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"txt": "波特五力模型。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[5]/span/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 13, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "本书关于竞争优势的阐述，是在前面两本书基础上，进一步简化了分析模型，深入探讨了规模经济效益优势，以及处于囚徒困境的企业竞争与合作关系。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 752, "txt": "本书关于竞争优势的阐述，是在前面两本书基础上，进一步简化了分析模型，深入探讨了规模经济效益优势，以及处于囚徒困境的企业竞争与合作关系。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[6]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 48, "global_sentence_id": 14, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "本书出版于2021年，有23万字，四念同学用2.5万字，分三篇文章解读：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 754, "txt": "本书出版于2021年，有23万字，四念同学用2.5万字，分三篇文章解读：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[7]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 15, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "《竞争优势》上：", "language": "chinese", "position": 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"web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 22, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "评估竞争优势三步骤", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 767, "txt": "评估竞争优势三步骤", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[8]/span[1]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 23, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一个步骤，也是最重要的步骤是制作展现相关市场竞争结构的行业地图。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 769, "txt": "第一个步骤", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[9]/strong"}, {"position_id": 771, "txt": "，也是最重要的步骤是制作展现相关市场竞争结构的", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[9]/strong"}, {"position_id": 773, "txt": "行业地图", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[9]/span/strong"}, {"position_id": 775, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[9]/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 24, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这个行业地图应标出组成整个市场的各个细分市场，并列出每个细分市场的领先者。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 776, "txt": "这个行业地图应标出组成整个市场的各个细分市场，并列出每个细分市场的领先者。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[9]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 25, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第二个步骤，是针对每个细分市场判断在位企业是否受到进入壁垒的保护。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 778, "txt": "第二个步骤", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[10]/strong"}, {"position_id": 780, "txt": "，是针对每个细分市场判断在位企业是否受到进入壁垒的保护。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[10]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 26, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "判断是否存在进入壁垒或竞争优势有两个明显的指标。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 782, "txt": "判断是否存在进入壁垒或竞争优势有两个明显的指标。", "x": 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"相反，如果每个企业都长时间地保有自己的市场份额，那么应该是竞争优势在保护它们各自的市场地位。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[13]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 59, "global_sentence_id": 30, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "企业在市场里相对地位的稳定性也是一个重要方面。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 789, "txt": "企业在市场里相对地位的稳定性也是一个重要方面。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[14]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 60, "global_sentence_id": 31, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这方面的关键指标是占支配地位的企业在细分市场的历史状况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 790, "txt": "这方面的关键指标是占支配地位的企业在细分市场的历史状况。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[14]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 60, "global_sentence_id": 32, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果占支配地位的企业在相当长的时间里保持其领先地位，那么这一事实表明竞争优势存在。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 791, "txt": "如果占支配地位的企业在相当长的时间里保持其领先地位，那么这一事实表明竞争优势存在。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[14]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 60, "global_sentence_id": 33, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "另外，如果无法确定谁是主导细分市场的企业，或者占据第一位的企业经常变化，那么就可能没有任何一家企业享有可持续的竞争优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 792, "txt": "另外，如果无法确定谁是主导细分市场的企业，或者占据第一位的企业经常变化，那么就可能没有任何一家企业享有可持续的竞争优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[14]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 60, "global_sentence_id": 34, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "企业进入和退出某个细分市场的历史状况也是一个有用的线索。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 794, "txt": "企业进入和退出某个细分市场的历史状况也是一个有用的线索。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[15]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 61, "global_sentence_id": 35, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "企业进入和退出越频繁，留在细分市场的企业的相对地位变动越剧烈，市场里的竞争对手越多，就越不可能存在进入壁垒和竞争优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 795, "txt": "企业进入和退出越频繁，留在细分市场的企业的相对地位变动越剧烈，市场里的竞争对手越多，就越不可能存在进入壁垒和竞争优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[15]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 61, "global_sentence_id": 36, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "相反，细分市场内企业越少、越稳定，在位企业就越可能享受进入壁垒的保护并从竞争优势中获益。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 796, "txt": "相反，细分市场内企业越少、越稳定，在位企业就越可能享受进入壁垒的保护并从竞争优势中获益。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[15]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 61, "global_sentence_id": 37, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "2）细分市场里企业的盈利情况", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 798, "txt": "2）细分市场里企业的盈利情况", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[16]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 62, "global_sentence_id": 38, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在缺乏竞争优势的细分市场里，新进入者的到来会使在位企业失去超出资本成本的回报。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 800, "txt": "在缺乏竞争优势的细分市场里，新进入者的到来会使在位企业失去超出资本成本的回报。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[17]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 63, "global_sentence_id": 39, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果一个市场里的企业能够维持显著超过其资本成本的回报率，那么大概率这些企业会从进入壁垒和竞争优势获益。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 801, "txt": "如果一个市场里的企业能够维持显著超过其资本成本的回报率，那么大概率这些企业会从进入壁垒和竞争优势获益。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[17]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 63, "global_sentence_id": 40, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "衡量盈利能力的方法有很多种，能够跨行业进行比较的指标是净资产收益率或投入资本回报率。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 803, "txt": "衡量盈利能力的方法有很多种，能够跨行业进行比较的指标是净资产收益率或投入资本回报率。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[18]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 64, "global_sentence_id": 41, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果在10年或更长的时间里，税后投入资本回报率平均为15%～25%，相当于在税率35%情况下23%～38%的税前投入资本回报率，那么这是竞争优势存在的清晰证明。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 805, "txt": "如果在10年或更长的时间里，税后投入资本回报率平均为15%～25%，相当于在税率35%情况下23%～38%的税前投入资本回报率，那么这是竞争优势存在的清晰证明。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 65, "global_sentence_id": 42, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "假如税后投入资本回报率只有6%～8%，那么基本表明竞争优势并不存在。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 806, "txt": "假如税后投入资本回报率只有6%～8%，那么基本表明竞争优势并不存在。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 65, "global_sentence_id": 43, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果市场份额稳定性和盈利情况的分析结果是一致的，那么对于竞争优势是否存在的判断就比较准确了。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 808, "txt": "如果市场份额稳定性和盈利情况的分析结果是一致的，那么对于竞争优势是否存在的判断就比较准确了。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[20]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 66, "global_sentence_id": 44, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "例如，安然在盈利情况最好的年份（即2000年）回报率仅为6%，而且这个低得可怜的回报率还需要通过会计操纵才能实现。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 810, "txt": "例如，安然在盈利情况最好的年份（即2000年）回报率仅为6%，而且这个低得可怜的回报率还需要通过会计操纵才能实现。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[10]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 67, "global_sentence_id": 45, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这个业绩本应该招来对该企业声称业务拥有竞争优势的质疑。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 811, "txt": "这个业绩本应该招来对该企业声称业务拥有竞争优势的质疑。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[10]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 67, "global_sentence_id": 46, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第三个步骤，是识别和确认竞争优势的可能来源。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 813, "txt": "第三个步骤，是识别和确认竞争优势的可能来源。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[21]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 68, "global_sentence_id": 47, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "行业里占支配地位的企业是受益于专有技术、其他成本优势，还是由于消费者习惯、转换成本或搜寻成本高而享有客户锁定？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 815, "txt": "行业里占支配地位的企业是受益于专有技术、其他成本优势，还是由于消费者习惯、转换成本或搜寻成本高而享有客户锁定？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[22]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 69, "global_sentence_id": 48, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "企业运营是否享有明显的规模经济效益，并与一定程度的客户锁定有机结合？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 817, "txt": "企业运营是否享有明显的规模经济效益，并与一定程度的客户锁定有机结合？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[23]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 49, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果上述情况都不存在，那么在位企业是否由于许可证、补贴、管制或其他政府干预措施获利？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 819, "txt": "如果上述情况都不存在，那么在位企业是否由于许可证、补贴、管制或其他政府干预措施获利？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[11]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 71, "global_sentence_id": 50, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "02", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 821, "txt": "02", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[12]/span/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 72, "global_sentence_id": 51, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "苹果案例解析", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 823, "txt": "苹果案例解析", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[24]/span/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 73, "global_sentence_id": 52, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "现在我们应用前述步骤来考察苹果。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 825, "txt": "现在我们应用前述步骤来考察苹果。", "x": 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"/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[13]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 76, "global_sentence_id": 56, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "）", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 831, "txt": "）", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[13]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 76, "global_sentence_id": 57, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一步，制作行业地图，个人计算机行业分为六个部分，如图。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 833, "txt": "第一步，制作行业地图", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[27]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 835, "txt": "，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[27]/strong"}, {"position_id": 837, "txt": "个人计算机行业分", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[27]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 839, "txt": "为六个部分，如图", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[27]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 841, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[27]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 77, "global_sentence_id": 58, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/rrO1kQE1L254lFh39U0du.png", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 153, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/rrO1kQE1L254lFh39U0du.png", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[28]/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 78, "global_sentence_id": 59, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "个人计算机由各种部件组成，其中CPU，是个人计算机的核心，是最为重要的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 843, "txt": "个人计算机由各种部件组成，其中CPU，是个人计算机的核心，是最为重要的。