{"entry_id": "f276085d-745a-44d2-a54b-27029847b5dc", "infos": [{"txt": "A Review of Magnetoelectric Composites Based on ZnO Nanostructures", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 0, "txt": "A Review of Magnetoelectric Composites Based on ZnO Nanostructures", "x": ""}]}, "tags": [], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 0, "global_sentence_id": 0, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Open AccessReview", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2517, "txt": "Open Access", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[1]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 2519, "txt": "Review", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[1]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 1, "global_sentence_id": 1, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "A Review of Magnetoelectric Composites Based on ZnO Nanostructures", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2521, 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 8, "global_sentence_id": 10, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "The recent advancements in magnetoelectric (ME) materials have enabled the development of functional magnetoelectric composites for sensor applications in the medical and engineering sectors, as well as in energy harvesting and material exploration.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2553, "txt": "The recent advancements in magnetoelectric (ME) materials have enabled the development of functional magnetoelectric composites for sensor applications in the medical and engineering sectors, as well as in energy harvesting and material exploration.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 11, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Magnetoelectric composites rely on the interaction between piezoelectric and magnetoelastic materials by coupling the magnetization-induced strain to the strain-generated potential of the piezoelectric phase.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2554, "txt": " Magnetoelectric composites rely on the interaction between piezoelectric and magnetoelastic materials by coupling the magnetization-induced strain to the strain-generated potential of the piezoelectric phase.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 12, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This creates an increased interest around the development of novel piezoelectric materials that not only possess favorable piezoelectric properties but also fulfill specific material criteria such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, ease of fabrication and low cost.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2555, "txt": " This creates an increased interest around the development of novel piezoelectric materials that not only possess favorable piezoelectric properties but also fulfill specific material criteria such as biocompatibility, bioactivity, ease of fabrication and low cost.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 13, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " ZnO, and its nanostructures, is one such material that has been employed in the magnetoelectric research due to its remarkable piezoelectric, semiconducting and optical properties.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2556, "txt": " ZnO, and its nanostructures, is one such material that has been employed in the magnetoelectric research due to its remarkable piezoelectric, semiconducting and optical properties.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 14, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Thus, this article provides a comprehensive review of the available literature on magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO micro- and nanostructures, aiming to present a concise reference on the methods, applications and future prospects of ZnO-based ME composites.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2557, "txt": " Thus, this article provides a comprehensive review of the available literature on magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO micro- and nanostructures, aiming to present a concise reference on the methods, applications and future prospects of ZnO-based ME composites.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 15, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Specifically, a brief introduction is provided, presenting the current research interests around magnetoelectric composites, followed by a concise mention of the magnetoelectric effect and its key aspects.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2558, "txt": " Specifically, a brief introduction is provided, presenting the current research interests around magnetoelectric composites, followed by a concise mention of the magnetoelectric effect and its key aspects.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 16, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is followed by separate sections describing the relevant research on ZnO magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO thin-films, either pure or doped, and nano- and microrods composites, as well as nano composites comprised of ZnO nanoparticles mixed with ferromagnetic nanoparticles.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2559, "txt": " This is followed by separate sections describing the relevant research on ZnO magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO thin-films, either pure or doped, and nano- and microrods composites, as well as nano composites comprised of ZnO nanoparticles mixed with ferromagnetic nanoparticles.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 17, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Finally, the future prospects and the extension of ME ZnO research into nanowire and nanorod composites are discussed.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2560, "txt": " Finally, the future prospects and the extension of ME ZnO research into nanowire and nanorod composites are discussed.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/section/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 18, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Keywords:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2562, "txt": "Keywords:", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 10, "global_sentence_id": 19, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "magnetoelectric composites; ZnO magnetoelectric composites; ZnO/magnetostrictive thin films; ZnO magnetoelectric nanostructures", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2564, "txt": "magnetoelectric composites", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 2566, "txt": "; ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 2568, "txt": "ZnO magnetoelectric composites", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 2570, "txt": "; ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 2572, "txt": "ZnO/magnetostrictive thin films", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 2574, "txt": "; ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 2576, "txt": "ZnO magnetoelectric nanostructures", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[11]/section/div/div/div/div[1]/a[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "abstract", "web_segment_id": 11, "global_sentence_id": 20, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "1. Introduction", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2578, "txt": "1. 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[2]/sub[4]"}, {"position_id": 2687, "txt": ") magnetostrictive materials, amongst others, have found widespread application in magnetoelectric composites and were studied extensively.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[2]/sub[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 14, "global_sentence_id": 36, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "ZnO was also utilized as a piezoelectric phase in magnetoelectric composites not only due to its piezoelectric properties but also due to its inherent ferroelectric properties [18] and the plethora of micro- and nanostructures that it can be built into.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2689, "txt": "ZnO was also utilized as a piezoelectric phase in magnetoelectric composites not only due to its piezoelectric properties but also due to its inherent ferroelectric properties [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]"}, {"position_id": 2691, "txt": "18", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 2693, "txt": "] and the plethora of micro- and nanostructures that it can be built into.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 37, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Additionally, ZnO is a bio-compatible [19] and cost-effective material that can become a promising candidate for magnetoelectric devices for biomedical applications.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2694, "txt": " Additionally, ZnO is a bio-compatible [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 2696, "txt": "19", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 2698, "txt": "] and cost-effective material that can become a promising candidate for magnetoelectric devices for biomedical applications.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 38, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Thus, this article presents a comprehensive review on magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO micro- and nanostructures, starting with a brief introduction of the magnetoelectric effect and its major concepts.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2699, "txt": " Thus, this article presents a comprehensive review on magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO micro- and nanostructures, starting with a brief introduction of the magnetoelectric effect and its major concepts.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 39, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The next sections elaborate upon the different categories of magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO, including thin-film structures, either pure or doped with metallic or ferromagnetic elements, or nano- and microrods based on magnetostrictive materials and nano composites comprised of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) doped or mixed with ferromagnetic nanoparticles.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2700, "txt": " The next sections elaborate upon the different categories of magnetoelectric composites based on ZnO, including thin-film structures, either pure or doped with metallic or ferromagnetic elements, or nano- and microrods based on magnetostrictive materials and nano composites comprised of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) doped or mixed with ferromagnetic nanoparticles.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 40, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " A discussion section provides information regarding the current ME composites, including the future development prospects and potential applications of ZnO-based magnetoelectric composites, followed by conclusions.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2701, "txt": " A discussion section provides information regarding the current ME composites, including the future development prospects and potential applications of ZnO-based magnetoelectric composites, followed by conclusions.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 41, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "2. Magnetoelectric (ME) Effect", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2703, "txt": "2. Magnetoelectric (ME) Effect", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 16, "global_sentence_id": 42, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "The magnetoelectric effect (ME) originates from the coupling between electrical and magnetic phenomena in bulk, composite or multiphase materials.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2705, "txt": "The magnetoelectric effect (ME) originates from the coupling between electrical and magnetic phenomena in bulk, composite or multiphase materials.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 43, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In particular, the direct magnetoelectric effect (DME) is defined as the emergence of an electric polarization P under the 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 44, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " ME composites rely on the interaction between a ferromagnetic (FM) phase exhibiting strain when subjected to a magnetic field due to magnetostriction and a piezoelectric (PE) phase that exhibits electric polarization via the application of mechanical stress/strain.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2711, "txt": " ME composites rely on the interaction between a ferromagnetic (FM) phase exhibiting strain when subjected to a magnetic field due to magnetostriction and a piezoelectric (PE) phase that exhibits electric polarization via the application of mechanical stress/strain.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/div/span/span/math/semantics/mrow/mrow[3]/mrow[2]/mo[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "formula", "web_segment_id": 19, "global_sentence_id": 47, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "(1)", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2784, "txt": "(1)", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/label"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "formula", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 48, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " where σ, S and c are the stress, strain and stiffness tensors, respectively.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2786, "txt": " where σ, S and c are the stress, strain and stiffness tensors, respectively.