Battle Damage
www.youtube.com
We've all been there: You dropped your iPhone on the ground and sometimes it shatters into a billion pieces, but sometimes it's completely fine. What ...
-
The Man on a Quest to Open-Source Cancer Research | WIRED
www.wired.com
Isaac Yonemoto is a chemist, but he's been writing software code since he was a kid. He calls himself a "semi-recreational" programmer, and now, he's ...
-
The WIRED iPhone 6 Plus Review: Too Big to Fail, But Not to Bend | WIRED
www.wired.com
Here's the best way to start an iPhone review: Goddamn do I love Android.
-
The WIRED iPhone 6 Review: Bigger, Better...and a Little Buggy | WIRED
www.wired.com
Let's face it, if you're reading this, you're probably getting an iPhone. The only question is it a 6 or the ginourmous 6 Plus.
-
An App That Tells the Fascinating Stories Behind 5 Fonts | WIRED
www.wired.com
Many fonts have a rich, storied path to existence that tells a lot about history itself.
-
The Sprawling David Bowie Exhibition Hitting America This Week | WIRED
www.wired.com
David Bowie Is, which opened at Chicago’s Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago yesterday, features more than 300 objects spanning the entirety of the ...
-
Alibaba's Founder on Why His Company Is Killing It in China | WIRED
www.wired.com
Alibaba founder Jack Ma and the Notorious BIG may seem like two very different people---OK, fine, they're polar opposites---but on stage at the ...
-
Toyota's New Hydrogen-Powered Car Asks a High Price for Mediocrity | WIRED
www.wired.com
The FCV has an edgy look, but it’s missing the performance to back it up and get people really excited about hydrogen.
-
WIRED Binge-Watching Guide: Justified | WIRED
www.wired.com
Don't listen to anyone who tells you Justified is just a cop show. First of all, Raylan Givens is a not a cop. As he likes to point out, he's a ...
-
MIT's Slick New UI Lets Your Phone and Desktop Screens Behave as One | ...
www.wired.com
What if your devices could interact with each other so seamlessly that one screen essentially becomes the other?
-
Why Getting It Wrong Is the Future of Design | WIRED
www.wired.com
We have figured out the rules of creating sleek sophistication. We know, more or less, how to get it right. Now, we need a shift in perspective that ...
-
Instagram Goes Analog With Its First Photo Exhibit | WIRED
www.wired.com
To thumb through Instagram is to parse a wide and often unpredictable range of emotions. Things can be sensational (Beyoncé‘s Instagram account), ...
-
Estimote Opens a New Frontier for App Design: Indoor Locations | WIRED
www.wired.com
A new generation of sensors, powered by a low-energy flavor of Bluetooth, stand to give our phones a rich awareness of the physical world.
-
Nissan Builds a Funky Electric Pickup That You Can't Have | WIRED
www.wired.com
If you want to see an electric pickup truck but can’t wait until Elon gets around to it, check out Sparky, a converted Nissan Leaf.
-
Don't Update Your iPhone's iOS 8. It's Breaking Cell Service and Touch ID ...
www.wired.com
PSA: Do not install the first update to iOS 8.
-
Hillary Clinton on How to Close the Business Gender Gap | WIRED
www.wired.com
The numbers around women in the workforce are disheartening at best. On stage at the Clinton Global Initiative's annual meeting, former secretary of ...


We run online courses on contributing at various levels be it documentation, bug-fixing or packaging towards the fedora community.
This project works to create a virtual classroom for new fedora contributors. Acts as a platform for new contributors to engage with the community and learn how they can contribute best in the community.


