Mighty Thymio (MyT) how to:
Assembly
What is included?
- Thymio base
- Main computer block composed of:
- Main computer
- Connection wires
- Support blocks (lego pieces)
- Battery pack
- Wireless antenna
Steps to assemble the MyT
Before starting the assemble process carefully verify that:
- The printed numbers on the base, wifi antenna and main computer are the same. If this is not the case look for the correct one or request help.
- The switch on the right of the main computer is turned down.
To assemble the MyT follow the next steps:
- Carefully pull off the parts from the box.
If the support blocks are detached, follow the images in the appendices section to put them back together. Do not continue with the assembling process until the support blocks are properly connected.
- Mount the main computer block on top of the Thymio base:
Use the lego marks on top of the base as a guide.
- Connect the usb-to-micro-usb wire from the main computer to the base:
- Connect the wifi antenna to the main computer:
- Insert the battery pack in the space between the main computer and the base:
- Connect the power wire (coming from the main computer) to the battery pack:
The assembled MyT should look like as depicted:
Once the MyT is assembled, pull the battery out a couple of centimeters and push the small button on the side of the battery; a few leds on the battery will light up to indicate its charge level. Always make sure the external battery pack is properly charged, otherwise the system may be unstable. If the system is properly assembled, a blue LED on top of the switch in main computer should turn on.
Power on:
MyT has 3 power sources: one in the thymio base, one silver battery pack besides the main computer (mark with the MyT number), and the white external battery pack. Before running any experiment make sure the external battery pack is properly charged. The battery pack can be charged with any micro-usb cable.
Follow the next steps to bring up the MyT software (OS and ROS):
- Turn up the switch on the right of the main computer.
Two LEDs on top of the main computer will turn on and an ascending tune will play. The fixed red LED indicates that the switch is up, the blinking blue LED indicates that the computer is operating. The system will go through some phases where different leds light up on the thymio base.
- Wait until the red led on the
back
arrow on the base starts to blink (heartbeat). This should happen within about 90 seconds from switching the odroid on.- If the LED is blinking it means ROS is ready.
- If there is no blinking, something went wrong (see fix for corruption error or to request help).
There are three body LEDs indicators in the base, one at the top and two at the sides. If the LEDs are green it means external battery is connected; yellow means external battery is not connected but there is still power in internal sources; red means internal sources are critically low.
Simple troubleshooting fix
If at any point in time the main computer is on but there is no heartbeat on the thymio base, try disconnecting the microusb cable fromt he back of the thymio, waiting a few seconds, reconnecting the cable carefully, then waiting about 20 seconds.
If the heartbeat does not return within about 20 seconds, you should turn off the main computer switch (down position), turn off the thymio, and try restarting the main computer from scratch. If this also fails, request help and check troubleshooting.
Connect to the real MyT
If the machine trying to connect to the MyT is in a virtual machine. Verify that the network setting of this machine is set to bridged mode.
Each MyT creates its own access point (AP) with the name thymioX
, where X
is the number printed on the stickers.
- Connect to the corresponding MyT AP (key is
idsia1234
). - Setup the environment variable to reach the ROS master in the MyT.
export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://thymioX:11311
- As a simple verification, run
rostopic list
to confirm that the connection was done properly. A list of topics from the corresponding MyT should appear, e.g./thymioX/odom
.
All exposed topics from the ROS controller follow the convention
/thymioX/topic_name
.
- Step 2 (verified in step 3) configures a one-way communication. This means one can receive data from the remote ROS master (in the MyT). If one wants to send data (publish topics) to the ROS master another environment variable needs to be setup:
export ROS_MASTER_URI=my-ip-address
where my-ip-address
is the IP address of the computer sending data (the local machine). To display the IP address of the local machine use ifconfig -a
command, it should look like 192.168.168.XXX
- Verify that data can be sent, publish a velocity command to the topic
/thymioX/cmd_vel
:
rostopic pub /thymioX/cmd_vel geometry_msgs/Twist
x: 0.1
y: 0.0
z: 0.0
angular:
x: 0.0
y: 0.0
z: 0.0"
If everything is well setup the MyT should start moving forward.
If a restart of the odometry data (
/thymioX/odom
) is needed, unplug and plug again the usb-to-micro-usb wire from the main computer to the base.
Important: remember to change back the values of
ROS_MASTER_URI
andROS_IP
if you want to use your local rosmaster (e.g. the simulator):export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://localhost:11311
andexport ROS_IP=
Change network mode (advanced):
MyT has three network modes: off, AP (default) and managed. Managed mode will connect to a predefined access point.
Internet connection is not present in AP mode. If internet connection is needed while in AP mode, an Ethernet cable (with internet connection) must be attached to the main computer. Managed mode should only be used when the predefined access point is present.
To change the network mode:
- Press and hold the
right
arrow until an orange indicator appears. - Press the
left
arrow to select a mode (down off, down-left AP, left . - Press the
middle
button to confirm the selection.
Power off (important!)
Improperly powering-off the MyT could result in a corrupted storage, which creates problems during the power-on process
To properly power-off the MyT:
- Press and hold the
back
arrow (about 5s) until a descending tune is played and the base turn off. This will start the shutdown process of the main computer. - Wait until the base restarts (there will be an ascending tune). This will be an indication that the main computer has turned-off correctly. Additionally, verify that only the red LED on top of the main computer is on, the blue one should be off.
As the base has restarted, the lights on the base should be on. This is expected.
- At this point turn down the main switch of the main computer.
- Press and hold the middle button on the base until the base is switched off. A descending tune will be played and the lights on the base will turn off. The MyT is now off.
Update the MyT software
This process is only for internal development do not use it unless it is explicitly requested.
- Switch to managed mode or connect an Ethernet wire to the MyT while in AP mode.
- Press and hold
left
arrow for 6 seconds (there will not be any sound or light feedback). - Updating process will take about 2min. When the updating process is finished, the MyT will restart.
Appendices
Support blocks
Different views of the support blocks
Corruption error fix
If after powering on the MyT is not blinking
Check that all cables are connected
Login to the thymio via ssh root@thymioX
(pw: odroid)
Check that docker is up
systemctl status docker
If not, reset docker:
systemctl stop docker
rm -r /var/lib/docker/runtimes
rm -r /var/lib/docker/containers/*
systemctl start docker
source /root/docker/mighty-thymio/do_update.sh
Check that the services are up
cd docker/mighty-thymio
docker-compose ps
If not, recreate them:
source do_update.sh


Register now and reserve your seat for this year's unice, the largest web development and online marketing conference in UK, covering everything you need to know in order to develop a successful online business.
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of the iMac, iPod, iTunes, Apple Stores, and iPad.
Jobs' abrasive personality, which simultaneously inspired and intimidated those around him, is a recurrent theme throughout. Details of his personal life are also included, including early relationships, his marriage of twenty years, and his four children and his early life.


Registration
You need to complete a very simple registration form. Which contains all required contact information to enter in the donation process.
You need to complete a very simple registration form. Which contains all required contact information to enter in the donation process.
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debconf-getlang - extract a language from a templates file
debconf-getlang lang master [translation] debconf-getlang --stats master translation [...]
Note: This utility is deprecated; you should switch to using the po-debconf package.
This program helps make and manage translations of debconf templates. There are basically three situations in which this program might be called:
A translation is just being started. 4
You want to provide the translator with a file they can work on that has the English fields from your templates file, plus blank Field-ll fields for the target language that they can fill in.
To do this, run the program with first parameter being the code for the language that is being translated to, and the second parameter being the filename of the English templates file.
A translation is well under way. 4
You have changed some English text, or added more items to your templates file, and you want to send the translators a file with the English text plus their current translations (or you are the translator, and you want to generate such a file for your own use).
To accomplish this, run the program with the first parameter being the the code for the language that is being translated to, the second parameter being the filename of the master English templates file, and the third parameter being the filename of the current translated file.
When run this way, the program is smart enough to notice fuzzy translations. For example a fuzzy Description will be output as Description-<lang>-fuzzy, and a new, blank Description-<lang> will be added. Translators should remove the -fuzzy fields as they correct the fuzzy translations.
Checking the status of a translation 4
To check the status of a translation, use the --status flag, and pass the english template file as the first parameter, and all the other translated templates after that. It will output statistics for each of them. For example:
debconf-getlang --stats debian/templates debian/templates.*
Note that the text in the generated templates may be word-wrapped by debconf.
Joey Hess <joeyh@debian.org>


© Student Robotics 2011 - {{ site.time | date: '%Y' }}
Registered charity in England and Wales, number 1163168
The fantastic photos come from Richard Barlow, Howard Buck, Jake Howard, Laurie Kirkcaldy, Anton Nikitin, Antoine Petty, and Headington School Oxford.


Provides a flexible foundation for scientists, engineers, and policy makers to base teaching exercises as well as for more applied use to model complex eco-hydrological interactions.
| Version: | <IP_ADDRESS> |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10), operators, topmodel, DEoptim, XML |
| Published: | 2018-09-24 |
| Author: | Fuka DR, Walter MT, Archibald JA, Steenhuis TS, and Easton ZM |
| Maintainer: | Daniel Fuka <drf28 at cornell.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| In views: | Environmetrics |
| CRAN checks: | EcoHydRology results |
| Reference manual: | EcoHydRology.pdf |
| Package source: | EcoHydRology_<IP_ADDRESS>.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: not available, r-release: not available, r-oldrel: EcoHydRology_0.4.12.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: EcoHydRology_<IP_ADDRESS>.tgz, r-oldrel: EcoHydRology_<IP_ADDRESS>.tgz |
| Old sources: | EcoHydRology archive |
| Reverse depends: | SWATmodel |
| Reverse imports: | CityWaterBalance, getMet, rSQM |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=EcoHydRology to link to this page.