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/div[1]"}]}, 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[{"position_id": 2788, "txt": " B, H, μ and q are the magnetic induction, magnetic field intensity, permeability and piezomagnetic coefficient, respectively, and α is the magnitude of the linear ME effect.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 18, "global_sentence_id": 51, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Superscript T corresponds to the transpose of the tensor.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2789, "txt": " Superscript T corresponds to the transpose of the tensor.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 18, "global_sentence_id": 52, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The coefficients for the direct (α", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2790, "txt": " The coefficients for the direct (α", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 18, "global_sentence_id": 53, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "E) and converse (αH or αB) ME effects are conventionally used in the literature since they adequately describe the magnitude of the respective effects according to the “product property”, defined by the combination of PE and FM phases, and are used as a figure of merit describing the strength of the ME coupling [21].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2792, "txt": "E", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub[1]"}, {"position_id": 2794, "txt": ") and converse (α", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub[1]"}, {"position_id": 2796, "txt": "H", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub[2]"}, {"position_id": 2798, "txt": " or α", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub[2]"}, {"position_id": 2800, "txt": "B", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub[3]"}, {"position_id": 2802, "txt": ") ME effects are conventionally used in the literature since they adequately describe the magnitude of the respective effects according to the “product property”, defined by the combination of PE and FM phases, and are used as a figure of merit describing the strength of the ME coupling [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub[3]"}, {"position_id": 2804, "txt": "21", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 2806, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 54, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Based on the “product property” definition, the direct ME coefficient is given by:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2807, "txt": " Based on the “product property” definition, the direct ME coefficient is given by:", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 55, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "αE=δEδH≈δEδSδSδH,αE=VtδH,αE=kcqe,", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 2809, "txt": "α", "x": 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", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3159, "txt": " Copyright [2011], John Wiley and Sons. ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[2]/div[2]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 96, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Despite the widespread adoption of cantilever structures, ZnO-based ME research has also focused on SAW [48,49] in addition to bulk (BAW) and film (FBAR) bulk acoustic wave resonator devices [50], integrated with magnetostrictive materials.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3161, "txt": "Despite the widespread adoption of cantilever structures, ZnO-based ME research has also focused on SAW [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[3]"}, {"position_id": 3163, "txt": "48", "x": 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3177, "txt": "51", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3179, "txt": "] presented a layered magnetoelectric heterostructure consisting of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) as the magnetostrictive phase grown on gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrates.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 99, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The ZnO thin-film layer used for the excitation of bulk, transversal and longitudinal acoustic waves was sputtered on top of the multilayer, with Al serving as the electrodes of the piezoelectric transducer.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3180, "txt": " The ZnO thin-film layer used for the excitation of bulk, transversal and longitudinal acoustic waves was sputtered on top of the multilayer, with Al serving as the electrodes of the piezoelectric transducer.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[3]/a[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 100, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The influence of the external magnetic field on the BAW spectrum was studied at both low-intensity fields and at saturation.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3181, "txt": " The influence of the external magnetic field on the BAW spectrum was studied at both low-intensity fields and at saturation.", "x": 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magnetic-field-induced strain calculated by the shift of the ZnO (110) Bragg peak.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[6]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 37, "global_sentence_id": 129, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " GIXRD enables a more direct approach in residual and magnetic-induced strain in ME interfaces by providing the local average strain distribution (corresponding to the beam impinging area) and allowing strain mapping on the microscale.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3334, "txt": " GIXRD enables a more direct approach in residual and magnetic-induced strain in ME interfaces by providing the local average strain distribution (corresponding to the beam impinging area) and allowing strain mapping on the microscale.", "x": 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", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[1]/div[7]/div[2]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 136, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "3.1.2.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3412, "txt": "3.1.2.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/h4"}]}, "tags": ["h4"], "label": "title3", "web_segment_id": 40, "global_sentence_id": 137, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Doped ZnO Thin Films", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3413, "txt": " Doped ZnO Thin Films", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/h4"}]}, "tags": ["h4"], "label": "title3", "web_segment_id": 40, "global_sentence_id": 138, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "ZnO is an intrinsic n-type semiconductor with a substantial research effort focused on doping with appropriate impurities, such as lithium, copper and nitrogen as acceptors and aluminum, hydrogen and gallium as donors [62].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3415, "txt": "ZnO is an intrinsic n-type semiconductor with a substantial research effort focused on doping with appropriate impurities, such as lithium, copper and nitrogen as acceptors and aluminum, hydrogen and gallium as donors [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]"}, {"position_id": 3417, "txt": "62", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3419, "txt": "].", "x": 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acceptors or taking advantage of defects and vacancies were shown to induce ferromagnetism in ZnO films [63,64].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3421, "txt": " For the case of magnetoelectric composites, the introduction of sub bands using shallow donors and acceptors or taking advantage of defects and vacancies were shown to induce ferromagnetism in ZnO films [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3423, "txt": "63", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3425, "txt": ",", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3427, "txt": "64", "x": 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"edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Magnetoelectric, W-doped, ZnO thin films were developed by physical vapor deposition (sputtering) using a ZnO target containing 1–2% tungsten in an Ar/O2 gas mixture (70/30%) at 420 °C [67].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3439, "txt": " Magnetoelectric, W-doped, ZnO thin films were developed by physical vapor deposition (sputtering) using a ZnO target containing 1–2% tungsten in an Ar/O", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3441, "txt": "2", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub"}, {"position_id": 3443, "txt": " gas mixture (70/30%) at 420 °C [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sub"}, 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an increased carrier concentration due to the excess electrons provided by the bond between W+6 and O−2; however, an increase in room-temperature sheet resistivity and a reduction in mobility were observed.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3457, "txt": " This resulted in an increased carrier concentration due to the excess electrons provided by the bond between W", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[2]"}, {"position_id": 3459, "txt": "+6", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[3]"}, {"position_id": 3461, "txt": " and O", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[3]"}, {"position_id": 3463, "txt": "−2", "x": 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observed.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 146, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Doping with W does not appear to favor the enhancement of either magnetic or magnetoelectric properties; although metals such as Li, Ni and Mg were reported as potential dopants for enhancing the ferromagnetic and/or ferroelectric properties of ZnO thin films.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3467, "txt": " Doping with W does not appear to favor the enhancement of either magnetic or magnetoelectric properties; although metals such as Li, Ni and Mg were reported as potential dopants for enhancing the ferromagnetic and/or ferroelectric properties of ZnO thin films.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 147, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In fact, Sharma et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3468, "txt": " In fact, Sharma et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 148, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [68] presented the effect of Li, Ni and Mg doping on the magnetoelectric coupling and multiferroic properties of ZnO thin films.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3469, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[4]"}, {"position_id": 3471, "txt": "68", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[7]"}, {"position_id": 3473, "txt": "] presented the effect of Li, Ni and Mg doping on the magnetoelectric coupling and multiferroic properties of ZnO thin films.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 149, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The pure and doped (5 wt.%) ZnO thin-films were synthesized by the sol-gel route using zinc acetate, lithium acetate, magnesium acetate and nickel nitrate as dopant sources.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3474, "txt": " The pure and doped (5 wt.%) ZnO thin-films were synthesized by the sol-gel route using zinc acetate, lithium acetate, magnesium acetate and nickel nitrate as dopant sources.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 150, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " A non-linear ferroelectric behavior was identified in Ni-, Li- and Mg-doped samples, shown in Figure 5a,b, in contrast to pure ZnO, and the decrease in remnant polarization was attributed to the ionic radius of the dopants creating an electric dipole moment due to the substitution of Zn+2 in the crystal lattice.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3475, "txt": " A non-linear ferroelectric behavior was identified in Ni-, Li- and Mg-doped samples, shown in ", "x": 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 151, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnetoelectric characterization, under a combination of AC and DC magnetic fields, resulted in magnetoelectric coupling in the Li-doped samples (Figure 5c) and increased magnetoelectric coupling in the Ni- and Mg-doped samples (Figure 5d,e) in contrast to pure ZnO.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3484, "txt": " The magnetoelectric characterization, under a combination of AC and DC magnetic fields, resulted in magnetoelectric coupling in the Li-doped samples (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[5]"}, {"position_id": 3486, "txt": "Figure 5", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[9]"}, {"position_id": 3488, "txt": "c) and increased magnetoelectric coupling in the Ni- and Mg-doped samples (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[9]"}, {"position_id": 3490, "txt": "Figure 5", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[10]"}, {"position_id": 3492, "txt": "d,e) in contrast to pure ZnO.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[1]/a[10]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 152, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " An enhanced ME voltage was observed in the Ni-doped samples due to the ferromagnetic nature of 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(a,b) Ferroelectric polarization vs. electric fields loops for pure ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO showing reversible polarization for the Ni-doped thin film; (c–e) magnetoelectric response of Li-, Ni- and Mg-doped ZnO thin films vs. an external DC magnetic field.