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Intro to R, RStudio, and R Markdown --- class: center, middle # What is R? --- # What is R? **R** is a programming language designed originally for *statistical analyses*. -- **R** was created by **Ross Ihaka** and **Robert Gentleman** in 1993. _(Their names are why it's called **R**, which is also a joke about the predecessor being called **S**.)_ -- **R** was formally released by the **R Core Group** in 1997. [https://www.r-project.org/contributors.html](https://www.r-project.org/contributors.html) This group of 20-ish volunteers are the *only* people who can change the **base** (built-in) functionality of **R**. --- # R is popular and growing! ![](TIOBE.png) --- # Strengths **R**'s **strengths** are... -- ... handling data with lots of **different types** of variables. -- ... making nice and complex data **visualizations**. -- ... having cutting-edge statistical **methods** available to users. --- # Weaknesses **R**'s **weaknesses** are... -- ... performing non-analysis programming tasks, like website creation. (*python*, *ruby*, ...) -- ... hyper-efficient numerical computation. (*matlab*, *C*, ...) -- ... being a simple tool for all audiences (*SPSS*, *STATA*, *JMP*, *minitab*, ...) --- class: center, middle, invert # But wait! ![](appforthat.jpg) --- # Packages The heart and soul of **R** is **packages**. -- These are "extra" sets of code that add **new functionality** to R when installed. -- "Official" **R** packages live on the *Comprehensive R Archive Network*, or **CRAN** -- But anyone can write and share new code in "package form" (more later) --- # Open-Source Importantly, **R** is *open-source*. -- There is no company that owns **R**, like there is for *SAS* or *Matlab*. (*Python* is also open-source!) -- This means nobody can sell their **R** code! -- * (but you can sell "helpers" like **RStudio**) -- * (and you can keep code **private** within an organization or company) -- **Packages are created by users like you and me!** --- # Open Source Being a good open-source citizen means... -- ... **sharing** your code publicly when possible. (later in this course, we'll learn about *GitHub*!) -- ... **contributing** to public projects and packages, as you are able. -- ... creating your own **packages**, if you can. -- ... using **R** for **ethical and respectful** projects. --- class: center, middle # Let's try it! --- class: center, middle, inverse # Intro to RStudio --- class: center, middle # What is RStudio? --- # What is RStudio? **RStudio** is an IDE (*Integrated Developer Environment*). This means it is an application that makes it easier for you to interact with **R**. -- ![](https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/0b4d0569b2ddf6147da90b110fbb2a17653c8b08/f06f3/images/shutterstock/r_vs_rstudio_1.png) --- # History of RStudio **RStudio** was released in 2011 by J.J. Allaire. -- In 2014, RStudio hired *Hadley Wickham* as Chief Data Scientist. They now employ around 20 full-time developers. -- Recall: You can __not__ sell __R__ code; packages created by RStudio's team are freely available. They make money off the IDE and other helper software. -- In 2020, RStudio became a PBC (*Public Benefit Corp*), meaning they are legally obligated to support education and open-source development. --- ![](https://datacarpentry.org/genomics-r-intro/fig/rstudio_session_4pane_layout.png) --- class: center, middle # Let's try it! --- class: center, middle, inverse # Intro to R Markdown --- # What is Markdown? **Markdown** (without the "R") is a *markup language*. This means special symbols and formatting to pretty documents. -- Markdown files have the **.md** extension. --- ![](https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/59f29676ef5e4d74685e14f801bbc10c2dbd3cef/c0688/lesson-images/markdown-1-markup.png) --- # What is R Markdown? **R Markdown** (with the "R") uses regular markdown, plus it can run and display **R** code. (Other languages, too!) -- R Markdown files have the **.Rmd** extension. --- ![](https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/ece57b678854545e6602a23daede51ad72da2170/21cca/lesson-images/outputs-1-word.png) --- ![](https://miro.medium.com/max/1200/1*jL-whKGBhuUlU7Q2oevz9w.png) --- # Knitting To convert your R Markdown file to a beautiful document, click **Knit**. ![](https://rstudioblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/r-markdown-formats.png) --- # Knitting You do **not** have to knit a file to *save* it!!! Do this the regular way: - `Ctrl/Cmd + S` - Click the Floppy Disk icon - Click "File > Save As" -- As you work, you should **save** extremely frequently and **knit** semi-regularly. --- # Knitting When you click **knit**, here is what happens: -- - Your file is saved. -- - The R code written in your *.Rmd* file gets run. + Any code you ran already doesn't "count"; we start from scratch. + The code is run *in order*. -- - A new file is created. + If your R Markdown file is called "Lab1.Rmd", then a file called "Lab1.html" will be created. + This will save in the same folder as "Lab1.Rmd". --- class: center, middle, invert # Let's try it!


