{"entry_id": "564d241f-c630-428a-beb2-74b879e4ad10", "infos": [{"txt": "中国经济的“少子化”与“老龄化”问题", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 0, "txt": "中国经济的“少子化”与“老龄化”问题", "x": ""}]}, "tags": [], "label": "article_title", "web_segment_id": 0, "global_sentence_id": 0, "edu_l1_label": "BOT"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/1bywRv4lMqFu3chiuNoMalh.jpeg", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 132, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/1bywRv4lMqFu3chiuNoMalh.jpeg", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/div/div/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 1, "global_sentence_id": 1, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "当前，我国经济发展基本面总体向好，但面临若干压力。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 367, "txt": "当前，我国经济发展基本面总体向好，但面临若干压力。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 2, "global_sentence_id": 2, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "其中，人口老龄化及人口负增长对经济的供给侧与需求侧均构成显著压力。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 368, "txt": "其中，人口老龄化及人口负增长对经济的供给侧与需求侧均构成显著压力。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 2, "global_sentence_id": 3, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一压力在劳动力市场上体现得尤为明显，既表现为劳动力市场结构性困难加剧的长期趋势，也表现为短期内疫情后劳动力市场出现的新特征。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 369, "txt": "这一压力在劳动力市场上体现得尤为明显，既表现为劳动力市场结构性困难加剧的长期趋势，也表现为短期内疫情后劳动力市场出现的新特征。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 2, "global_sentence_id": 4, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "鉴于此，党中央提出了完善人口发展战略，着重应对少子化与老龄化问题，即“一老一小”问题，该战略也同样适用于解决结构性就业矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 370, "txt": "鉴于此，党中央提出了完善人口发展战略，着重应对少子化与老龄化问题，即“一老一小”问题，该战略也同样适用于解决结构性就业矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 2, "global_sentence_id": 5, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "深入学习习近平总书记关于人口新趋势的重要讲话、党中央的部署，以及总书记关于就业问题的最新论述，我们可以发现其中的逻辑关系：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 372, "txt": "深入学习习近平总书记关于人口新趋势的重要讲话、党中央的部署，以及总书记关于就业问题的最新论述，我们可以发现其中的逻辑关系：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 3, "global_sentence_id": 6, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "人口新趋势，包括人口负增长、少子化、老龄化及区域人口增减分化等现象，导致了就业领域的矛盾变化。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 374, "txt": "人口新趋势，包括人口负增长、少子化、老龄化及区域人口增减分化等现象，导致了就业领域的矛盾变化。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[3]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 3, "global_sentence_id": 7, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这些矛盾变化主要表现为总量矛盾逐渐缓解，但结构性矛盾日益凸显。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 376, "txt": "这些矛盾变化主要表现为总量矛盾逐渐缓解，但结构性矛盾日益凸显。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 4, "global_sentence_id": 8, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这些新趋势与新矛盾对人力资源与人力资本的培养提出了新的要求。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 377, "txt": "这些新趋势与新矛盾对人力资源与人力资本的培养提出了新的要求。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 4, "global_sentence_id": 9, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这是我们当前面临的问题，也是我们需要认识和应对问题的逻辑前提。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 378, "txt": "这是我们当前面临的问题，也是我们需要认识和应对问题的逻辑前提。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 4, "global_sentence_id": 10, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我将在此逻辑框架下对劳动力市场进行分析，特别是从人口角度探讨劳动力市场的新矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 379, "txt": "我将在此逻辑框架下对劳动力市场进行分析，特别是从人口角度探讨劳动力市场的新矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 4, "global_sentence_id": 11, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在探讨就业和失业问题时，我们通常会考虑两个主要因素：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 381, "txt": "在探讨就业和失业问题时，我们通常会考虑两个主要因素：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 5, "global_sentence_id": 12, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "周期性因素和结构性因素。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 383, "txt": "周期性因素和结构性因素。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[7]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 5, "global_sentence_id": 13, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我国宏观经济刚经历了一个周期性冲击。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 385, "txt": "我国宏观经济刚经历了一个周期性冲击。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 14, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在受疫情影响的三年里，失业率大部分时间均显著高于自然失业率水平，即存在着周期性失业。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 386, "txt": "在受疫情影响的三年里，失业率大部分时间均显著高于自然失业率水平，即存在着周期性失业。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 15, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "长时间的周期性失业削弱了人们的就业信心与就业能力，这些影响在疫情后的经济恢复过程中仍然持续存在，即所谓的“磁滞效应”。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 387, "txt": "长时间的周期性失业削弱了人们的就业信心与就业能力，这些影响在疫情后的经济恢复过程中仍然持续存在，即所谓的“磁滞效应”。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 16, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "加之其他长期及结构性因素，共同导致了结构性就业矛盾的加剧。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 388, "txt": "加之其他长期及结构性因素，共同导致了结构性就业矛盾的加剧。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 17, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "一个突出表现是，虽然经济周期已过，失业率基本恢复至自然水平，即接近充分就业状态，但自然失业率本身却有所上升。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 389, "txt": "一个突出表现是，虽然经济周期已过，失业率基本恢复至自然水平，即接近充分就业状态，但自然失业率本身却有所上升。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 18, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "从当前趋势来看，尽管失业率已有所下降，却很难再回到原先估算的自然失业率水平。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 390, "txt": "从当前趋势来看，尽管失业率已有所下降，却很难再回到原先估算的自然失业率水平。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 19, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，参考学界的相关研究我们可以判断，自然失业率已有所提高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 391, "txt": "因此，参考学界的相关研究我们可以判断，自然失业率已有所提高。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 20, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这正是结构性就业矛盾的重要表现之一。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 392, "txt": "这正是结构性就业矛盾的重要表现之一。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 6, "global_sentence_id": 21, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "随着总量矛盾的相对缓解，结构性矛盾逐渐显现。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 394, "txt": "随着总量矛盾的相对缓解，结构性矛盾逐渐显现。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[11]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 7, "global_sentence_id": 22, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这两个矛盾的消长与人口的年龄结构，特别是劳动年龄人口的年龄结构（即16岁至64岁人群的年龄分布）密切相关。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 395, "txt": "这两个矛盾的消长与人口的年龄结构，特别是劳动年龄人口的年龄结构", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[11]"}, {"position_id": 397, "txt": "（即16岁至64岁人群的年龄分布）", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[11]/span"}, {"position_id": 399, "txt": "密切相关。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[11]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 7, "global_sentence_id": 23, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "人力资源部门常用求人倍率指标，即空岗数与求职人数的比例，来衡量劳动力市场的状况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 400, "txt": "人力资源部门常用求人倍率指标，即空岗数与求职人数的比例，来衡量劳动力市场的状况。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[11]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 7, "global_sentence_id": 24, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "虽然高求人倍率并不一定代表劳动力市场处于理想状态，但它确实反映了供求关系的变化，揭示出某些就业群体受欢迎的程度及其需求的满足情况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 401, "txt": "虽然高求人倍率并不一定代表劳动力市场处于理想状态，但它确实反映了供求关系的变化，揭示出某些就业群体受欢迎的程度及其需求的满足情况。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[11]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 7, "global_sentence_id": 25, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "通过观察求人倍率的变化，我们可以发现，人口年龄结构的变化恰好与求人倍率的变化相对应。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 403, "txt": "通过观察求人倍率的变化，我们可以发现，人口年龄结构的变化恰好与求人倍率的变化相对应。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[13]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 8, "global_sentence_id": 26, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "以2001年至2014年的数据为例，总量矛盾逐渐弱化，求人倍率整体呈现上升趋势，但不同年龄段的表现存在差异。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 404, "txt": "以2001年至2014年的数据为例，总量矛盾逐渐弱化，求人倍率整体呈现上升趋势，但不同年龄段的表现存在差异。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[13]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 8, "global_sentence_id": 27, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "总体而言，25～44岁劳动群体越来越受劳动力市场青睐，求人倍率也最高；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 406, "txt": "总体而言，", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]"}, {"position_id": 408, "txt": "25～44岁劳动群体越来越受劳动力市场青睐，求人倍率也最高；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 28, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "而16～24岁青年群体的受欢迎程度趋于降低；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 409, "txt": "而16～24岁青年群体的受欢迎程度趋于降低；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 29, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "45岁以上大龄劳动者的就业状况在劳动力短缺严重期间一度有所改善，但他们随后又逐渐变得不那么受欢迎。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 410, "txt": "45岁以上大龄劳动者的就业状况在劳动力短缺严重期间一度有所改善，但他们随后又逐渐变得不那么受欢迎。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 30, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这反映了就业矛盾的变化，即结构性矛盾日益突出，且与年龄结构紧密相关。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 412, "txt": "这反映了就业矛盾的变化，即结构性矛盾日益突出，且与年龄结构紧密相关。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 31, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "同时，劳动年龄人口结构呈现出U字形趋势，加剧了就业结构性矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 413, "txt": "同时，劳动年龄人口结构呈现出U字形趋势，加剧了就业结构性矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 32, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一点将在下文详述。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 414, "txt": "这一点将在下文详述。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[15]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 33, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "就业优先与人口支持政策目标要一致", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 416, "txt": "就业优先与人口支持政策目标要一致", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[17]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 10, "global_sentence_id": 34, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "利用“一老一小”大框架，可以将针对劳动力市场问题的研究和政策建议，都聚焦到以应对老龄化和少子化为重点的人口发展战略的完善上面。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 418, "txt": "利用“一老一小”大框架，可以将针对劳动力市场问题的研究和政策建议，都聚焦到以应对老龄化和少子化为重点的人口发展战略的完善上面。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 11, "global_sentence_id": 35, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "换言之，就业优先政策与人口支持政策在目的、路径和方法上均一致，两者可以相互融合，你中有我、我中有你。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 419, "txt": "换言之，就业优先政策与人口支持政策在目的、路径和方法上均一致，两者可以相互融合，你中有我、我中有你。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 11, "global_sentence_id": 36, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "当前，“一老一小”就业群体的规模日益扩大。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 421, "txt": "当前，“一老一小”就业群体的规模日益扩大。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[21]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 12, "global_sentence_id": 37, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "尽管中年就业群体仍是核心就业人群，但16~24岁人群和55岁以上人群的总和已占到全部劳动年龄人口的三分之一以上，且未来这一比例还将上升，他们的就业困难将更加突出。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 422, "txt": "尽管中年就业群体仍是核心就业人群，但16~24岁人群和55岁以上人群的总和已占到全部劳动年龄人口的三分之一以上，且未来这一比例还将上升，他们的就业困难将更加突出。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[21]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 12, "global_sentence_id": 38, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，这些劳动者应是就业优先政策的重点关注人群。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 423, "txt": "因此，这些劳动者应是就业优先政策的重点关注人群。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[21]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 12, "global_sentence_id": 39, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "无论是从人口发展战略的角度，还是从劳动力市场的角度来看，“一老一小”群体（劳动年龄人口中的大龄和青年群体）都面临着相似的就业结构性问题。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 425, "txt": "无论是从人口发展战略的角度，还是从劳动力市场的角度来看，“一老一小”群体", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[23]"}, {"position_id": 427, "txt": "（劳动年龄人口中的大龄和青年群体）", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[23]/span"}, {"position_id": 429, "txt": "都面临着相似的就业结构性问题。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[23]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 13, "global_sentence_id": 40, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，我们高度关注这些群体，并致力于解决他们的就业难题。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 430, "txt": "因此，我们高度关注这些群体，并致力于解决他们的就业难题。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[23]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 13, "global_sentence_id": 41, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "展望未来，从人口年龄结构的变化趋势来看，中年群体在总人口中仍占据较高比例，但大龄劳动人群的数量将逐渐增加。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 432, "txt": "展望未来，从人口年龄结构的变化趋势来看，中年群体在总人口中仍占据较高比例，但大龄劳动人群的数量将逐渐增加。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[25]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 14, "global_sentence_id": 42, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "同时，少年儿童人口虽然目前占比较大，但很快就会减少，而他们将逐渐成长为年轻的就业群体。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 433, "txt": "同时，少年儿童人口虽然目前占比较大，但很快就会减少，而他们将逐渐成长为年轻的就业群体。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[25]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 14, "global_sentence_id": 43, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，解决大龄劳动者和青年就业群体的就业难题，都是我们长期面临的艰巨任务。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 434, "txt": "因此，解决大龄劳动者和青年就业群体的就业难题，都是我们长期面临的艰巨任务。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[25]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 14, "global_sentence_id": 44, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "要完善人口支持政策体系，核心目标在于获取人口红利，而要实现这一目标并非易事，需要有相应的体制机制作为支撑。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 436, "txt": "要完善人口支持政策体系，核心目标在于获取人口红利，而要实现这一目标并非易事，需要有相应的体制机制作为支撑。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[27]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 45, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "通过深化相关领域改革，在劳动力市场上实现更充分和更高质量的就业，进而提高居民收入，从供给侧和需求侧支撑经济增长，这是改革红利的关键落脚点。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 437, "txt": "通过深化相关领域改革，在劳动力市场上实现更充分和更高质量的就业，进而提高居民收入，从供给侧和需求侧支撑经济增长，这是改革红利的关键落脚点。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[27]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 46, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "中国人口结构的U字形与就业匹配度的倒U字形", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 439, "txt": "中国人口结构的U字形与就业匹配度的倒U字形", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[29]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 16, "global_sentence_id": 47, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "基于以上大背景，我设想了一个U字形的人口结构曲线与一个倒U字形的匹配曲线，以反映我们面临的结构性就业矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 441, "txt": "基于以上大背景，我设想了一个U字形的人口结构曲线与一个倒U字形的匹配曲线，以反映我们面临的结构性就业矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[31]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 48, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一假说有待于进一步论证和验证。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 442, "txt": "这一假说有待于进一步论证和验证。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[31]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 49, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/32U9GE16bDtC1pHi8E3a1B4i.png", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 231, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/32U9GE16bDtC1pHi8E3a1B4i.png", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[33]/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 18, "global_sentence_id": 50, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "图6—2可以被看作一张基于经验和数据支撑的示意图。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 444, "txt": "图6—2可以被看作一张基于经验和数据支撑的示意图。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[35]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 51, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "之所以说有经验的支撑，是因为该图系由跨国数据所得。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 445, "txt": "之所以说有经验的支撑，是因为该图系由跨国数据所得。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[35]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 52, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "图中向下倾斜的曲线，反映了处于人口转变最低阶段的状态，即拥有非常年轻的劳动年龄人口的极端情况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 446, "txt": "图中向下倾斜的曲线，反映了处于人口转变最低阶段的状态，即拥有非常年轻的劳动年龄人口的极端情况。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[35]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 53, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这里我采用的是1950年世界上最不发达国家的人口年龄结构数据（仅针对16~64岁劳动年龄人口），其呈现下行趋势，很大部分人群集中在最年轻的群体，与人口转变阶段特征是相吻合的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 447, "txt": "这里我采用的是1950年世界上最不发达国家的人口年龄结构数据", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[35]"}, {"position_id": 449, "txt": "（仅针对16~64岁劳动年龄人口）", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[35]/span"}, {"position_id": 451, "txt": "，其呈现下行趋势，很大部分人群集中在最年轻的群体，与人口转变阶段特征是相吻合的。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[35]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 54, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在此，我插一个话题。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 453, "txt": "在此，我插一个话题。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 55, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "许多人在研究非洲问题或比较不发达国家的情况时，常提到这些国家的人口高度年轻化，并认为它们本应拥有充分的人口红利。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 454, "txt": "许多人在研究非洲问题或比较不发达国家的情况时，常提到这些国家的人口高度年轻化，并认为它们本应拥有充分的人口红利。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 56, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "然而，我认为这一观点需要纠正。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 455, "txt": "然而，我认为这一观点需要纠正。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 57, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因为对于人口红利的错误认识，可能会影响我们对中国人口红利未来的开启战略。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 456, "txt": "因为对于人口红利的错误认识，可能会影响我们对中国人口红利未来的开启战略。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 58, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "以撒哈拉以南非洲为例，相当多的国家中位年龄仅为16岁，人口非常年轻，我国中位年龄大约为38岁或39岁。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 457, "txt": "以撒哈拉以南非洲为例，相当多的国家中位年龄仅为16岁，人口非常年轻，我国中位年龄大约为38岁或39岁。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 59, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "然而，年轻并不意味着就拥有人口红利。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 458, "txt": "然而，", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]"}, {"position_id": 460, "txt": "年轻并不意味着就拥有人口红利。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 60, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "16岁作为中位年龄，意味着这个国家一半的人口尚未达到法定劳动年龄，根本就不是就业群体，人口红利也无从谈起。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 462, "txt": "16岁作为中位年龄，意味着这个国家一半的人口尚未达到法定劳动年龄，根本就不是就业群体，人口红利也无从谈起。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 61, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这就是图中向下倾斜曲线的内在含义。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 463, "txt": "这就是图中向下倾斜曲线的内在含义。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[37]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 62, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "另一方面，高度老龄化的国家即人口转变到后期或后人口红利时期的国家的人口年龄结构，系发达国家在2050年的人口年龄结构，如图中向上倾斜的曲线，所呈现的上扬趋势正是少子化和老龄化问题的体现。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 465, "txt": "另一方面，高度老龄化的国家即人口转变到后期或后人口红利时期的国家的人口年龄结构，系发达国家在2050年的人口年龄结构，如图中向上倾斜的曲线，所呈现的上扬趋势正是少子化和老龄化问题的体现。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[39]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 22, "global_sentence_id": 63, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "以上两条曲线，分别表现了两种极端的劳动年龄人口结构。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 467, "txt": "以上两条曲线，分别表现了两种极端的劳动年龄人口结构。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 64, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在两种极端情形之间，还存在一个人口转变的中间状态。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 468, "txt": "在两种极端情形之间，还存在一个人口转变的中间状态。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 65, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这个中间状态既尚未完全脱离早期人口转变阶段，也未达到极度老龄化的人口转变阶段，例如中国的现状。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 469, "txt": "这个中间状态既尚未完全脱离早期人口转变阶段，也未达到极度老龄化的人口转变阶段，例如中国的现状。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 66, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "此外，中国还具有“未富先老”特征，即在尚未实现富裕时就已经达到较高的老龄化程度。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 470, "txt": "此外，", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]"}, {"position_id": 472, "txt": "中国还具有“未富先老”特征，即在尚未实现富裕时就已经达到较高的老龄化程度。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 67, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这些特征综合起来，使中国处于这种中间状态。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 474, "txt": "这些特征综合起来，使中国处于这种中间状态。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 68, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我设想这个中间状态的劳动人口年龄分布呈U字形，即青年就业人群和大龄就业人群的占比都相对较高，而中间年龄的人群则有所减少。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 475, "txt": "我设想这个中间状态的劳动人口年龄分布呈U字形，即青年就业人群和大龄就业人群的占比都相对较高，而中间年龄的人群则有所减少。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[41]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 69, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "虽然这个U字形能否得到直接而显著的呈现尚不确定，但从理论上可以推断出，中国处在特定的发展阶段，其人口结构最接近这种U字形。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 477, "txt": "虽然这个U字形能否得到直接而显著的呈现尚不确定，但从理论上可以推断出，中国处在特定的发展阶段，其人口结构最接近这种U字形。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[43]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 24, "global_sentence_id": 70, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "或许还未完全形成U字形，但比其他任何时期都更接近。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 478, "txt": "或许还未完全形成U字形，但比其他任何时期都更接近。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[43]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 24, "global_sentence_id": 71, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，我们将U字形作为理论特征，而非肉眼可见的特征，有助于进行分析。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 479, "txt": "因此，我们将U字形作为理论特征，而非肉眼可见的特征，有助于进行分析。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[43]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 24, "global_sentence_id": 72, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "同时我们也观察到，中国人力资本在具有一般特征之外，还具有一些独特特点，其中也蕴含着中国特色。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 480, "txt": "同时我们也观察到，中国人力资本在具有一般特征之外，还具有一些独特特点，其中也蕴含着中国特色。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[43]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 24, "global_sentence_id": 73, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在中国，少年群体及青年就业人群的受教育程度较高，人均受教育年限在24岁时达到峰值。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 482, "txt": "在中国，少年群体及青年就业人群的受教育程度较高，人均受教育年限在24岁时达到峰值。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[45]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 74, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "根据相关研究文献，中国和其他一些发展中国家普遍呈现出类似趋势，即在24岁左右受教育程度达到最高点后，随着年龄的增长，受教育程度逐渐下降，形成一条向下递减的曲线。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 484, "txt": "根据相关研究文献，中国和其他一些发展中国家普遍呈现出类似趋势，即在24岁左右受教育程度达到最高点后，随着年龄的增长，受教育程度逐渐下降，形成一条向下递减的曲线。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[47]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 26, "global_sentence_id": 75, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一现象在发达经济体中并不存在。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 486, "txt": "这一现象在发达经济体中并不存在。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[49]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 27, "global_sentence_id": 76, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "美国、欧洲国家、日本等发达经济体，分年龄段的受教育年限系较为平坦的水平线，24岁与64岁人口的人均受教育年限基本相当。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 487, "txt": "美国、欧洲国家、日本等发达经济体，分年龄段的受教育年限系较为平坦的水平线，24岁与64岁人口的人均受教育年限基本相当。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[49]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 27, "global_sentence_id": 77, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "中国尽管教育发展曾相对滞后，但在改革开放的推动下，实现了快速的赶超，每一代人的受教育程度均超过前一代。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 489, "txt": "中国尽管教育发展曾相对滞后，但在改革开放的推动下，实现了快速的赶超，每一代人的受教育程度均超过前一代。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[51]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 28, "global_sentence_id": 78, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，中国人口的受教育年限随着年龄增长而下降的趋势尤为明显。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 490, "txt": "因此，中国人口的受教育年限随着年龄增长而下降的趋势尤为明显。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[51]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 28, "global_sentence_id": 79, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这说明中国的教育在持续地进步，人均受教育年限哪怕每10年把平均值提高1年都意义重大，须知教育的发展是一个长期且艰巨的过程，人口平均受教育年限的每一点提升都凝聚着巨大的努力与投入。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 491, "txt": "这说明中国的教育在持续地进步，人均受教育年限哪怕每10年把平均值提高1年都意义重大，须知教育的发展是一个长期且艰巨的过程，人口平均受教育年限的每一点提升都凝聚着巨大的努力与投入。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[51]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 28, "global_sentence_id": 80, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "中国在过去30年间所取得的进步，无疑是十分显著的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 492, "txt": "中国在过去30年间所取得的进步，无疑是十分显著的。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[51]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 28, "global_sentence_id": 81, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "同时，整体受教育年限的提高较快，就会在代际或队列之间产生较大差距，使受教育年限随着年龄增长而下降的趋势表现出来。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 493, "txt": "同时，整体受教育年限的提高较快，就会在代际或队列之间产生较大差距，使受教育年限随着年龄增长而下降的趋势表现出来。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[51]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 28, "global_sentence_id": 82, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "人口平均受教育年限作为人力资本的代理指标，是用计量方法观察就业技能及其回报的重要变量，但并非唯一变量。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 495, "txt": "人口平均受教育年限作为人力资本的代理指标，是用计量方法观察就业技能及其回报的重要变量，但并非唯一变量。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[53]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 83, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "工作经验同样对人力资本的提升具有重要影响，随着工作经历增长，劳动者解决问题的能力也在提高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 496, "txt": "工作经验同样对人力资本的提升具有重要影响，随着工作经历增长，劳动者解决问题的能力也在提高。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[53]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 84, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在中国，受教育年限与工作经验之间存在明显的反向关系：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 497, "txt": "在中国，受教育年限与工作经验之间存在明显的反向关系：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[53]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 85, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "青年人群受教育年限较高，但缺乏工作经验；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 498, "txt": "青年人群受教育年限较高，但缺乏工作经验；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[53]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 86, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "而大龄劳动者虽然工作经验丰富，但受教育年限较低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 499, "txt": "而大龄劳动者虽然工作经验丰富，但受教育年限较低。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[53]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 87, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "从这一角度来看，中间年龄段的人群可能在两者之间取得较好的平衡，既具备较高的受教育程度，又拥有一定的工作经验，从而形成更为优越的人力资本。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 501, "txt": "从这一角度来看，中间年龄段的人群可能在两者之间取得较好的平衡，既具备较高的受教育程度，又拥有一定的工作经验，从而形成更为优越的人力资本。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[55]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 88, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "基于这一观察，我们提出一个假说：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 502, "txt": "基于这一观察，我们提出一个假说：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[55]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 89, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "劳动力市场的匹配度与年龄具有倒U字形曲线关系，即中间年龄段的人群在市场上的匹配度最佳。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 503, "txt": "劳动力市场的匹配度与年龄具有倒U字形曲线关系，即中间年龄段的人群在市场上的匹配度最佳。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[55]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 90, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我们用2020年第七次人口普查的数据对这一假说进行了验证。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 505, "txt": "我们用2020年第七次人口普查的数据对这一假说进行了验证。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[57]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 31, "global_sentence_id": 91, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "结果显示，城镇居民劳动者的就业率分年龄来看，确实呈现出倒U字形曲线—青年群体就业率偏低，中年群体达到最高点，随后下降，到大龄群体就降到比较低的水平。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 506, "txt": "结果显示，城镇居民劳动者的就业率分年龄来看，确实呈现出倒U字形曲线—青年群体就业率偏低，中年群体达到最高点，随后下降，到大龄群体就降到比较低的水平。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[57]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 31, "global_sentence_id": 92, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一结果充分验证了我们的假说，即劳动力市场的匹配度与年龄呈倒U字形关系。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 507, "txt": "这一结果充分验证了我们的假说，即劳动力市场的匹配度与年龄呈倒U字形关系。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[57]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 31, "global_sentence_id": 93, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "此外，我们还注意到，在发达国家，青年就业群体和大龄就业群体同样面临着较大的就业困难。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 509, "txt": "此外，我们还注意到，在发达国家，青年就业群体和大龄就业群体同样面临着较大的就业困难。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[59]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 94, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "例如，24岁以下的青年就业群体更容易签订“零时合同”（即雇主不保证提供固定的工作时间，员工只有在被要求工作时才工作，并且雇主只对实际工作的时间支付工资），而60岁以上的人口一旦失业，再就业的难度比其他人群要高1倍。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 510, "txt": "例如，24岁以下的青年就业群体更容易签订“零时合同”", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[59]"}, {"position_id": 512, "txt": "（即雇主不保证提供固定的工作时间，员工只有在被要求工作时才工作，并且雇主只对实际工作的时间支付工资）", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[59]/span"}, {"position_id": 514, "txt": "，而60岁以上的人口一旦失业，再就业的难度比其他人群要高1倍。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[59]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 95, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这些现象都进一步支持了我们的假说，即匹配度的倒U字形曲线在劳动力市场上是成立的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 515, "txt": "这些现象都进一步支持了我们的假说，即匹配度的倒U字形曲线在劳动力市场上是成立的。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[59]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 96, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，U字形的劳动年龄人口分布和倒U字形的劳动力市场匹配度，构成了一对矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 517, "txt": "因此，U字形的劳动年龄人口分布和倒U字形的劳动力市场匹配度，构成了一对矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[61]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 97, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "它们在中国当前发展阶段下同时存在，带来了特有的与人口相关的劳动力市场特征和结构性就业矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 518, "txt": "它们在中国当前发展阶段下同时存在，带来了特有的与人口相关的劳动力市场特征和结构性就业矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[61]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 98, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "中国目前是否呈最接近U字形的人口分布，我们尝试用最简单的人口变化来进行分析。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 520, "txt": "中国目前是否呈最接近U字形的人口分布，我们尝试用最简单的人口变化来进行分析。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[63]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 34, "global_sentence_id": 99, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1990年时，青少年人群比重最高，到了2005年，当年的年轻人开始在劳动力市场上成为中年人，再到2020年第七次人口普查时，这部分人就到了大龄群体中。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 521, "txt": "1990年时，青少年人群比重最高，到了2005年，当年的年轻人开始在劳动力市场上成为中年人，再到2020年第七次人口普查时，这部分人就到了大龄群体中。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[63]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 34, "global_sentence_id": 100, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "非人口学专业的如果需要理解人口趋势和特征，可以采用一种理解人口动态的分析方法，即借用回声的概念。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 523, "txt": "非人口学专业的如果需要理解人口趋势和特征，可以采用一种理解人口动态的分析方法，即借用回声的概念。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 101, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "想象一下，当你在群山环绕的山谷中发出声音，声音会在对面的山壁上形成回声，然后反射到你身后的山壁，再次形成回声。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 524, "txt": "想象一下，当你在群山环绕的山谷中发出声音，声音会在对面的山壁上形成回声，然后反射到你身后的山壁，再次形成回声。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 102, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "每一次回声都源自你发出的声音，但逐渐减弱。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 525, "txt": "每一次回声都源自你发出的声音，但逐渐减弱。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 103, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "你发声时是婴儿潮，第一次回声象征着上学潮，随后是就业潮，再往后则是养老潮。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 526, "txt": "你发声时是婴儿潮，第一次回声象征着上学潮，随后是就业潮，再往后则是养老潮。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 104, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "虽然这些回声会逐渐减弱，但它们的发生是必然的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 527, "txt": "虽然这些回声会逐渐减弱，但它们的发生是必然的。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 105, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，到2035年时，中间年龄段人群相对于其他任何时代都是最少的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 528, "txt": "因此，到2035年时，中间年龄段人群相对于其他任何时代都是最少的。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 106, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一趋势使得U字形特征成为这个时期的最突出特点，“一老一小”成为最重要的就业矛盾。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 529, "txt": "这一趋势使得U字形特征成为这个时期的最突出特点，", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]"}, {"position_id": 531, "txt": "“一老一小”成为最重要的就业矛盾。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 107, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这是我们观察到的现实，也是我们需要深入思考和解决的问题。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 533, "txt": "这是我们观察到的现实，也是我们需要深入思考和解决的问题。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[65]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 108, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "应对之策：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 535, "txt": "应对之策：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[67]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 109, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "加大力度、加快速度推进人力资本培养和公共就业服务", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 536, "txt": "加大力度、加快速度推进人力资本培养和公共就业服务", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[67]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 110, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在U字形人口年龄结构与倒U字形人力资源市场匹配产生反差的背景下，如何解决中国的结构性就业矛盾？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 538, "txt": "在U字形人口年龄结构与倒U字形人力资源市场匹配产生反差的背景下，如何解决中国的结构性就业矛盾？", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[69]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 37, "global_sentence_id": 111, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我从人力资本培养和公共就业服务两个方面入手，为解决这一矛盾提供一些政策建议。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 539, "txt": "我从人力资本培养和公共就业服务两个方面入手，为解决这一矛盾提供一些政策建议。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[69]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 37, "global_sentence_id": 112, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一，政策工具箱的充实与贯通。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 541, "txt": "第一，政策工具箱的充实与贯通。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[71]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 38, "global_sentence_id": 113, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我们首先需要转变一个传统观念。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 543, "txt": "我们首先需要转变一个传统观念。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[73]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 114, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "过去，宏观经济调控部门在涉及就业时，主要遵循菲利普斯曲线，认为只要通过刺激经济、创造足够的需求使经济回到潜在增长水平，就能消除周期性失业，实现充分就业，从而达到宏观调控的目标。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 544, "txt": "过去，宏观经济调控部门在涉及就业时，主要遵循菲利普斯曲线，认为只要通过刺激经济、创造足够的需求使经济回到潜在增长水平，就能消除周期性失业，实现充分就业，从而达到宏观调控的目标。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[73]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 115, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "然而，在经历了疫情等冲击后，即使采取了刺激性政策，经济有所恢复，面临的也可能是更高的自然失业水平。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 545, "txt": "然而，在经历了疫情等冲击后，即使采取了刺激性政策，经济有所恢复，面临的也可能是更高的自然失业水平。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[73]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 116, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这是因为短期冲击叠加人口结构新特征，如老龄化程度加深、劳动年龄人口趋于U字形分布，都可能影响就业市场的恢复。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 546, "txt": "这是因为短期冲击叠加人口结构新特征，如老龄化程度加深、劳动年龄人口趋于U字形分布，都可能影响就业市场的恢复。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[73]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 117, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，仅仅依赖原有的宏观经济政策手段是不够的，还需要结合公共就业服务、劳动力市场功能完善，以及相关体制机制改革等其他政策工具。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 547, "txt": "因此，仅仅依赖原有的宏观经济政策手段是不够的，还需要结合公共就业服务、劳动力市场功能完善，以及相关体制机制改革等其他政策工具。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[73]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 118, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这意味着，结构性改革手段与宏观经济的周期性工具应相互结合，长期的工具与短期的工具应协同发挥作用，共同构成一揽子宏观经济政策工具箱。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 549, "txt": "这意味着，结构性改革手段与宏观经济的周期性工具应相互结合，长期的工具与短期的工具应协同发挥作用，共同构成一揽子宏观经济政策工具箱。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[75]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 40, "global_sentence_id": 119, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这就是说，除了关注菲利普斯曲线，运用货币政策和财政政策的标准政策工具应对周期性失业，我们还应关注贝弗里奇曲线，扩充和贯通长期化政策工具以应对结构性矛盾，降低自然失业率。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 551, "txt": "这就是说，除了关注菲利普斯曲线，运用货币政策和财政政策的标准政策工具应对周期性失业，我们还应关注贝弗里奇曲线，扩充和贯通长期化政策工具以应对结构性矛盾，降低自然失业率。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[77]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 120, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对于疫情后复苏而言，这样可以事半功倍，提高充分就业水平和就业质量。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 552, "txt": "对于疫情后复苏而言，这样可以事半功倍，提高充分就业水平和就业质量。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[77]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 121, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第二，从结构入手释放总量潜力。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 554, "txt": "第二，从结构入手释放总量潜力。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[79]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 42, "global_sentence_id": 122, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我们都说就业总量问题得到了缓解，可事实上，虽然劳动力总量过多对应着岗位不足的问题得以缓解，但又变成劳动力总量过少以致出现劳动力短缺问题。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 556, "txt": "我们都说就业总量问题得到了缓解，可事实上，虽然劳动力总量过多对应着岗位不足的问题得以缓解，但又变成劳动力总量过少以致出现劳动力短缺问题。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[81]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 123, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "无论偏多或偏少，皆非理想状态。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 557, "txt": "无论偏多或偏少，皆非理想状态。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[81]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 124, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，解决总量短缺同样需要改革，并将其作为政策施力的一个重要方面。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 558, "txt": "因此，解决总量短缺同样需要改革，并将其作为政策施力的一个重要方面。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[81]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 125, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "从数据上看，无论是劳动年龄人口、劳动力人群还是实际就业的城乡劳动者，其数量都正在从正增长转变为零增长，进而进入负增长。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 560, "txt": "从数据上看，无论是劳动年龄人口、劳动力人群还是实际就业的城乡劳动者，其数量都正在从正增长转变为零增长，进而进入负增长。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[83]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 126, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "但值得注意的是，尽管劳动年龄人口和劳动力数量已经呈现负增长，我们仍然有可能实现城镇就业的正增长。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 561, "txt": "但值得注意的是，尽管劳动年龄人口和劳动力数量已经呈现负增长，我们仍然有可能实现城镇就业的正增长。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[83]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 127, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "解决这一矛盾的基本路径可以有以下三个：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 563, "txt": "解决这一矛盾的基本路径可以有以下三个：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[85]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 128, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "一是通过促进劳动力的有效流动和配置，挖掘劳动力（转移）供给潜力；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 564, "txt": "一是通过促进劳动力的有效流动和配置，挖掘劳动力", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[85]"}, {"position_id": 566, "txt": "（转移）", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[85]/span"}, {"position_id": 568, "txt": "供给潜力；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[85]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 129, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "二是转向依靠生产率提高的新动能，因为靠投入劳动力和资本的经济增长终究不可持续，要实现经济增长动能的转换；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 569, "txt": "二是转向依靠生产率提高的新动能，因为靠投入劳动力和资本的经济增长终究不可持续，要实现经济增长动能的转换；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[85]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 130, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "三是以人力资本质量替代劳动力数量，包括加强人力资本的培养、提升劳动者的技能水平等方面。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 570, "txt": "三是以人力资本质量替代劳动力数量，包括加强人力资本的培养、提升劳动者的技能水平等方面。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[85]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 131, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "以户籍制度改革为例。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 572, "txt": "以户籍制度改革为例。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 132, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "户籍制度改革在开发人力资源方面，无论是从劳动力数量还是人力资本的角度来看，都具有显著的意义。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 573, "txt": "户籍制度改革在开发人力资源方面，无论是从劳动力数量还是人力资本的角度来看，都具有显著的意义。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 133, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "根据2020年第七次人口普查的数据，在全部城镇常住居民中，有相当高比例（超过30%）的人口没有所在乡、镇或街道的户籍。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 574, "txt": "根据2020年第七次人口普查的数据，在全部城镇常住居民中，有相当高比例", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]"}, {"position_id": 576, "txt": "（超过30%）", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]/span"}, {"position_id": 578, "txt": "的人口没有所在乡、镇或街道的户籍。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 134, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "而从年龄分布来看，在十几岁到40岁的这个年龄段，没有当地户籍的人群比重更高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 579, "txt": "而从年龄分布来看，在十几岁到40岁的这个年龄段，没有当地户籍的人群比重更高。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 135, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这部分人群中，固然有一部分可能是在城市就学，尚未确定落户地点，但也包含了大量劳动者群体，特别是青年就业群体。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 580, "txt": "这部分人群中，固然有一部分可能是在城市就学，尚未确定落户地点，但也包含了大量劳动者群体，特别是青年就业群体。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[87]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 136, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "党的二十届三中全会特别强调了退役军人、农民工、大学毕业生群体的就业矛盾，“一老一小”中这部分人的问题是一个重点。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 582, "txt": "党的二十届三中全会特别强调了退役军人、农民工、大学毕业生群体的就业矛盾，“一老一小”中这部分人的问题是一个重点。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[89]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 137, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对于大龄劳动者而言，尽管户籍问题可能不如对青年劳动者那么重要，但也不无影响。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 583, "txt": "对于大龄劳动者而言，尽管户籍问题可能不如对青年劳动者那么重要，但也不无影响。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[89]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 138, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "许多农民工在过了40岁或更大一些的年龄后，由于不再受就业市场欢迎而选择返乡，这样他们往往只能退回到生产率更低的部门，如务农或在家乡从事服务业，这意味着资源配置的退化和生产率的降低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 584, "txt": "许多农民工在过了40岁或更大一些的年龄后，由于不再受就业市场欢迎而选择返乡，这样他们往往只能退回到生产率更低的部门，如务农或在家乡从事服务业，这意味着资源配置的退化和生产率的降低。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[89]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 139, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这种劳动力市场的动向，也在一定程度上反映了户籍制度对劳动力市场的影响。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 585, "txt": "这种劳动力市场的动向，也在一定程度上反映了户籍制度对劳动力市场的影响。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[89]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 140, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，户籍制度改革不仅关乎人口流动和资源配置的优化，更是开发人力资源、促进社会流动的重要举措。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 587, "txt": "因此，户籍制度改革不仅关乎人口流动和资源配置的优化，更是开发人力资源、促进社会流动的重要举措。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[91]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 48, "global_sentence_id": 141, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "通过改革，可以进一步释放人力资源的潜力，推动经济社会的持续健康发展。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 588, "txt": "通过改革，可以进一步释放人力资源的潜力，推动经济社会的持续健康发展。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[91]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 48, "global_sentence_id": 142, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对于城镇居民而言，户籍制度与年龄的关系并不显著。