The Behaviour Tool was created by Trevor Bekolay in the summer of 2007 as part of an NSERC undergraduate research award. It is written in python, using the wxPython GUI toolkit. Source code is available for anyone that wants it, for now, contact Trevor (perhaps later I will put it online, on http://bekolay.org/ or http://sourceforge.net/)


There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/mul.20vs.20map_mul.html ---
I noticed that is_group_hom
has a field called mul
, whereas I would expect it to be called map_mul
. Similarly, in that namespace there is a lemma called one
, and I would expect map_one
. Etc...
Can/should these be renamed?
I think yes. Same for linear map, group action etc.
Or maybe I have wrong expectations...
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


A simple landing page / resume website for Tyler Moon
Address: 215 Spencer Pl Apt. 512A, Cayce, SC 29033 Phone Number:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub: https://github.com/tmoon8730
and back


Cooke and Griffiths are Shropshire stars
by Nick ElwellHarry Cooke and Amy Griffiths picked up two of the awards sponsored by the Shropshire Star at the annual Cricket Shropshire presentation evening.
They were named Junior Boys and Junior Girls Player of the Year awards during the evening held at the White House Hotel in Telford.
Cricket Shropshire chairman Keith Higgins said: “A big thank you to the Shropshire Star for their continued sponsorship of seven of the awards we hand out at the presentation night.
“It’s great to see the newspaper supporting the cricketing community in the county in this way and helping us to continue to promote this great game of ours.”
Harry Cooke had a fantastic and very busy season, performing superbly for the Shropshire Under 15s side earning himself a place in the Under 15s Midlands team at the prestigious Bunbury Festival.
He continues to work hard at his game as an all-rounder, and has been selected for the Worcestershire Academy in 2020 in recognition of his outstanding year.
Amy Griffiths received her Junior Girls Player of the Year award for her outstanding leadership and performances throughout the season for the Under 13 Girls – and she is already knocking on the door of the county Under 15s side.
Another of the Shropshire Star awards is the Gerry ‘Gloves’ Gladwell wicket-keeping award – and this went to Eddie Lewis from the Boys Under 15s squad.
His citation said: “Eddie is excellent standing up to the stumps with an excellent natural catching. He finds time away from County commitments to work hard on his game and this is really starting to show in his performances.
“His exposure to 1st XI cricket at Whitchurch CC has also accelerated his development.”
The Team of the Year trophy went to the County Under 13 Boys – a talented squad who their tournament at the annual week-long Taunton Festival playing some exciting cricket with depth and quality coming to the fore.
The Beyond the Boundary Award went to Kath Howard from the Friends of Bowring Park in Wellington.
Lead officer Adrian Collins said: “We have a wonderful network of volunteers within our clubs, but to assist in our outreach we need support from individuals and organisations outside of cricket to help spread the word of our great game.
“This summer a special lady who is part of the Friends of Bowring Park helped us introduce almost 100 children to the game in Wellington who may never have had the opportunity before.

“It is also home to Wrekin Wreckers practice night. Kath coordinated, organised, posted hundreds of leaflets, sent Social media into a frenzy and worked tirelessly to give people a chance to enjoy themselves.”
The Junior Development Club of the Year went to Forton CC.
Adrian said: “Forton share their geographical area with two other clubs, so there are challenges for all three clubs. A spate of break-ins have not deterred this dedicated band of volunteers who have worked hard during recent years with small numbers.
“The past two seasons have seen numbers really start to increase with a family-friendly environment, excellent parent support and enthusiastic Coaches have now established a solid Junior Section which is overseen by a Junior Sub Committee who focus entirely on Junior Development.”
The club had success on the field too with both Under 11s and Under 13s in 2019, the latter winning the league and cup, whilst the Under 11s were runners-up in the League and semi-finalists in the cup.
The Border Club of the Year were Newtown CC.


\[ \newcommand{\Prob}{\operatorname{P}} \newcommand{\E}{\operatorname{E}} \newcommand{\Var}{\operatorname{Var}} \newcommand{\Cov}{\operatorname{Cov}} \newcommand{\se}{\operatorname{se}} \newcommand{\re}{\operatorname{re}} \newcommand{\ybar}{{\overline{Y}}} \newcommand{\phat}{{\hat{p}}} \newcommand{\that}{{\hat{T}}} \newcommand{\med}{{\tilde{Y}}} \]
\[ \ln\left( \mu \right) = \alpha + \beta x \implies \begin{cases} \stackrel{x=1}{\implies} \ln\left( \mu_{B} \right) = \alpha + \beta \\ \stackrel{x=0}{\implies} \ln\left( \mu_{A} \right) = \alpha \end{cases} \implies \ln\left( \mu_{B} \right) - \beta = \ln\left( \mu_{A} \right) \implies \] \[ \beta = \ln\left( \mu_{B} \right) - \ln\left( \mu_{A} \right) = \ln\left( \frac{\mu_{B}}{\mu_{A}} \right) \implies e^{\beta} = \frac{\mu_{B}}{\mu_{A}} \]
poiss_reg_imperfection <-
waifer_imperfections %>%
glm(Imperfections ~ Treatment, data = ., family = poisson)
summary(poiss_reg_imperfection)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = Imperfections ~ Treatment, family = poisson, data = .)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.5280 -0.7622 -0.1699 0.6938 1.5399
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 1.6094 0.1414 11.380 < 2e-16 ***
## TreatmentB 0.5878 0.1764 3.332 0.000861 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 27.857 on 19 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 16.268 on 18 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 94.349
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
\[ \ln\left( \mu \right) = 1.6094 + 0.5878x \implies \mu = 4.99981(1.800024)^{x} \] That is, on average for as you move from treatment A to B, \(\ln\left( \mu \right)\) increases by 0.5878, or the mean number of imperfections increases by a multiplicative factor of 1.800024, based on the sample.
From above, we have a Wald P-Value of \(0.000861 < \alpha = 0.05\), and therefore reject the null hypothesis of equal means, based on the sample, and accept that there is a difference in means between the two treatments.
poiss_reg_imperfection %>%
confint(parm = "TreatmentB", level = 0.95) %>%
exp
## Waiting for profiling to be done...
## 2.5 % 97.5 %
## 1.280063 2.560228
That is, based on the sample, with 95% confidence, the true value of \(\frac{\mu_{B}}{\mu_{A}}\) lies somewhere between 1.28 and 2.56.
\[ \hat{\mu}_{1} = e^{-2.38+1.733(1)} = e^{-0.657} = 0.5236 \] \[ \hat{\mu}_{2} = e^{-2.38+1.733(0)} = e^{-2.38} = 0.0925 \]
95% CI for \(\mu_{1}/\mu_{2}\): \[ e^{\hat{\beta}\mp z_{0.975}\se\left(\hat{\beta}\right)} \]
exp(1.733+qnorm(0.975)*0.147*c(-1, 1))
## [1] 4.241366 7.546733
The negative binomial model appears to be more believable. This is because we’d expect \(\mu_i={\sigma_{i}}^{2}\), which may be true for whites, but definitely doe not hold for blacks.
If the Poisson model were appropriate, we’d expect to see \(\hat{D}\approx 0\), but instead we observe a value of 4.94. Since 0 is close to 5 standard deviations away from the estimate, it’d be extremely unlikely this value is merely an outlier.
train_collisions %<>%
mutate(
Collisions_Total = Collisions + Road_Collisions
,Rate = (Collisions + Road_Collisions)/Km
,Year_base = Year-min(Year)
)
poiss_reg_train <- suppressWarnings(
train_collisions %>%
glm(Rate ~ Year_base, data = ., family = poisson)
)
poiss_reg_train_int <- suppressWarnings(
train_collisions %>%
glm(Rate ~ 1, data = ., family = poisson)
)
summary(poiss_reg_train)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = Rate ~ Year_base, family = poisson, data = .)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.074577 -0.032644 -0.006729 0.029501 0.150694
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -3.79488 2.72653 -1.392 0.164
## Year_base -0.03949 0.19616 -0.201 0.840
##
## (Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 0.10630 on 28 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 0.06445 on 27 degrees of freedom
## AIC: Inf
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 7
summary(poiss_reg_train_int)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = Rate ~ 1, family = poisson, data = .)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.09341 -0.05297 -0.01480 0.03256 0.15988
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -4.294 1.589 -2.702 0.00689 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 0.1063 on 28 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 0.1063 on 28 degrees of freedom
## AIC: Inf
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 6
anova(poiss_reg_train_int, poiss_reg_train, test = "Chisq")
## Analysis of Deviance Table
##
## Model 1: Rate ~ 1
## Model 2: Rate ~ Year_base
## Resid. Df Resid. Dev Df Deviance Pr(>Chi)
## 1 28 0.10630
## 2 27 0.06445 1 0.041849 0.8379
From our \(\chi^{2}\) test, our p-value is \(>\alpha=0.05\), so we fail to reject the null hypothesis, that the models explain the same amount of variance, based on the sample. As such, we conclude that the Year exhibits no effect, and our rates are constant.
\[ W = \frac{-0.0337-0}{0.0130} = -2.592308 \sim \mathcal{N}(0,1) \implies P-Value = 2\min\{\Prob(W \leq -2.592308), \Prob(W \geq -2.592308)\} = \] \[ 2\min\{0.004766719, 0.9952333\} = 0.009533438 \] Since this is \(<\alpha=0.05\), we reject our null hypothesis of \(\beta=0\), and assume the alternative to be true based on the sample.
95% CI for \(\beta\): \[ [-0.060,-0.008] \] 95% CI for \(e^{\beta}\): \[ e^{[-0.060,-0.008]} = [0.9417645,0.9920319] \] That is, with 95% confidence, the true average multiplicative increase for the collision rate as the year increases by 1, is between 0.9417645 and 0.9920319, based on the sample.
\[ \ln\left(\theta\right) = -3.7771 + 0.1449x \stackrel{x=8}{\implies} \ln\left(\theta\right) = -2.6179 \implies \hat{\pi} = \frac{e^{-2.6179}}{1+e^{-2.6179}} = 0.068 \]
\[ \ln\left(\theta\right) = -3.7771 + 0.1449x \stackrel{x=26}{\implies} \ln\left(\theta\right) = -0.0097 \implies \hat{\pi} = \frac{e^{-0.0097}}{1+e^{-0.0097}} = 0.4975 \approx 0.5 \]
prob <- function(x){exp(-3.7771 + 0.1449*x)/(1 + exp(-3.7771 + 0.1449*x))}
0.1449*prob(8)*(1-prob(8))
## [1] 0.009182588
0.1449*prob(26)*(1-prob(26))
## [1] 0.03622415
ggplot(data = tibble(x = c(0, 75)), aes(x)) +
stat_function(fun = prob) +
labs(y = expression(hat(pi)))
prob(28)
## [1] 0.5695707
prob(14)
## [1] 0.1482365
prob(28)-prob(14)
## [1] 0.4213342
\[ \frac{\theta(x)}{\theta(x-1)} = \frac{e^{-3.7771 + 0.1449(x)}}{e^{-3.7771 + 0.1449(x-1)}} = e^{0.1449} = 1.16 \]
For each new decade, the probability of a CG for a pitcher falls by 6.94% on average in the NL, based on the sample.
\[ \hat{\pi}(12) = 0.7578 - 0.0694(12) = -0.075 \] This is not plausible, as \(\pi\in[0,1]\), and -0.075 exists outside of it. As well, this year does not exists in the sample, so it is outside the scope of the regression.
\[ \hat{\pi}(12) = \frac{e^{1.148 - 0.315(12)}}{1 + e^{1.148 - 0.315(12)}} = 0.0671 \] This is more plausible, as it satisfies our restraint on \(\pi\). However, since 12 is not in the sample, this may not accurate.
logit_reg_space <- glm(TD ~ Temp, data = space_results, family = binomial)
summary(logit_reg_space)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = TD ~ Temp, family = binomial, data = space_results)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.0611 -0.7613 -0.3783 0.4524 2.2175
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 15.0429 7.3786 2.039 0.0415 *
## Temp -0.2322 0.1082 -2.145 0.0320 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 28.267 on 22 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 20.315 on 21 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 24.315
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 5
prob_fun <- function(x){
predict.glm(logit_reg_space, newdata = data.frame(Temp = x), type = "response")
}
space_results %>%
ggplot(
aes(
x = Temp
,y = TD
)
) +
geom_point() +
stat_smooth(
method = "glm"
,method.args = list(family = "binomial")
,se = FALSE
) +
labs(y = expression(hat(pi)))
As temperature increase, on average the probability of TD decreases, based on the sample.
prob_fun(31)
## 1
## 0.9996088
\[ 0.5 = \frac{e^{15.0429-0.2322x}}{1+e^{15.0429-0.2322x}} \implies \frac{1}{2} \left( 1+e^{15.0429-0.2322x} \right) = e^{15.0429-0.2322x} \implies \] \[ 1 = e^{15.0429-0.2322x} \implies 0 = 15.0429-0.2322x \implies x = 64.79464 \] More generally: \[ x_{0.5} = -\frac{\alpha}{\beta} \]
Temp_median <- -logit_reg_space$coefficients[[1]]/logit_reg_space$coefficients[[2]]
Temp_median
## [1] 64.79464
prob_fun(Temp_median)
## 1
## 0.5
That is, on average, for every unit increase in temperature in Fahrenheit the log odds in favour decrease by -0.2322, or the odds in favour decrease by a multiplicative factor of 0.7927875, based on the sample.
From above, our p-value for \(H_{0}:\beta=0 \text{ vs. } H_{1}:\beta\neq0\) is 0.0320, so at \(\alpha=0.05\), we reject the null hypothesis, and assume the alternative to be true based on the sample.
logit_reg_space_int <- glm(TD ~ 1, data = space_results, family = binomial)
summary(logit_reg_space_int)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = TD ~ 1, family = binomial, data = space_results)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.8519 -0.8519 -0.8519 1.5425 1.5425
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -0.8267 0.4532 -1.824 0.0681 .
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 28.267 on 22 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 28.267 on 22 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 30.267
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
anova(logit_reg_space_int, logit_reg_space, test = "Chisq")
## Analysis of Deviance Table
##
## Model 1: TD ~ 1
## Model 2: TD ~ Temp
## Resid. Df Resid. Dev Df Deviance Pr(>Chi)
## 1 22 28.267
## 2 21 20.315 1 7.952 0.004804 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
From above, our p-value for \(H_{0}:\beta=0 \text{ vs. } H_{1}:\beta\neq0\) is 0.004804, so at \(\alpha=0.05\), we reject the null hypothesis, and assume the alternative to be true based on the sample.
logit_reg_kyph <- glm(Result ~ Age, data = kyphosis, family = binomial)
summary(logit_reg_kyph)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = Result ~ Age, family = binomial, data = kyphosis)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.3126 -1.0907 -0.9482 1.2170 1.4052
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -0.572693 0.602395 -0.951 0.342
## Age 0.004296 0.005849 0.734 0.463
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 55.051 on 39 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 54.504 on 38 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 58.504
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
Since our p-value for age is \(0.463>\alpha=0.05\), we fail to reject the null hypothesis, based on the sample, and assume age has no effect on the result.
kyphosis %>%
ggplot(
aes(
x = Age
,y = Result
)
) +
geom_point() +
stat_smooth(
method = "glm"
,method.args = list(family = "binomial")
,se = FALSE
) +
labs(y = expression(hat(pi)))
As you can see, there seems to be no noticable difference in clustering at the tails for each response based on age. As such it’d ake sense we’d see such a low significance for the slope parameter. There is however some clustering near the middle for the Kyphosis results, so there may be an additional explanatory variable needed, or some polynomial term.
kyphosis %<>%
mutate(Age2 = Age^2)
logit_reg_kyph_poly <- glm(Result ~ Age + Age2, data = kyphosis, family = binomial)
summary(logit_reg_kyph_poly)
##
## Call:
## glm(formula = Result ~ Age + Age2, family = binomial, data = kyphosis)
##
## Deviance Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.482 -1.009 -0.507 1.012 1.788
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -2.0462547 0.9943478 -2.058 0.0396 *
## Age 0.0600398 0.0267808 2.242 0.0250 *
## Age2 -0.0003279 0.0001564 -2.097 0.0360 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 55.051 on 39 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 48.228 on 37 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 54.228
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
prob_kyph_poly_fun <- function(x){
predict(
object = logit_reg_kyph_poly
,newdata = tibble(Age = x, Age2 = x^2)
,type = "response"
)
}
kyphosis %>%
ggplot() +
geom_point(
aes(
x = Age
,y = Result
)
) +
stat_function(
data = tibble(x = c(0, 200))
,aes(x)
,fun = prob_kyph_poly_fun
) +
labs(y = expression(hat(pi)))
This function is maximized at \(\approx 91.552\), so at Age in months increases up until that point, the probability on average increases, based on the sample. Afterwards as Age increases above that point, on average the probability decreases, based on the sample.