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[29]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 79, "global_sentence_id": 60, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "领先的CPU制造商包括英特尔、摩托罗拉、IBM和AMD。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 845, "txt": "领先的CPU制造商包括英特尔、摩托罗拉、IBM和AMD。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[29]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 79, "global_sentence_id": 61, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "除此之外的组件包括键盘、电源、主板/显卡、硬盘、内存、显示器、扬声器等。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 847, "txt": "除此之外的组件包括键盘、电源、主板/显卡、硬盘、内存、显示器、扬声器等。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[30]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 80, "global_sentence_id": 62, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "戴尔、IBM、惠普、康柏（于2002年与惠普合并）及其他计算机制造商将这些部件组装成个人计算机。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 849, "txt": "戴尔、IBM、惠普、康柏（于2002年与惠普合并）及其他计算机制造商将这些部件组装成个人计算机。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[31]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 81, "global_sentence_id": 63, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "它们还在计算机里安装操作系统（如微软的Windows操作系统），以及一些应用软件。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 851, "txt": "它们还在计算机里安装操作系统（如微软的Windows操作系统），以及一些应用软件。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[31]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 81, "global_sentence_id": 64, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "现在的计算机客户几乎毫无例外地会通过AOL、Earthlink、MSN、时代华纳或本地电信企业提供的网络服务将机器连接到互联网。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 853, "txt": "现在的计算机客户几乎毫无例外地会通过AOL、Earthlink、MSN、时代华纳或本地电信企业提供的网络服务将机器连接到互联网。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[32]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 82, "global_sentence_id": 65, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "广义来看，雅虎、谷歌和其他互联网网站也属于网络细分市场的范畴。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 855, "txt": "广义来看，雅虎、谷歌和其他互联网网站也属于网络细分市场的范畴。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[32]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 82, "global_sentence_id": 66, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "接下来的图中，列出行业地图里每个细分市场的竞争者，并根据市场份额排名，将占领先地位的企业放在最前面。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 857, "txt": "接下来的图中，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[33]"}, {"position_id": 859, "txt": "列出行业地图里每个细分市场的竞争者，并根据市场份额排名，将占领先地位的企业放在最前面。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[33]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 83, "global_sentence_id": 67, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/4a2V4w2LuCgz3PyXW341ydQp.png", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 172, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/4a2V4w2LuCgz3PyXW341ydQp.png", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[34]/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 84, "global_sentence_id": 68, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "就CPU细分市场而言，英特尔显然是龙头，其次是AMD、IBM、摩托罗拉，后者是苹果推出Mac个人计算机时的主要CPU供应商，后来IBM加入一起合作。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 861, "txt": "就CPU细分市场而言，英特尔显然是龙头，其次是AMD、IBM、摩托罗拉，后者是苹果推出Mac个人计算机时的主要CPU供应商，后来IBM加入一起合作。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[35]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 85, "global_sentence_id": 69, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "计算机（硬件）制造商包括戴尔、惠普、康柏、IBM、捷威、东芝等。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 863, "txt": "计算机（硬件）制造商包括戴尔、惠普、康柏、IBM、捷威、东芝等。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 86, "global_sentence_id": 70, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "当然，还有苹果。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 864, "txt": "当然，还有苹果。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 86, "global_sentence_id": 71, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在CPU细分市场里只有四家企业，而在个人计算机制造细分市场中有很多家企业，并且书里列出的名单可能还不全，也看不出来明显占支配地位的企业是哪家。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 866, "txt": "在CPU细分市场里只有四家企业，而在个人计算机制造细分市场中有很多家企业，并且书里列出的名单可能还不全，也看不出来明显占支配地位的企业是哪家。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[37]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 87, "global_sentence_id": 72, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在系统软件细分市场里，微软是龙头，其他企业如苹果、IBM（开发了OS/2系统，曾经是潜在竞争者）和Linux在规模上都要小很多。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 868, "txt": "在系统软件细分市场里，微软是龙头，其他企业如苹果、IBM（开发了OS/2系统，曾经是潜在竞争者）和Linux在规模上都要小很多。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[38]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 88, "global_sentence_id": 73, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "有两家企业（IBM和苹果）同时也是个人计算机制造商，但是微软既不生产CPU，也不从事制造个人计算机的生意。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 869, "txt": "有两家企业（IBM和苹果）同时也是个人计算机制造商，但是微软既不生产CPU，也不从事制造个人计算机的生意。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[38]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 88, "global_sentence_id": 74, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对于企业同时出现在多个细分市场的情况，只要其不是龙头，都先单独分析每个细分市场。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 870, "txt": "对于企业同时出现在多个细分市场的情况，只要其不是龙头，都先单独分析每个细分市场。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[38]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 88, "global_sentence_id": 75, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "微软也是应用软件细分市场里的主导企业。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 872, "txt": "微软也是应用软件细分市场里的主导企业。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[39]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 89, "global_sentence_id": 76, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "无论是销售额还是用户规模，微软的一系列办公软件和网络浏览器都在各自品类名列第一。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 873, "txt": "无论是销售额还是用户规模，微软的一系列办公软件和网络浏览器都在各自品类名列第一。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[39]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 89, "global_sentence_id": 77, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "其他有知名度的企业，包括财务软件领域的Intuit、图像处理与排版软件领域的Adobe、建筑设计软件领域的AutoDesk，都没有在其他细分市场出现，所以需要决定要不要合并处理这两个细分市场。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 874, "txt": "其他有知名度的企业，包括财务软件领域的Intuit、图像处理与排版软件领域的Adobe、建筑设计软件领域的AutoDesk，都没有在其他细分市场出现，所以需要决定要不要合并处理这两个细分市场。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[39]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 89, "global_sentence_id": 78, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "通常比较好的方法是先将各个细分市场分开处理，然后再寻找它们之间的联系。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 876, "txt": "通常比较好的方法是", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[40]"}, {"position_id": 878, "txt": "先将各个细分市场分开处理，然后再寻找它们之间的联系。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[40]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 90, "global_sentence_id": 79, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在网络细分市场，AOL是主导企业。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 880, "txt": "在网络细分市场，AOL是主导企业。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[41]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 91, "global_sentence_id": 80, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在这个细分市场和其他细分市场里同时出现的企业是微软，它的MSN已经成为网络细分市场的有力竞争者。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 881, "txt": "在这个细分市场和其他细分市场里同时出现的企业是微软，它的MSN已经成为网络细分市场的有力竞争者。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[41]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 91, "global_sentence_id": 81, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在上面的行业地图里，我们还忽略了其他部件细分市场。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 883, "txt": "在上面的行业地图里，我们还忽略了其他部件细分市场。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[42]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 92, "global_sentence_id": 82, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这个市场产品种类众多，包括打印机、硬盘、内存、键盘等，同时每个都有大量竞争者，且横跨细分市场的企业很少，因此每个部件的细分市场都需要单独分析。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 884, "txt": "这个市场产品种类众多，包括打印机、硬盘、内存、键盘等，同时每个都有大量竞争者，且横跨细分市场的企业很少，因此每个部件的细分市场都需要单独分析。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[42]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 92, "global_sentence_id": 83, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我们不能忽略的三个细分市场是CPU、软件和个人计算机制造。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 886, "txt": "我们不能忽略的三个细分市场是CPU、软件和个人计算机制造。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[14]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 93, "global_sentence_id": 84, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第二步，竞争优势的检验与判定", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 888, "txt": "第二步，竞争优势的检验与判定", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[43]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 94, "global_sentence_id": 85, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1）CPU细分市场", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 890, "txt": "1）CPU细分市场", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[44]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 95, "global_sentence_id": 86, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "自从20世纪80年代IBM推出个人计算机并带动行业标准化之后，CPU细分市场的市场份额一直相当稳定。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 892, "txt": "自从20世纪80年代IBM推出个人计算机并带动行业标准化之后，CPU细分市场的市场份额一直相当稳定。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[45]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 96, "global_sentence_id": 87, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在这30多年里，尽管许多代CPU处理器推陈出新，但英特尔一直处于主导地位。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 894, "txt": "在这30多年里，尽管许多代CPU处理器推陈出新，但英特尔一直处于主导地位。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[45]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 96, "global_sentence_id": 88, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "20世纪80年代早期，摩托罗拉曾经是一个强有力的竞争者，但之后被英特尔抛在了后面。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 896, "txt": "20世纪80年代早期，摩托罗拉曾经是一个强有力的竞争者，但之后被英特尔抛在了后面。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[46]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 97, "global_sentence_id": 89, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在此之后，英特尔的市场份额相当稳定，一直保持在90%上下。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 898, "txt": "在此之后，英特尔的市场份额相当稳定，一直保持在90%上下。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[46]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 97, "global_sentence_id": 90, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "有时AMD会夺取一些市场份额，但是英特尔总是能收复失地。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 900, "txt": "有时AMD会夺取一些市场份额，但是英特尔总是能收复失地。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[46]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 97, "global_sentence_id": 91, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如此稳定的市场份额证明这个细分市场存在着明显的进入壁垒和竞争优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 902, "txt": "如此稳定的市场份额证明这个细分市场存在着明显的进入壁垒和竞争优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[46]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 97, "global_sentence_id": 92, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "英特尔一直以来的盈利能力也展现了这一点。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 904, "txt": "英特尔一直以来的盈利能力也展现了这一点。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[47]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 98, "global_sentence_id": 93, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "除了20世纪80年代中期，英特尔放弃内存业务之前的短暂时期之外，英特尔的税后投入资本回报率一直超过30%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 906, "txt": "除了20世纪80年代中期，英特尔放弃内存业务之前的短暂时期之外，英特尔的税后投入资本回报率一直超过30%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[47]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 98, "global_sentence_id": 94, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "没有成功的新进入者和英特尔在CPU细分市场的持续统治地位，都是强大在位企业竞争优势的表现。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 908, "txt": "没有成功的新进入者和英特尔在CPU细分市场的持续统治地位，都是强大在位企业竞争优势的表现。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[48]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 99, "global_sentence_id": 95, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "英特尔竞争优势的来源（客户锁定、规模经济效益和一些专利保护）非常清晰。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 910, "txt": "英特尔竞争优势的来源（客户锁定、规模经济效益和一些专利保护）非常清晰。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[48]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 99, "global_sentence_id": 96, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "遗憾的是，在这场竞争里苹果始终是输家。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 912, "txt": "遗憾的是，在这场竞争里苹果始终是输家。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[49]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 100, "global_sentence_id": 97, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "苹果先在第一代Mac个人计算机的CPU上与摩托罗拉结盟，后来在PowerPC处理器上与摩托罗拉、IBM形成联盟。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 914, "txt": "苹果先在第一代Mac个人计算机的CPU上与摩托罗拉结盟，后来在PowerPC处理器上与摩托罗拉、IBM形成联盟。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[49]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 100, "global_sentence_id": 98, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "由于英特尔享有规模经济效益，它在CPU性能升级的步伐上拉开了和摩托罗拉的差距。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 916, "txt": "由于", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[50]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 918, "txt": "英特尔享有规模经济效益，它在CPU性能升级的步伐上拉开了和摩托罗拉的差距。", "x": 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"position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 923, "txt": "每一代CPU升级都需要约10亿美元", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 925, "txt": "的研发费用，英特尔每一代CPU都能卖出", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 927, "txt": "1亿个", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[2]/span/strong"}, {"position_id": 929, "txt": "，也就是平均每个CPU分摊的研发费用为", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 931, "txt": "10美元", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[3]/span/strong"}, {"position_id": 933, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[3]/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 102, "global_sentence_id": 102, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "相比之下，苹果–摩托罗拉–IBM联盟每一代CPU只能售出1000万个，也就是平均每个CPU的研发费用为100美元。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 934, "txt": "相比之下，苹果–摩托罗拉–IBM联盟每一代CPU只能售出", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[3]/span"}, {"position_id": 936, "txt": "1000万个", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[4]/span/strong"}, {"position_id": 938, "txt": "，也就是平均每个CPU的研发费用为", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[5]"}, {"position_id": 940, "txt": "100美元", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[6]/span/strong"}, {"position_id": 942, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[51]/span[7]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 102, "global_sentence_id": 103, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "于是联盟面临两难选择：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 944, "txt": "于是联盟面临两难选择：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[15]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 103, "global_sentence_id": 104, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "削减研发费用（这几乎肯定会招致新技术竞争中的失败）或承担比英特尔更高的单位研发成本。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 946, "txt": "削减研发费用（这几乎肯定会招致新技术竞争中的失败）或承担比英特尔更高的单位研发成本。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[15]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 103, "global_sentence_id": 105, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "无论哪种情况，联盟都将身处劣势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 948, "txt": "无论哪种情况，联盟都将身处劣势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[15]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 103, "global_sentence_id": 106, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "2）竞争优势的检验与判定：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 950, "txt": "2）竞争优势的检验与判定：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[52]/strong/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 104, "global_sentence_id": 107, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "软件细分市场", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 952, "txt": "软件细分市场", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[52]/strong/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 104, "global_sentence_id": 108, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "略", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 954, "txt": "略", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[53]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 105, "global_sentence_id": 109, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "3）竞争优势的检验与判定：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 956, "txt": "3）竞争优势的检验与判定：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[54]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 106, "global_sentence_id": 110, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "个人计算机制造细分市场", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 957, "txt": "个人计算机制造细分市场", "x": 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"/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[55]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 107, "global_sentence_id": 114, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1990年市场份额排在前列的企业在1998年的排名下降得十分厉害。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 965, "txt": "1990年市场份额排在前列的企业在1998年的排名下降得十分厉害。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[56]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 108, "global_sentence_id": 115, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "各家企业在此期间的平均市场份额变化是15.3%，与软件细分市场和CPU细分市场里不到2%的平均市场份额变动形成鲜明对比。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 967, "txt": "各家企业在此期间的平均市场份额变化是15.3%，与软件细分市场和CPU细分市场里不到2%的平均市场份额变动形成鲜明对比。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[56]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 108, "global_sentence_id": 116, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "根据经验法则，如果一只手数不过来一个行业里的顶尖企业，那么这个行业大概率不存在进入壁垒。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 969, "txt": "根据经验法则，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[57]"}, {"position_id": 971, "txt": "如果一只手数不过来一个行业里的顶尖企业，那么这个行业大概率不存在进入壁垒", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[57]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 973, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[57]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 109, "global_sentence_id": 117, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "根据另一条经验法则，如果在5～8年内，平均市场份额变动超过5个百分点，那么就不存在进入壁垒；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 975, "txt": "根据另一条经验法则，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[58]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 977, "txt": "如果在5～8年内，平均市场份额变动超过5个百分点，那么就不存在进入壁垒；", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[58]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 110, "global_sentence_id": 118, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果低于2个百分点，那么说明进入壁垒非常强大。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 978, "txt": "如果低于2个百分点，那么说明进入壁垒非常强大。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[58]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 110, "global_sentence_id": 119, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "个人计算机细分市场里企业的盈利能力也参差不齐。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 980, "txt": "个人计算机细分市场里企业的盈利能力也参差不齐。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[59]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 111, "global_sentence_id": 120, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "一些主导企业（尤其是IBM和惠普）业务范围广泛，比较难以了解它们在个人计算机行业的资产和收益情况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 982, "txt": "一些主导企业（尤其是IBM和惠普）业务范围广泛，比较难以了解它们在个人计算机行业的资产和收益情况。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[59]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 111, "global_sentence_id": 121, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "不过，苹果、戴尔、康柏和捷威可以让我们比较直接地看清它们各自在个人计算机制造业务上的盈利情况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 984, "txt": "不过，苹果、戴尔、康柏和捷威可以让我们比较直接地看清它们各自在个人计算机制造业务上的盈利情况。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[59]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 111, "global_sentence_id": 122, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "有两种方法可以评估一个行业的盈利情况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 986, "txt": "有两种方法可以评估一个行业的盈利情况。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[60]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 112, "global_sentence_id": 123, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一种方法是计算收益占收入的比例（毛利率），第二种方法是计算收益占投入资源的比例（净资产收益率）。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 988, "txt": "第一种方法是计算收益占收入的比例（毛利率），第二种方法是计算收益占投入资源的比例（", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[60]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 990, "txt": "净资产收益率）。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[60]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 112, "global_sentence_id": 124, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对于我们可以得到相关数据的4家个人计算机制造商，其1991～2000年平均的经调整的营业利润率为5.8%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 992, "txt": "对于我们可以得到相关数据的4家个人计算机制造商，其1991～2000年平均的经调整的营业利润率为5.8%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[61]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 113, "global_sentence_id": 125, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "戴尔经调整的营业利润率为8.0%，是4家企业里最高的；", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 994, "txt": "戴尔经调整的营业利润率为8.0%，是4家企业里最高的；", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[61]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 113, "global_sentence_id": 126, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "苹果只有2.2%，是最低的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 996, "txt": "苹果只有2.2%，是最低的。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[61]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 113, "global_sentence_id": 127, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这些业务相对单一的个人计算机制造商营业利润率的差距相对较小。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 998, "txt": "这些业务相对单一的个人计算机制造商营业利润率的差距相对较小。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[62]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 114, "global_sentence_id": 128, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "营业利润率的接近，说明了该行业中不存在太强的竞争优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1000, "txt": "营业利润率的接近，说明了该行业中不存在太强的竞争优势", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[62]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1002, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[62]/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 114, "global_sentence_id": 129, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "与此同时，它们经调整的营业利润率也并不算高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1003, "txt": "与此同时，它们经调整的营业利润率也并不算高。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[62]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 114, "global_sentence_id": 130, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "很难在这个市场中看到有什么地方能够产生竞争优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1005, "txt": "很难在这个市场中看到有什么地方能够产生竞争优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[63]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 115, "global_sentence_id": 131, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "客户锁定的程度很低，无论是个人客户还是机构，在更新换代的时候都只会在性能和价格方面进行权衡。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1006, "txt": "客户锁定的程度很低，无论是个人客户还是机构，在更新换代的时候都只会在性能和价格方面进行权衡。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[63]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 115, "global_sentence_id": 132, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "唯一的例外是苹果的忠实客户，但是他们所占的市场份额时常呈现出下降之势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1008, "txt": "唯一的例外是苹果的忠实客户，但是他们所占的市场份额时常呈现出下降之势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[64]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 116, "global_sentence_id": 133, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在这个细分市场并没有专有技术。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1009, "txt": "在这个细分市场并没有专有技术。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[64]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 116, "global_sentence_id": 134, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "同样，除了苹果，所有其他的制造商都从同样的供应商那里购买部件。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1010, "txt": "同样，除了苹果，所有其他的制造商都从同样的供应商那里购买部件。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[64]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 116, "global_sentence_id": 135, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "规模经济效益很难找到，至少从过去的经验来看如此。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1012, "txt": "规模经济效益很难找到，至少从过去的经验来看如此。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[16]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 117, "global_sentence_id": 136, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "固定成本只占总成本很小的一部分，生产设施也很分散，这意味着大规模的制造商并不享有优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1014, "txt": "固定成本只占总成本很小的一部分，生产设施也很分散，这意味着大规模的制造商并不享有优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[16]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 117, "global_sentence_id": 137, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "（在评估竞争优势的第二步骤中，发现苹果电脑业务不具备优势，因此没有走到第三步骤，下面总结）", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1016, "txt": "（在评估竞争优势的第二步骤中，发现苹果电脑业务不具备优势，因此没有走到第三步骤，下面总结）", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[17]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 118, "global_sentence_id": 138, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "总结，苹果的总体竞争态势", "language": "chinese", 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"web_segment_id": 120, "global_sentence_id": 141, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "由于这种业务上的结合，苹果就像是两个脚踝各绑着一块水泥去参加比赛的优秀游泳选手。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1026, "txt": "由于这种业务上的结合，苹果就像是两个脚踝各绑着一块水泥去参加比赛的优秀游泳选手。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[66]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 120, "global_sentence_id": 142, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "无论史蒂夫·乔布斯在苹果的运营上多么才华横溢，这场竞赛的结局都是不可避免的：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1028, "txt": "无论史蒂夫·乔布斯在苹果的运营上多么才华横溢，这场竞赛的结局都是不可避免的：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[66]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 120, "global_sentence_id": 143, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "苹果不太可能成为赢家。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1030, "txt": "苹果不太可能成为赢家。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[66]/span[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 120, "global_sentence_id": 144, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在20世纪90年代苹果管理层制定了复杂而庞大的产品结构体系，但由于太复杂以至于没有什么实际用处，苹果四处出击却一无所获。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1032, "txt": "在20世纪90年代苹果管理层制定了复杂而庞大的产品结构体系，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[67]/span"}, {"position_id": 1034, "txt": "但由于太复杂以至于没有什么实际用处，苹果四处出击却一无所获。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[67]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 121, "global_sentence_id": 145, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在截至2003年9月的财年里，苹果的销售额比1995年下跌了超过40%，而且营业利润近乎零。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1035, "txt": "在截至2003年9月的财年里，苹果的销售额比1995年下跌了超过40%，而且营业利润近乎零。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[67]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 121, "global_sentence_id": 146, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "尽管苹果有史蒂夫·乔布斯的绝世才华与精美设计的产品，但在面临微软与英特尔的优势时总是显得力不从心。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1036, "txt": "尽管苹果有史蒂夫·乔布斯的绝世才华与精美设计的产品，但在面临微软与英特尔的优势时总是显得力不从心。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[67]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 121, "global_sentence_id": 147, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在个人计算机行业，苹果似乎无路可走。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1037, "txt": "在个人计算机行业，苹果似乎无路可走。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[67]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 121, "global_sentence_id": 148, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "03", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1039, "txt": "03", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[18]/span/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 122, "global_sentence_id": 149, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛案例解析", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1041, "txt": "沃尔玛案例解析", 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[{"position_id": 1047, "txt": "在称霸原有市场之后，扩展进入相邻市场并继续占领市场支配地位。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[69]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 124, "global_sentence_id": 153, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1945年，山姆·沃尔顿和他的弟弟巴德·沃尔顿在阿肯色州新港市开始组建他们的商业帝国，最初的起点是本·富兰克林杂货店的加盟店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1049, "txt": "1945年，山姆·沃尔顿和他的弟弟巴德·沃尔顿在阿肯色州新港市开始组建他们的商业帝国，最初的起点是本·富兰克林杂货店的加盟店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[70]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 125, "global_sentence_id": 154, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "当企业于1970年上市的时候，沃尔玛拥有30家门店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1051, "txt": "当企业于1970年上市的时候，沃尔玛拥有30家门店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[71]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 126, "global_sentence_id": 155, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "截至1985年底，沃尔玛拥有859家门店，分布在22个州。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1053, "txt": "截至1985年底，沃尔玛拥有859家门店，分布在22个州。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[71]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 126, "global_sentence_id": 156, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "截至2000年底，沃尔玛出售的商品数量超过了任何地方的任何零售商，3000家门店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1055, "txt": "截至2000年底，沃尔玛出售的商品数量超过了任何地方的任何零售商，3000家门店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[71]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 126, "global_sentence_id": 157, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛还在海外的8个国家拥有超过1000家店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1057, "txt": "沃尔玛还在海外的8个国家拥有超过1000家店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[72]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 127, "global_sentence_id": 158, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的销售额高达1910亿美元，是凯马特、西尔斯、杰西潘尼及其他零售业巨头销售额之和的近两倍。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1059, "txt": "沃尔玛的销售额高达1910亿美元，是凯马特、西尔斯、杰西潘尼及其他零售业巨头销售额之和的近两倍。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[72]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 127, "global_sentence_id": 159, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "置身于竞争最激烈的零售业，沃尔玛成功实现了在可持续增长的同时保持可持续的盈利水平。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1061, "txt": "置身于竞争最激烈的零售业，沃尔玛成功实现了在可持续增长的同时保持可持续的盈利水平。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[73]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 128, "global_sentence_id": 160, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在这样的竞争环境里，大家都没有专利、政府许可，或者多年必不可少的研发积累，沃尔玛却可以压制竞争对手多年，实现生意上的巨大成功。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1063, "txt": "在这样的竞争环境里，大家都没有专利、政府许可，或者多年必不可少的研发积累，沃尔玛却可以压制竞争对手多年，实现生意上的巨大成功。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[19]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 129, "global_sentence_id": 161, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "任何一个学习企业战略的人都想找出沃尔玛成功的原因。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1065, "txt": "任何一个学习企业战略的人都想找出沃尔玛成功的原因。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[19]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 129, "global_sentence_id": 162, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一步骤，制作行业地图", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1067, "txt": "第一步骤，制作行业地图", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[74]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 130, "global_sentence_id": 163, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对沃尔玛所处的零售业进行分析比较直观。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1069, "txt": "对沃尔玛所处的零售业进行分析比较直观。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[75]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 131, "global_sentence_id": 164, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2RpFC3lnv0MalRjC8sXi.png", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 324, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2RpFC3lnv0MalRjC8sXi.png", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[76]/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 132, "global_sentence_id": 165, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "商店直接销售商品给消费者。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1071, "txt": "商店直接销售商品给消费者", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[77]/span/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1073, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[77]/span/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 133, "global_sentence_id": 166, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在行业上游，沃尔玛和它的竞争对手都从各种制造商那里进货，从软饮料到洗衣机、女式衬衫到剪草机。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1075, "txt": "在行业上游，沃尔玛和它的竞争对手都从", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[77]/span/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 1077, "txt": "各种制造商那里进货，从软饮料到洗衣机、女式衬衫到剪草机。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[77]/span/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 133, "global_sentence_id": 167, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛销售的商品如此之多，以至于它总在某些产品上和其他零售商之间存在竞争关系。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1079, "txt": "沃尔玛销售的商品如此之多，以至于它总在某些产品上和其他零售商之", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[78]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1081, "txt": "间存在竞争关系。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[78]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 134, "global_sentence_id": 168, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "尽管如此，从供应链上看不同行业之间的界限还是十分清晰的，制造商不会从一个行业跨到另一个行业。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1083, "txt": "尽管如此，从供应链上看不同行业之间的界限还是十分清晰的，制造商不会从一个行业跨到另一个行业。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[79]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 135, "global_sentence_id": 169, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "就像其他的零售商一样，沃尔玛几乎不涉及商品生产环节。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1084, "txt": "就像其他的零售商一样，沃尔玛几乎不涉及商品生产环节。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[79]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 135, "global_sentence_id": 170, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛一定做对了什么。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1086, "txt": "沃尔玛一定做对了什么。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[20]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 136, "global_sentence_id": 171, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "为何沃尔玛迅速实现了成长与繁荣，而其他竞争者却碌碌无为？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1088, "txt": "为何沃尔玛迅速实现了成长与繁荣，而其他竞争者却碌碌无为？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[20]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 136, "global_sentence_id": 172, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第二步骤，判断是否存在竞争优势", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1090, "txt": "第二步骤，判断是否存在竞争优势", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[80]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 137, "global_sentence_id": 173, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在开始回答这个问题之前，我们必须详细考察沃尔玛这些年的业绩情况。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1092, "txt": "在开始回答这个问题之前，我们必须详细考察沃尔玛这些年的业绩情况。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[81]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 138, "global_sentence_id": 174, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我们可以通过两个指标来衡量沃尔玛的业绩：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1093, "txt": "我们可以通过两个指标来衡量沃尔玛的业绩：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[81]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 138, "global_sentence_id": 175, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "营业利润率和投入资本回报率", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1094, "txt": "营业利润率和投入资本回报率", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[81]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 138, "global_sentence_id": 176, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "营业利润率，是比较同行业企业最有用的指标之一，因为处于同一行业的企业对资本的需求也基本类似。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1096, "txt": "营业利润率", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[82]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1098, "txt": "，是比较", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[82]/span"}, {"position_id": 1100, "txt": "同行业企业最有用的指标之一", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[82]/span/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1102, "txt": "，因为处于同一行业的企业对资本的需求也基本类似。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[82]/span/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 139, "global_sentence_id": 177, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "从1980年起，沃尔玛的营业利润率超过了凯马特，那时沃尔玛的规模还只有凯马特的1/10。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1104, "txt": "从1980年起，沃尔玛的营业利润率超过了凯马特，那时沃尔玛的规模还只有凯马特的1/10。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[83]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 140, "global_sentence_id": 178, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2pmVHf4FRY674bTiPL2n5b99.png", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 353, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2pmVHf4FRY674bTiPL2n5b99.png", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[84]/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 141, "global_sentence_id": 179, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "投入资本回报率就是企业运用所需的债务与股东权益作为资本来源去运营赚取了多少回报，这个指标对于跨行业比较和同行业比较都是适用的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1106, "txt": "投入资本回报率", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[21]/span/span[1]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1108, "txt": "就是企业运用所", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[21]/span/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 1110, "txt": "需的债务与股东权益作为资本来源去运营赚取了多少回报，这个指标对于", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[21]/span/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 1112, "txt": "跨行业比较和同行业比较都是适用的", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[21]/span/span[4]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1114, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[21]/span/span[5]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 142, "global_sentence_id": 180, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/FC5rl3gCi1y3WjqlM3NjhzC.png", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 366, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/FC5rl3gCi1y3WjqlM3NjhzC.png", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[85]/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 143, "global_sentence_id": 181, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "投入资本回报率也展现出类似营业利润率的趋势：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1116, "txt": "投入资本回报率也展现出类似营业利润率的趋势：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[86]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 144, "global_sentence_id": 182, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "当沃尔玛还是一个小规模企业时，其投入资本回报率就超过了凯马特。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1118, "txt": "当沃尔玛还是一个小规模企业时，其投入资本回报率就超过了凯马特。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[86]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 144, "global_sentence_id": 183, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "以营业利润率和投入资本回报率来衡量，沃尔玛最赚钱的时期结束于20世纪80年代中期。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1120, "txt": "以营业利润率和投入资本回报率来衡量，沃尔玛最赚钱的时期结束于20世纪80年代中期。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[87]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 145, "global_sentence_id": 184, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "它的营业利润率在1985年达到峰值7.8%，之后滑落到1997年的低谷4.2%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1122, "txt": "它的营业利润率在1985年达到峰值7.8%，之后滑落到1997年的低谷4.2%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[87]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 145, "global_sentence_id": 185, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "投入资本回报率也有同样的轨迹，沃尔玛高投入资本回报率的时期结束于20世纪90年代末。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1124, "txt": "投入资本回报率也有同样的轨迹，沃尔玛高投入资本回报率的时期结束于20世纪90年代末。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[88]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 146, "global_sentence_id": 186, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在此之后，沃尔玛投入资本回报率不断下降，最后稳定在14%～20%，也算优秀水平，但算不上卓越。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1126, "txt": "在此之后，沃尔玛投入资本回报率不断下降，最后稳定在14%～20%，也算优秀水平，但算不上卓越。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[88]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 146, "global_sentence_id": 187, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "面对这种明显的业绩滑坡，我们不仅要知道沃尔玛是如何领先其竞争对手的，更要弄清楚沃尔玛的运营发生了什么变化，使得一个卓越的企业退步成了一个规模庞大却仅仅算得上优秀的企业。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1128, "txt": "面对这种明显的业绩滑坡，我们", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[89]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1130, "txt": "不仅要知道沃尔玛是如何领先其竞争对手的，更要弄清楚沃尔玛的运营发生了什么变化，使得一个卓越的企业退步成了一个规模庞大却仅仅算得上优秀的企业", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[89]/span[1]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1132, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[89]/span[1]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 147, "global_sentence_id": 188, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "我们首先研究沃尔玛的黄金时代（1985年前后），那时沃尔玛的盈利能力处于顶峰。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1134, "txt": "我们首先研究沃尔玛的黄金时代（1985年前后），那时沃尔玛的盈利能力处于顶峰。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[89]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 147, "global_sentence_id": 189, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "20世纪80年代，沃尔玛是一家生机勃勃的区域性企业。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1136, "txt": "20世纪80年代，沃尔玛是一家生机勃勃的区域性企业。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[90]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 148, "global_sentence_id": 190, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "截至1985年，沃尔玛在22个州经营着859家门店，其中超过80%位于其阿肯色州总部附近的11个州。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1138, "txt": "截至1985年，沃尔玛在22个州经营着859家门店，其中超过80%位于其阿肯色州总部附近的11个州。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[90]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 148, "global_sentence_id": 191, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛通过5个配送中心为这些门店供货，这些门店中几乎没有距离配送中心超过300英里。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1140, "txt": "沃尔玛通过5个配送中心为这些门店供货，这些门店中几乎没有距离配送中", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[91]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1142, "txt": "心超过300英里。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[91]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 149, "global_sentence_id": 192, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛用自己的卡车将采购的商品运到配送中心，然后再从配送中心送往各家门店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1144, "txt": "沃尔玛用自己的卡车将采购的商品运到配送中心，然后再从配送中心送往各家门店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[92]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 150, "global_sentence_id": 193, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这套系统效率非常高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1146, "txt": "这套系统效率非常高。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[92]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 150, "global_sentence_id": 194, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "由于门店的集中度很高，一辆卡车跑一趟就可以服务好几家，还可以在返回配送中心的路上把新采购的商品运到配送中心。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1148, "txt": "由于门店的集中度很高，一辆卡车跑一趟就可以服务好几家，还可以在返回配送中心的路上把新采购的商品运到配送中心。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[92]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 150, "global_sentence_id": 195, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛1976年的销售额是3.4亿美元，在之后的5年里经历了复合增速高达50%的增长，1981年沃尔玛的销售额为16亿美元，同比增速37%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1150, "txt": "沃尔玛1976年的销售额是3.4亿美元，在之后的5年里经历了复合增速高达50%的增长，1981年沃尔玛的销售额为16亿美元，同比增速37%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[22]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 151, "global_sentence_id": 196, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1986年，沃尔玛可比销售额84亿美元，同比增速39%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1152, "txt": "1986年，沃尔玛可比销售额84亿美元，同比增速39%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[22]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 151, "global_sentence_id": 197, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的增速快得惊人，考虑到企业的规模越来越大及进入市场的渗透率稳步提升，所以其1976年之后增速开始下降并不奇怪。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1154, "txt": "沃尔玛的增速快得惊人，考虑到企业的规模越来越大及进入市场的渗透率稳步提升，所以其1976年之后增速开始下降并不奇怪。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[22]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 151, "global_sentence_id": 198, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第三步骤，找出竞争优势来源", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1156, "txt": "第三步骤，找出竞争优势来源", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[93]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 152, "global_sentence_id": 199, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "一直以来，沃尔玛每1美元销售获得的收益都比其竞争对手多。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1158, "txt": "一直以来，沃尔玛每1美元销售获得的收益都比其竞争对手多。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[94]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 153, "global_sentence_id": 200, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "为了确切地找到其优势的来源，我们要细致地对比沃尔玛与其他零售商的财务业绩。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1159, "txt": "为了确切地找到其优势的来源，我们要细致地对比沃尔玛与其他零售商的财务业绩。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[94]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 153, "global_sentence_id": 201, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "虽然利润表上的数字是企业运营的结果而非原因，但是这些数字至少能告诉我们去哪儿寻找沃尔玛超凡业绩的线索。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1160, "txt": "虽然利润表上的数字是企业运营的结果而非原因，但是这些数字至少能告诉我们去哪儿寻找沃尔玛超凡业绩的线索。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[94]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 153, "global_sentence_id": 202, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1987年1月31日的3年里，沃尔玛的平均营业利润率是7.4%，而凯马特是4.8%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1162, "txt": "1987年1月31日的3年里，沃尔玛的平均营业利润率是7.4%，而凯马特是4.8%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[95]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 154, "global_sentence_id": 203, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "造成这一差异的主要原因是沃尔玛更低的间接费用。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1164, "txt": "造成这一差异的主要原因是沃尔玛更低的间接费用。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[95]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 154, "global_sentence_id": 204, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "从占净销售额的比例来看，凯马特的销售成本占比更低，主要原因是凯马特的平均单价高于沃尔玛，但是其高额的销售及管理费用抵消了这一优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1166, "txt": "从占净销售额的比例来看，凯马特的销售成本占比更低，主要原因是凯马特的平均单价高于沃尔玛，但是其高额的销售及管理费用抵消了这一优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[95]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 154, "global_sentence_id": 205, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "从占净销售额的比例来看，沃尔玛用于采购与收货的成本占比高于其竞争对手，这里的原因仍然是沃尔玛商品的定价相对较低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1168, "txt": "从占净销售额的比例来看，沃尔玛用于采购与收货的成本占比高于其竞争对手，这里的原因仍然是沃尔玛商品的定价相对较低。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[96]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 155, "global_sentence_id": 206, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "其他零售商从授权费获得更多的收入，而沃尔玛受益于较低的销售及管理费用，最后获得了较高的营业利润率。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1170, "txt": "其他零售商从授权费获得更多的收入，而沃尔玛受益于较低的销售及管理费用，最后获得了较高的营业利润率。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[97]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 156, "global_sentence_id": 207, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "与其他零售商相比，沃尔玛的管理严格、厉行节俭。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1172, "txt": "与其他零售商相比，沃尔玛的管理严格、厉行节俭。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[97]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 156, "global_sentence_id": 208, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛是如何做到如此节俭的？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1174, "txt": "沃尔玛是如何做到如此节俭的？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[98]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 157, "global_sentence_id": 209, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "是因为优秀的管理水平还是自律的企业文化？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1176, "txt": "是因为优秀的管理水平还是自律的企业文化？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[98]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 157, "global_sentence_id": 210, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "还是仅仅因为在大都市区之外及美国南部地区的运营成本更低？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1178, "txt": "还是仅仅因为在大都市区之外及美国南部地区的运营成本更低？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[98]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 157, "global_sentence_id": 211, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "或者我们应该考虑那些不受制于管理控制的结构性经济因素？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1180, "txt": "或者我们应该考虑那些不受制于管理控制的结构性经济因素？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[98]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 157, "global_sentence_id": 212, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果答案是管理水平和企业文化，那么沃尔玛应该能够自由地复制成功经验，拓展到其他零售业态里。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1182, "txt": "如果答案是管理水平和企业文化，那么沃尔玛应该能够自由地复制成功经验，拓展到其他零售业态里。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[99]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 158, "global_sentence_id": 213, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果小城镇和南部地区的成本优势是问题的答案，那么沃尔玛就不应该进入其他地区，而应把生意控制在传统优势地区内实现增长。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1184, "txt": "如果小城镇和南部地区的成本优势是问题的答案，那么沃尔玛就不应该进入其他地区，而应把生意控制在传统优势地区内实现增长。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[99]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 158, "global_sentence_id": 214, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "反之，如果是一些结构性经济因素给沃尔玛带来竞争优势，那么企业应该找出这些确切的经济因素，设计合理的扩展战略，聚焦能够复制这些竞争优势的适当区域和零售业态。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1186, "txt": "反之，如果是一些结构性经济因素给沃尔玛带来竞争优势，那么企业应该找出这些确切的经济因素，设计合理的扩展战略，聚焦能够复制这些竞争优势的适当区域和零售业态。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[99]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 158, "global_sentence_id": 215, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "多年来，解析沃尔玛成功的说法众说纷纭：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1188, "txt": "多年来，解析沃尔玛成功的说法众说纷纭：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[100]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 159, "global_sentence_id": 216, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "解释一：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1190, "txt": "解释一：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[101]/strong/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 160, "global_sentence_id": 217, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "压榨供应商", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1192, "txt": "压榨供应商", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[101]/strong/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 160, "global_sentence_id": 218, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛一直就有利用其大客户身份要求供应商在价格上让步的名声。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1194, "txt": "沃尔玛一直就有利用其大客户身份要求供应商在价格上让步的名声。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[102]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 161, "global_sentence_id": 219, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "但是我们已经看到沃尔玛的销售成本占净收入额的比例是高于其竞争对手的，因此这种解释值得怀疑。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1196, "txt": "但是我们已经看到沃尔玛的销售成本占净收入额的比例是高于其竞争对手的，因此这种解释值得怀疑。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[103]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 162, "global_sentence_id": 220, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "与此同时，沃尔玛的毛利率并没有随着企业规模的增长而得到提升，而是在1983年最高达到28.3%之后持续下滑，直到20世纪90年代中期才稳定在22%的水平。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1198, "txt": "与此同时，沃尔玛的毛利率并没有随着企业规模的增长而得到提升，而是在1983年最高达到28.3%之后持续下滑，直到20世纪90年代中期才稳定在22%的水平。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[104]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 163, "global_sentence_id": 221, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "所以沃尔玛压榨供应商从而成功的解释似乎说不通。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1200, "txt": "所以沃尔玛压榨供应商从而成功的解释似乎说不通。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[104]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 163, "global_sentence_id": 222, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "销售成本中还包括其他成本。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1202, "txt": "销售成本中还包括其他成本。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[105]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 164, "global_sentence_id": 223, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "其中一项是从供应商那里将货物运送到门店或仓库的成本，称为进货成本或进货后勤。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1204, "txt": "其中一项是从供应商那里将货物运送到门店或仓库的成本，称为进货成本或进货后勤。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[105]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 164, "global_sentence_id": 224, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "事实上，沃尔玛在这方面比竞争对手更有效率，它的这项成本占净销售额的比例是2.8%，而行业水平是4.1%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1206, "txt": "事实上，沃尔玛在这方面比竞争对手更有效率，它的这项成本占净销售额的比例是2.8%，而行业水平是4.1%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[105]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 164, "global_sentence_id": 225, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "与此同时，沃尔玛的损耗成本（即由于货物丢失、损坏和失窃导致的损失）也比行业水平要低一些。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1208, "txt": "与此同时，沃尔玛的损耗成本（即由于货物丢失、损坏和失窃导致的损失）也比行业水平要低一些。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[106]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 165, "global_sentence_id": 226, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的损耗成本占净销售额的比例为1.3%，而行业水平是2.2%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1209, "txt": "沃尔玛的损耗成本占净销售额的比例为1.3%，而行业水平是2.2%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[106]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 165, "global_sentence_id": 227, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在把这些成本考虑进去之后，我们发现沃尔玛实际花费在商品采购上的成本占净销售额的比例其实比行业水平更高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1211, "txt": "在把这些成本考虑进去之后，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[107]/span"}, {"position_id": 1213, "txt": "我们发现沃尔玛实际花费在商品采购上的成本占净销售额的比例其实比行业水平更高", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[107]/span/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1215, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[107]/span/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 166, "global_sentence_id": 228, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "此外，当沃尔玛的规模在数年之间翻番之后，其销售成本占比却上升了，并且在沃尔玛发展早期，当时规模更大的凯马特和其他零售商对供应商应该有更强的谈判能力。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1217, "txt": "此外，当沃尔玛的规模在数年之间翻番之后，其销售成本占比却上升了，并且在沃尔玛发展早期，当时规模更大的凯马特和其他零售商对供应商应该有更强的谈判能力。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[108]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 167, "global_sentence_id": 229, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这两个事实都不支持压榨供应商是沃尔玛成功关键的观点。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1219, "txt": "这两个事实都不支持压榨供应商是沃尔玛成功关键的观点。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[108]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 167, "global_sentence_id": 230, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "最后，要说沃尔玛能迫使可口可乐或宝洁这样大型的企业给予其相对其他零售商更优惠的价格，似乎也不太可能。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1221, "txt": "最后，要说沃尔玛能迫使可口可乐或宝洁这样大型的企业给予其相对其他零售商更优惠的价格，似乎也不太可能。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[109]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 168, "global_sentence_id": 231, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "或许沃尔玛的确对规模较小的区域性供应商有议价能力，并可能迫使对方让步，但凯马特和其他零售商也有能力如法炮制。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1223, "txt": "或许沃尔玛的确对规模较小的区域性供应商有议价能力，并可能迫使对方让步，但凯马特和其他零售商也有能力如法炮制。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[23]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 169, "global_sentence_id": 232, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，用压榨供应商来解释沃尔玛极强的盈利能力是站不住脚的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1225, "txt": "因此，用压榨供应商来解释沃尔玛极强的盈利能力是站不住脚的。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[23]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 169, "global_sentence_id": 233, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "解释二：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1227, "txt": "解释二：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[110]/strong/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 170, "global_sentence_id": 234, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "小城镇垄断者", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1229, "txt": "小城镇垄断者", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[110]/strong/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 170, "global_sentence_id": 235, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的成功是否归功于其很多门店都是小城镇上的唯一低价百货超市？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1231, "txt": "沃尔玛的成功是否归功于其很多门店都是小城镇上的唯一低价百货超市？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[111]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 171, "global_sentence_id": 236, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛是否让客户支付了更高的价格，从而通过垄断获得了更多的利润？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1232, "txt": "沃尔玛是否让客户支付了更高的价格，从而通过垄断获得了更多的利润？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[111]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 171, "global_sentence_id": 237, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "有必要考察一下沃尔玛的定价策略并与其竞争对手的定价策略进行比较。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1234, "txt": "有必要考察一下沃尔玛的定价策略并与其竞争对手的定价策略进行比较。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[112]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 172, "global_sentence_id": 238, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛从折扣零售起家，始终以为顾客提供低价商品而自豪，旗下所有的门店都声称“我们的价格更便宜。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1236, "txt": "沃尔玛从折扣零售起家，始终以为顾客提供低价商品而自豪，旗下所有的门店都声称“我们的价格更便宜。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[113]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 173, "global_sentence_id": 239, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "比较之后发现，在极少的情况中，沃尔玛独占的区域市场里，确实售价较高。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1238, "txt": "比较之后发现，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[114]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1240, "txt": "在极少的情况中，沃尔玛独占的区域市场里，确实售价较高。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[114]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 174, "global_sentence_id": 240, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "但整体上沃尔玛的平均价格要比竞争对手低4%～5%。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1242, "txt": "但整体上", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[114]/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 1244, "txt": "沃尔玛的平均价格要比竞争对手低4%～5%。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[114]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 174, "global_sentence_id": 241, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "综合来看，沃尔玛在局部垄断市场的优势被“天天低价”策略消耗殆尽，所以小城镇垄断者这个说法无法解释沃尔玛优秀的经营业绩。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1246, "txt": "综合来看，沃尔玛在局部垄断市场的优势被“天天低价”策略消耗殆尽，所以小城镇垄断者这个说法无法解释沃尔玛优秀的经营业绩。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[24]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 175, "global_sentence_id": 242, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "解释三：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1248, "txt": "解释三：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[115]/strong/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 176, "global_sentence_id": 243, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "更好的管理水平与制度", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1250, "txt": "更好的管理水平与制度", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[115]/strong/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 176, "global_sentence_id": 244, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛卓越的管理水平为世人称赞。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1252, "txt": "沃尔玛卓越的管理水平为世人称赞。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[116]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 177, "global_sentence_id": 245, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "它是较早使用如条形码扫描技术等提升效率的技术的零售商。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1253, "txt": "它是较早使用如条形码扫描技术等提升效率的技术的零售商。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[116]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 177, "global_sentence_id": 246, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "条形码扫描技术减少了顾客排队结账的时间，而且有助于控制存货和自动化订购与补充库存的流程。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1254, "txt": "条形码扫描技术减少了顾客排队结账的时间，而且有助于控制存货和自动化订购与补充库存的流程。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[116]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 177, "global_sentence_id": 247, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "但是，条形码扫描技术是一个面向整个零售业的技术。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1256, "txt": "但是，条形码扫描技术是一个面向整个零售业的技术。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[117]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 178, "global_sentence_id": 248, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "凯马特几乎同样迅速地引进了这个技术。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1257, "txt": "凯马特几乎同样迅速地引进了这个技术", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[117]"}, {"position_id": 1259, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[117]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 178, "global_sentence_id": 249, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "因此，沃尔玛由于在这个技术上的投资获得的收益无法解释它相对于竞争对手的优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1261, "txt": "因此，沃尔玛由于在这个技术上的投资获得的收益无法解释它相对于竞争对手的优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[118]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 179, "global_sentence_id": 250, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛使用的其他复杂技术也是同样的道理，如规划各个门店商品品类组合的软件、自动化仓库运营设备等。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1263, "txt": "沃尔玛使用的其他复杂技术也是同样的道理，如规划各个门店商品品类组合的软件、自动化仓库运营设备等。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[118]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 179, "global_sentence_id": 251, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛能购买的东西，竞争对手也同样能买到。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1265, "txt": "沃尔玛能购买的东西，竞争对手也同样能买到。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[118]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 179, "global_sentence_id": 252, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在人力资源管理领域，沃尔玛确实有优势，其高层管理人员每天都花大量时间在门店里。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1267, "txt": "在人力资源管理领域，沃尔玛确实有优势，其高层管理人员每天都花大量时间在门店里。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[119]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 180, "global_sentence_id": 253, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "他们征求员工对于门店运营的建议，如应该进什么货、如何展示货品等。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1269, "txt": "他们征求员工对于门店运营的建议，如应该进什么货、如何展示货品等", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[119]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 1271, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[119]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 180, "global_sentence_id": 254, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛还有一套激励机制，如奖励超额完成利润目标的门店经理。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1273, "txt": "沃尔玛还有一套激励机制，如奖励超额完成利润目标的门店经理", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[120]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1275, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[120]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 181, "global_sentence_id": 255, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "员工也对此给予积极回应，纷纷赞赏沃尔玛是不错的雇主，即使以行业标准来看沃尔玛工资微薄。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1277, "txt": "员工也对此给予积极回应，纷纷赞赏沃尔玛是不错的雇主，即使以行业标准来看沃尔玛工资微薄。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[120]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 181, "global_sentence_id": 256, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在分析沃尔玛取得商业成功的原因时，忽略其优良的管理水平是不明智的，但我们也不能高估其作用。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1279, "txt": "在分析沃尔玛取得商业成功的原因时，忽略其优良的管理水平是不明智的，但我们也不能高估其作用。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[121]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 182, "global_sentence_id": 257, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的管理水平是否在20世纪80年代中期的黄金时代之后退步了，或是经营企业变得越来越困难？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1281, "txt": "沃尔玛的管理水平是否在20世纪80年代中期的黄金时代之后退步了，或是经营企业变得越来越困难？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[122]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 183, "global_sentence_id": 258, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "为什么沃尔玛的管理方式在五金店、药店和饰品店就不灵了呢？", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1282, "txt": "为什么沃尔玛的管理方式在五金店、药店和饰品店就不灵了呢？", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[122]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 183, "global_sentence_id": 259, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "山姆会员商店虽然在门店数量上翻了好几倍，但是未能实现沃尔玛传统门店那么好的盈利水平。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1283, "txt": "山姆会员商店虽然在门店数量上翻了好几倍，但是未能实现沃尔玛传统门店那么好的盈利水平。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[122]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 183, "global_sentence_id": 260, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "当沃尔玛在20世纪90年代中期开始披露财务业绩的分部报告之后，我们清楚地观察到山姆会员商店业务营业利润率偏低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1285, "txt": "当沃尔玛在20世纪90年代中期开始披露财务业绩的分部报告之后，我们清楚地观察到山姆会员商店业务营业利润率偏低。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[25]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 184, "global_sentence_id": 261, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "与传统门店相比，山姆会员商店在每1美元资产上获得的回报要低45%，而这已经是在这一业态运营15年之后，时间上也足够将经营管理理顺了。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1286, "txt": "与传统门店相比，山姆会员商店在每1美元资产上获得的回报要低45%，而这已经是在这一业态运营15年之后，时间上也足够将经营管理理顺了。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[25]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 184, "global_sentence_id": 262, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "解释四：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1288, "txt": "解释四：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[123]/strong/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 185, "global_sentence_id": 263, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "南方更有利于经营", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1290, "txt": "南方更有利于经营", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[123]/strong/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 185, "global_sentence_id": 264, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "与行业平均水平相比，沃尔玛的租金成本占净销售额之比较低（差距是销售额的0.3%），人工薪酬成本占销售额之比也要低一些（差距是销售的1.1%）。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1292, "txt": "与行业平均水平相比，沃尔玛的租金成本占净销售额之比较低（差距是销售额的0.3%），人工薪酬成本占销售额之比也要低一些（差距是销售的1.1%）。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[124]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 186, "global_sentence_id": 265, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这一优势部分源于企业的生意集中在美国南方的小城镇。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1294, "txt": "这一优势部分源于企业的生意集中在美国南方的小城镇。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[125]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 187, "global_sentence_id": 266, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "那里的房地产价格更为便宜，房产税也更低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1296, "txt": "那里的房地产价格更为便宜，房产税也更低。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[125]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 187, "global_sentence_id": 267, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的员工都不是工会成员，这也是美国南方的一个特色。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1298, "txt": "沃尔玛的员工都不是工会成员，这也是美国南方的一个特色。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[125]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 187, "global_sentence_id": 268, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "这两项加起来为企业节省了约占净销售额1.4%的成本，这是沃尔玛的所有杂项费用总计只占净销售额4.9%的原因之一。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1300, "txt": "这两项加起来为企业节省了约占净销售额1.4%的成本，这是沃尔玛的所有杂项费用总计只占净销售额4.9%的原因之一。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[125]/span[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 187, "global_sentence_id": 269, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "显然，地理位置确实与沃尔玛的业绩水平相关。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1302, "txt": "显然，地理位置确实与沃尔玛的业绩水平相关。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[126]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 188, "global_sentence_id": 270, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的问题是在1986年前后，由于在低成本区域的扩张已经遇到了瓶颈，于是开始在较大的城镇开店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1304, "txt": "沃尔玛的问题是在1986年前后，由于在低成本区域的扩张已经遇到了瓶颈，于是开始在较大的城镇开店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[26]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 189, "global_sentence_id": 271, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1986年之后，沃尔玛的大部分生意都在远离美国南方的州。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1306, "txt": "1986年之后，沃尔玛的大部分生意都在远离美国南方的州。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[26]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 189, "global_sentence_id": 272, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "解释五：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1308, "txt": "解释五：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[127]/span[1]/strong/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": 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"position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1364, "txt": "沃尔玛的这套管理体系依赖于门店的高密度分布，以及保持与总部所在地本顿维尔的近距离", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[140]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1366, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[140]/span"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 203, "global_sentence_id": 293, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果凯马特或者塔吉特的管理层也想要管理同样数量的门店，那么他们会发现这些门店所在的地理范围是沃尔玛的3～4倍。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1368, "txt": "如果凯马特或者塔吉特的管理层也想要管理同样数量的门店，那么他们会发现这些门店所在的地理范围是沃尔玛的3～4倍。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[141]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 204, "global_sentence_id": 294, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "他们无法跟沃尔玛的管理层一样同样频繁地视察门店。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1370, "txt": "他们无法跟沃尔玛的管理层一样同样频繁地视察门店。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[141]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 204, "global_sentence_id": 295, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "把沃尔玛在进货后勤、广告和管理监督这三项职能上给营业利润率带来的优势综合考虑，共占净销售额的4%～5%，而沃尔玛的总体营业利润率优势只有3%左右。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1372, "txt": "把沃尔玛在进货后勤、广告和管理监督这三项职能上给营业利润率带来的优势综合考虑，共占净销售额的4%～5%，而沃尔玛的总体营业利润率优势只有3%左右。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[142]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 205, "global_sentence_id": 296, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛这三项职能上的优势源于局部的规模经济效益。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1374, "txt": "沃尔玛这三项职能上的优势源于", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[143]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1376, "txt": "局部的规模经济效益", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[143]/span[1]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1378, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[143]/span[1]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": 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300, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在对基于规模经济效益的竞争优势的探讨中，我们注意到企业需要获得这种竞争优势必须满足两个条件。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1386, "txt": "在对基于规模经济效益的竞争优势的探讨中，我们注意到企业需要获得这种竞争优势必须满足两个条件。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[145]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 209, "global_sentence_id": 301, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第一个条件，是固定成本必须在总成本中占有很大的比例，这里的很大是相对于企业所处的市场规模而言的。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1388, "txt": "第一个条件，是固定成本必须在总成本中占有很大的比例，这里的很大是相对于企业所处的市场规模而言的。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[146]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 210, "global_sentence_id": 302, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "固定成本可能是厂房、设备或信息技术上的资本支出，也可能是类似广告或管理监督这样的经营费用。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1389, "txt": "固定成本可能是厂房、设备或信息技术上的资本支出，也可能是类似广告或管理监督这样的经营费用。", "x": 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308, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "第二个条件，是基于规模经济效益的竞争优势必须与一定程度的客户锁定相结合，这样才能阻止竞争对手逼近。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1404, "txt": "第二个条件，是基于规模经济效益的竞争优势必须与一定程度的客户锁定相结合，这样才能阻止竞争对手逼近。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[149]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 213, "global_sentence_id": 309, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "否则的话，在同等条件下顾客没有理由转向凯马特。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1406, "txt": "否则的话，在同等条件下顾客没有理由转向凯马特。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[150]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 214, "global_sentence_id": 310, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "如果凯马特想要靠价格取胜，把价格压得贴近成本，沃尔玛也可以跟进采取同样的手段。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1408, "txt": "如果凯马特想要靠价格取胜，把价格压得贴近成本，沃尔玛也可以跟进采取同样的手段。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[150]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 214, "global_sentence_id": 311, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "由于沃尔玛原有的顾客数量多一些，平均成本更低，所以能承受的损失更大。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1410, "txt": "由于沃尔玛原有的顾客数量多一些，平均成本更低，所以能承受的损失更大。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[151]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 215, "global_sentence_id": 312, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "凯马特能够采取的一切竞争手段，如广告宣传、店内促销、无息联名信用卡等，沃尔玛都能够跟进同样的做法而且成本更低。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1412, "txt": "凯马特能够采取的一切竞争手段，如广告宣传、店内促销、无息联名信用卡等，沃尔玛都能够跟进同样的做法而且成本更低。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[151]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 215, "global_sentence_id": 313, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "除非凯马特决定采取不惜一切代价夺取市场份额的焦土战略，而且沃尔玛还很“配合”地在凯马特彻底崩溃之前就动摇信念、放弃顾客，否则凯马特永远无法在沃尔玛深耕的区域获得与之势均力敌的地位。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1414, "txt": "除非凯马特决定采取不惜一切代价夺取市场份额的焦土战略，而且沃尔玛还很“配合”地在凯马特彻底崩溃之前就动摇信念、放弃顾客，否则凯马特永远无法在沃尔玛深耕的区域获得与之势均力敌的地位。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[151]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 215, "global_sentence_id": 314, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "事实上，沃尔玛在1985年之后继续成长，成了全球最大的零售商。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1416, "txt": "事实上，", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[152]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1418, "txt": "沃尔玛在1985年之后继续成长，成了全球最大的零售商。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[152]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 216, "global_sentence_id": 315, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "但是根据投入资本回报率和营业利润率来衡量，沃尔玛的盈利水平降低了。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1420, "txt": "但是根据投入资本回报率和营业利润率来衡量，沃尔玛的盈利水平降低了。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[152]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 216, "global_sentence_id": 316, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "对此我们能够给出的唯一解释就是：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1422, "txt": "对此我们能够给出的", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[153]"}, {"position_id": 1424, "txt": "唯一解释", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[153]/strong/span"}, {"position_id": 1426, "txt": "就是：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[153]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 217, "global_sentence_id": 317, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "随着沃尔玛在全国和世界范围内扩张，它不再能够复制早年享有的竞争优势——局部规模经济效益与一定程度客户锁定的有机结合，使得竞争者难以入侵它占领的市场。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1427, "txt": "随着沃尔玛在全国和世界范围内扩张，它不再能够复制早年享有的竞争优势——局部规模经济效益与一定程度客户锁定的有机结合，使得竞争者难以入侵它占领的市场。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[153]/strong"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 217, "global_sentence_id": 318, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "然而即使是如此高水平的管理水平，并且持续了40多年，也仍然无法把沃尔玛的营业利润率或投入资本回报率维持在20世纪80年代中期的水平上。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1429, "txt": "然而即使是如此高水平的管理水平，并且持续了40多年，也仍然无法把沃尔玛的营业利润率或投入资本回报率维持在20世纪80年代中期的水平上。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[154]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 218, "global_sentence_id": 319, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的投入资本回报率随着时间的发展和业务布局的变化也证明了我们前面提出的观点，当其在20世纪80年代中期开始雄心勃勃地向全国扩张时，营业利润率和投入资本回报率稳步走下坡路。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1431, "txt": "沃尔玛的投入资本回报率随着时间的发展和业务布局的变化也证明了我们前面提出的观点，当其在20世纪80年代中期开始雄心勃勃地向全国扩张时，营业利润率和投入资本回报率稳步走下坡路。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[155]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 219, "global_sentence_id": 320, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "20世纪90年代中期，沃尔玛成了全国性企业，但其门店的区域分布已经不像黄金时代那么集中了，投入资本回报率也降至15%左右。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1433, "txt": "20世纪90年代中期，沃尔玛成了全国性企业，但其门店的区域分布已经不像黄金时代那么集中了，投入资本回报率也降至15%左右。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[155]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 219, "global_sentence_id": 321, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛的国际业务——门店稀疏地分布在许多国家。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1435, "txt": "沃尔玛的国际业务——门店稀疏地分布在许多国家。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[156]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 220, "global_sentence_id": 322, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "正如我们预期，沃尔玛国际业务的营业利润率和投入资本回报率只有美国核心业务的1/3～1/2。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1437, "txt": "正如我们预期，沃尔玛国际业务的营业利润率和投入资本回报率只有美国核心业务的1/3～1/2。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[156]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 220, "global_sentence_id": 323, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔玛案例之所以重要，绝不是因为企业的规模和名气，而是沃尔玛获得成功的因素也同样适用于整个零售业：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1439, "txt": "沃尔玛案例之所以重要，绝不是因为企业的规模和名气，而是沃尔玛获得成功的因素也同样适用于整个零售业：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[157]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 221, "global_sentence_id": 324, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "基于局部规模经济效益的竞争优势。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1441, "txt": "基于局部规模经济效益的竞争优势。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[157]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 221, "global_sentence_id": 325, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "沃尔格林是连锁药店行业里的“沃尔玛”，这家企业也采取了在一定区域高度集中的开店战略，并且当它对这一战略执行不严格时，回报率也下降。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1443, "txt": "沃尔格林是连锁药店行业里的“沃尔玛”，这家企业也采取了在一定区域高度集中的开店战略，并且当它对这一战略执行不严格时，回报率也下降", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[158]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1445, "txt": "。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[158]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 222, "global_sentence_id": 326, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "在家具店行业，即使是像内布拉斯加家具店这样的单店零售商，只要在局部区域拥有市场统治地位，经济上的回报也会十分出众。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1447, "txt": "在家具店行业，即使是像内布拉斯加家具店这样的单店零售商，只要在局部区域拥有市场统治地位，经济上的回报也会十分出众。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[159]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 223, "global_sentence_id": 327, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "地理集中的重要性并不局限于零售业，还适用于服务业，至少是那些在局部地域提供的服务。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1449, "txt": "地理集中的重要性并不局限于零售业，还适用于服务业，至少是那些在局部地域提供的服务。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[28]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 224, "global_sentence_id": 328, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "区域性银行的盈利能力通常要强于全国性银行。", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1451, "txt": "区域性银行的盈利能力通常要强于全国性银行。", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[28]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 224, "global_sentence_id": 329, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "加油，我和我的朋友们！", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1453, "txt": "加油，我和我的朋友们！", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/section[29]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 225, "global_sentence_id": 330, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "往期精彩解读文章：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1455, "txt": "往期精彩解读文章：", "x": "/html/body/div[2]/div[2]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div[2]/p[160]/span"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 226, "global_sentence_id": 331, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "《美的集团》：", "language": "chinese", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1457, "txt": "《美的集团》：", "x": 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# 2.5万字解读《竞争优势》中：​评估竞争优势的三步骤，苹果、沃尔玛案例解析
## 01 评估竞争优势三步骤
### 第一个步骤，也是最重要的步骤是制作展现相关市场竞争结构的行业地图。
### 第二个步骤，是针对每个细分市场判断在位企业是否受到进入壁垒的保护。
#### 1）企业间市场份额的稳定
#### 2）细分市场里企业的盈利情况
### 第三个步骤，是识别和确认竞争优势的可能来源。
## 02 苹果案例解析
### 第一步，制作行业地图
### 第二步，竞争优势的检验与判定
#### 1）CPU细分市场
#### 2）竞争优势的检验与判定：软件细分市场
#### 3）竞争优势的检验与判定：个人计算机制造细分市场
### 总结，苹果的总体竞争态势
## 03 沃尔玛案例解析
### 第一步骤，制作行业地图
### 第二步骤，判断是否存在竞争优势
### 第三步骤，找出竞争优势来源
#### 解释一：压榨供应商
#### 解释二：小城镇垄断者
#### 解释三：更好的管理水平与制度
#### 解释四：南方更有利于经营
#### 解释五：区域性统治的强大优势
## 04 总结