Table of Contents
- RNNs in NLP
- RNNs in CV
- Illustrated Guide to Recurrent Neural Networks: Understanding the Intuition (Vid!)
- All of RNNs (ch.10 summary)
- TRAINING RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS (Illya Stutskever PhD)
- Guide to RNNs and LSTMs
- Exploring LSTMs, their Internals and How they Work (Blog!)
- A Critical Review of RNNs for Sequence Learning: Complete Overview and Motivation/Interpretations of RNNs (Paper!)
- On the difficulty of training Recurrent Neural Networks: Analytical, Geometric, & Dynamical-Systems Perspectives (Paper!)
- The fall of RNN / LSTM for Transformers (Reddit!)
- The emergent algebraic structure of RNNs and embeddings in NLP (Paper!)
Introduction
-
Recurrent Neural Networks:
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are a family of neural networks for processing sequential data.In an RNN, the connections between units form a directed cycle, allowing it to exhibit dynamic temporal behavior.
The standard RNN is a nonlinear dynamical system that maps sequences to sequences.
- Big Idea:
RNNs share parameters across different positions/index of time/time-steps of the sequence, which allows it to generalize well to examples of different sequence length.- Such sharing is particularly important when a specific piece of information can occur at multiple positions within the sequence.
A related idea, is the use of convolution across a 1-D temporal sequence (time-delay NNs). This convolution operation allows the network to share parameters across time but is shallow.
The output of convolution is a sequence where each member of the output is a function of a small number of neighboring members of the input. -
Dynamical Systems:
A Dynamical System is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space.Classical Form of a Dynamical System:
$$\boldsymbol{s}^{(t)}=f\left(\boldsymbol{s}^{(t-1)} ; \boldsymbol{\theta}\right) \tag{10.1}$$
where \(\boldsymbol{s}^{(t)}\) is called the state of the system.
A Dynamical System driven by an external signal \(\boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}\):
$$\boldsymbol{s}^{(t)}=f\left(\boldsymbol{s}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} ; \boldsymbol{\theta}\right) \tag{10.4}$$
the state now contains information about the whole past sequence.
Basically, any function containing recurrence can be considered an RNN.
The RNN Equation (as a Dynamical System):
$$\boldsymbol{h}^{(t)}=f\left(\boldsymbol{h}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} ; \boldsymbol{\theta}\right) \tag{10.5}$$
where the variable \(\mathbf{h}\) represents the state.
-
Unfolding the Computation Graph:
Unfolding maps the left to the right in the figure below (from figure 10.2) (both are computational graphs of a RNN without output \(\mathbf{o}\)):
where the black square indicates that an interaction takes place with a delay of \(1\) time step, from the state at time \(t\) to the state at time \(t + 1\).We can represent the unfolded recurrence after \(t\) steps with a function \(g^{(t)}\):
$$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{h}^{(t)} &=g^{(t)}\left(\boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-2)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(2)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}\right) \\ &=f\left(\boldsymbol{h}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} ; \boldsymbol{\theta}\right) \end{aligned}$$
The function \(g^{(t)}\) takes the whole past sequence \(\left(\boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-2)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(2)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}\right)\) as input and produces the current state, but the unfolded recurrent structure allows us to factorize \(g^{(t)}\) into repeated applications of a function \(f\).
The unfolding process, thus, introduces two major advantages:
- Regardless of the sequence length, the learned model always has the same input size.
Because it is specified in terms of transition from one state to another state, rather than specified in terms of a variable-length history of states. - It is possible to use the same transition function \(f\) with the same parameters at every time step.
Thus, we can learn a single shared model \(f\) that operates on all time steps and all sequence lengths, rather than needing to learn a separate model \(g^{(t)}\) for all possible time steps
Benefits:
- Allows generalization to sequence lengths that did not appear in the training set
- Enables the model to be estimated to be estimated with far fewer training examples than would be required without parameter sharing.
- Regardless of the sequence length, the learned model always has the same input size.