Definitions:
Statistical power is the probability of demonstrating statistical significance if the hypothesis of the study is true.
We assume a continuous diagnostic test(biomarker) to discriminate between non-diseased(negative) and diseased(positive) individuals. For clinical reason, it is useful to select an appropriate discrimination threshold(cut-point) that defines negative and positive test results.
Aim & Motivation
Enrolling a number of participants into a cohort with an adequate statistical power leads to an accurate and reliable process to discover biological markers to signal increased or decreased risk of developing specific diseases. These biological markers provide accurate and reliable predictions to empower study participants or new ones with information to improve their own health. By taking into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology, these biological markers are the focus of the personalized/precision medicine. The personalized/precision medicine aims to extract a comprehensive scientific knowledge to be tailored to the individual patient using cohort studies with goal to foster understanding of health and disease.
In this essay, we consider that the collected cohort has a number of participants from a single survival population that can be separated into two sub-cohorts one with better(healthy state) and the other with worse(developing a non-healthy state) survival prognoses using an hypothetic biological marker that needs to be discovered and assessed during the study.
Several elements may affect the statistical power of cohort, the inherent stochasticity in the participants collection(study design), follow up(censoring), hypothetic biological marker measurements( precise/efficient/accurate technologies), cut-point finding methods and so on.
We provide an Informatics Solution with the potential to mimic a real cohort collection with a goal to simulate scenarios quasi-close to the encountered stochasticity in reality. These simulation scenarios will facilitate a learning knowledge representations for a wide range of variabilities with an end point to form predictive analytics to study the difference in the survival of two prognostic subgroups and to assess its figure of merit as whether they lead to the identification of the optimal cut-point providing the most useful information for the considered cohort study.
Introduction
We are interested by this problem where a medical status, D, is supposed to be positively correlated with a marker M.
The first group called positive ( where D=1 ) is expected to have the following condition, M >= m where m is a specific cut-point.
The second group called negative ( where D=0 ) is expected to have the following condition, M < m where m is a specific cut-point.
As a realistic project, we consider the cumulative approach: the marker of interest is measured at baseline and the project is interested in the prognostic properties of the marker up to a specific period of time t, i.e. D(t) == 1 or D(t) == 0.
For this cumulative approach, the sensitivity and specificity for Time To Event, T, are defined as:
- The sensitivity associated to a given cut point m at time t is defined as:
Sen(m,t) =P( M >= m | T <= t)
- The specificity associated to a given cut point m at time t is defined as:
Spe (m,t) =P( M < m | T > t)
The sensitivity and specificity quantities are used to evaluate:
These survival quantities can be computed using a number of probability formulations that only hold valid in the absence of censoring. The presence of censoring may affect badly the accuracy of the estimated survival quantities.
The analytical form of the difference in the survival is derived in this interesting work:
DiS(t) = A(t) / (B(t)*C(t))
where
A(t) = prevalence(t)*(1-prevalence(t))*(specificity(t)+sensitivity(t)-1)
B(t) = sensitivity(t)*prevalence(t)+(1-specificity(t))*(1-prevalence(t))
C(t) = (1-sensitivity(t))*prevalence(t)+specificity(t)*(1-prevalence(t))
(t) is to indicate that these quantities are calculated at time, t.
For a detailed evaluation/analysis of this formulation, see our companion work to this essay:
difference in the survival in the absence of censoring.
Realistic Scenarios & Numerical Simulation
Informatics Solution can be made to predict almost any outcome. It would also generate primordial insights to reassess the cohort formation and consider new ideas about how to improve the cohort formation when challenges are experienced as censoring.
A realistic dataset has always censored data and it is not possible to build a cohort standing always with perfect accuracy. We investigate simulation scenarios using datasets that mimic realistic dataset. We consider that the marker is a mixture of two Normal distributions, we assess the following points:
- Simulation/Visualization as an effective way to show the results given a number of values for the variables and parameters.
- Estimating the numerical values associated to the difference in the survival given a number of cut-points.
- Feasibility to identify the best cut-point and so on.
The Time To Event is generated according to a parametric exponential model. Given cut point m at time t, the probabilities associated to the sensitivity, ~Sen(m,t), and the specificity, ~Spe (m,t), are calculated using Bayes formulas and estimated through the non-parametric Kaplan-Meier estimator. The presence of censoring has an impact on the accuracy of the estimated values and dependents on its time distribution, i.e. early stage censoring or late stage censoring. The Kaplan–Meier estimator has a variance that can be computed using Greenwood's formula which is too sensitive to the censoring time distribution( early or late ). Some analyzed simulation scenarios are summarized in the listed examples.
Example 0
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 1
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 2
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 3
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 4
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 5
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 6
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Example 7
Marker Pattern:
Time to Event Distribution:
Randomly Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Supposed Correlated with Time to Event: the color-map shows the value of the index associated to TPF/TNF given a specific cut-point
Author scientific profile:
Statistics and Applied Mathematics for Data Analytics, Identify opportunities to apply Mathematical Statistics, Numerical Methods, Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition to investigate and implement solutions to the field of Data Content Analytics. Data prediction via computational methods to predict from massive amounts of data (Big Data Content). These methods included clustering, regression, survival analysis, neural network, classification , ranking, deep discrepancy learning .