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 590, "txt": "对于城镇居民而言，户籍制度与年龄的关系并不显著。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[93]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 143, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "然而，在面临老龄化问题时，他们也需要面对延迟法定退休年龄的改革。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 591, "txt": "然而，在面临老龄化问题时，他们也需要面对延迟法定退休年龄的改革。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[93]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 144, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "延迟退休政策不能简单地“一延了之”，而是需要新的应对策略。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 592, "txt": "延迟退休政策不能简单地“一延了之”，而是需要新的应对策略。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[93]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 145, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果大龄劳动者的就业服务不充分，人力资本与劳动力市场需求不匹配，他们可能会在劳动力市场上遭遇冲击。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 593, "txt": "如果大龄劳动者的就业服务不充分，人力资本与劳动力市场需求不匹配，他们可能会在劳动力市场上遭遇冲击。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[93]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 146, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": 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"IOS"}, {"txt": "我们需要以劳动力质量、创业能力、创新力等新要素形式，促进要素新组合，形成新质生产力。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 616, "txt": "我们需要以劳动力质量、创业能力、创新力等新要素形式，促进要素新组合，形成新质生产力。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[101]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 163, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在未来，我国人力资本可能会呈现几个新的特征。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 617, "txt": "在未来，我国人力资本可能会呈现几个新的特征。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[101]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 164, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一，人力资本竞争将不再是单纯的人与人之间的竞争，而是人类智能与人工智能之间的竞争。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 619, "txt": "第一，人力资本竞争将不再是单纯的人与人之间的竞争，而是人类智能与人工智能之间的竞争。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[103]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 165, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这意味着人力资本的外部性将更强，其私人性质将降低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 621, "txt": "这意味着人力资本的外部性将更强，其私人性质将降低。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[103]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 166, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这要求政府承担更大支出责任，从娃娃抓起培养通识能力，帮助大龄群体跟上科技潮流。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 622, "txt": "这要求政府承担更大支出责任，从娃娃抓起培养通识能力，帮助大龄群体跟上科技潮流。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[103]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 167, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第二，人力资本与教育的关系虽然仍然紧密，但直接联系将有所降低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 624, "txt": "第二，人力资本与教育的关系虽然仍然紧密，但直接联系将有所降低。", "x": 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[{"position_id": 629, "txt": "第三，特殊人力资本的培养将越来越重要。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[107]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 171, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "人类的体力、脑力和智力都可能被人工智能替代，但情商、交际沟通能力、隐性知识和实践智慧等特殊人力资本暂时还不会被取代。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 631, "txt": "人类的体力、脑力和智力都可能被人工智能替代，但情商、交际沟通能力、隐性知识和实践智慧等特殊人力资本暂时还不会被取代。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[107]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 172, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这些都需要在生命的早期进行培养。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 632, "txt": "这些都需要在生命的早期进行培养。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[107]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 173, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，教育需要前移，从而获得更高的回报率，同时应更注重终身教育。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 633, "txt": "因此，教育需要前移，从而获得更高的回报率，同时应更注重终身教育。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[107]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 174, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这意味着教育的公共品属性越来越强，政府的支出责任也越来越明显，还应该大幅度提高公共教育投资。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 634, "txt": "这意味着教育的公共品属性越来越强，政府的支出责任也越来越明显，还应该大幅度提高公共教育投资。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[107]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 175, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "最后，为了应对劳动力市场未来的挑战，我们需要形成新范式和新理念，包括如下几点：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 636, "txt": "最后，为了应对劳动力市场未来的挑战，我们需要形成新范式和新理念，包括如下几点：", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[109]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 176, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "一是不再将受教育年限作为人力资本识别的唯一标准；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 637, "txt": "一是不再将受教育年限作为人力资本识别的唯一标准；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[109]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 177, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "二是人工智能赋能和对齐，使人力资源与人工智能取长补短、扬长避短，并将其融入教育之中；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 638, "txt": "二是人工智能赋能和对齐，使人力资源与人工智能取长补短、扬长避短，并将其融入教育之中；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[109]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 178, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "三是劳动力市场上应该有年龄的混搭，将青年群体和大龄群体进行搭配，这样可能会产生“1+1＞2”的效应；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 639, "txt": "三是劳动力市场上应该有年龄的混搭，将青年群体和大龄群体进行搭配，这样可能会产生“1+1＞2”的效应；", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[109]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 179, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "四是强化劳动力市场建设，这也是一个重要任务，以应对劳动力市场非正规化的趋势，确保高质量就业的实现。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 640, "txt": "四是强化劳动力市场建设，这也是一个重要任务，以应对劳动力市场非正规化的趋势，确保高质量就业的实现。", "x": "/html/body/div[3]/div/div/div/div/div[1]/section/div/div/div[1]/div[4]/div/p[109]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 180, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202503/23/074348920208.png?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/png/interlace/1/q/85", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 362, "txt": "<img 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# 中国经济的“少子化”与“老龄化”问题
## 就业优先与人口支持政策目标要一致
## 中国人口结构的U字形与就业匹配度的倒U字形
## 应对之策：加大力度、加快速度推进人力资本培养和公共就业服务
### 第一，政策工具箱的充实与贯通。
### 第二，从结构入手释放总量潜力。