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3495, "txt": "Figure 5.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 3497, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 3499, "txt": "a", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 3501, "txt": ",", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 3503, "txt": "b", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 3505, "txt": ") Ferroelectric polarization vs. electric fields loops for pure ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO showing reversible polarization for the Ni-doped thin film; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 3507, "txt": "c", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[4]"}, {"position_id": 3509, "txt": "–", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[4]"}, {"position_id": 3511, "txt": "e", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[5]"}, {"position_id": 3513, "txt": ") magnetoelectric response of Li-, Ni- and Mg-doped ZnO thin films vs. an external DC magnetic field.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[5]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 155, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Reproduced with permission from [68].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3514, "txt": " Reproduced with permission from [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/b[5]"}, {"position_id": 3516, "txt": "68", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/a"}, {"position_id": 3518, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/a"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 156, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Copyright [2014], Elsevier. ", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3519, "txt": " Copyright [2014], Elsevier. ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 157, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "As stated above, the un-doped ZnO shows weak reversible polarization.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3521, "txt": "As stated above, the un-doped ZnO shows weak reversible polarization.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 158, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " However, in a report by Maiz et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3522, "txt": " However, in a report by Maiz et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 159, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [18], the ZnO nanorods depicted a clear polarization switching at a coercive field of 1400 MV/m.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3523, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]"}, {"position_id": 3525, "txt": "18", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3527, "txt": "], the ZnO nanorods depicted a clear polarization switching at a coercive field of 1400 MV/m.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 160, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This was explained by the coexistence of two ZnO phases in the nanorod structure as a side-effect of the fabrication process, effectively creating a core-shell architecture.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3528, "txt": " This was explained by the coexistence of two ZnO phases in the nanorod structure as a side-effect of the fabrication process, effectively creating a core-shell architecture.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 161, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The samples that exhibited ferroelectricity presented an increased volume faction of the ZnO β-phase in contrast to samples crystallized only in the P63mc space group, thus, ferroelectricity in pure ZnO is a second-order effect rather than an intrinsic property of the material [69].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3529, "txt": " The samples that exhibited ferroelectricity presented an increased volume faction of the ZnO β-phase in contrast to samples crystallized only in the P6", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3531, "txt": "3", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sub"}, {"position_id": 3533, "txt": "mc space group, thus, ferroelectricity in pure ZnO is a second-order effect rather than an intrinsic property of the material [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sub"}, {"position_id": 3535, "txt": "69", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3537, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 162, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Therefore, doping strategies in ZnO were actively researched for their effect on the ferroelectric properties [70], especially in the case of ZnO doped with Li, Mg, Ni and Co. Lithium and Cobalt doped ZnO thin films were reported by Lin et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3538, "txt": " Therefore, doping strategies in ZnO were actively researched for their effect on the ferroelectric properties [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3540, "txt": "70", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3542, "txt": "], especially in the case of ZnO doped with Li, Mg, Ni and Co. Lithium and Cobalt doped ZnO thin films were reported by Lin et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 163, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [71] to exhibit simultaneous ferromagnetic and ferroelectric behavior, which was attributed to the Co2+ and Li+ ions occupying the off-center positions in the ZnO crystal.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3543, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3545, "txt": "71", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3547, "txt": "] to exhibit simultaneous ferromagnetic and ferroelectric behavior, which was attributed to the Co", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3549, "txt": "2+", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[1]"}, {"position_id": 3551, "txt": " and Li", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[1]"}, {"position_id": 3553, "txt": "+", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[2]"}, {"position_id": 3555, "txt": " ions occupying the off-center positions in the ZnO crystal.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 164, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Both effects are defect-related, inducing permanent local electric dipoles in the case of ferroelectricity due to the different ionic radii of Li+ and Zn2+ ions.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3556, "txt": " Both effects are defect-related, inducing permanent local electric dipoles in the case of ferroelectricity due to the different ionic radii of Li", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[2]"}, {"position_id": 3558, "txt": "+", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[3]"}, {"position_id": 3560, "txt": " and Zn", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[3]"}, {"position_id": 3562, "txt": "2+", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[4]"}, {"position_id": 3564, "txt": " ions.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 165, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnetoelectric properties of the composite were not discussed in the aforementioned study; however, multiferroic composite materials that combine ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties are highly effective for magnetoelectric applications [72].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3565, "txt": " The magnetoelectric properties of the composite were not discussed in the aforementioned study; however, multiferroic composite materials that combine ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties are highly effective for magnetoelectric applications [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/sup[4]"}, {"position_id": 3567, "txt": "72", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3569, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 166, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In addition, the incorporation of ferromagnetic materials into ZnO thin films was investigated by Li et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3570, "txt": " In addition, the incorporation of ferromagnetic materials into ZnO thin films was investigated by Li et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 167, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [73] via Co ion implantation of pulsed-laser-deposited ZnO films.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3571, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3573, "txt": "73", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 3575, "txt": "] via Co ion implantation of pulsed-laser-deposited ZnO films.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 168, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnetoelectric coupling was established by the interaction between the electric dipole moments and magnetic moments, notably without strain-mediated effects due to the magnetostriction of the Co nanoparticles.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3576, "txt": " The magnetoelectric coupling was established by the interaction between the electric dipole moments and magnetic moments, notably without strain-mediated effects due to the magnetostriction of the Co nanoparticles.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 169, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Although the ME coupling was established at high-intensity magnetic fields, such a multiferroic nanocomposite thin film can present an alternative to conventional ME composites and be a possible candidate in magnetoelectric applications.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3577, "txt": " Although the ME coupling was established at high-intensity magnetic fields, such a multiferroic nanocomposite thin film can present an alternative to conventional ME composites and be a possible candidate in magnetoelectric applications.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[1]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 170, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "3.2. ZnO Micro- and Nano-Rods", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3579, "txt": "3.2. ZnO Micro- and Nano-Rods", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/h4"}]}, "tags": ["h4"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 171, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "In 2008, Chen et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3581, "txt": "In 2008, Chen et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 172, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [74] demonstrated one of the first magnetoelectric composites utilizing ZnO nanorods for the piezoelectric phase and a Ni-Fe alloy for the magnetostrictive layer, corresponding to the connectivity scheme shown in Figure 1f.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3582, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]"}, {"position_id": 3584, "txt": "74", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3586, "txt": "] demonstrated one of the first magnetoelectric composites utilizing ZnO nanorods for the piezoelectric phase and a Ni-Fe alloy for the magnetostrictive layer, corresponding to the connectivity scheme shown in ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3588, "txt": "Figure 1", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3590, "txt": "f.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 173, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The ZnO nanorods were fabricated via the electrochemical deposition method on ITO substrates, depicted in Figure 6a, using an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate, KCL and formamide.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3591, "txt": " The ZnO nanorods were fabricated via the electrochemical deposition method on ITO substrates, depicted in ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3593, "txt": "Figure 6", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3595, "txt": "a, using an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate, KCL and formamide.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 174, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " A thin-film passivation layer was realized in order to electrically isolate the ITO substrate from the magnetostrictive layer- by spin coating a sol-gel-derived ZnO layer.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3596, "txt": " A thin-film passivation layer was realized in order to electrically isolate the ITO substrate from the magnetostrictive layer- by spin coating a sol-gel-derived ZnO layer.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 175, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnetostrictive Ni-Fe (75–25% wt.) phase was deposited on top of the as-grown nanorods by DC magnetron sputtering at a 5 × 10−3 Torr Ar ambient with a final thickness of 100 nm, shown in Figure 6b,c.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3597, "txt": " The magnetostrictive Ni-Fe (75–25% wt.) phase was deposited on top of the as-grown nanorods by DC magnetron sputtering at a 5 × 10", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3599, "txt": "−3", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[1]"}, {"position_id": 3601, "txt": " Torr Ar ambient with a final thickness of 100 nm, shown in ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/sup[1]"}, {"position_id": 3603, "txt": "Figure 6", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3605, "txt": "b,c.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 176, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnetoelectric characterization was performed by the direct ME measurement method, using an Au sputtered top electrode and the ITO substrate, via a lock-in amplifier in both longitudinal (LM) and transverse (TM) magnetization.