A signal is an audio-rate value. Tone.Signal is a core component of the library. Unlike a number, Signals can be scheduled with sample-level accuracy. Tone.Signal has all of the methods available to native Web Audio AudioParam as well as additional conveniences. Read more about working with signals here.
Initial value of the signal. If an AudioParam is passed in, that parameter will be wrapped and controlled by the Signal.
unit The units the signal is in.
var signal = new Tone.Signal(10);
The units of the parameter
If the value should be converted or not
The current value of the parameter.
When signals connect to other signals or AudioParams,
they take over the output value of that signal or AudioParam.
For all other nodes, the behavior is the same as a default connect
.
Schedules a parameter value change at the given time.
//set the frequency to "G4" in exactly 1 second from now.
freq.setValueAtTime("G4", "+1");
Creates a schedule point with the current value at the current time. This is useful for creating an automation anchor point in order to schedule changes from the current value.
Schedules a linear continuous change in parameter value from the previous scheduled parameter value to the given value.
Schedules an exponential continuous change in parameter value from the previous scheduled parameter value to the given value.
Schedules an exponential continuous change in parameter value from the current time and current value to the given value over the duration of the rampTime.
//exponentially ramp to the value 2 over 4 seconds.
signal.exponentialRampToValue(2, 4);
Schedules an linear continuous change in parameter value from the current time and current value to the given value over the duration of the rampTime.
//linearly ramp to the value 4 over 3 seconds.
signal.linearRampToValue(4, 3);
Start exponentially approaching the target value at the given time with a rate having the given time constant.
Sets an array of arbitrary parameter values starting at the given time for the given duration.
Cancels all scheduled parameter changes with times greater than or equal to startTime.
Ramps to the given value over the duration of the rampTime.
Automatically selects the best ramp type (exponential or linear)
depending on the units
of the signal
//ramp to the value either linearly or exponentially
//depending on the "units" value of the signal
signal.rampTo(0, 10);
//schedule it to ramp starting at a specific time
signal.rampTo(0, 10, 5)


Welcome to IS445 Homework 2
Education(College and above, Graduate Year, degree, major and school)
Working Experience(Title, Company and Years)
Expectation for this Course(Anything you want me to cover in the class)
I would like you to show us how to create the animations and directories of top companies, such as Apple.


What do you want your partner to like about you? Up to 5 answers possible. Additional details required Up to 5 answers possible. Additional details required cheerful humorous uncomplicated natural honest serious adaptable empathetic affectionate spirited reserved frugal domestic nature-loving optimistic sporty capable fond of children self-disciplined attractive warm-hearted educated ethical well-mannered thoughtful independent tolerant spontaneous self-assured imaginative career-driven reliable calm understanding


|
XMC Peripheral Library for XMC4000 Family
2.1.4
|
#include <xmc_eth_mac.h>
Datenstrukturen | |
| struct | XMC_ETH_PHY_CONFIG_t |
Aufzählungen |
Funktionen | |
| int32_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_ExitPowerDown (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| XMC_ETH_LINK_DUPLEX_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_GetLinkDuplex (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| XMC_ETH_LINK_SPEED_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_GetLinkSpeed (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| XMC_ETH_LINK_STATUS_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_GetLinkStatus (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| int32_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_Init (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr, const XMC_ETH_PHY_CONFIG_t *const config) |
| bool | XMC_ETH_PHY_IsAutonegotiationCompleted (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| int32_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_PowerDown (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| int32_t | XMC_ETH_PHY_Reset (XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const eth_mac, uint8_t phy_addr) |
| enum XMC_ETH_PHY_STATUS_t |
| int32_t XMC_ETH_PHY_ExitPowerDown | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| XMC_ETH_LINK_DUPLEX_t XMC_ETH_PHY_GetLinkDuplex | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| XMC_ETH_LINK_SPEED_t XMC_ETH_PHY_GetLinkSpeed | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| XMC_ETH_LINK_STATUS_t XMC_ETH_PHY_GetLinkStatus | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| int32_t XMC_ETH_PHY_Init | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr, | ||
| const XMC_ETH_PHY_CONFIG_t *const | config | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| config | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_PHY_CONFIG_t, pointing to a physical layer config |
| bool XMC_ETH_PHY_IsAutonegotiationCompleted | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| int32_t XMC_ETH_PHY_PowerDown | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |
| int32_t XMC_ETH_PHY_Reset | ( | XMC_ETH_MAC_t *const | eth_mac, |
| uint8_t | phy_addr | ||
| ) |
| eth_mac | A constant pointer to XMC_ETH_MAC_t, pointing to the ETH MAC base address |
| phy_addr | Physical address |


Transformation Wizard Avant-Garde:
After you have been guided through the process of transformation by a wizard, you may transform yourself into another shape by bringing a transform sealbook to me.
Know that it is no easy task to earn one. I have heard, however, that you may find one through the Marketeer of Mammon or the Adventure Guild.
Back.


The cell tap harness should be immediately disconnected from the BMS if this fault code is set. Leaving the harness connected to the BMS is likely to cause damage to the BMS and may indicate that a cell is severely overcharged. Incorrect wiring may pose a fire and/or personal safety hazard or may lead to cell damage. Never continue to use a damaged BMS unit!
This fault code is triggered if the voltage of an individual cell (as measured by the BMS) exceeds 5.0 volts. This fault code will only trigger after a number of samplings over the period of 1 minute to prevent false positives. If this fault triggers, it will cause the BMS to enter into a voltage failsafe condition disabling all charge and discharge.
This fault can be caused by incorrect cell tap wiring, a loose or disconnected cell tap, a blown fuse inside the BMS, a high resistance or loose busbar, a cell which is actually over 5 volts, or from internal damage to the BMS unit due to previous wiring faults. This fault code should always be immediately investigated as the BMS can be damaged by cell voltage readings above 5.0v and as there may be other dangerous conditions such as over-charged cells.
The Status LED on the BMS will rapidly flash red when this fault code is present to alert the operator to disconnect the BMS immediately.
Note: Cells which have been over-charged or over-discharged may not be safe to use even after bringing the voltage into a correct range. A cell which has previously been over-charged or over-discharged at any time may develop internal damage, compromising the safety of the cell. Always consult the cell manufacturer for advice on whether a cell can be safely used after an over-charge or over-discharge event.
| < Open Wiring Fault (P0A04) | Current Sensor Fault (P0AC0) > |


Frosan1450.github.io
Fujica ST705 and Fujinon 55mm f/1.8 shooting Ilford XP black-and-white film. The stripe you see comes from an inconsistently sticky shutter. It doesn t bother me much, and I think it makes the shot. The stripe you see comes from an inconsistently sticky shutter. How to Check / Test / Load. Loading SLR 35mm Film Camera -Part 3: Load Film, Light Seals - Duration: 6:18. event1tv 2,398 views.
Bedienungsanleitung FUJICA ST601 - Laden Sie Ihre FUJICA. Tolle Angebote bei eBay für fujica st. Sicher einkaufen.
Fujica ST705 and Fujinon 55mm f/1.8 shooting Ilford XP2 black-and-white film. Buying one My folks bought this with four lenses Bedienungsanleitung FUJICA ST601 DieBedienungsAnleitung bietet einen gemeinschaftlich betriebenen Tausch-, Speicher- und Suchdienst für Handbücher für den Gebrauch von Hardware und Software: Benutzerhandbücher, Bedienungsanleitungen, Schnellstartanweisungen, Technische Datenblätter…. Fujica ST705 - lewiscollard.com. Fujica ST705w 35mm SLR camera - camera.portraits.srv2.com. Fujica ST705 Camerapedia FANDOM powered by Wikia.
Tolle Angebote bei eBay für fujica st 705. Sicher einkaufen. The Fujica ST705 is a fully-manual single-lens reflex camera first produced in 1977, using the 42mm screw lens mount. The ST705 has center-weighted through-the-lens metering, activated by a half-press of the shutter button.
TROUBLESHOOTING FUJICA ST705 1. TROUBLESHOOTING 2. 3. METER NEEDLE DOES NOT DEFLECT Mercury battery (3.0 ± 0.2V) Yes Battery chamber (corrosion; continuity). LENS CAP KEEPER TUTORIAL How to Use a Lens Cap Keeper With Your DSLR Camera - Duration: 2:32. Digital Goja 55,057 views. Fujica ST705/w 1976 - 1980 Overview. The Fujica ST705 was launched in 1976 and replaced the 1971 ST701. It differed from its predecessor - primarily - by offering open aperture TTL metering. FUJICA ST705 2. 3. AMPLIFIER ASSEMBLY (2-34) b. c. d. Unsolder and disconnect six lead wires (6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-5, 6-8, 6-10, 6-23 and 6-24) from the printed circuit board of the amplifier assembly (2-34), Unsolder and disconnect the lead wire (6-9) from the contact spring (2-25).
Find great deals on eBay for fujica st 705. Shop with confidence.
The Fujica ST705 was clearly aimed at Pentax KM/K1000 buyers, but was crushed a year after launch, by the newer, smaller, better Pentax ME/MX models. The ST705w was the penultimate ST series model (followed by the ST 605 II ), which were replaced in 1980 by the STX and AX models, with their new X-bayonet lens mounts (with production very likely outsourced to Cosina). The exposure meter of the FUJICA ST605N consists of 2 Silicon photocell light receptors located on either side of the viewfinder eyepiece, which are connected to an FET (Field Effect Transistor) circuit and are coupled with the shutter and diaphragm It measures the average light intensity which. Fujica ST605N instruction manual, user manual - butkus.org.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
This application is designed to help show some of the pitfalls that can come when configuring applicaitons to use SAML.
Please note that while the application is designed to show serveral of the things that can be done wrong to make an application vulnerable. There is nothing inheriently wrong with utilizing it if implemented properly.
| Terms | |
|---|---|
| Identity Provider (IDP) |
|
| Service Provider (SP) |
|
| Client |
|
The most important thing is to make sure that a service provider (web app, etc.) is checking to make sure that the messages from the Identity Provider(IDP) are signed, and valid.
If the messages are not signed, or are signed but not valid the application should reject them.
| Description | Page |
|---|---|
| Walkthrough of this app (Work in Progress) |
|
| Genearl SAML overview |
|
| RFC for SAML 2.0 |
|
| Common SAML Implementation Issues |
|
| XML Comment SAML Vulnerability |
|