-
The State of the RNN \(\mathbf{h}^{(t)}\):
The network typically learns to use \(\mathbf{h}^{(t)}\) as a kind of lossy summary of the task-relevant aspects of the past sequence of inputs up to \(t\).
This summary is, in general, necessarily lossy, since it maps an arbitrary length sequence \(\left(\boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-2)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(2)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}\right)\) to a fixed length vector \(h^{(t)}\).The most demanding situation (the extreme) is when we ask \(h^{(t)}\) to be rich enough to allow one to approximately recover/reconstruct the input sequence, as in AutoEncoders.
- RNN Architectures/Design Patterns:
We will be introducing three variations of the RNN, and will be analyzing variation 1, the basic form of the RNN.- Variation 1; The Standard RNN (basic form):
- Architecture:
- Produces an output at each time-step
- Recurrent connections between hidden units
- Equations:
The standard RNN is parametrized with three weight matrices and three bias vectors:$$\theta=\left[W_{h x} = U, W_{h h} = W, W_{o h} = V, b_{h}, b_{o}, h_{0}\right]$$
Then given an input sequence \(\left(\boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-1)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t-2)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(2)}, \boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}\right)\) the RNN performs the following computations for every time step:
$$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{a}^{(t)} &=\boldsymbol{b}+\boldsymbol{W h}^{(t-1)}+\boldsymbol{U} \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} \\ \boldsymbol{h}^{(t)} &=\tanh \left(\boldsymbol{a}^{(t)}\right) \\ \boldsymbol{o}^{(t)} &=\boldsymbol{c}+\boldsymbol{V} \boldsymbol{h}^{(t)} \\ \hat{\boldsymbol{y}}^{(t)} &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(\boldsymbol{o}^{(t)}\right) \end{aligned}$$
where the parameters are the bias vectors \(\mathbf{b}\) and \(\mathbf{c}\) along with the weight matrices \(\boldsymbol{U}\), \(\boldsymbol{V}\) and \(\boldsymbol{W}\), respectively, for input-to-hidden, hidden-to-output and hidden-to-hidden connections.
We, also, Assume the hyperbolic tangent activation function, and that the output is discrete1. - The (Total) Loss:
The Total Loss for a given sequence of \(\mathbf{x}\) values paired with a sequence of \(\mathbf{y}\) values is the sum of the losses over all the time steps. Assuming \(L^{(t)}\) is the negative log-likelihood of \(y^{(t)}\) given \(\boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}\), then:$$\begin{aligned} & L\left(\left\{\boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(\tau)}\right\},\left\{\boldsymbol{y}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{y}^{(\tau)}\right\}\right) \\=& \sum_{t} L^{(t)} \\=& -\sum_{t} \log p_{\text { model }}\left(y^{(t)} |\left\{\boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}\right\}\right) \end{aligned}$$
where \(p_{\text { model }}\left(y^{(t)} |\left\{\boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}\right\}\right)\) is given by reading the entry for \(y^{(t)}\) from the model’s output vector \(\hat{\boldsymbol{y}}^{(t)}\).
- Complexity:
- Forward Pass:
The runtime is \(\mathcal{O}(\tau)\) and cannot be reduced by parallelization because the forward propagation graph is inherently sequential; each time step may only be computed after the previous one. - Backward Pass:
The standard algorithm used is called Back-Propagation Through Time (BPTT), with a runtime of \(\mathcal{O}(\tau)\)
- Forward Pass:
- Properties:
- The Standard RNN is Universal, in the sense that any function computable by a Turing Machine can be computed by such an RNN of a finite size.
The functions computable by a Turing machine are discrete, so these results regard exact implementation of the function, not approximations.
The RNN, when used as a Turing machine, takes a binary sequence as input, and its outputs must be discretized to provide a binary output. - The output can be read from the RNN after a number of time steps that is asymptotically linear in the number of time steps used by the Turing machine and asymptotically linear in the length of the input (Siegelmann and Sontag, 1991; Siegelmann, 1995; Siegelmann and Sontag, 1995; Hyotyniemi, 1996).
