subsection

落選展

Rejected by the Salon jury of 1863, Manet seized the opportunity to exhibit Déjeuner sur l'herbe and two other paintings in the 1863 Salon des Refusés. Déjeuner sur l'herbe depicts the juxtaposition of a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather in the background, on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. The painting sparked public notoriety and stirred up controversy and has remained controversial, even to this day. There is a discussion of it, from this point of view, in Proust's Remembrance of Things Past.One interpretation of the work is that it depicts the rampant prostitution in the Bois de Boulogne, a large park at the western outskirts of Paris, at the time. This prostitution was common knowledge in Paris, but was considered a taboo subject unsuitable for a painting.Émile Zola comments about Déjeuner sur l'herbe:Émile Zola incorporated a fictionalized account of the 1863 scandal in his novel L'Œuvre  .

Prompt: 落選展の文脈で、草の上の昼食と1863年のサロンの背景を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Bois de Boulogne
L'Œuvre
Paris
Émile Zola


subsection

落選展

Rejected by the Salon jury of 1863, Manet seized the opportunity to exhibit Déjeuner sur l'herbe and two other paintings in the 1863 Salon des Refusés. Déjeuner sur l'herbe depicts the juxtaposition of a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather in the background, on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. The painting sparked public notoriety and stirred up controversy and has remained controversial, even to this day. There is a discussion of it, from this point of view, in Proust's Remembrance of Things Past.One interpretation of the work is that it depicts the rampant prostitution in the Bois de Boulogne, a large park at the western outskirts of Paris, at the time. This prostitution was common knowledge in Paris, but was considered a taboo subject unsuitable for a painting.Émile Zola comments about Déjeuner sur l'herbe:Émile Zola incorporated a fictionalized account of the 1863 scandal in his novel L'Œuvre  .

Prompt: 落選展の1863年のサロンの背景に関する草の上の昼食を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Bois de Boulogne
L'Œuvre
Paris
Émile Zola


subsection

落選展

Rejected by the Salon jury of 1863, Manet seized the opportunity to exhibit Déjeuner sur l'herbe and two other paintings in the 1863 Salon des Refusés. Déjeuner sur l'herbe depicts the juxtaposition of a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather in the background, on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. The painting sparked public notoriety and stirred up controversy and has remained controversial, even to this day. There is a discussion of it, from this point of view, in Proust's Remembrance of Things Past.One interpretation of the work is that it depicts the rampant prostitution in the Bois de Boulogne, a large park at the western outskirts of Paris, at the time. This prostitution was common knowledge in Paris, but was considered a taboo subject unsuitable for a painting.Émile Zola comments about Déjeuner sur l'herbe:Émile Zola incorporated a fictionalized account of the 1863 scandal in his novel L'Œuvre  .

Prompt: 落選展では、どのように1863年のサロンの背景の草の上の昼食が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Bois de Boulogne
L'Œuvre
Paris
Émile Zola


subsection

落選展

Rejected by the Salon jury of 1863, Manet seized the opportunity to exhibit Déjeuner sur l'herbe and two other paintings in the 1863 Salon des Refusés. Déjeuner sur l'herbe depicts the juxtaposition of a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather in the background, on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. The painting sparked public notoriety and stirred up controversy and has remained controversial, even to this day. There is a discussion of it, from this point of view, in Proust's Remembrance of Things Past.One interpretation of the work is that it depicts the rampant prostitution in the Bois de Boulogne, a large park at the western outskirts of Paris, at the time. This prostitution was common knowledge in Paris, but was considered a taboo subject unsuitable for a painting.Émile Zola comments about Déjeuner sur l'herbe:Émile Zola incorporated a fictionalized account of the 1863 scandal in his novel L'Œuvre  .