Ryan Giggs hails Wales' Euro 2020 exploits as 'greatest day of my life'
Wales qualified for their second European Championships in a row after two Aaron Ramsey goals helped them see off Hungary and finish second in Group E
by Alex MilneWales manager Ryan Giggs said helping his country qualify for Euro 2020 was among the greatest days of his life following their 2-0 win over Hungary at the Cardiff City Stadium.
A brace from Aaron Ramsey meant Wales finished second in their group and therefore qualified automatically for next summer's tournament.
Giggs won 13 Premier League titles and two Champions Leagues as a player at Manchester United but never represented his country at a major tournament, and the 45-year-old said leading Wales to the European Championships was among the proudest of all his achievements in football.
Speaking to Sky Sports, Giggs said: "It doesn't get any better, it's amazing! From where we were in the summer, all credit to the lads for coming back. One of the best days of my life.
"We defended really well, we can play better. Overall two goals and a clean sheet and they didn't really trouble us apart from the one save from Wayne Hennessey.
"This side can do a lot more. There is quality in the squad, not just the starting 11. Every player has shown their class, some of the lads were on their last legs at the end there."
Giggs also reserved special praise for Ramsey, who was ruled out of the majority of Wales' qualifying campaign due to injury before he returned against Azerbaijan on Saturday.
He added: "Aaron Ramsey has shown that class, his finishes - we missed him! Better late than never I suppose.
"To be honest I haven't really thought about what it means personally - there's been a lot of hard work put in and I am blessed with the best staff I could ask for."
The result means Wales will try to emulate their heroic performances in Euro 2016, when they made it to the semi-finals before eventually being knocked out by eventual winners Portugal.


--- layout: default theme: jekyll-theme-hacker ---
Dataparency Information Sharing Platform™
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Learn more
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Developers


Supporting classes for using Log4J with RoX.
These classes are only available as part of the rox-log4j.jar extension JAR. This ensures that all runtime dependencies on Log4J are optional.
rox-log4j.jar


--- layout: newsstory title: News Story match: BSC Yeltz 1 Paget 0 ---
It's been a bit of an epic run, with every game going to a replay, but we're now in the semi-finals of the B'ham Senior Cup after a 1-0 win at home to Paget. Steve Pie-arce got the goal, and we've now got either Blues or Solihull.


module Capybara::Node::Actions
Public Instance Methods
Find a file field on the page and attach a file given its path. The file field can be found via its name, id or label text.
page.attach_file(locator, '/path/to/file.png')
@macro waiting_behavior
@param [String] locator Which field to attach the file to @param [String] path The path of the file that will be attached, or an array of paths
@option options [Symbol] match (Capybara.match) The matching strategy to use (:one, :first, :prefer_exact, :smart). @option options [Boolean] exact (Capybara.exact) Match the exact label name/contents or accept a partial match. @option options [Boolean] multiple Match field which allows multiple file selection @option options [String] id Match fields that match the id attribute @option options [String] name Match fields that match the name attribute @option options [String, Array<String>] :class Match fields that match the class(es) provided @option options [true, Hash] make_visible A Hash of CSS styles to change before attempting to attach the file, if `true` { opacity: 1, display: 'block', visibility: 'visible' } is used (may not be supported by all drivers)
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The file field element
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 235 def attach_file(locator, path, options={}) locator, path, options = nil, locator, path if path.is_a? Hash Array(path).each do |p| raise Capybara::FileNotFound, "cannot attach file, #{p} does not exist" unless File.exist?(p.to_s) end # Allow user to update the CSS style of the file input since they are so often hidden on a page if style = options.delete(:make_visible) style = { opacity: 1, display: 'block', visibility: 'visible' } if style == true ff = find(:file_field, locator, options.merge({visible: :all})) _update_style(ff, style) if ff.visible? begin ff.set(path) ensure _reset_style(ff) end else raise ExpectationNotMet, "The style changes in :make_visible did not make the file input visible" end else find(:file_field, locator, options).set(path) end end
Find a check box and mark it as checked. The check box can be found via name, id or label text.
page.check('German')
@overload check(, options)
@param [String] locator Which check box to check @option options [String] :option Value of the checkbox to select @option options [String] id Match fields that match the id attribute @option options [String] name Match fields that match the name attribute @option options [String, Array<String>] :class Match fields that match the class(es) provided @macro label_click @macro waiting_behavior
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The element checked or the label clicked
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 138 def check(locator, options={}) _check_with_label(:checkbox, true, locator, options) end
Find a radio button and mark it as checked. The radio button can be found via name, id or label text.
page.choose('Male')
@overload choose(, options)
@param [String] locator Which radio button to choose @option options [String] :option Value of the radio_button to choose @option options [String] :id Match fields that match the id attribute @option options [String] :name Match fields that match the name attribute @option options [String, Array<String>] :class Match fields that match the class(es) provided @macro waiting_behavior @macro label_click
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The element chosen or the label clicked
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 115 def choose(locator, options={}) _check_with_label(:radio_button, true, locator, options) end
Finds a link by id, text or title and clicks it. Also looks at image alt text inside the link.
@macro waiting_behavior
@overload click_link(, options)
@param [String] locator text, id, title or nested image's alt attribute @param options See {Capybara::Node::Finders#find_link}
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The element clicked
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 40 def click_link(locator=nil, options={}) locator, options = nil, locator if locator.is_a? Hash find(:link, locator, options).click end
Locate a text field or text area and fill it in with the given text The field can be found via its name, id or label text.
page.fill_in 'Name', with: 'Bob'
@overload fill_in(, options={})
@param [String] locator Which field to fill in @param [Hash] options @macro waiting_behavior @option options [String] :with The value to fill in - required @option options [Hash] :fill_options Driver specific options regarding how to fill fields @option options [String] :currently_with The current value property of the field to fill in @option options [Boolean] :multiple Match fields that can have multiple values? @option options [String] :id Match fields that match the id attribute @option options [String] :name Match fields that match the name attribute @option options [String] :placeholder Match fields that match the placeholder attribute @option options [String, Array<String>] :class Match fields that match the class(es) provided
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The element filled_in
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 85 def fill_in(locator, options={}) locator, options = nil, locator if locator.is_a? Hash raise "Must pass a hash containing 'with'" if not options.is_a?(Hash) or not options.has_key?(:with) with = options.delete(:with) fill_options = options.delete(:fill_options) options[:with] = options.delete(:currently_with) if options.has_key?(:currently_with) find(:fillable_field, locator, options).set(with, fill_options) end
If `:from` option is present, `select` finds a select box on the page and
selects a particular option from it. Otherwise it finds an option inside
current scope and selects it. If the select box is a multiple select,
select
can be called multiple times to select more than one
option. The select box can be found via its name, id or label text. The
option can be found by its text.
page.select 'March', from: 'Month'
@macro waiting_behavior
@param [String] value Which option to select @option options [String] :from The id, name or label of the select box
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The option element selected
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 182 def select(value, options={}) if options.has_key?(:from) from = options.delete(:from) find(:select, from, options).find(:option, value, options).select_option else find(:option, value, options).select_option end end
Find a check box and mark uncheck it. The check box can be found via name, id or label text.
page.uncheck('German')
@overload uncheck(, options)
@param [String] locator Which check box to uncheck @option options [String] :option Value of the checkbox to deselect @option options [String] id Match fields that match the id attribute @option options [String] name Match fields that match the name attribute @option options [String, Array<String>] :class Match fields that match the class(es) provided @macro label_click @macro waiting_behavior
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The element unchecked or the label clicked
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 161 def uncheck(locator, options={}) _check_with_label(:checkbox, false, locator, options) end
Find a select box on the page and unselect a particular option from it. If
the select box is a multiple select, unselect
can be called
multiple times to unselect more than one option. The select box can be
found via its name, id or label text.
page.unselect 'March', from: 'Month'
@macro waiting_behavior
@param [String] value Which option to unselect @param [Hash{:from => String}] options The id, name or label of the select box
@return [Capybara::Node::Element] The option element unselected
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 205 def unselect(value, options={}) if options.has_key?(:from) from = options.delete(:from) find(:select, from, options).find(:option, value, options).unselect_option else find(:option, value, options).unselect_option end end
Private Instance Methods
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 293 def _check_with_label(selector, checked, locator, options) locator, options = nil, locator if locator.is_a? Hash allow_label_click = options.delete(:allow_label_click) { session_options.automatic_label_click } synchronize(Capybara::Queries::BaseQuery.wait(options, session_options.default_max_wait_time)) do begin el = find(selector, locator, options) el.set(checked) rescue => e raise unless allow_label_click && catch_error?(e) begin el ||= find(selector, locator, options.merge(visible: :all)) label = find(:label, for: el, visible: true) label.click unless (el.checked? == checked) rescue raise e end end end end
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 278 def _reset_style(element) script = <<-JS var el = arguments[0]; if (el.hasOwnProperty('capybara_style_cache')) { el.style.cssText = el.capybara_style_cache; delete el.capybara_style_cache; } JS begin session.execute_script(script, element) rescue end end
# File lib/capybara/node/actions.rb, line 260 def _update_style(element, style) script = <<-JS var el = arguments[0]; el.capybara_style_cache = el.style.cssText; var css = arguments[1]; for (var prop in css){ if (css.hasOwnProperty(prop)) { el.style[prop] = css[prop] } } JS begin session.execute_script(script, element, style) rescue Capybara::NotSupportedByDriverError warn "The :make_visible option is not supported by the current driver - ignoring" end end