- The theoretical RNN used for the proof can simulate an unbounded stack by representing its activations and weights with rational numbers of unbounded precision.
- The Standard RNN is Universal, in the sense that any function computable by a Turing Machine can be computed by such an RNN of a finite size.
- Architecture:
- Variation 2:
- Architecture:
- Produces an output at each time-step
- Recurrent connections only from the output at one time step to the hidden units at the next time step
- Equations:
$$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{a}^{(t)} &=\boldsymbol{b}+\boldsymbol{W o}^{(t-1)}+\boldsymbol{U} \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} \\ \boldsymbol{h}^{(t)} &=\tanh \left(\boldsymbol{a}^{(t)}\right) \\ \boldsymbol{o}^{(t)} &=\boldsymbol{c}+\boldsymbol{V} \boldsymbol{h}^{(t)} \\ \hat{\boldsymbol{y}}^{(t)} &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(\boldsymbol{o}^{(t)}\right) \end{aligned}$$
- Properties:
- Strictly less powerful because it lacks hidden-to-hidden recurrent connections.
It cannot simulate a universal Turing Machine. - It requires that the output units capture all the information about the past that the network will use to predict the future; due to the lack of hidden-to-hidden recurrence.
But, since the outputs are trained to match the training set targets, they are unlikely to capture the necessary information about the past history. - The Advantage of eliminating hidden-to-hidden recurrence is that all the time steps are de-coupled2. Training can thus be parallelized, with the gradient for each step \(t\) computed in isolation.
Thus, the model can be trained with Teacher Forcing.
- Strictly less powerful because it lacks hidden-to-hidden recurrent connections.
- Architecture:
- Variation 3:
- Architecture:
- Produces a single output, after reading entire sequence
- Recurrent connections between hidden units
- Equations:
$$\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{a}^{(t)} &=\boldsymbol{b}+\boldsymbol{W h}^{(t-1)}+\boldsymbol{U} \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)} \\ \boldsymbol{h}^{(t)} &=\tanh \left(\boldsymbol{a}^{(t)}\right) \\ \boldsymbol{o} = \boldsymbol{o}^{(T)} &=\boldsymbol{c}+\boldsymbol{V} \boldsymbol{h}^{(T)} \\ \hat{\boldsymbol{y}} = \hat{\boldsymbol{y}}^{(T)} &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(\boldsymbol{o}^{(T)}\right) \end{aligned}$$
- Architecture:
- Variation 1; The Standard RNN (basic form):
-
Teacher Forcing:
Teacher forcing is a procedure that emerges from the maximum likelihood criterion, in which during training the model receives the ground truth output \(y^{(t)}\) as input at time \(t + 1\).Models that have recurrent connections from their outputs leading back into the model may be trained with teacher forcing.
Teacher forcing may still be applied to models that have hidden-to-hidden connections as long as they have connections from the output at one time step to values computed in the next time step. As soon as the hidden units become a function of earlier time steps, however, the BPTT algorithm is necessary. Some models may thus be trained with both teacher forcing and BPTT.
The disadvantage of strict teacher forcing arises if the network is going to be later used in an closed-loop mode, with the network outputs (or samples from the output distribution) fed back as input. In this case, the fed-back inputs that the network sees during training could be quite different from the kind of inputs that it will see at test time.
Methods for Mitigation:
- Train with both teacher-forced inputs and free-running inputs, for example by predicting the correct target a number of steps in the future through the unfolded recurrent output-to-input paths3.
- Another approach (Bengio et al., 2015b) to mitigate the gap between the inputs seen at training time and the inputs seen at test time randomly chooses to use generated values or actual data values as input. This approach exploits a curriculum learning strategy to gradually use more of the generated values as input.
proof: p.377, 378
- Computing the Gradient in an RNN:
Note: The computation is, as noted before, w.r.t. the standard RNN (variation 1)
Computing the gradient through a recurrent neural network is straightforward. One simply applies the generalized back-propagation algorithm of section 6.5.6 to the unrolled computational graph. No specialized algorithms are necessary.