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3606, "txt": " The magnetoelectric characterization was performed by the direct ME measurement method, using an Au sputtered top electrode and the ITO substrate, via a lock-in amplifier in both longitudinal (LM) and transverse (TM) magnetization.", "x": 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{"atoms": [{"position_id": 3639, "txt": " The interfacing of magnetostrictive materials with nano- and microrods has proven to be a significant technological challenge due to the imperfections that exist on the interfaces, becoming the dominant factor for reduced ME performance.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[1]/a[8]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 182, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is contrary to large ME laminates, where mechanical effects such as shear stresses and anchor losses can significantly influence sensitivity and performance.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3640, "txt": " This is contrary to large ME laminates, where mechanical effects such as shear stresses and anchor losses can significantly influence sensitivity and performance.", "x": 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", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3666, "txt": " Copyright [2008], IOP Publishing, Ltd. ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[2]/div[2]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 48, "global_sentence_id": 187, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "The ZnO microrods were used by Kaps et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3668, "txt": "The ZnO microrods were used by Kaps et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 188, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [26], who developed a magnetoelectric core-shell composite based on amorphous FeCoBSi, focusing on the investigation of the interface between the two materials.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3669, "txt": " [", "x": 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to ZnO microrod and nanorod [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3695, "txt": "78", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3697, "txt": "] ME composites in order to investigate the magnetic domain structure, alignment and domain wall motion [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3699, "txt": "79", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 3701, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 197, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Domain wall rotation was observed on single microrod composites, shown in Figure 7a, with the application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the rod axis.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3702, "txt": " Domain wall rotation was observed on single microrod composites, shown in ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 3704, "txt": "Figure 7", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[7]"}, {"position_id": 3706, "txt": "a, with the application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the rod axis.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 198, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Initially, the FeCoBSi MS layer is largely in a demagnetized state and, by the application of a transversal field, 180° domain wall motion occurs, reaching saturation above 15 mT.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3707, "txt": " Initially, the FeCoBSi MS layer is largely in a demagnetized state and, by the application of a transversal field, 180° domain wall motion occurs, reaching saturation above 15 mT.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 199, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The complex magnetic domain structure can be identified from the demagnetized to the saturated state, suggesting the existence of magnetic domains with antiparallel alignment terminated by 90° domains along the [001] direction, which are gradually annihilated through the magnetization process, reaching a complete alignment along the direction of the applied field at saturation (Figure 7b).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3708, "txt": " The complex magnetic domain structure can be identified from the demagnetized to the saturated state, suggesting the existence of magnetic domains with antiparallel alignment terminated by 90° domains along the [001] direction, which are gradually annihilated through the magnetization process, reaching a complete alignment along the direction of the applied field at saturation (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[7]"}, {"position_id": 3710, "txt": "Figure 7", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[8]"}, {"position_id": 3712, "txt": "b).", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[8]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 200, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Although MOKE microscopy provides a detailed analysis of the magnetic domain structure, it does not provide any information regarding the magnetization-induced strain on the interface.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3713, "txt": " Although MOKE microscopy provides a detailed analysis of the magnetic domain structure, it does not provide any information regarding the magnetization-induced strain on the interface.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[8]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 201, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " For that purpose, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized in order to observe the ZnO lattice deformation that occurred due to the external magnetic field.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3714, "txt": " For that purpose, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized in order to observe the ZnO lattice deformation that occurred due to the external magnetic field.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[3]/a[8]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 202, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img img", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 951, "txt": "<img img", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[4]/div[1]/div/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 50, "global_sentence_id": 203, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Figure 7. 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", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3766, "txt": " Copyright [2017], American Chemical Society. ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[4]/div[2]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 51, "global_sentence_id": 208, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Employing XRD as a means to evaluate magnetostriction allows us to probe microrods at a fine enough volume to allow for the spatial mapping of the lattice parameters with high resolution, both for the uncoated and coated samples, providing growth and magnetically induced strain information.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3768, "txt": "Employing XRD as a means to evaluate magnetostriction allows us to probe microrods at a fine enough volume to allow for the spatial mapping of the lattice parameters with high resolution, both for the uncoated and coated samples, providing growth and magnetically induced strain information.", "x": 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deposition (Figure 7e).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3819, "txt": " The analysis revealed a direct correlation between the magnetically induced strain and the diameter of the rods, which also occurs when studying the intrinsic strain induced by the deposition (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/sub[5]"}, {"position_id": 3821, "txt": "Figure 7", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 3823, "txt": "e).", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/a[6]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 216, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In both cases, the strain increases by reducing the diameter of the rod to a maximum of −5 × 10−5, which 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"].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 217, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This investigation of strain distribution directly on the interface between ZnO and an MS layer highlights the impact of miniaturization on ME composites and drives the research to pursue further improvement on magnetoelectric performance in the nanoscale.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3833, "txt": " This investigation of strain distribution directly on the interface between ZnO and an MS layer highlights the impact of miniaturization on ME composites and drives the research to pursue further improvement on magnetoelectric performance in the nanoscale.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/a[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 218, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Recent studies aiming to discover ZnO magnetoelectric applications have also utilized the aforementioned nXRD method for investigating local strain distributions at the interface [82,83].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3834, "txt": " Recent studies aiming to discover ZnO magnetoelectric applications have also utilized the aforementioned nXRD method for investigating local strain distributions at the interface [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/a[7]"}, {"position_id": 3836, "txt": "82", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[5]/a[8]"}, {"position_id": 3838, "txt": ",", "x": 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{"txt": " Using the same FTS method as in [80], Gröttrup et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3853, "txt": " Using the same FTS method as in [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3855, "txt": "80", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3857, "txt": "], Gröttrup et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 221, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [36] synthesized mm-long ZnO micro needles (Figure 8b) and fabricated one of the first piezotronic-based magnetoelectric sensors (2-1 connectivity, rod-like PE phase on FM-thin-film) on a FeCoSiB cantilever, shown in Figure 8c.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3858, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3860, "txt": "36", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3862, "txt": "] synthesized mm-long ZnO micro needles (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3864, "txt": "Figure 8", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3866, "txt": "b) and fabricated one of the first piezotronic-based magnetoelectric sensors (2-1 connectivity, rod-like PE phase on FM-thin-film) on a FeCoSiB cantilever, shown in ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3868, "txt": "Figure 8", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 3870, "txt": "c.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[6]/a[6]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 222, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " By using the piezotronic principle and piezotronic current measurements with Ohmic contact, an improvement by three orders of magnitude in the limit of detection (LoD) was demonstrated compared to sensors based on the piezoelectric measurements with Schottky contacts (Figure 8d,e).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3871, "txt": " By using the piezotronic principle and piezotronic 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(a) Schematic representation of a 2-2 ME composite sensor during oscillation via an externally applied magnetic field; (b) SEM image of a hexagonal ZnO micro needle; (c) ZnO micro needle ME sensor with Ag and Al/Au/Ag contacts on an FeCoSiB cantilever; (d) Piezotronic (green) and piezoelectric (blue) measurements of an Ag/ZnO/Al/Au/Ag ME sensor in reverse bias at a resonant frequency of 79.4 Hz and a magnetic field of 0.6 mT; (e) I–V characteristics of an Ag/ZnO/Al/Au/Ag ME sensor.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3887, "txt": "Figure 8.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 3889, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 3891, "txt": "a", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 3893, "txt": ") Schematic representation of a 2-2 ME composite sensor during oscillation via an externally applied magnetic field; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 3895, "txt": "b", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 3897, "txt": ") SEM image of a hexagonal ZnO micro needle; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 3899, "txt": "c", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[4]"}, {"position_id": 3901, "txt": ") ZnO micro needle ME sensor with Ag and Al/Au/Ag contacts on an FeCoSiB cantilever; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[4]"}, {"position_id": 3903, "txt": "d", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[5]"}, {"position_id": 3905, "txt": ") Piezotronic (green) and piezoelectric (blue) measurements of an Ag/ZnO/Al/Au/Ag ME sensor in reverse bias at a resonant frequency of 79.4 Hz and a magnetic field of 0.6 mT; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[5]"}, {"position_id": 3907, "txt": "e", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[6]"}, {"position_id": 3909, "txt": ") I–V characteristics of an Ag/ZnO/Al/Au/Ag ME sensor.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[6]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 227, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " The equivalent circuit represents the ideal Schottky contact (D1) and space charge contribution (D2), depicting a large piezotronic current in the forward direction.