Barren Bogs [am21], swamp, in Mandoria, wilderness
Last updated Turn #128
Barren Bogs [am21], swamp, in Mandoria, wilderness
------------------------------------------------------------------------
10: Band of thieves [ax8t], bandits, number: 41, arrived from the west.
20: Band of thieves [ax8t], bandits, number: 42, went east.
Routes leaving Barren Bogs:
North, swamp, to Barren Bogs [al21], 14 days
East, mountain, to Mandor Mountains [am22], 10 days
South, mountain, to Mandor Mountains [an21], 10 days
West, swamp, to Barren Bogs [am20], 14 days
Seen here:
Stack of cyclops [fh4l], cyclops, number: 11


The cows have not only created their own government but they have chosen to create their own money system. In their own rebellious way, they are curious about values of coinage. Traditionally, coins come in values like 1, 5, 10, 20 or 25, 50, and 100 units, sometimes with a 2 unit coin thrown in for good measure.
The cows want to know how many different ways it is possible to dispense a certain amount of money using various coin systems. For instance, using a system of {1, 2, 5, 10, ...} it is possible to create 18 units several different ways, including: 18x1, 9x2, 8x2+2x1, 3x5+2+1, and many others.
Write a program to compute how many ways to construct a given amount of money using supplied coinage. It is guaranteed that the total will fit into both a signed long long (C/C++) and Int64 (Free Pascal).
The number of coins in the system is V (1 <= V <= 25).
The amount money to construct is N (1 <= N <= 10,000).
| Line 1: | Two integers, V and N |
| Lines 2..: | V integers that represent the available coins (no particular number of integers per line) |
3 10 1 2 5
10


Jurors' Handbook
Did you know that you qualify for another, much more powerful vote than the one which you cast on election day? This opportunity comes when you are selected for jury duty, a position of honor for over 700 years.
A Citizens Guide to Jury DutyThe principle of a Common Law Jury or Jury of your Peers was first established on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, England when King John signed the Magna Carta, or Great Charter of our Liberties. It created the basis for our Constitutional, system of Justice.
Jury Power in the System of Checks and Balances
In a Constitutional system of justice, such as ours, there is a judicial body with more power than Congress, the President, or even the Supreme Court. Yes, the jury of your peers protected under our Constitution has more power than all these government officials. This is because they have the final veto power over all "acts of the legislature" that may come to be called "laws."In fact, the power of jury nullification predates our Constitution. In November of 1734, a printer named John Peter Zenger was arrested for seditious libel against his Majesty's government. At that time, a law of the Colony of New York forbid any publication without prior government approval. Freedom of the press was not enjoyed by the early colonialists! Zenger, however, defied this censorship and published articles strongly critical of New York colonial rule.
When brought to trial in August of 1735, Zenger admitted publishing the offending articles, but argued that the truth of the facts stated justified their publication. The judge instructed the jury that truth is not justification for libel. Rather, truth makes the libel more vicious, for public unrest is more likely to follow true, rather than false claims of bad governance. And since the defendant had admitted to the "fact" of publication, only a question of "law" remained.
Then, as now, the judge said the "issue of law" was for the court to determine, and he instructed the jury to find the defendant guilty. It took only ten minutes for the jury to disregard the judge's instructions on the law and find Zenger NOT GUILTY.
That is the power of the jury at work; the power to decide the issues of law under which the defendant is charged, as well as the facts. In our system of checks and balances, the jury is our final check, the people's last safegard against unjust law and tyranny.
A Jury's Rights, Powers, and Duties
But does the jury's power to veto bad laws exist under our Constitution?It certainly does! In the February term of 1794, the Supreme Court conducted a jury trial in the case of the State of Georgia vs. Brailsford (3 Dall 1). The instructions to the jury in the first jury trial before the Supreme Court of the United States illustrate the true power of the jury. Chief Justice John Jay said: "It is presumed, that juries are the best judges of facts; it is, on the other hand, presumed that courts are the best judges of law. But still both objects are within your power of decision." (emphasis added) "...you have a right to take it upon yourselves to judge of both, and to determine the law as well as the fact in controversy".
So you see, in an American courtroom there are in a sense twelve judges in attendance, not just one. And they are there with the power to review the "law" as well as the "facts!" Actually, the "judge" is there to conduct the proceedings in an orderly fashion and maintain the safety of all parties involved.
As recently as 1972, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia said that the jury has an "unreviewable and unreversible power... to acquit in disregard of the instructions on the law given by the trial judge..." (US vs Dougherty, 473 F 2d 1113, 1139 (1972))
Or as this same truth was stated in a earlier decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Maryland: "We recognize, as appellants urge, the undisputed power of the jury to acquit, even if its verdict is contrary to the law as given by the judge, and contrary to the evidence. This is a power that must exist as long as we adhere to the general verdict in criminal cases, for the courts cannot search the minds of the jurors to find the basis upon which they judge. If the jury feels that the law under which the defendant is accused, is unjust, or that exigent circumstances justified the actions of the accused, or for any reason which appeals to their logic of passion, the jury has the power to acquit, and the courts must abide by that decision." (US vs Moylan, 417 F 2d 1002, 1006 (1969)).
YOU, as a juror armed with the knowledge of the purpose of a jury trial, and the knowledge of what your Rights, powers, and duties really are, can with your single vote of not guilty nullify or invalidate any law involved in that case. Because a jury's guilty decision must be unanimous, it takes only one vote to effectively nullify a bad "act of the legislature." Your one vote can "hang" a jury; and although it won't be an acquittal, at least the defendant will not be convicted of violating an unjust or unconstitutional law.
The government cannot deprive anyone of "Liberty", without your consent!
If you feel the statute involved in any criminal case being tried before you is unfair, or that it infringes upon the defendant's God-given inalienable or Constitutional rights, you can affirm that the offending statute is really no law at all and that the violation of it is no crime; for no man is bound to obey an unjust command. In other words, if the defendant has disobeyed some man-made criminal statute, and the statute is unjust, the defendant has in substance, committed no crime. Jurors, having ruled then on the justice of the law involved and finding it opposed in whole or in part to their own natural concept of what is basically right, are bound to hold for the acquittal of said defendant.
It is your responsibility to insist that your vote of not guilty be respected by all other members of the jury. For you are not there as a fool, merely to agree with the majority, but as a qualified judge in your right to see that justice is done. Regardless of the pressures or abuse that may be applied to you by any or all members of the jury with whom you may in good conscience disagree, you can await the reading of the verdict secure in the knowledge you have voted your conscience and convictions, not those of someone else.
So you see, as a juror, you are one of a panel of twelve judges with the responsibility of protecting all innocent Americans from unjust laws.
Jurors Must Know Their Rights
You must know your rights! Because, once selected for jury duty, nobody will inform you of your power to judge both law and fact. In fact, the judge's instructions to the jury may be to the contrary. Another quote from US vs Dougherty (cited earlier): "The fact that there is widespread existence of the jury's prerogative, and approval of its existence as a necessary counter to case-hardened judges and arbitrary prosecutors, does not establish as an imperative that the jury must be informed by the judge of that power".Look at that quote again. the court ruled jurors have the right to decide the law, but they don't have to be told about it. It may sound hypocritical, but the Dougherty decision conforms to an 1895 Supreme Court decision that held the same thing. In Sparf vs US (156 US 51), the court ruled that although juries have the right to ignore a judge's instructions on the law, they don't have to be aware of the right to do so.
Is this Supreme Court ruling as unfair as it appears on the surface? It may be, but the logic behind such a decision is plain enough.
In our Constitutional Republic (note I didn't say democracy) the people have granted certain limited powers to government, preserving and retaining their God-given inalienable rights. So, if it is indeed the juror's right to decide the law, then the citizens should know what their rights are. They need not be told by the courts. After all, the Constitution makes us the masters of the public servants. Should a servant have to tell a master what his rights are? Of course not, it's our responsibility to know what our rights are!
The idea that juries are to judge only the "facts" is absurd and contrary to historical fact and law. Are juries present only as mere pawns to rubber stamp tyrannical acts of the government? We The People wrote the supreme law of the land, the Constitution, to "secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity." Who better can unbiasly decide the fairness of the laws, or whether the laws conform to the Constitution?
Our Defense - JURY POWER
Sometime in the future, you may be called upon to sit in judgement of a sincere individual being prosecuted (persecuted?) for trying to exercise his or her Rights, or trying to defend the Constitution. If so, remember that in 1804, Samuel Chase, Supreme Court Justice and signer of the Declaration of Independence said: "The jury has the Right to judge both the law and the facts". And also keep in mind that "either we all hang together, or we most assuredly will all hang separately."You now understand how the average citizen can help keep in check the power of government and bring to a halt the enforcement of tyrannical laws. Unfortunately, very few people know or understand this power which they as Americans possess to nullify oppressive acts of the legislature.
America, the Constitution and your individual rights are under attack! Will you defend them? READ THE CONSTITUTION, KNOW YOUR RIGHTS! Remember, if you don't know what your Rights are, you haven't got any!


An object that represents Omniture media state. There is no API to create
these objects directly. The callback provided to the mediaOpen
function will receive these state objects as parameter.
Indicates if the media item is an ad or not.
Indicates if the media item has been clicked or not.
Indicates if media play is complete or not.
Indicates if this was the first time that this media event was called for this video.
The length of the media item in seconds.
The current point in the media item in seconds.
The current point in the media item as a percentage.
The length of the current segment.
The total time played so far in seconds.
The amount of time played since the last track event occurred in seconds.
iOS only.
The number of seconds since 1970 when this media state was created.
iOS only.
The date and time of when the media item was opened.
The name or ID of the media item.
The name or ID of the media player.
The name of the most recent media event.
The name of the current segment.
The most recent milestone.
The most recent offset milestone.
The current segment.
The current event type.
iOS only.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %}California Emergency Alerts{% endblock %} {% block head_elements %} {% endblock %} {% block main_content %}
Get fire, flood, earthquake and tsunami emergency alerts from the State of California with just your phone number.
This map shows current emergencies in the United States, using open data from the U.S. Geological Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Department of Interior.
{% include 'includes/map.html' %} {% endblock %}


Cultural Blog, Sprint 2: Emotional Intelligence
Blog Entry 3
What learnings did you take from the chapter?
There were several topics discussed. Firstly that emotional intelligence can be divided into 5 main aspects:
- Self-awareness
- Self-regulation
- Motivation
- Empathy
- Social skills
Emotional intelligence is a leading contributer to success
professionally. A study mentioned found the top predictors of success in the tech sector were:
- Strong achievement drive and high achievement standards
- Ability to influence
- Conceptual thinking
- Analytical ability
- Initiative in taking on challenges
- Self-confidence
Emotional intelligence, on a personal level, creates the opportunity to actively create a default state of happiness. It also importantly helps to moderate emotions- as one is mindful of their own body, they can be conscious of what emotions are arising and when, meaning it's easier to prevent them from spiralling. The author also mentions that labelling emotions helps to contain them. Learning these skills is possible due to neuroplasticity: that is, the ability of the brain to develop and change through conscious and repeated behaviours and associations.
Training emotional intelligence starts with training attention. Having strong, calm and stable attention provides the base for emotional intelligence, and a calm, rational perspective with which to view emotional states from. It also allows a pause between and emotional trigger and reacting to it, so you can decide whether or not to react at all. The author suggests the best way to train attention is by practising mindful meditation for 2 minutes a day: sitting and simply being, and either focussing on your breathing or on nothing at all (allowing your mind to wander, or not).
How did you find the two minutes of mindfulness?
I'm actually already fairly familiar with the concept, as mindful meditation is something I've tried before (and something I've learned to use as a tool while dealing with mental health in myself and others- it can help with anxiety when it's not too severe). It's also often how I get to sleep so I guess in that sense I already have a habit of it!


To use parallelization, the framework must be compiled with MPI library enabled (see installation instructions).
When using parallel version of ECF, some additional components are available
which are described below. To run parallel ECF in more processes, you need to
start it with the installed MPI implementation.
Running ECF in parallel is possible regardless of the choice of genotypes
(individual structure) or, for some parallelization methods, of the algorithm
used.
Parallel algorithms operate on a single deme and may be run in more than one process (see below for multiple demes parallel models). Currently supported parallel algorithms are:
<Algorithm> <!-- should be only one inside --> <AlgSGenGPEA> <!-- synchronous generational global parallel EA --> <Entry key="crxprob">0.5</Entry> <!-- crossover rate --> <Entry key="selpressure">10</Entry> <!-- selection pressure: how much the best individual is 'better' than the worst --> <Entry key="jobsize">5</Entry> <!-- number of individuals sent for evaluation to a worker process --> </AlgSGenGPEA> <AlgAEliGPEA> <!-- asynchronous steady-state global parallel EA --> <Entry key="tsize">3</Entry> <!-- tournament size --> <Entry key="jobsize">5</Entry> <!-- number of individuals sent for evaluation to a worker process --> </AlgAEliGPEA> </Algorithm>
NOTE: this section is still under development.
Implicit parallelization uses a sequential algorithm, but the user may state what parts of the algorithm should be executed in parallel. Currently these parts are parallelizable:
evaluation: individuals to be evaluated are sent to worker processes and fitness is returned to the master
mutation: individuals to be mutated are mutated and evaluated at worker processes and then returned to the master
The only thing needed to use implicit paralleization is setting the following Registry options:
<Entry key="parallel.type">eval</Entry> <!-- implicit parallelization method: eval - evaluation, mut - mutation + eval --> <Entry key="parallel.jobsize">10</Entry> <!-- implicit parallelization jobsize (individuals per job) -->
This kind of parallelization is asynchronous because
the algorithm may use (incomplete) individuals that are still not returned from
the workers.
ECF also offers the synchronous implicit parallelelization: in this mode
the affected individuals are temporarily removed from the population,
until they are returned to the master. Synchronicity is controlled with the
following parameter in the Registry:
<Entry key="parallel.sync">1</Entry> <!-- implicit parallelization synchronicity: 0 - async, 1 - sync (default: 0) -->
Of course, although a sequential algorithm is used, these options are valid only with parallel ECF version.
The above algorithms distribute only the fitness evaluation between different processes, and are therefore most suitable for problems with complex fitness evaluation. If this is not the case, then distributing the population in several demes (subpopulations, islands) usually yields better results in terms of speedup and convergence.
To use multiple deme population in ECF, you need to set the parameter "population.demes" in the Registry block to more than 1 (which is the default value). For example:
<Entry key="population.size">50</Entry> <!-- number of individuals (default: 100) --> <Entry key="population.demes">4</Entry> <!-- number of demes (default: 1) -->
In the above setting, the population consists of 4 demes with each deme containing 50 individuals.
Each deme currently runs the same algorithm (stated in the Algorithm XML block). Note that the demes may run the sequential as well as parallel algorithms; in the latter case, the parallel algorithm operates only within each deme (i.e. it does not 'see' other demes by default).
Multiple demes do not make much difference by themselves if there is no communication between the subpopulations - that's where the migration operator steps in. The migration operator can copy some individuals from a deme into another deme, depending on the user parameters. Currently supported parameters for migration are the following (stated in the Registry block):
<Entry key="migration.freq">10</Entry> <!-- individuals are exchanged each 'freq' generations (default: none) --> <Entry key="migration.number">5</Entry> <!-- number of individuals to be sent to another deme -->
The migration operator is not active unless you set the migration.freq parameter. Additional migration properties are currently set as follows:
Note: multiple deme population and migration operator can also be employed with the sequential ECF, where one process evolves all the demes in sequence.
Combining the previous components, ECF offers the following parallel combinations:
The choice of the algorithm and migration parameters will depend mostly on the problem at hand and parallel environment (the machines) the algorithm is run on.


Learn More
{{#tweets}}
{{>tweet}}
{{/tweets}}
{{^tweets}}
No tweets today?
{{/tweets}}Ever have friends, clients, or colleagues who use the question mark key on their keyboards way too much? It's usually innocent enough:
The server is down?
Why not make fun of them on the internet? If you use Twitter, tweet the non-question along with a #notquestions hashtag, and you can see it here on this page available for public ridicule.
No tweets today?
{{/tweets}}