Prompt: 落選展の1863年のサロンの背景における草の上の昼食の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Bois de Boulogne
L'Œuvre
Paris
Émile Zola


subsection

落選展

In 1861, after returning to Paris for a time, James Abbott McNeill Whistler painted his first famous work, Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl. This portrait of his mistress and business manager Joanna Hiffernan was created as a simple study in white; however, others saw it differently. The critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary thought the painting an allegory of a new bride's lost innocence. Others linked it to Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White, a popular novel of the time, or various other literary sources. In England, some considered it a painting in the Pre-Raphaelite manner. In the painting, Hiffernan holds a lily in her left hand and stands upon a wolf skin rug  with the wolf's head staring menacingly at the viewer.Countering criticism by traditionalists, Whistler's supporters insisted that the painting was "an apparition with a spiritual content" and that it epitomized his theory that art should be concerned essentially with the arrangement of colors in harmony, not with a literal portrayal of the natural world.Whistler started working on The White Girl shortly after December 3, 1861, with the intention of submitting it to the prestigious annual exhibition of the Royal Academy. In spite of bouts of illness, he finished the painting by April. The white paint Whistler used contained lead, and his work on the seven-foot-high canvas had given the artist a dose of lead poisoning. The portrait was refused for exhibition at the conservative Royal Academy in London.  Whistler then submitted the painting to the Paris Salon of 1863, where it was also rejected. The public was able to see the painting exhibited with other rejected works, in the Salon des Refusés.  The Salon des Refusés was an event sanctioned by Emperor Napoleon III, to appease the large number of artists who joined forces to protest the harsh jury decisions in 1863 a noted equestrienne of the period, however it was soon rumored that it was actually Catherine Walters, the notorious London courtesan. Whistler's painting was reminiscent enough of ndseer's that the judges were wary of admitting it. White Girl was submitted to the Academy along with three etchings, all three of which were accepted, while the painting was not. Whistler exhibited it at the small Berners Street Gallery in London instead. Instead, it was accepted at the alternative Salon des Refusés – the "exhibition of rejects" that opened on May 15, two weeks after the official Salon.Although Whistler's painting was widely noticed, he was upstaged by Manet's more shocking painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe. The painting was greatly admired by his colleagues and friends Manet, the painter Gustave Courbet and the poet Charles Baudelaire. The art critic Théophile Thoré-Bürger saw it in the tradition of Goya and Velázquez. There were, however, those who were less favourable; certain French critics saw the English Pre-Raphaelite trend as somewhat eccentric.

Prompt: 落選展の文脈で、白の交響曲第1番と1863年のサロンの背景を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

落選展

In 1861, after returning to Paris for a time, James Abbott McNeill Whistler painted his first famous work, Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl. This portrait of his mistress and business manager Joanna Hiffernan was created as a simple study in white; however, others saw it differently. The critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary thought the painting an allegory of a new bride's lost innocence. Others linked it to Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White, a popular novel of the time, or various other literary sources. In England, some considered it a painting in the Pre-Raphaelite manner. In the painting, Hiffernan holds a lily in her left hand and stands upon a wolf skin rug  with the wolf's head staring menacingly at the viewer.Countering criticism by traditionalists, Whistler's supporters insisted that the painting was "an apparition with a spiritual content" and that it epitomized his theory that art should be concerned essentially with the arrangement of colors in harmony, not with a literal portrayal of the natural world.Whistler started working on The White Girl shortly after December 3, 1861, with the intention of submitting it to the prestigious annual exhibition of the Royal Academy. In spite of bouts of illness, he finished the painting by April. The white paint Whistler used contained lead, and his work on the seven-foot-high canvas had given the artist a dose of lead poisoning. The portrait was refused for exhibition at the conservative Royal Academy in London.  Whistler then submitted the painting to the Paris Salon of 1863, where it was also rejected. The public was able to see the painting exhibited with other rejected works, in the Salon des Refusés.  The Salon des Refusés was an event sanctioned by Emperor Napoleon III, to appease the large number of artists who joined forces to protest the harsh jury decisions in 1863 a noted equestrienne of the period, however it was soon rumored that it was actually Catherine Walters, the notorious London courtesan. Whistler's painting was reminiscent enough of ndseer's that the judges were wary of admitting it. White Girl was submitted to the Academy along with three etchings, all three of which were accepted, while the painting was not. Whistler exhibited it at the small Berners Street Gallery in London instead. Instead, it was accepted at the alternative Salon des Refusés – the "exhibition of rejects" that opened on May 15, two weeks after the official Salon.Although Whistler's painting was widely noticed, he was upstaged by Manet's more shocking painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe. The painting was greatly admired by his colleagues and friends Manet, the painter Gustave Courbet and the poet Charles Baudelaire. The art critic Théophile Thoré-Bürger saw it in the tradition of Goya and Velázquez. There were, however, those who were less favourable; certain French critics saw the English Pre-Raphaelite trend as somewhat eccentric.

Prompt: 落選展の1863年のサロンの背景に関する白の交響曲第1番を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

落選展

In 1861, after returning to Paris for a time, James Abbott McNeill Whistler painted his first famous work, Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl. This portrait of his mistress and business manager Joanna Hiffernan was created as a simple study in white; however, others saw it differently. The critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary thought the painting an allegory of a new bride's lost innocence. Others linked it to Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White, a popular novel of the time, or various other literary sources. In England, some considered it a painting in the Pre-Raphaelite manner. In the painting, Hiffernan holds a lily in her left hand and stands upon a wolf skin rug  with the wolf's head staring menacingly at the viewer.Countering criticism by traditionalists, Whistler's supporters insisted that the painting was "an apparition with a spiritual content" and that it epitomized his theory that art should be concerned essentially with the arrangement of colors in harmony, not with a literal portrayal of the natural world.Whistler started working on The White Girl shortly after December 3, 1861, with the intention of submitting it to the prestigious annual exhibition of the Royal Academy. In spite of bouts of illness, he finished the painting by April. The white paint Whistler used contained lead, and his work on the seven-foot-high canvas had given the artist a dose of lead poisoning. The portrait was refused for exhibition at the conservative Royal Academy in London.  Whistler then submitted the painting to the Paris Salon of 1863, where it was also rejected. The public was able to see the painting exhibited with other rejected works, in the Salon des Refusés.  The Salon des Refusés was an event sanctioned by Emperor Napoleon III, to appease the large number of artists who joined forces to protest the harsh jury decisions in 1863 a noted equestrienne of the period, however it was soon rumored that it was actually Catherine Walters, the notorious London courtesan. Whistler's painting was reminiscent enough of ndseer's that the judges were wary of admitting it. White Girl was submitted to the Academy along with three etchings, all three of which were accepted, while the painting was not. Whistler exhibited it at the small Berners Street Gallery in London instead. Instead, it was accepted at the alternative Salon des Refusés – the "exhibition of rejects" that opened on May 15, two weeks after the official Salon.Although Whistler's painting was widely noticed, he was upstaged by Manet's more shocking painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe. The painting was greatly admired by his colleagues and friends Manet, the painter Gustave Courbet and the poet Charles Baudelaire. The art critic Théophile Thoré-Bürger saw it in the tradition of Goya and Velázquez. There were, however, those who were less favourable; certain French critics saw the English Pre-Raphaelite trend as somewhat eccentric.

Prompt: 落選展では、どのように1863年のサロンの背景の白の交響曲第1番が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

落選展

In 1861, after returning to Paris for a time, James Abbott McNeill Whistler painted his first famous work, Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl. This portrait of his mistress and business manager Joanna Hiffernan was created as a simple study in white; however, others saw it differently. The critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary thought the painting an allegory of a new bride's lost innocence. Others linked it to Wilkie Collins's The Woman in White, a popular novel of the time, or various other literary sources. In England, some considered it a painting in the Pre-Raphaelite manner. In the painting, Hiffernan holds a lily in her left hand and stands upon a wolf skin rug  with the wolf's head staring menacingly at the viewer.Countering criticism by traditionalists, Whistler's supporters insisted that the painting was "an apparition with a spiritual content" and that it epitomized his theory that art should be concerned essentially with the arrangement of colors in harmony, not with a literal portrayal of the natural world.Whistler started working on The White Girl shortly after December 3, 1861, with the intention of submitting it to the prestigious annual exhibition of the Royal Academy. In spite of bouts of illness, he finished the painting by April. The white paint Whistler used contained lead, and his work on the seven-foot-high canvas had given the artist a dose of lead poisoning. The portrait was refused for exhibition at the conservative Royal Academy in London.  Whistler then submitted the painting to the Paris Salon of 1863, where it was also rejected. The public was able to see the painting exhibited with other rejected works, in the Salon des Refusés.  The Salon des Refusés was an event sanctioned by Emperor Napoleon III, to appease the large number of artists who joined forces to protest the harsh jury decisions in 1863 a noted equestrienne of the period, however it was soon rumored that it was actually Catherine Walters, the notorious London courtesan. Whistler's painting was reminiscent enough of ndseer's that the judges were wary of admitting it. White Girl was submitted to the Academy along with three etchings, all three of which were accepted, while the painting was not. Whistler exhibited it at the small Berners Street Gallery in London instead. Instead, it was accepted at the alternative Salon des Refusés – the "exhibition of rejects" that opened on May 15, two weeks after the official Salon.Although Whistler's painting was widely noticed, he was upstaged by Manet's more shocking painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe. The painting was greatly admired by his colleagues and friends Manet, the painter Gustave Courbet and the poet Charles Baudelaire. The art critic Théophile Thoré-Bürger saw it in the tradition of Goya and Velázquez. There were, however, those who were less favourable; certain French critics saw the English Pre-Raphaelite trend as somewhat eccentric.

Prompt: 落選展の1863年のサロンの背景における白の交響曲第1番の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation , also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent  and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation  also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies  had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その抽象を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation , also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent  and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation  also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies  had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の抽象を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation , also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent  and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation  also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies  had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように抽象を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation , also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time. It is frequently dated to have begun with the Council of Trent  and to end with the conclusion of the European wars of religion in 1648, though this is controversial. The broader term Catholic Reformation  also encompasses reforms and movements within the Church in the periods immediately before Protestantism or Trent and lasting later.Initiated in part to address the challenges of the Protestant Reformations, the Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort arising from the decrees of the Council of Trent. The effort produced apologetic and polemical documents,  heresy trials, anti-corruption efforts, spiritual movements, the promotion of new religious orders, and the flourishing of new art and musical styles. Such policies  had long-lasting effects in European history with exiles of Protestants continuing until the 1781 Patent of Toleration, although smaller expulsions took place in the 19th century.Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように抽象が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of . have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation. }}Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:</ref>}}The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered: 'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent  'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent   'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development   Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その用語を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Henri Daniel-Rops


section

対抗宗教改革

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of . have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation. }}Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:</ref>}}The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered: 'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent  'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent   'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development   Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の用語を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Henri Daniel-Rops


section

対抗宗教改革

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of . have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation. }}Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:</ref>}}The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered: 'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent  'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent   'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development   Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように用語を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Henri Daniel-Rops


section

対抗宗教改革

'Counter-Reformation’ is a translation of . have tended to speak in terms of Catholic reform as part of the Counter-Reformation, itself a response to the Reformation.: ‘Counter-Reformation’ was used by Protestant historians as a negative and one-dimensional concept that stressed the aspect of reaction and resistance to Protestantism and neglected that of reform within Catholicism. The term was understandably shunned by Catholic historians. Even when the Protestant historian Wilhelm Maurenbrecher introduced the term ‘Catholic Reformation’ in 1880, German historiography remained confessionally divided on the subject. The term ‘Catholic Reformation’ appealed to Catholic historians because it offered them the possibility of avoiding the term ‘Counter-Reformation’, with its problematic connotation of a mere reaction to Protestantism. But it was rejected by Protestant historians – largely because they did not want the term ‘Reformation’ to be used for anything other than the Protestant Reformation. }}Catholic historians tend to emphasize them as different. The French historian Henri Daniel-Rops wrote:</ref>}}The Italian historian Massimo Firpo has distinguished "Catholic Reformation" from "Counter-Reformation" by their issues. In his view, the general "Catholic Reformation" was "centered on the care of souls ..., episcopal residence, the renewal of the clergy, together with the charitable and educational roles of the new religious orders", whereas the specific "Counter-Reformation" was "founded upon the defence of orthodoxy, the repression of dissent, the reassertion of ecclesiastical authority".Other relevant terms that may be encountered: 'Pre-Tridentine' -  before, or the status quo ante of, the Council of Trent  'Tridentine' - initiated at, or as a result of, the Council of Trent   'Post-Tridentine' - sometimes synonym for Tridentine; alteratively some subsequent distinct reaction or development   Darker colour approximates most intense period of unrest, change or impact Green=Catholic; Red=Protestant;  Blue=Other

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように用語が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Henri Daniel-Rops


section

対抗宗教改革

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements , the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas: Council of Constance  Council of Basel -Ferrara-Florence Fifth Council of the teran The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites  and later Protestants . Ending schism and war  was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders  or to promote a top-down  institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. had statues other than Christ removed from his churches , replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Antoninus of Florence
Bible
Catherine of Bologna
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Christian humanism
Council of Constance
Europe


section

対抗宗教改革

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements , the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas: Council of Constance  Council of Basel -Ferrara-Florence Fifth Council of the teran The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites  and later Protestants . Ending schism and war  was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders  or to promote a top-down  institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. had statues other than Christ removed from his churches , replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Antoninus of Florence
Bible
Catherine of Bologna
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Christian humanism
Council of Constance
Europe


section

対抗宗教改革

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements , the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas: Council of Constance  Council of Basel -Ferrara-Florence Fifth Council of the teran The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites  and later Protestants . Ending schism and war  was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders  or to promote a top-down  institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. had statues other than Christ removed from his churches , replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Antoninus of Florence
Bible
Catherine of Bologna
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Christian humanism
Council of Constance
Europe


section

対抗宗教改革

The 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries saw a spiritual revival in Europe, incubated by the rise of preaching friars,  the standardization of the Paris Bible, lay spiritual movements , the examples of nascent saints such as Catherine of Bologna, Antoninus of Florence, Rita of Cascia and Catherine of Genoa,  printing, Christian humanism, an urbanized laity who could not flee the towns for monasteries, and other reasons.A series of ecumenical councils were held with reformist agendas: Council of Constance  Council of Basel -Ferrara-Florence Fifth Council of the teran The kinds of positive reforms considered were not necessarily the ones that pre-occupied the Hussites  and later Protestants . Ending schism and war  was regarded by some prelates as the pre-condition for reformation.At times, the reform talk in the councils tended to lack enough specificity to result in an effective program—except for a tendency to follow the Observantist faction of the monastic orders  or to promote a top-down  institution-centric focus that reform needed to start at and from the Pope, or bishops, or councils, or princes, or canon law. had statues other than Christ removed from his churches , replaced the Hail Mary with the Pater Noster prayer, and made available vernacular French versions of the Gospels and Epistles.Conservative and reforming parties still survived within the Catholic Church even as the Protestant Reformations spread. Protestants decisively broke from the Catholic Church in the 1520s. The two distinct dogmatic positions within the Catholic Church solidified in the 1560s.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Antoninus of Florence
Bible
Catherine of Bologna
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Christian humanism
Council of Constance
Europe


section

対抗宗教改革

Key events of the period include: the Council of Trent ; the excommunication of Elizabeth I , the codification of the uniform Roman Rite Mass , and the Battle of Lepanto , occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory in Rome, the founding of the Gregorian University, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci, all under Pope Gregory XIII ; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei ; the final phases of the Thirty Years' War  during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League by Innocent XI during the Great Turkish War .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その現代の出来事を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent
Elizabeth I


section

対抗宗教改革

Key events of the period include: the Council of Trent ; the excommunication of Elizabeth I , the codification of the uniform Roman Rite Mass , and the Battle of Lepanto , occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory in Rome, the founding of the Gregorian University, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci, all under Pope Gregory XIII ; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei ; the final phases of the Thirty Years' War  during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League by Innocent XI during the Great Turkish War .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の現代の出来事を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent
Elizabeth I


section

対抗宗教改革

Key events of the period include: the Council of Trent ; the excommunication of Elizabeth I , the codification of the uniform Roman Rite Mass , and the Battle of Lepanto , occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory in Rome, the founding of the Gregorian University, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci, all under Pope Gregory XIII ; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei ; the final phases of the Thirty Years' War  during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League by Innocent XI during the Great Turkish War .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように現代の出来事を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent
Elizabeth I


section

対抗宗教改革

Key events of the period include: the Council of Trent ; the excommunication of Elizabeth I , the codification of the uniform Roman Rite Mass , and the Battle of Lepanto , occurring during the pontificate of Pius V; the construction of the Gregorian observatory in Rome, the founding of the Gregorian University, the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, and the Jesuit China mission of Matteo Ricci, all under Pope Gregory XIII ; the French Wars of Religion; the Long Turkish War and the execution of Giordano Bruno in 1600, under Pope Clement VIII; the birth of the Lyncean Academy of the Papal States, of which the main figure was Galileo Galilei ; the final phases of the Thirty Years' War  during the pontificates of Urban VIII and Innocent X; and the formation of the last Holy League by Innocent XI during the Great Turkish War .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように現代の出来事が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent
Elizabeth I


section

対抗宗教改革

Teresa of Ávila  Robert Bellarmine Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor  Charles Borromeo Peter Canisius  Francisco Suárez Thomas Cajetan Gabriel Vásquez Luis de León Erasmus John Eck John Fisher John of the Cross Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor  Louis XIV  Ignatius of Loyola  Mary I of England  Catherine de' Medici Thomas More Luis de Molina Péter Pázmány  Philip II of Spain  Philip Neri  Pope Leo X  Pope Pius III  Pope Paul III  Pope Julius III  Pope Paul IV  Pope Pius IV  Pope Pius V  Pope Gregory XIII  Pope Sixtus V  Matteo Ricci  Cardinal Richelieu  Francis de Sales Sigismund the Old of Poland  Sigismund III of Poland  Francis Xavier  Peter Paul Rubens  William V, Duke of Bavaria  Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria  Vincent de Paul

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その主要人物を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Teresa of Ávila  Robert Bellarmine Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor  Charles Borromeo Peter Canisius  Francisco Suárez Thomas Cajetan Gabriel Vásquez Luis de León Erasmus John Eck John Fisher John of the Cross Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor  Louis XIV  Ignatius of Loyola  Mary I of England  Catherine de' Medici Thomas More Luis de Molina Péter Pázmány  Philip II of Spain  Philip Neri  Pope Leo X  Pope Pius III  Pope Paul III  Pope Julius III  Pope Paul IV  Pope Pius IV  Pope Pius V  Pope Gregory XIII  Pope Sixtus V  Matteo Ricci  Cardinal Richelieu  Francis de Sales Sigismund the Old of Poland  Sigismund III of Poland  Francis Xavier  Peter Paul Rubens  William V, Duke of Bavaria  Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria  Vincent de Paul

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の主要人物を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Teresa of Ávila  Robert Bellarmine Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor  Charles Borromeo Peter Canisius  Francisco Suárez Thomas Cajetan Gabriel Vásquez Luis de León Erasmus John Eck John Fisher John of the Cross Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor  Louis XIV  Ignatius of Loyola  Mary I of England  Catherine de' Medici Thomas More Luis de Molina Péter Pázmány  Philip II of Spain  Philip Neri  Pope Leo X  Pope Pius III  Pope Paul III  Pope Julius III  Pope Paul IV  Pope Pius IV  Pope Pius V  Pope Gregory XIII  Pope Sixtus V  Matteo Ricci  Cardinal Richelieu  Francis de Sales Sigismund the Old of Poland  Sigismund III of Poland  Francis Xavier  Peter Paul Rubens  William V, Duke of Bavaria  Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria  Vincent de Paul