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3910, "txt": " The equivalent circuit represents the ideal Schottky contact (D1) and space charge contribution (D2), depicting a large piezotronic current in the forward direction.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[6]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 228, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Reproduced with permission from [36].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3911, "txt": " Reproduced with permission from [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/b[6]"}, {"position_id": 3913, "txt": "36", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/a"}, {"position_id": 3915, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/a"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 229, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Copyright [2016], John Wiley and Sons. ", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3916, "txt": " Copyright [2016], John Wiley and Sons. ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[2]/div[7]/div[2]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 230, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "3.3. ZnO Nanocomposites", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3918, "txt": "3.3. ZnO Nanocomposites", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/h4"}]}, "tags": ["h4"], "label": "title2", "web_segment_id": 56, "global_sentence_id": 231, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "As discussed above, thin-film- and micro/nanorod-based ZnO magnetoelectric composites rely on strain transfer between the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phase for magnetoelectric coupling.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3920, "txt": "As discussed above, thin-film- and micro/nanorod-based ZnO magnetoelectric composites rely on strain transfer between the magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phase for magnetoelectric coupling.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 232, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " On the other hand, nanocomposites are essentially a single-phase material where the magnetoelectric coupling arises from the interaction between magnetization and electric polarization in the volume of the material [88].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3921, "txt": " On the other hand, nanocomposites are essentially a single-phase material where the magnetoelectric coupling arises from the interaction between magnetization and electric polarization in the volume of the material [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]"}, {"position_id": 3923, "txt": "88", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3925, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 233, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Magnetostriction is induced in the magnetic domains during magnetization, which involves domain movement that spontaneously induces an electrical polarization due to the piezoelectric effect.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3926, "txt": " Magnetostriction is induced in the magnetic domains during magnetization, which involves domain movement that spontaneously induces an electrical polarization due to the piezoelectric effect.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 234, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Cobalt-doped (Co-doped) ZnO nanoparticles were developed by Samanta et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3927, "txt": " Cobalt-doped (Co-doped) ZnO nanoparticles were developed by Samanta et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 235, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [89] via a chemical precipitation method using zinc acetate and cobalt acetate tetrahydrate as precursors, oxalic acid as the precipitating agent, ammonium hydroxide as a pH buffer and tetraethylammoniumhydroxide as an anti-agglomeration agent.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3928, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 3930, "txt": "89", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 3932, "txt": "] via a chemical precipitation method using zinc acetate and cobalt acetate tetrahydrate as precursors, oxalic acid as the precipitating agent, ammonium hydroxide as a pH buffer and tetraethylammoniumhydroxide as an anti-agglomeration agent.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 236, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The resulting nanopowder exhibited nano-crystalline domains of ZnO and Co3O4 with diffraction peak intensities modulated by Co content for both ZnO and Co3O4, accompanied by a reduction in the crystallite size, indicating the substitution of Co+2 at the Zn+2 sites.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3933, "txt": " The resulting nanopowder exhibited nano-crystalline domains of ZnO and Co", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[2]"}, 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}, {"position_id": 3957, "txt": " sites.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 237, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Ferromagnetic behavior was observed in the Zn-Co-O nanocomposites at 5K and was attributed to the exchange interaction of d-d coupling cobalt ions.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3958, "txt": " Ferromagnetic behavior was observed in the Zn-Co-O nanocomposites at 5K and was attributed to the exchange interaction of d-d coupling cobalt ions.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 238, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In addition, oxygen vacancies heavily contribute to the reported ferromagnetism via a bound magnetic polaron (BMP), formed between trapped electrons by an oxygen vacancy and the trapped electron at an orbital overlapping with the d shell of a cobalt ion.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3959, "txt": " In addition, oxygen vacancies heavily contribute to the reported ferromagnetism via a bound magnetic polaron (BMP), formed between trapped electrons by an oxygen vacancy and the trapped electron at an orbital overlapping with the d shell of a cobalt ion.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 239, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Oxygen vacancies are identified in the doped samples by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and UV-visible and fluorescence (FL) spectra.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3960, "txt": " Oxygen vacancies are identified in the doped samples by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and UV-visible and fluorescence (FL) spectra.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 240, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnetoelectric coupling was verified by measuring the ME coefficient using the dynamic method, i.e., the measurement of the ME voltage developed across the sample under the simultaneous application of DC and AC magnetic fields.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3961, "txt": " The magnetoelectric coupling was verified by measuring the ME coefficient using the dynamic method, i.e., the measurement of the ME voltage developed across the sample under the simultaneous application of DC and AC magnetic fields.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 241, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The magnitude of the magnetoelectric coefficient was evaluated at 8.65 mV/cm Oe at a magnetic field of 2 kOe for the Zn0.82Co0.18O sample, suggesting that the 18% Co-doped ZnO nanocomposites can be applied to functional device applications.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3962, "txt": " The magnitude of the magnetoelectric coefficient was evaluated at 8.65 mV/cm Oe at a magnetic field of 2 kOe for the Zn", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sup[2]"}, {"position_id": 3964, "txt": "0.82", "x": 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(Figure 9a,b) [90] where an ME voltage coefficient of 4.13 mV/cm Oe was identified, depicted in Figure 9d.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3971, "txt": " Ferromagnetic ordering, due to the inherent oxygen vacancies and BMP formation, was also reported in Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[6]"}, {"position_id": 3973, "txt": "Figure 9", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3975, "txt": "a,b) [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 3977, "txt": "90", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3979, "txt": "] where an ME voltage coefficient of 4.13 mV/cm Oe was identified, depicted in ", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 3981, "txt": "Figure 9", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 3983, "txt": "d.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 243, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Another ferromagnetic material used in ZnO nanocomposites stems from the combination of Ni and Co with Fe2O4 (ferrite).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3984, "txt": " Another ferromagnetic material used in ZnO nanocomposites stems from the combination of Ni and Co with Fe", "x": 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"language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 3993, "txt": " Nickel ferrite (NiFe", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[8]"}, {"position_id": 3995, "txt": "2", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[9]"}, {"position_id": 3997, "txt": "O", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[9]"}, {"position_id": 3999, "txt": "4", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[10]"}, {"position_id": 4001, "txt": ") composites were developed by Dutta et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[10]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 245, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [32], presenting room-temperature magnetoelectric voltage coefficients from 3.7 to 8 mV/cm Oe (Figure 9c,e).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4002, "txt": " [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[10]"}, {"position_id": 4004, "txt": "32", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 4006, "txt": "], presenting room-temperature magnetoelectric voltage coefficients from 3.7 to 8 mV/cm Oe (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[6]"}, {"position_id": 4008, "txt": "Figure 9", "x": 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/sub[13]"}, {"position_id": 4025, "txt": "91", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[8]"}, {"position_id": 4027, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[3]/div[1]/a[8]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 57, "global_sentence_id": 247, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " On the other hand, cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO)–ZnO nanocomposites exhibited magnetoelectric coupling, which was evaluated through magnetocapacitance measurements at different frequencies and magnetic-field intensities.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4028, "txt": " On the other hand, cobalt ferrite (CoFe", "x": 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[", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[6]"}, {"position_id": 4254, "txt": "106", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[6]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 4256, "txt": "], it is possible to control carrier transport across a metal-semiconductor interface through the piezoelectric charges that are generated upon an external mechanical stress.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[6]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 67, "global_sentence_id": 282, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This phenomenon is complementary to the change in resistance that appears in piezoresistive materials, such as ZnO, although it is not easy to identify the contribution of each mechanism.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4257, "txt": " This phenomenon is complementary to the change in resistance that appears in piezoresistive materials, such as ZnO, although it is not easy to identify the contribution of each mechanism.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[6]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 67, "global_sentence_id": 283, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Zhu et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4258, "txt": " Zhu et al.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[6]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 67, "global_sentence_id": 284, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " [107] demonstrated the significance of the piezotronics effect over the change of piezoresistance; however, further research is required to better clarify this point.", 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composites in terms of piezomagnetic and ME coefficients.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4265, "txt": "Despite the successful integration of ZnO nanostructures with magnetostrictive materials, a gap still exists between state-of-the-art ME materials and ZnO-based ME composites in terms of piezomagnetic and ME coefficients.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 68, "global_sentence_id": 286, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " To improve the ME performance, the coupling between the FM and PE phases of the composites needs to be maximized, combined with advanced magnetostrictive materials with improved magnetostriction and soft magnetic behavior.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4266, "txt": " To improve the ME performance, the coupling between the FM and PE phases of the composites 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"/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 4276, "txt": ",", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 4278, "txt": "82", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 4280, "txt": ",", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[3]"}, {"position_id": 4282, "txt": "83", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 4284, "txt": "], specifically targeting sensor applications.