Once the gradients on the internal nodes of the computational graph are obtained, we can obtain the gradients on the parameter nodes, which have descendents at all the time steps:
Notes:
- We do not need to compute the gradient with respect to \(\mathbf{x}^{(t)}\) for training because it does not have any parameters as ancestors in the computational graph defining the loss.
- We do not need to compute the gradient with respect to \(\mathbf{x}^{(t)}\) for training because it does not have any parameters as ancestors in the computational graph defining the loss.
- Recurrent Networks as Directed Graphical Models:
Since we wish to interpret the output of an RNN as a probability distribution, we usually use the cross-entropy associated with that distribution to define the loss.E.g. Mean squared error is the cross-entropy loss associated with an output distribution that is a unit Gaussian.
When we use a predictive log-likelihood training objective, such as equation 10.12, we train the RNN to estimate the conditional distribution of the next sequence element \(\boldsymbol{y}^{(t)}\) given the past inputs. This may mean that we maximize the log-likelihood:
$$\log p\left(\boldsymbol{y}^{(t)} | \boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}\right) \tag{10.29}$$
or, if the model includes connections from the output at one time step to the nexttime step,
$$\log p\left(\boldsymbol{y}^{(t)} | \boldsymbol{x}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{x}^{(t)}, \boldsymbol{y}^{(1)}, \ldots, \boldsymbol{y}^{(t-1)}\right) \tag{10.30}$$
Decomposing the joint probability over the sequence of \(\mathbf{y}\) values as a series of one-step probabilistic predictions is one way to capture the full joint distribution across the whole sequence. When we do not feed past \(\mathbf{y}\) values as inputs that condition the next step prediction, the outputs \(\mathbf{y}\) are conditionally independent given the sequence of \(\mathbf{x}\) values.
Summary:
This section is useful for understanding RNN from a probabilistic graphical model perspective. The main point is to show that RNN provides a very efficient parametrization of the joint distribution over the observations \(y^{(t)}\).
The introduction of hidden state and hidden-to-hidden connections can be motivated as reducing fig 10.7 to fig 10.8; which have \(\mathcal{O}(k^{\tau})\) and \(\mathcal{O}(1)\times \tau\) parameters, respectively (where \(\tau\) is the length of the sequence).
- Backpropagation Through Time:
- We can think of the recurrent net as a layered, feed-forward net with shared weights and then train the feed-forward net with (linear) weight constraints.
- We can also think of this training algorithm in the time domain:
- The forward pass builds up a stack of the activities of all the units at each time step
- The backward pass peels activities off the stack to compute the error derivatives at each time step
- After the backward pass we add together the derivatives at all the different times for each weight.
- Downsides of RNNs:
- RNNs are not Inductive: They memorize sequences extremely well, but they don’t necessarily always show convincing signs of generalizing in the correct way.
- They unnecessarily couple their representation size to the amount of computation per step: if you double the size of the hidden state vector you’d quadruple the amount of FLOPS at each step due to the matrix multiplication.
Ideally, we’d like to maintain a huge representation/memory (e.g. containing all of Wikipedia or many intermediate state variables), while maintaining the ability to keep computation per time step fixed.
- RNNs as a model with Memory | Comparison with other Memory models:
Modeling Sequences
NOTES:
- RNNs may also be applied in two dimensions across spatial data such as images
- A Deep RNN in vertical dim (stacking up hidden layers) increases the memory representational ability with linear scaling in computation (as opposed to increasing the size of the hidden layer -> quadratic computation).
- A Deep RNN in time-dim (add extra pseudo-steps for each real step) increase ONLY the representational ability (efficiency) and NOT memory.
- Dropout in Recurrent Connections: dropout is ineffective when applied to recurrent connections as repeated random masks zero all hidden units in the limit. The most common solution is to only apply dropout to non-recurrent connections.
- Different Connections in RNN Architectures:
- PeepHole Connection:
is an addition on the equations of the LSTM as follows:$$ \Gamma_o = \sigma(W_o[a^{(t-1)}, x^{(t)}] + b_o) \\ \implies \sigma(W_o[a^{(t-1)}, x^{(t)}, c^{(t-1)}] + b_o)$$
Thus, we add the term \(c^{(t-1)}\) to the output gate.