[% page.import({ title => 'Welcome to', section => 'home', description => 'The modern programming language', }); %]
Perl is a highly capable, feature-rich programming language with over [% perl_stats.perl_age %] years of development.
Modern Perl runs large and small web sites, CRMs, CMS, streaming media and many other types of systems, and it's still good for sysadmin.
With over [% perl_stats.cpan_dists %] CPAN modules, whatever problem space you are working with there is likely to be something already written to help you.
Any language—programming or natural—develops idioms, or common patterns of expression. The earth revolves, but we speak of the sun rising or setting. We talk of clever hacks and nasty hacks and slinging code. We ping each other on IRC to discuss spaghetti code, and we factor and refactor away the artifacts of copy pasta.
As you learn Perl 5 in more detail, you will begin to see and understand common idioms. They're not quite language features—you don't have to use them—and they're not quite large enough that you can encapsulate them away behind functions and methods. They're something more than habits. They're mannerisms. They're our shared jargon of code. They're ways of writing Perl with a Perlish accent.
$self
Perl 5's object system treats the invocant of a method as a mundane parameter. The invocant of a class method (a string containing the name of the class) is that method's first parameter. The invocant of an object or instance method, the object itself, is that method's first parameter. You are free to use or ignore it as you see fit.
Idiomatic Perl 5 uses $class
as the name of the class
method and $self
for the name of the object invocant. This is
a convention not enforced by the language itself, but it is a convention
strong enough that useful extensions such as MooseX::Method::Signatures assume you will use $self
as the name of
the invocant by default.
This is true even if you use Moose.
Without a module such as signatures or MooseX::Multimethods, Perl 5's argument passing mechanism is simple: all arguments
flatten into a single list accessible through @_
(function_parameters). While this simplicity is occasionally too
simple—named parameters can be very useful at times—it does not
preclude the use of idioms to provide named parameters.
The list context evaluation and assignment of @_
allows you
to unpack named parameters pairwise. Even though this function call is
equivalent to passing a comma-separated or qw//
-created list,
arranging the arguments as if they were true pairs of keys and values makes
the caller-side look like the function supports named parameters:
make_ice_cream_sundae(
whipped_cream => 1,
sprinkles => 1,
banana => 0,
ice_cream => 'mint chocolate chip',
);
The callee side can unpack these parameters into a hash and treate the hash as if it were a single argument:
sub make_ice_cream_sundae
{
my %args = @_;
my $ice_cream = get_ice_cream( $args{ice_cream}) );
...
}
This technique works well with import(); you can process as many parameters as you like before slurping the remainder into a hash:
sub import
{
my ($class, %args) = @_;
my $calling_package = caller();
...
}
Note how this idiom falls naturally out of list assignment; that makes this idiom Perlish.
People new to Perl sometimes overlook the importance of lists and list processing as a fundamental component of expression evaluation (footnote: People explaining its importance in this fashion do not help). Put more simply, the ability for Perl programmers to chain expressions which evaluate to variable-length lists gives them countless ways to manipulate data effectively.
The Schwartzian transform is an elegant demonstration of that principle as an idiom handily borrowed from the Lisp family of languages. (Randal Schwartz's initial posting of the Schwartzian transform mentions "Speak[ing] with a lisp in Perl.")
Suppose you have a Perl hash which associates the names of your co-workers with their phone extensions:
use 5.010;
my %extensions =
(
1004 => 'Jerryd',
1005 => 'Rudy',
1006 => 'Juwan',
1007 => 'Brandon',
1010 => 'Joel',
1012 => 'LaMarcus',
1021 => 'Marcus',
1024 => 'Andre',
1023 => 'Martell',
1052 => 'Greg',
1088 => 'Nic',
);
Suppose you want to print a list of extensions and co-workers sorted by their names, not their extensions. In other words, you need to sort a hash by its keys. Sorting the values of the hash in string order is easy:
my @sorted_names = sort values %extensions;
... but that loses the association of names with extensions. The beauty of the Schwartzian transform is that it solves this problem almost trivially. All you have to do is transform the data before and after sorting it to preserve the necessary information. This is most obvious when explained in multiple steps. First, convert the hash into a list of data structures which contain the vital information in sortable fashion. In this case, converting the hash pairs into two-element anonymous arrays will help:
my @pairs = map { [ $_, $extensions{$_} ] } keys %extensions;
sort
gets the list of anonymous arrays and can compare the
second elements (the names) with a stringwise comparison:
my @sorted_pairs = sort { $a->[1] cmp $b->[1] } @pairs;
Given @sorted_pairs
, a second map
operation
can convert the data structure to a more usable form:
my @formatted_exts = map { "$_->[1], ext. $_->[0]" } @sorted_pairs;
... and now you can print the whole thing:
say for @formatted_exts;
Of course, this uses several temporary variables (with admittedly bad names). It's a worthwhile technique and good to understand, but the real magic is in the combination:
say for
map { " $_->[1], ext. $_->[0]" }
sort { $a->[1] cmp $b->[1] }
map { [ $_ => $extensions{$_} ] }
keys %extensions;
Read the expression from right to left, in the order of evaluation. For each key in the extensions hash, make a two-item anonymous array containing the key and the value from the hash. Sort that list of anonymous arrays by their second elements, the values from the hash. Create a nicely formatted string of output from those sorted arrays.
The Schwartzian transform is this pipeline of
map
-sort
-map
where you transform a
data structure into another form easier for sorting and then transform it
back into your preferred form for modification.
In this case the transformation is relatively simple. Consider the case
where calculating the right value to sort is expensive in time or memory,
such as calculating a cryptographic hash for a large file. In that case,
the Schwartzian transform is also useful because you can perform those
expensive operations once (in the rightmost map
), compare them
repeatedly from a de-facto cache in the sort
, and then remove
them in the leftmost map
.
The original example in the comp.lang.perl.misc shows an effective use of the transform, and a good programming technique in general. When the data you have isn't in the optimal form for what you want to do with it, first transform it into that optimal form, then manipulate it.
Phrased that way, the technique is so obvious as to seem trivial... but what is an idiom but a brilliant idea made vulgar by its ubiquity?


Scripture talks about two trees throughout the Canonized
Bible.
It starts in the Garden – the two choices between trusting Yah and rebellion
against Yah. We also see the nature and character of HaSatan
revealed in this account.
Yah tells Adam;
Gen 2:9 HNV - Out of the ground the LORD God made every tree to grow that is
pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of
the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The LORD God
commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely
eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of
it: for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die."
Adam then (without being told of this, but it must have happened) passed this
knowledge on to Eve, the Serpent came for Adam through Eve.
Gen 3:1 HNV - Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal
of the field which the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, "Yes, has
God said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
Gen 3:2 HNV - The woman said to the serpent, "Of the
fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat, but of the fruit of the tree which
is in the midst of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall
you touch it, lest you die.'"
Adam, passing on oral traditions to Even added to Yah’s Torah telling Eve that if she even touches that fruit she shall surely die. But Yahweh never said that.  This was HaSatan’s
opening, to get Eve and Adam to swallow HIS words.
Gen 3:4 HNV - The serpent said to the woman, "You won't
surely die, for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened,
and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
HaSatan went for the kill shot. Twist the word
of Yah and change the Torah, eliminating the penalty for violating Torah.
Deu 29:20 HNV - The LORD will not pardon
him, but then the anger of the LORD and his jealousy will smoke against that man,
and all the curse that is written in this book shall lie on him, and the LORD
will blot out his name from under the sky.
The curse of the law Yah gave Adam, fell on him when he
sinned.
This is the first strike against Paul’s Satanic
interpretation of Torah.
Rom 5:13 HNV - For until the law, sin was in the world; but
sin is not charged when there is no law.
Adam and Eve had no law?
There was no law until Sinai?
Let’s break down Paul’s statement as it is a logical statement – the context
doesn’t add or remove from it.
1) Until the law, sin was in the world (A)
2) But sin is not charged when there is no law (B)
Is the first half of this statement true?
Absolutely, Adam and Even broke Yah’s
commandment, to not eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
Cain murdered his brother, and Yah got so frustrated and
grieved over mankind’s sin that he destroyed all of humanity except for eight
souls.
In that event, the flood sin was charged
against mankind.
Is the second half of this statement also true then?
When there was “no” (which I’ll show is also false) law, was
sin acquitted?
No. Yah promised that Adam and Eve would die. They died.
Cain after his murder of Abel, before murder was revealed in Torah – was punished
by Yah for his heinous act.
The entire world, before the flood was in grievous sin. No
law on an page, just in the hearts of men who pursued
Yah.
Yah still dealt with the world as law breakers. He
saved Noah because he was a righteous man in Yah’s
eyes. Noah was Justified by His works. (James 2:14-24) (Hebrews 11 is a
questionable interpretation, over-emphasizing Paul’s false faith alone gospel)
That’s a powerful strike against Sha’ul
who is preaching that the law has been removed – so that we can be free
from the “curse” of the Torah. He sees Torah as a curse, not as the blessing
Yah promises.
Let’s go a couple verses down as there is a powerful
statement Paul makes that is used as a proof text to support this, “alien” or “replacement”
righteousness from Messiah Yah’Shua.
Rom 5:18 HNV - So then as through one trespass, all men were
condemned; even so through one act of righteousness, all men were justified to
life.
Let’s put it in reverse to break down Paul’s logic.
A) All men were justified to life
B) Through one act of
righteousness
C) All men were condemned
D) Through one man’s trespass
Now let’s break this down:
A) Justification is not universal and Sha’ul makes this mistake many times in his epistles and in
Acts.
a. Eze 14:14 HNV - though these three men, Noach, Daniyel, and Iyov, were in it, they should deliver but their own souls
by their righteousness, says the Lord GOD.
i. Righteousness / Justification are very
similar concepts in Yah’s eyes. Ezekiel warns us that
on the day of Yah, the day when Yahshua returns in
the clouds, that the justification – the righteousness of each individual will be held to account. Not a group justification
by one man’s act of righteousness.
B) Righteousness is what you do, not
what you think
a. Eze 14:14 HNV - though these three men, Noach, Daniyel, and Iyov, were in it, they should deliver but their own souls
by their righteousness, says the Lord GOD.
i. Messiah’s one act of righteousness does
not save you from hell.
b. 1Jo 3:7 HNV - Little children, let no
one lead you astray. He who does righteousness is righteous, even as he is
righteous.
i. Righteousness is not a curtain that
covers up the ungodly with right rulings. It’s what we think, what we do and
what we say.
C) From the beginning of Adam’s sin were
all men condemned.
a. Right away we see the answer as a huge
no. Gen 4:6 HNV - The LORD said to Kayin,
"Why are you angry? Why has the expression of your face fallen?
b. Gen 4:7 HNV - If you do well, will it
not be lifted up? If you don't do well, sin crouches
at the door.
i. We all have a choice to sin or
to obey. The goal isn’t to sin and sin and sin, to glorify the grace of Yahweh.
This is Satan’s desire for us. To rule over us.
ii. Rom 5:20 HNV - The law came in
besides, that the trespass might abound; but where sin abounded, grace did
abound more exceedingly;
1.
The law’s goal was to make sin abound? So sin can abound, and therefore we can receive grace more
abundantly? NO. Grace is received from OBEDIENCE, not SIN.
2. Jas 4:6 HNV - But he gives more
grace. Therefore it says, "God resists the proud,
but gives grace to the humble." Be subject therefore to God. But resist
the devil, and he will flee from you.
a. Be subject to Yah, resist the Devil
and he will flee from you – we don’t have to transgress the law, and James is
saying grace is received AFTER WE OVERCOME TEMPTATION, not DURING, NOT BEFORE.
If you succumb to temptation, you aren’t storing up more and more grace. Grace
does not abound for sin, or during sin, or during any other lawless activity.
It’s a ridiculous statement Paul is making here.
b. James statement is really a parallel
of what Yah tells Cain in Genesis – but the interesting this is Luke records Peter
telling Cornelius a similar statement during Acts – to be clear, this is toward
a GENTILE coming into the faith.
3. Act 10:34 HNV - Rock opened his mouth
and said, "Truly I perceive that God doesn't show favoritism; but in every
nation he who fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.
a. Salvation is clearly based on
fearing Yahweh and working what is right in His eyes. Peter clearly makes that
statement here. This is a direct parallel of what Yahweh tells Kain after
Adam fell, after Adam sinned. This means that by one man’s
transgression, Cain could not have received the wages of Adam’s sin, he
received the wages of his own sin.
D) Through one man’s trespass – is this
how Yah judges us? I think I’ve made it abundantly clear this is an impossibility,
but there is a passage from the prophets that absolutely nails Paul to the
wall.
a. Eze 18:20 HNV - The soul who sins, he
shall die: the son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, neither shall the
father bear the iniquity of the son; the righteousness of the righteous shall
be on him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be on him.
i. It’s almost like Yah knew Paul would
come and blame all of mankind’s sin on Adam. This passage (and the context is
even clearer) that we will each be judged for our own sins not for ADAM’s
sin.