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 68, "global_sentence_id": 289, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Thus, a novel application of nanowire/nanorod composites, either in array form or in single nanowire configurations, may provide the means of bridging the performance gap, while also improving upon spatial resolution and sensitivity in sensor applications.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4285, "txt": " Thus, a novel application of nanowire/nanorod composites, either in array form or in single nanowire configurations, may provide the means of bridging the performance gap, while also improving upon spatial resolution and sensitivity in sensor applications.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 68, "global_sentence_id": 290, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Single ZnO nanowire-based magnetoelectric composites are still missing from the literature and, combined with the piezotronic and the piezophototronic effect [86], can potentially improve upon the performance of current ZnO ME composites but also give rise to new effects through the interaction between ferromagnetism, photoexcitation, piezoelectricity and the semiconducting phenomena in ZnO.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4286, "txt": " Single ZnO nanowire-based magnetoelectric composites are still missing from the literature and, combined with the piezotronic and the piezophototronic effect [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[4]"}, {"position_id": 4288, "txt": "86", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[5]"}, {"position_id": 4290, "txt": "], can potentially improve upon the performance of current ZnO ME composites but also give rise to new effects through the interaction between ferromagnetism, photoexcitation, piezoelectricity and the semiconducting phenomena in ZnO.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[3]/section[4]/div[7]/a[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 68, "global_sentence_id": 291, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "4. Conclusions", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4292, "txt": "4. Conclusions", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 69, "global_sentence_id": 292, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "In this review, we highlighted the research and development on ZnO-based magnetoelectric composites in various forms, including thin films, micro- and nanorods and nano composites.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4294, "txt": "In this review, we highlighted the research and development on ZnO-based magnetoelectric composites in various forms, including thin films, micro- and nanorods and nano composites.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 293, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Although several materials are utilized for exploiting ME phenomena, ZnO presents significant interest due to its unique properties, including biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low-cost fabrication and potential applicability in large area electronics.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4295, "txt": " Although several materials are utilized for exploiting ME phenomena, ZnO presents significant interest due to its unique properties, including biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low-cost fabrication and potential applicability in large area electronics.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 294, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " A significant portion of the research effort focuses on the integration of ZnO micro- and nanostructures with advanced magnetostrictive materials for the realization of novel ME heterostructures.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4296, "txt": " A significant portion of the research effort focuses on the integration of ZnO micro- and nanostructures with advanced magnetostrictive materials for the realization of novel ME heterostructures.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 295, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " ZnO thin films were utilized extensively in the fabrication of ME composites as the piezoelectric constituent, in diverse device architectures ranging from cantilevers, surface acoustic waves (SAW) and bulk acoustic waves (BAW) devices, to MEMS FBAR and microcantilever sensors.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4297, "txt": " ZnO thin films were utilized extensively in the fabrication of ME composites as the piezoelectric constituent, in diverse device architectures ranging from cantilevers, surface acoustic waves (SAW) and bulk acoustic waves (BAW) devices, to MEMS FBAR and microcantilever sensors.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 296, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In addition, thin-film characterization methods such as XRD and GIXRD have enabled us to assess magnetostrictive strain at the atomic scale, something that can be leveraged extensively in ME research beyond ZnO.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4298, "txt": " In addition, thin-film characterization methods such as XRD and GIXRD have enabled us to assess magnetostrictive strain at the atomic scale, something that can be leveraged extensively in ME research beyond ZnO.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 297, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Furthermore, the doping of pure ZnO films can induce ferromagnetic properties with an enhanced magnetoelectric response, while suitable co-doping results in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phenomena that can simultaneously exist in ZnO thin films.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4299, "txt": " Furthermore, the doping of pure ZnO films can induce ferromagnetic properties with an enhanced magnetoelectric response, while suitable co-doping results in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic phenomena that can simultaneously exist in ZnO thin films.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[1]/section[4]/div[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 70, "global_sentence_id": 298, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " ZnO micro- and nanorod composites, on the other hand, constitute the most promising route for ME 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{"txt": "Conceptualization, A.B. and C.T.; methodology, A.B. and C.T.; writing—original draft preparation, A.B.; writing—review and editing, A.B., A.K. and C.T.; visualization, A.B.; funding acquisition, C.T. 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All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[1]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 73, "global_sentence_id": 303, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Funding", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4309, "txt": "Funding", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[2]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 74, "global_sentence_id": 304, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund-ESF) through the Operational Program «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning» in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research–2nd Cycle” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4311, "txt": "This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund-ESF) through the Operational Program «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning» in the context of the project “Strengthening Human Resources Research Potential via Doctorate Research–2nd Cycle” (MIS-5000432), implemented by the State Scholarships Foundation (ΙΚΥ).", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[2]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 75, "global_sentence_id": 305, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Institutional Review Board Statement", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4313, "txt": "Institutional Review Board Statement", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[3]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 76, "global_sentence_id": 306, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Not applicable.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4315, "txt": "Not applicable.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[3]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 77, "global_sentence_id": 307, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Informed Consent Statement", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4317, "txt": "Informed Consent Statement", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[4]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 78, "global_sentence_id": 308, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Not applicable.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4319, "txt": "Not applicable.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[4]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 79, "global_sentence_id": 309, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Data Availability Statement", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4321, "txt": "Data Availability Statement", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[5]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 80, "global_sentence_id": 310, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Not applicable.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4323, "txt": "Not applicable.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[5]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 81, "global_sentence_id": 311, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Acknowledgments", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4325, "txt": "Acknowledgments", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[6]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 82, "global_sentence_id": 312, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "The authors acknowledge A. Segkos for a thorough reading of the manuscript.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4327, "txt": "The authors acknowledge A. Segkos for a thorough reading of the manuscript.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[6]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 83, "global_sentence_id": 313, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Conflicts of Interest", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4329, "txt": "Conflicts of Interest", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[7]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 84, "global_sentence_id": 314, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "The authors declare no conflict of interest.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4331, "txt": "The authors declare no conflict of interest.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[7]/div"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 85, "global_sentence_id": 315, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "References", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4333, "txt": "References", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[8]/h2"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "reference", "web_segment_id": 86, "global_sentence_id": 316, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Astrov, D.N. Magnetoelectric Effect in Chromium Oxide.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 4335, "txt": "Astrov, D.N. 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(a) Schematic representation of a magnetoelectric SAW device, showing the ZnO piezoelectric layer, the magnetostrictive Metglas substrate and the interdigitated electrodes; (b) effect of the external magnetic field on the central frequency of the ZnO/Metglas heterostructure, along with the calculated frequency sensitivity.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7077, "txt": "Figure 3.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 7079, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 7081, "txt": "a", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 7083, "txt": ") Schematic representation of a magnetoelectric SAW device, showing the ZnO piezoelectric layer, the magnetostrictive Metglas substrate and the interdigitated electrodes; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 7085, "txt": "b", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 7087, "txt": ") effect of the external magnetic field on the central frequency of the ZnO/Metglas heterostructure, along with the calculated frequency sensitivity.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[3]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 198, "global_sentence_id": 796, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Reproduced with permission from [52].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7088, "txt": " Reproduced with permission from [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 7090, "txt": "52", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/a"}, {"position_id": 7092, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/a"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 198, "global_sentence_id": 797, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Copyright [2016], AIP Publishing.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7093, "txt": " Copyright [2016], AIP Publishing.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[1]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 198, "global_sentence_id": 798, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "<img img", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1853, "txt": "<img img", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[3]/div[2]/a/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 199, "global_sentence_id": 799, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Figure 4. 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(a,b) Ferroelectric polarization vs. electric fields loops for pure ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO showing reversible polarization for the Ni-doped thin film; (c–e) magnetoelectric response of Li-, Ni- and Mg-doped ZnO thin films vs. an external DC magnetic field.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7171, "txt": "Figure 5.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 7173, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 7175, "txt": "a", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 7177, "txt": ",", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 7179, "txt": "b", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 7181, "txt": ") Ferroelectric polarization vs. electric fields loops for pure ZnO and Ni-doped ZnO showing reversible polarization for the Ni-doped thin film; (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[3]"}, {"position_id": 7183, "txt": "c", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[4]"}, {"position_id": 7185, "txt": "–", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[4]"}, {"position_id": 7187, "txt": "e", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[5]"}, {"position_id": 7189, "txt": ") magnetoelectric response of Li-, Ni- and Mg-doped ZnO thin films vs. an external DC magnetic field.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[5]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 202, "global_sentence_id": 806, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Reproduced with permission from [68].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7190, "txt": " Reproduced with permission from [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/b[5]"}, {"position_id": 7192, "txt": "68", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/a"}, {"position_id": 7194, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/a"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 202, "global_sentence_id": 807, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Copyright [2014], Elsevier.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7195, "txt": " Copyright [2014], Elsevier.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[1]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 202, "global_sentence_id": 808, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "<img img", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1887, "txt": "<img img", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[5]/div[2]/a/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 203, "global_sentence_id": 809, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Figure 6. 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(a) Schematic representation of a 2-2 ME composite sensor during oscillation via an externally applied magnetic field; (b) SEM image of a hexagonal ZnO micro needle; (c) ZnO micro needle ME sensor with Ag and Al/Au/Ag contacts on an FeCoSiB cantilever; (d) Piezotronic (green) and piezoelectric (blue) measurements of an Ag/ZnO/Al/Au/Ag ME sensor in reverse bias at a resonant frequency of 79.4 Hz and a magnetic field of 0.6 mT; (e) I–V characteristics of an Ag/ZnO/Al/Au/Ag ME sensor.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7275, "txt": "Figure 8.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[8]/div[1]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 7277, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[8]/div[1]/b[1]"}, {"position_id": 7279, "txt": "a", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[8]/div[1]/b[2]"}, {"position_id": 7281, "txt": ") Schematic representation of a 2-2 ME composite sensor during oscillation via an externally applied magnetic field; 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"EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Inset shows the linear relationship between the ME voltage and the applied AC magnetic field in the transverse and longitudinal directions.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7370, "txt": " Inset shows the linear relationship between the ME voltage and the applied AC magnetic field in the transverse and longitudinal directions.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/sub[8]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 210, "global_sentence_id": 827, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " (a,b,d) reproduced with permission from [90].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7371, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/sub[8]"}, {"position_id": 7373, "txt": "a", "x": 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"txt": "90", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 7387, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 210, "global_sentence_id": 828, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Copyright [2019], Elsevier.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7388, "txt": " Copyright [2019], Elsevier.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 210, "global_sentence_id": 829, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " (c,e) reproduced with permission from [32].", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7389, "txt": " (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 7391, "txt": "c", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/b[12]"}, {"position_id": 7393, "txt": ",", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/b[12]"}, {"position_id": 7395, "txt": "e", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/b[13]"}, {"position_id": 7397, "txt": ") reproduced with permission from [", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/b[13]"}, {"position_id": 7399, "txt": "32", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 7401, "txt": "].", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 210, "global_sentence_id": 830, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Copyright [2019], Elsevier.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7402, "txt": " Copyright [2019], Elsevier.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[1]/a[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "figure_title", "web_segment_id": 210, "global_sentence_id": 831, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "<img img", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1955, "txt": "<img img", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[9]/div[2]/a/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 211, "global_sentence_id": 832, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Table 1. Summary of ZnO based magnetoelectric composites.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7404, "txt": "Table 1.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[10]/div[1]/b"}, {"position_id": 7406, "txt": " Summary of ZnO based magnetoelectric composites.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[10]/div[1]/b"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "table_title", "web_segment_id": 212, "global_sentence_id": 833, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "<table <table position_id=\"1959\"><thead position_id=\"1960\"><tr position_id=\"1961\"><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1962\"/><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1963\">Technology Process</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1964\">Structure</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1965\">Magnetostrictive Phase</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1966\">Sensitivity *</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1967\">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody position_id=\"1968\"><tr position_id=\"1969\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1970\">ZnO thin film</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1971\">PLD</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1972\">Cantilever</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1973\">Fe<sub position_id=\"1974\">74.4</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"1975\">21.6</sub>Si<sub position_id=\"1976\">0.5</sub>B<sub position_id=\"1977\">3.3</sub>Mn<sub position_id=\"1978\">0.1</sub>C<sub position_id=\"1979\">0.1</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1980\">47 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1981\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B45-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"1982\">45</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"1983\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1984\">ZnO thin film</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1985\">BAW</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1986\">Yttrium iron garnet</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1987\">Δf~0.25 MHz</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1988\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B51-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"1989\">51</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"1990\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1991\">Sputtering</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1992\">FBAR</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1993\">Fe<sub position_id=\"1994\">65</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"1995\">35</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1996\">Δf~7 MHz</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1997\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B55-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"1998\">55</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"1999\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2000\">Sputtering</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2001\">FBAR</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2002\">Fe<sub position_id=\"2003\">65</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"2004\">35</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2005\">Δf~106 MHz</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2006\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B56-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2007\">56</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2008\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2009\">Sputtering</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2010\">MEMS<br position_id=\"2011\"/>Cantilevers</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2012\">FeCo</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2013\">57.6 mV/Gauss<br position_id=\"2014\"/>(10.45 kHz)</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2015\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B58-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2016\">58</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2017\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2018\">Spin-spray</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2019\">Thin film</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2020\">Fe<sub position_id=\"2021\">3</sub>O<sub position_id=\"2022\">4</sub><br position_id=\"2023\"/>(spin-spray)</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2024\">1.5 × 10<sup position_id=\"2025\">−4</sup> Oe cm k/V</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2026\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B59-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2027\">59</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2028\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2029\">ZnO <br position_id=\"2030\"/>micro/nano rods</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2031\">Electrochemical<br position_id=\"2032\"/>deposition</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2033\">Nanorod<br position_id=\"2034\"/>Composite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2035\">Ni<sub position_id=\"2036\">75</sub>Fe<sub position_id=\"2037\">25</sub><br position_id=\"2038\"/>(DC sputtering)</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2039\">0.34–0.48 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2040\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B74-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2041\">74</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2042\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2043\">MVLS</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2044\">Core-shell</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2045\">FeCoBSi<br position_id=\"2046\"/>(RF sputtering)</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2047\">-</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2048\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B26-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2049\">26</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2050\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2051\">FTS</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2052\">Microrod<br position_id=\"2053\"/>Composite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2054\">(Fe<sub position_id=\"2055\">90</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"2056\">10</sub>)<sub position_id=\"2057\">78</sub>Si<sub position_id=\"2058\">12</sub>B<sub position_id=\"2059\">10</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2060\">-</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2061\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B80-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2062\">80</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2063\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2064\">FTS</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2065\">Microrod<br position_id=\"2066\"/>Composite</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2067\">FeCoSiB<br position_id=\"2068\"/>(Metglas 260SA1)</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2069\">380 pT Hz<sup position_id=\"2070\">1/2</sup></td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2071\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B36-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2072\">36</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2073\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2074\">ZnO nanocomposite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2075\">ZnO NPs</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2076\">Nanocomposite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2077\">Co doped</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2078\">8.65 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2079\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B89-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2080\">89</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2081\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2082\">ZnO NPs</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2083\">Nanocomposite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2084\">Mg doped</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2085\">4.13 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2086\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B90-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2087\">90</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2088\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2089\">ZnO NPs</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2090\">Nanocomposite</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2091\">NiFe<sub position_id=\"2092\">2</sub>O<sub position_id=\"2093\">4</sub> NPs</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2094\">3.7–8 mV/cm Oe</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2095\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B32-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2096\">32</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table>", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1959, "txt": "<table <table position_id=\"1959\"><thead position_id=\"1960\"><tr position_id=\"1961\"><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1962\"/><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1963\">Technology Process</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1964\">Structure</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1965\">Magnetostrictive Phase</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1966\">Sensitivity *</th><th style=\"border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1967\">Ref.</th></tr></thead><tbody position_id=\"1968\"><tr position_id=\"1969\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1970\">ZnO thin film</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1971\">PLD</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1972\">Cantilever</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1973\">Fe<sub position_id=\"1974\">74.4</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"1975\">21.6</sub>Si<sub position_id=\"1976\">0.5</sub>B<sub position_id=\"1977\">3.3</sub>Mn<sub position_id=\"1978\">0.1</sub>C<sub position_id=\"1979\">0.1</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1980\">47 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1981\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B45-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"1982\">45</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"1983\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1984\">ZnO thin film</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1985\">BAW</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1986\">Yttrium iron garnet</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1987\">Δf~0.25 MHz</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1988\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B51-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"1989\">51</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"1990\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1991\">Sputtering</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1992\">FBAR</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1993\">Fe<sub position_id=\"1994\">65</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"1995\">35</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1996\">Δf~7 MHz</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"1997\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B55-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"1998\">55</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"1999\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2000\">Sputtering</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2001\">FBAR</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2002\">Fe<sub position_id=\"2003\">65</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"2004\">35</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2005\">Δf~106 MHz</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2006\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B56-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2007\">56</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2008\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2009\">Sputtering</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2010\">MEMS<br position_id=\"2011\"/>Cantilevers</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2012\">FeCo</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2013\">57.6 mV/Gauss<br position_id=\"2014\"/>(10.45 kHz)</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2015\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B58-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2016\">58</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2017\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2018\">Spin-spray</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2019\">Thin film</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2020\">Fe<sub position_id=\"2021\">3</sub>O<sub position_id=\"2022\">4</sub><br position_id=\"2023\"/>(spin-spray)</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2024\">1.5 × 10<sup position_id=\"2025\">−4</sup> Oe cm k/V</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2026\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B59-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2027\">59</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2028\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2029\">ZnO <br position_id=\"2030\"/>micro/nano rods</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2031\">Electrochemical<br position_id=\"2032\"/>deposition</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2033\">Nanorod<br position_id=\"2034\"/>Composite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2035\">Ni<sub position_id=\"2036\">75</sub>Fe<sub position_id=\"2037\">25</sub><br position_id=\"2038\"/>(DC sputtering)</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2039\">0.34–0.48 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2040\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B74-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2041\">74</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2042\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2043\">MVLS</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2044\">Core-shell</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2045\">FeCoBSi<br position_id=\"2046\"/>(RF sputtering)</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2047\">-</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2048\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B26-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2049\">26</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2050\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2051\">FTS</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2052\">Microrod<br position_id=\"2053\"/>Composite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2054\">(Fe<sub position_id=\"2055\">90</sub>Co<sub position_id=\"2056\">10</sub>)<sub position_id=\"2057\">78</sub>Si<sub position_id=\"2058\">12</sub>B<sub position_id=\"2059\">10</sub></td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2060\">-</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2061\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B80-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2062\">80</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2063\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2064\">FTS</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2065\">Microrod<br position_id=\"2066\"/>Composite</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2067\">FeCoSiB<br position_id=\"2068\"/>(Metglas 260SA1)</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2069\">380 pT Hz<sup position_id=\"2070\">1/2</sup></td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2071\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B36-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2072\">36</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2073\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2074\">ZnO nanocomposite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2075\">ZnO NPs</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2076\">Nanocomposite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2077\">Co doped</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2078\">8.65 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2079\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B89-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2080\">89</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2081\"><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2082\">ZnO NPs</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2083\">Nanocomposite</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2084\">Mg doped</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2085\">4.13 mV/cm Oe</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2086\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B90-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2087\">90</a>]</td></tr><tr position_id=\"2088\"><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2089\">ZnO NPs</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2090\">Nanocomposite</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2091\">NiFe<sub position_id=\"2092\">2</sub>O<sub position_id=\"2093\">4</sub> NPs</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2094\">3.7–8 mV/cm Oe</td><td style=\"border-bottom:solid thin\" align=\"center\" class=\"html-align-center\" valign=\"middle\" position_id=\"2095\">[<a class=\"html-bibr\" href=\"#B32-applsci-13-08378\" position_id=\"2096\">32</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table>", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[9]/div[10]/table"}]}, "tags": ["table"], "label": "table", "web_segment_id": 213, "global_sentence_id": 834, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "* Sensitivity is used as a term to summarize the magnitude of the magnetoelectric effect due to the fact that different coefficients and figures of merit are used for each composite category in the literature.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": 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MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[10]/table"}]}, "tags": ["table"], "label": "table", "web_segment_id": 215, "global_sentence_id": 836, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "© 2023 by the authors.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7410, "txt": "© 2023 by the authors.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[11]/br"}]}, "tags": ["br"], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 216, "global_sentence_id": 837, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7411, "txt": " Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[11]/br"}]}, "tags": ["br"], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 216, "global_sentence_id": 838, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": " This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7412, "txt": " This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[11]/br"}]}, "tags": ["br"], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 216, "global_sentence_id": 839, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7414, "txt": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[11]/a"}, {"position_id": 7416, "txt": ").", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[12]/div[2]/section[11]/a"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 217, "global_sentence_id": 840, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Share and Cite", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7418, "txt": "Share and Cite", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[13]/h2[1]/a"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "reference", "web_segment_id": 218, "global_sentence_id": 841, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "MDPI and ACS Style", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 7420, "txt": "MDPI and ACS Style", "x": "/html/body/div[8]/section/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/div/div/div[2]/article/div/div[13]/div[2]/div[1]/b"}]}, "tags": ["b"], "label": "reference", "web_segment_id": 220, "global_sentence_id": 842, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Bardakas, A.; Kaidatzis, A.; Tsamis, C. 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# A Review of Magnetoelectric Composites Based on ZnO Nanostructures
## Abstract
## 1. Introduction
## 2. Magnetoelectric (ME) Effect
## 3. ZnO Magnetoelectric Composites
### 3.1. Thin Films
#### 3.1.1. Pure ZnO Thin Films
#### 3.1.2. Doped ZnO Thin Films
### 3.2. ZnO Micro- and Nano-Rods
### 3.3. ZnO Nanocomposites
### 3.4. Discussion
## 4. Conclusions