- PeepHole Connection:
- Learning Long-Range Dependencies in RNNs/sequence-models:
One key factor affecting the ability to learn such dependencies is the length of the paths forward and backward signals have to traverse in the network. The shorter these paths between any combination of positions in the input and output sequences, the easier it is to learn long-range dependencies. - LSTM (simple) Implementation: github, blog
- Sampling from RNNs
- Gradient Clipping Intuition:
- The image above is that of the Error Surface of a single hidden unit RNN
- The observation here is that there exists High Curvature Walls.
This Curvature Wall will move the gradient to a very different/far, probably less useful area. Thus, if we clip the gradients we will avoid the walls and will remain in the more useful area that we were exploring already.
Draw a line between the original point on the Error graph and the End (optimized) point then evaluate the Error on points on that line and look at the changes \(\rightarrow\) this shows changes in the curvature.
-
A natural way to represent discrete variables is to regard the output \(\mathbf{o}\) as giving the unnormalized log probabilities of each possible value of the discrete variable. We can then apply the softmax operation as a post-processing step to obtain a vector \(\hat{\boldsymbol{y}}\) of normalized probabilities over the output. ↩
-
for any loss function based on comparing the prediction at time \(t\) to the training target at time \(t\). ↩
-
In this way, the network can learn to take into account input conditions (such as those it generates itself in the free-running mode) not seen during training and how to map the state back toward one that will make the network generate proper outputs after a few steps. ↩


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You work at the Library Cafe. Somebody just ordered an espresso, which costs $1.40$, and paid with a tenner. You need to give change. You have no notes but lots of coins of each kind. You want to minimize the number of coins that you hand over. How do you do it?
Let $d_1,\ldots,d_m$ be the denominations available, and let $c_{i,j}$ be the minimum number of coins necessary to pay the sum $j$ if we are allowed to use only the first $i$ denominations, namely $d_1,\ldots,d_i$. When we pay $j$ with the first $i$ denominations, we either use $d_i$ or we don't: $$ c_{i,j} = \min \{ 1 + c_{i,j-d_i},\ c_{i-1,j} \} $$ If we cannot pay $j$ with the first $i$ denominations, we let $c_{i,j}:=\infty$. In particular, we cannot pay negative amounts. We also make the convention that $c_{0,0}:=0$.
Input: whitespace separated integers $n,d_1,\ldots,d_m$, where $n$ is the sum we need to pay, and $d_1,\ldots,d_m$ are the available denominations.
Output: One integer representing the minimum number of coins necessary to pay sum $n$.


Sometimes, the terms contained in the ontologies are just not specific enough for your needs. In those cases, you might need to 'post-compose' or refine a term.
For this exercise, I will demonstrate with two example phrases to capture
Click the "Comp" button next to the field that you wish to create a composed term. It will open the refinement window:
Statement (a) can be translated into two terms:
the axon of the projection neuron
however, we need to have a relationship betwen the two terms:
the axon which is part of the projection neuron
In the Phenote world, the shorthand for this new term will look like:
Axon^part_of(Projection neuron)
So, begin typing the terms into the fields within the window. This interface will act similarly to the main Data Entry panel; as you begin typing a list of partial matches will display below the field, and any terms you mouseover will be displayed in the Term Info panel. You can navigate through the Term Info panel and use terms just as you would in the main window.
The refinement window would look like:
Statement (b) needs to be broken down into three terms:
the projection neurons which are part_of the mesocortex which is part_of the temporal part of the head
In order to create a 3-term refinement, additional fields will need to be added. After entering the first two terms, click the add (+) button to increase the number of fields for entry. The resulting window will look like:
Then, fill in the additional relationship(s) and terms...
You can continue to add additional refinements in this same way, if necessary.
The Phenote shorthand for this will read:
Projection neuron^part_of(Mesocortex)^part_of(Temporal part of head)
Once you select "OK", your newly composed term will be copied back to the Data Entry field in the main window, and to the Annotation Spreadsheet. These terms will be presented in the Phenote shorthand, and will look like: