{"entry_id": "579ee93d-74c2-4a3d-8766-2fd4b9eb015b", "infos": [{"txt": "The first RCT for GLP-1 drugs and alcoholism isn't what we hoped", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 0, "txt": "The first RCT for GLP-1 drugs and alcoholism isn't what we hoped", "x": "//title"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "O", "web_segment_id": 0, "global_sentence_id": 0, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "The first RCT for GLP-1 drugs and alcoholism isn't what we hoped", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 655, "txt": "The first RCT for GLP-1 drugs and alcoholism isn't what we hoped", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[2]/h1"}]}, "tags": ["h1"], "label": "article_title", "web_segment_id": 1, "global_sentence_id": 1, "edu_l1_label": "BOT"}, {"txt": "or what people seem to think", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 657, "txt": "or what people seem to think", "x": 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"edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "(I’m skeptical that of that 12% number, but a different survey in late 2024 found that 10% of Americans were currently taking one of these drugs.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 718, "txt": "(I’m skeptical that of that 12% number, but a ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[4]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 720, "txt": "different survey", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[4]/a"}, {"position_id": 722, "txt": " in late 2024 found that 10% of Americans were ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[4]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 724, "txt": "currently", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[4]/em"}, {"position_id": 726, "txt": " taking one of these drugs.", "x": 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is plausible enough.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[5]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 21, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " We don’t know which of the many effects of these drugs is really helping with obesity.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 736, "txt": " We don’t know which of the many effects of these drugs is really helping with obesity.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[5]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 22, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Maybe it’s not the effects on blood sugar that matter, but these drugs have some kind of generalized “anti-addiction” effect on the brain?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 737, "txt": " Maybe it’s not the effects on blood sugar that matter, but these drugs have some kind of generalized “anti-addiction” effect on the brain?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[5]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 23, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Or maybe screwing around with blood sugar changes willpower?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 738, "txt": " Or maybe screwing around with blood sugar changes willpower?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[5]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 24, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Or maybe when people get thinner, that changes how the brain works?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 739, "txt": " Or maybe when people get thinner, that changes how the brain works?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[5]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 25, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Who knows.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 740, "txt": " Who knows.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[5]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 9, "global_sentence_id": 26, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Beyond anecdotes, are some observational studies and animal experiments suggesting they might help with addiction (OKeefe et al.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 742, "txt": "Beyond anecdotes, are some observational studies and animal experiments suggesting they might help with addiction ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[6]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 744, "txt": "(OKeefe et al.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[6]/a[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 10, "global_sentence_id": 27, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " 2024).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 745, "txt": " 2024)", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[6]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 747, "txt": ".", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[6]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 10, "global_sentence_id": 28, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " We are so desperate for data that some researchers have even resorted to computing statistics based on what people say on reddit.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 748, "txt": " We are so desperate for data that some researchers have even resorted to computing statistics based on ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[6]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 750, "txt": "what people say on reddit", 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{"atoms": [{"position_id": 775, "txt": "I admit this looks good.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 35, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is indeed a figure in which the orange bar is higher than the blue bar.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 776, "txt": " This is indeed a figure in which the orange bar is higher than the blue bar.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 36, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " However:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 777, "txt": " However:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[9]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 15, "global_sentence_id": 37, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "This figure does not mean what you think it means.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 779, "txt": "This figure does not mean what you think it means.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/ol/li[1]/p/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["li"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 16, "global_sentence_id": 38, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Despite the label, this isn’t actually the amount of alcohol people consumed.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 780, "txt": " Despite the label, this isn’t actually the amount of alcohol people consumed.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/ol/li[1]/p/span[1]"}]}, "tags": ["li"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 16, "global_sentence_id": 39, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " What’s shown is the result of a regression, which was calculated on a non-random subset of subjects.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 781, "txt": " What’s shown is the result of a ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/ol/li[1]/p/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 783, "txt": "regression,", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/ol/li[1]/p/em"}, {"position_id": 785, "txt": " which was calculated on a non-random subset of subjects.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/ol/li[1]/p/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["li", "em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 16, "global_sentence_id": 40, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "There are other figures.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 787, "txt": "There are other figures.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/ol/li[2]/p"}]}, "tags": ["li"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 17, "global_sentence_id": 41, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Why isn’t 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"global_sentence_id": 44, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " They selected them according to the DSM-5 definition of “alcohol use disorder” which happens to be more than 14 drinks per week for men and 7 drinks per week for women, plus at least 2 heavy drinking episodes.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 793, "txt": " They selected them according to the DSM-5 definition of “alcohol use disorder” which happens to be more than 14 drinks per week for men and 7 drinks per week for women, plus at least 2 heavy drinking episodes.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[10]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 19, "global_sentence_id": 45, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Perhaps because of this lower threshold, 34 of the subjects were women.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 794, "txt": " Perhaps because of this lower threshold, 34 of the subjects were women.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[10]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 19, "global_sentence_id": 46, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "The trial lasted 9 weeks.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 796, "txt": "The trial lasted 9 weeks.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[11]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 47, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " During it, half of the subjects were given weekly placebo injections.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 797, "txt": " During it, half of the subjects were given weekly placebo injections.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[11]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 48, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The other half were given weekly injections of increasing amounts of semaglutide:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 798, "txt": " The other half were given weekly injections of increasing amounts of semaglutide:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[11]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 49, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " 0.25 mg for 4 weeks, then 0.5 mg for 4 weeks, and then 0.5 or 1 mg in the last week, depending on a doctor’s judgement.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 799, "txt": " 0.25 mg for 4 weeks, then 0.5 mg for 4 weeks, and then 0.5 or 1 mg in the last week, depending on a doctor’s judgement.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[11]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 20, "global_sentence_id": 50, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Outcome 1:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 801, "txt": "Outcome 1:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[2]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 51, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": " Drinking", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 802, "txt": " Drinking", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[2]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 21, "global_sentence_id": 52, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "The first outcome was to simply ask people to record how much they drank in daily life.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 804, "txt": "The first outcome was to simply ask people to record how much they drank in daily life.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[12]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 22, "global_sentence_id": 53, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Here are the results:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 805, "txt": " Here are the results:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[12]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 22, "global_sentence_id": 54, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2ca3H4qnR1I1UVWUb2WiYUN.jpeg", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 326, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2ca3H4qnR1I1UVWUb2WiYUN.jpeg", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/div[3]/figure/a/div/picture/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 23, "global_sentence_id": 55, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "If I understand correctly, at some point 6 out of the 24 subjects in the placebo group stopped providing these records, and 3 out of 24 in 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produce.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 809, "txt": " It’s not clear to me what bias this might produce.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[13]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 24, "global_sentence_id": 58, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "When I first saw that figure, I thought it looked good.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 811, "txt": "When I first saw that figure, I thought it looked good.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 59, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The lines are going down, and the semaglutide line is lower.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 812, "txt": " The lines are going down, and the semaglutide line is lower.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 60, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But then I checked the appendix.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 813, "txt": " But then I checked the appendix.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 61, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " (Protip:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 814, "txt": " (Protip:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 62, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Always check the appendix.)", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 815, "txt": " ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 817, "txt": "Always", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/em"}, {"position_id": 819, "txt": " check the appendix.)", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 63, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This contains the same data, but stratified by if people were obese or not:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 820, "txt": " This contains the same data, but stratified by if people were obese or not:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[14]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 25, "global_sentence_id": 64, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/4ujwkf2OoNkF3UJqbc41gtNg.jpeg", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 339, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/4ujwkf2OoNkF3UJqbc41gtNg.jpeg", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/div[4]/figure/a/div/picture/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 26, "global_sentence_id": 65, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Now it looks like semaglutide isn’t doing anything.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 822, "txt": "Now it looks like semaglutide isn’t doing anything.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[15]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 27, "global_sentence_id": 66, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " It’s just that among the non-obese, the semaglutide group happened to start at a lower baseline.", 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"content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 72, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Either no benefit or no difference.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 835, "txt": " Either no benefit or no difference.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[17]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 29, "global_sentence_id": 73, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "So…", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 837, "txt": "So…", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 74, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is a small sample.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 838, "txt": " This is a small sample.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 75, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " It only lasted nine weeks, and subjects spent many of them on pretty small doses.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 839, "txt": " It only lasted nine weeks, and subjects spent many of them on pretty small doses.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 76, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But this is far the miracle we hoped for.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 840, "txt": " But this is far the miracle we hoped for.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 77, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Some effect might be hiding in the noise, but what these results most look like is zero effect.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 841, "txt": " Some effect might be hiding in the noise, but what these results ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 843, "txt": "most", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/em[1]"}, {"position_id": 845, "txt": " look like is ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 847, "txt": "zero", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/em[2]"}, {"position_id": 849, "txt": " effect.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[18]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 30, "global_sentence_id": 78, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Outcome 2:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 851, "txt": "Outcome 2:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[3]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 31, "global_sentence_id": 79, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": " Delayed drinking", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 852, "txt": " Delayed drinking", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[3]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 31, "global_sentence_id": 80, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "There are also lab experiments.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 854, "txt": "There are also lab experiments.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 81, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " They did these at both the start and end of the study.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 855, "txt": " They did these at both the start and end of the study.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 82, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In the first experiment, they basically set each subject’s favorite alcoholic drink in front of them and said them, “For each minute you wait before drinking this, we will pay you, up to a maximum of 50 minutes.”", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 856, "txt": " In the first experiment, they basically set each subject’s favorite alcoholic drink in front of them and said them, “For each minute you wait before drinking this, we will pay you, up to a maximum of 50 minutes.”", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[19]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 32, "global_sentence_id": 83, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "How much were they paid, you ask?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 858, "txt": "How ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 860, "txt": "much", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/em[1]"}, {"position_id": 862, "txt": " were they paid, you ask?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 84, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Oddly, that’s not specified in the paper.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 863, "txt": " Oddly, that’s not specified in the paper.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 85, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " It’s also not specified in the supplemental information.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 864, "txt": " It’s also not specified in the supplemental information.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 86, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " It’s also not specified in the 289 page application they made to the FDA to be able to do this study.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 865, "txt": " It’s ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 867, "txt": "also", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/em[2]"}, {"position_id": 869, "txt": " not specified in the ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 871, "txt": "289 page application", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/a[1]"}, {"position_id": 873, "txt": " they made to the FDA to be able to do this study.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 87, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " (Good times!)", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 874, "txt": " (Good times!)", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 88, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But there is a citation for a different paper in which people were paid $0.24/minute, decreasing by $0.01 / minute every five minutes.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 875, "txt": " But there is a citation for a ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[4]"}, {"position_id": 877, "txt": "different paper", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/a[2]"}, {"position_id": 879, "txt": " in which people were paid $0.24/minute, decreasing by $0.01 / minute every five minutes.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 89, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " If they used the same amounts here, then the maximum subjects could earn was $9.75.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 880, "txt": " If they used the same amounts here, then the maximum subjects could earn was $9.75.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[20]/span[5]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 33, "global_sentence_id": 90, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Anyway, here are the results:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 882, "txt": "Anyway, here are the results:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[21]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 34, "global_sentence_id": 91, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/1i5pWPonx732KZ8Ln2Q8ddK.jpeg", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 375, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/1i5pWPonx732KZ8Ln2Q8ddK.jpeg", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/div[5]/figure/a/div/picture/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 35, "global_sentence_id": 92, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "So…", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 884, "txt": "So…", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[22]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 93, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " basically nothing?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 885, "txt": " basically nothing?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[22]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 94, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Because almost everyone waited the full 50 minutes?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 886, "txt": " Because almost everyone waited the full 50 minutes?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[22]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 95, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " And they did this for only $9.75?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 887, "txt": " And they did this for only $9.75?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[22]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 96, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Seems weird.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 888, "txt": " Seems weird.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[22]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 36, "global_sentence_id": 97, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "I don’t really see this as evidence against semaglutide.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 890, "txt": "I don’t really see this as evidence ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[23]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 892, "txt": "against", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[23]/em"}, {"position_id": 894, "txt": " semaglutide.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[23]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 37, "global_sentence_id": 98, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Rather, I think this didn’t end up proving much in either direction.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 895, "txt": " Rather, I think this didn’t end up proving much in either direction.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[23]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 37, "global_sentence_id": 99, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Outcome 3:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 897, "txt": "Outcome 3:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[4]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 38, "global_sentence_id": 100, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": " Laboratory drinking", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 898, "txt": " Laboratory drinking", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[4]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 38, "global_sentence_id": 101, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "So what’s with that initial figure?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 900, "txt": "So what’s with that initial figure?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[24]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 102, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Well, after the delayed drinking experiment was over, the subjects were given 2 hours to drink as much as they wanted, up to some kind of safe limit.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 901, "txt": " Well, after the delayed drinking experiment was over, the subjects were given 2 hours to drink as much as they wanted, up to some kind of safe limit.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[24]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 103, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is what led to the figure everyone is so excited about:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 902, "txt": " This is what led to the figure everyone is so excited about:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[24]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 39, "global_sentence_id": 104, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img 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"language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 905, "txt": " I thought it looked ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[25]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 907, "txt": "so", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[25]/em"}, {"position_id": 909, "txt": " good that I started writing this post, eager to share the good news.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[25]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 107, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But at some point I read the caption more carefully and my Spidey sense started tingling.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 910, "txt": " But at some point I read the caption more carefully and my Spidey sense started tingling.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[25]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 41, "global_sentence_id": 108, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/14aEfk3dMbRL30aWs93wXaOe.jpeg", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 405, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/14aEfk3dMbRL30aWs93wXaOe.jpeg", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/div[7]/figure/a/div/picture/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 42, "global_sentence_id": 109, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "There’s two issues here.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 912, "txt": "There’s two issues here.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[26]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 110, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " First of all, subjects were free to skip this part of the experiment, and a lot did.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 913, "txt": " First of all, subjects were free to skip this part of the experiment, and a lot did.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[26]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 111, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Only 12 of the 24 subjects in the placebo group and 13 of 24 in the semaglutide group actually did it.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 914, "txt": " Only 12 of the 24 subjects in the placebo group and 13 of 24 in the semaglutide group actually did it.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[26]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 112, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This means the results are non-randomized.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 915, "txt": " This means the results are ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[26]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 917, "txt": "non-randomized", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[26]/em"}, {"position_id": 919, "txt": ".", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[26]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 43, "global_sentence_id": 113, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "I mean, the people who declined to do this experiment would probably have drunk different amounts than those who agreed, right?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 921, "txt": "I mean, the people who declined to do this experiment would probably have drunk different amounts than those who agreed, right?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[27]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 114, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " So if semaglutide had any influence on people decision to participate (e.g. because it changed their relationship with alcohol, which is the hypothesis of this research) then the results would be biased.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 922, "txt": " So if semaglutide had any influence on people decision to participate (e.g. because it changed their relationship with alcohol, which is the hypothesis of this research) then the results would be biased.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[27]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 115, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " That bias could potentially go in either direction.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 923, "txt": " That bias could potentially go in either direction.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[27]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 116, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But basically this means we’re sort of working with observational data.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 924, "txt": " But basically this means we’re sort of working with observational data.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[27]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 44, "global_sentence_id": 117, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "The second issue is that what’s being show in this plot is not data.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 926, "txt": "The second issue is that what’s being show in this plot is ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 928, "txt": "not data", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/strong[1]"}, {"position_id": 930, "txt": ".", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 118, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " I know it looks like data, but what’s shown are numbers derived from regression coefficients.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 931, "txt": " I know it ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 933, "txt": "looks", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/em"}, {"position_id": 935, "txt": " like data, but what’s shown are ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 937, "txt": "numbers derived from regression coefficients", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/strong[2]"}, {"position_id": 939, "txt": ".", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": ["em", "strong"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 119, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " In the appendix, you can find this table:", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 940, "txt": " In the appendix, you can find this table:", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[28]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 45, "global_sentence_id": 120, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2aP4dW3Ky5ai1eNYch3DdEGN.jpeg", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 426, "txt": "<img https://wcd-image-bucket-test.oss-cn-zhangjiakou.aliyuncs.com/raw/2aP4dW3Ky5ai1eNYch3DdEGN.jpeg", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/div[8]/figure/a/div/picture/img"}]}, "tags": ["img"], "label": "figure", "web_segment_id": 46, "global_sentence_id": 121, "edu_l1_label": "EDU_O"}, {"txt": "Basically, they fit a regression to predict how much people drank in this experiment at the end of the study (“g-EtOH”) based on (a) how much they drank during the same experiment at the start of the study (“Baseline”) (b) their sex, and (c) if they got semaglutide or not (“Condition”).", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 942, "txt": "Basically, they fit a regression to predict how much people drank in this experiment at the end of the study (“g-EtOH”) based on (a) how much they drank during the same experiment at the ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[29]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 944, "txt": "start", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[29]/em[1]"}, {"position_id": 946, "txt": " of the study (“Baseline”) (b) their sex, and (c) if they got semaglutide or not (“Condition”).", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[29]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 122, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Those coefficients are in the B column.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 947, "txt": " Those coefficients are in the ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[29]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 949, "txt": "B", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[29]/em[2]"}, {"position_id": 951, "txt": " column.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[29]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 47, "global_sentence_id": 123, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "How exactly they got from these coefficients to the numbers in the figure isn’t entirely clear to me.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 953, "txt": "How exactly they got from these coefficients to the numbers in the figure isn’t entirely clear to me.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[30]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 48, "global_sentence_id": 124, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But using a plot digitizer I found that the figure shows ~56.9 g for the placebo group and ~33.3 g for the semaglutide group, for a difference of ~23.6 g. I believe that difference comes from the regression coefficient for “Condition” (-25.32) plus some adjustments for the fact that sex and baseline consumption vary a bit between the two groups.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 954, "txt": " But using a ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[30]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 956, "txt": "plot digitizer", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[30]/a"}, {"position_id": 958, "txt": " I found that the figure shows ~56.9 g for the placebo group and ~33.3 g for the semaglutide group, for a difference of ~23.6 g. I believe that difference comes from the regression coefficient for “Condition” (-25.32) plus some adjustments for the fact that sex and baseline consumption vary a bit between the two groups.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[30]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 48, "global_sentence_id": 125, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "So…", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 960, "txt": "So…", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 126, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " that’s not nothing!", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 961, "txt": " that’s not nothing!", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 127, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is some evidence in favor of semaglutide being helpful.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 962, "txt": " This is ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 964, "txt": "some", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/em"}, {"position_id": 966, "txt": " evidence in favor of semaglutide being helpful.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 128, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But it’s still basically just a regression coefficient computed on a non-randomized sample.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 967, "txt": " But it’s still basically just a regression coefficient computed on a non-randomized sample.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 129, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Which is sad, since the point of RCTs is to avoid resorting to regression coefficients on non-randomized samples.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 968, "txt": " Which is sad, since the point of RCTs is to avoid resorting to regression coefficients on non-randomized samples.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 130, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Thus, I put much more faith in outcome #1.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 969, "txt": " Thus, I put much more faith in outcome #1.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[31]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 49, "global_sentence_id": 131, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Discussion", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 971, "txt": "Discussion", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/h2[5]"}]}, "tags": ["h2"], "label": "title1", "web_segment_id": 50, "global_sentence_id": 132, "edu_l1_label": "BOS"}, {"txt": "To summarize, the most reliable outcome of this paper was how much people reported drinking in daily life.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 973, "txt": "To summarize, the most reliable outcome of this paper was how much people reported drinking in daily life.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[32]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 51, "global_sentence_id": 133, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " No effect was observed there.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 974, "txt": " No effect was observed there.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[32]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 51, "global_sentence_id": 134, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The laboratory experiment suggests some effect, but the evidence is much weaker.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 975, "txt": " The laboratory experiment suggests some effect, but the evidence is much weaker.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[32]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 51, "global_sentence_id": 135, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " When you combine the two, the results of this paper are quite bad, at least relative to my (high) hopes.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 976, "txt": " When you combine the two, the results of this paper are quite bad, at least relative to my (high) hopes.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[32]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 51, "global_sentence_id": 136, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Obviously, just because the results are disappointing does not mean the research was bad.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 978, "txt": "Obviously, just because the ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 980, "txt": "results", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/em[1]"}, {"position_id": 982, "txt": " are disappointing does not mean the research was bad.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 137, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " The measure of science is the importance of the questions, not what the answers happen to be.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 983, "txt": " The measure of science is the importance of the questions, not what the answers happen to be.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 138, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " It’s unfortunate that a non-randomized sample participated in the final drinking experiment, but what were they supposed to do, force them?", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 984, "txt": " It’s unfortunate that a non-randomized sample participated in the final drinking experiment, but what were they supposed to do, force them?", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 139, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This experiment involved giving a synthetic hormone and an addictive substance with people with a use disorder.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 985, "txt": " This experiment involved giving a synthetic hormone and an addictive substance with people with a use disorder.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 140, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " If you have any doubts about the amount of work necessary to bring that to reality, I strongly encourage you to look at the FDA application.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 986, "txt": " If you have any doubts about the amount of work necessary to bring that to reality, I ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 988, "txt": "strongly", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/em[2]"}, {"position_id": 990, "txt": " encourage you to look at the ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[3]"}, {"position_id": 992, "txt": "FDA application", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/a"}, {"position_id": 994, "txt": ".", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[33]/span[4]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 52, "global_sentence_id": 141, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "OK, fine, I admit that I do feel this paper “hides the bodies” slightly too effectively, in a way that could mislead people who aren’t experts or that don’t read the paper carefully.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 996, "txt": "OK, fine, I admit that I do feel this paper “hides the bodies” slightly too effectively, in a way that could mislead people who aren’t experts or that don’t read the paper carefully.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[34]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 142, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " I think I’m on firm ground with that complaint, since in the discussions I’ve seen, 100% of people were in fact misled.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 997, "txt": " I think I’m on firm ground with that complaint, since in the discussions I’ve seen, 100% of people ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[34]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 999, "txt": "were", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[34]/em"}, {"position_id": 1001, "txt": " in fact misled.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[34]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 143, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But I’m sympathetic to the reality that most reviewers don’t share my enlightened views about judging science, and that a hypothetical paper written with my level of skepticism would never be published.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1002, "txt": " But I’m sympathetic to the reality that most reviewers don’t share my enlightened views about judging science, and that a hypothetical paper written with my level of skepticism would never be published.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[34]/span[2]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 53, "global_sentence_id": 144, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "(People think the problem with science is that it’s too woke.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1004, "txt": "(People think the problem with science is that it’s too woke.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/span[1]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 145, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " While I don’t really disagree, I still think the bigger problem is screwed up incentives that force everyone oversell everything, because that’s what you have to do to survive.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1005, "txt": " While I don’t really disagree, I still think the bigger problem is screwed up incentives that force ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/span[1]"}, {"position_id": 1007, "txt": "everyone", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/em[1]"}, {"position_id": 1009, "txt": " oversell ", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/span[2]"}, {"position_id": 1011, "txt": "everything", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/em[2]"}, {"position_id": 1013, "txt": ", because that’s what you have to do to survive.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": ["em"], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 146, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " But that’s a story for another time.)", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1014, "txt": " But that’s a story for another time.)", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[35]/span[3]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 54, "global_sentence_id": 147, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": "Anyway, despite these results, I’m still hopeful that GLP-1 drugs might help with addiction.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1016, "txt": "Anyway, despite these results, I’m still hopeful that GLP-1 drugs might help with addiction.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 148, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " This is a relatively small study, and it only lasted 9 weeks.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1017, "txt": " This is a relatively small study, and it only lasted 9 weeks.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 149, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " I don’t think we can dismiss the huge number of anecdotes yet.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1018, "txt": " I don’t think we can dismiss the huge number of anecdotes yet.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 150, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " And the laboratory experiment was at least a little promising.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1019, "txt": " And the laboratory experiment was at least a little promising.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 151, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Given how destructive addictions can be, I vote for more research in this direction.", "language": "english", "position": {"atoms": [{"position_id": 1020, "txt": " Given how destructive addictions can be, I vote for more research in this direction.", "x": "/html/body/div/div[1]/div[2]/div/div[1]/div/div/article/div[4]/div[2]/div/p[36]"}]}, "tags": [], "label": "content", "web_segment_id": 55, "global_sentence_id": 152, "edu_l1_label": "IOS"}, {"txt": " Fortunately, given the billions of dollars to be made, that’s sure to 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# The first RCT for GLP-1 drugs and alcoholism isn't what we hoped
## What they did
## Outcome 1: Drinking
## Outcome 2: Delayed drinking
## Outcome 3: Laboratory drinking
## Discussion