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように主要人物を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Teresa of Ávila  Robert Bellarmine Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor  Charles Borromeo Peter Canisius  Francisco Suárez Thomas Cajetan Gabriel Vásquez Luis de León Erasmus John Eck John Fisher John of the Cross Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor  Louis XIV  Ignatius of Loyola  Mary I of England  Catherine de' Medici Thomas More Luis de Molina Péter Pázmány  Philip II of Spain  Philip Neri  Pope Leo X  Pope Pius III  Pope Paul III  Pope Julius III  Pope Paul IV  Pope Pius IV  Pope Pius V  Pope Gregory XIII  Pope Sixtus V  Matteo Ricci  Cardinal Richelieu  Francis de Sales Sigismund the Old of Poland  Sigismund III of Poland  Francis Xavier  Peter Paul Rubens  William V, Duke of Bavaria  Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria  Vincent de Paul

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように主要人物が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Anti-Papalism Anti-Protestantism Catholic-Protestant relations Corpus Catholicorum  Counter-Reformation in Poland Crusades European wars of religion History of the Catholic Church League for Catholic Counter-Reformation Second scholasticism Spanish Inquisition

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その参照を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Anti-Protestantism
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Corpus Catholicorum
Counter-Reformation in Poland
Crusades
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

Anti-Papalism Anti-Protestantism Catholic-Protestant relations Corpus Catholicorum  Counter-Reformation in Poland Crusades European wars of religion History of the Catholic Church League for Catholic Counter-Reformation Second scholasticism Spanish Inquisition

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の参照を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Anti-Protestantism
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Corpus Catholicorum
Counter-Reformation in Poland
Crusades
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

Anti-Papalism Anti-Protestantism Catholic-Protestant relations Corpus Catholicorum  Counter-Reformation in Poland Crusades European wars of religion History of the Catholic Church League for Catholic Counter-Reformation Second scholasticism Spanish Inquisition

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように参照を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Anti-Protestantism
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Corpus Catholicorum
Counter-Reformation in Poland
Crusades
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

Anti-Papalism Anti-Protestantism Catholic-Protestant relations Corpus Catholicorum  Counter-Reformation in Poland Crusades European wars of religion History of the Catholic Church League for Catholic Counter-Reformation Second scholasticism Spanish Inquisition

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように参照が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Anti-Protestantism
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Corpus Catholicorum
Counter-Reformation in Poland
Crusades
Europe
European wars of religion


section

対抗宗教改革

Leichtentritt, Hugo . "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3.  Lockwood, Lewis H. . "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3,  Manzetti, Leo P. . "Palestrina". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3,  Monson, Craig A. . "The Council of Trent Revisited." Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 55, No. 1,

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に焦点を当てて、その参考文献を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Leichtentritt, Hugo . "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3.  Lockwood, Lewis H. . "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3,  Manzetti, Leo P. . "Palestrina". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3,  Monson, Craig A. . "The Council of Trent Revisited." Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 55, No. 1,

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の参考文献を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Leichtentritt, Hugo . "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3.  Lockwood, Lewis H. . "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3,  Manzetti, Leo P. . "Palestrina". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3,  Monson, Craig A. . "The Council of Trent Revisited." Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 55, No. 1,

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革はどのように参考文献を説明していますか？英語で出力して下さい。


section

対抗宗教改革

Leichtentritt, Hugo . "The Reform of Trent and Its Effect on Music". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 3.  Lockwood, Lewis H. . "Vincenzo Ruffo and Musical Reform after the Council of Trent". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3,  Manzetti, Leo P. . "Palestrina". The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3,  Monson, Craig A. . "The Council of Trent Revisited." Journal of the American Musicological Society, Vol. 55, No. 1,

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、どのように参考文献が議論されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、司祭と修道会と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Benedictines Camaldolese Cistercians Confraternity


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する司祭と修道会を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Benedictines Camaldolese Cistercians Confraternity


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の司祭と修道会が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Benedictines Camaldolese Cistercians Confraternity


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The regular orders made their first attempts at reform in the 14th century. The 'Benedictine Bull' of 1336 reformed the Benedictines and Cistercians. In 1523, the Camaldolese Hermits of Monte Corona were recognized as a separate congregation of monks.In 1435, Francis of Paola founded the Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi, who became the Minim Friars. In 1526, Matteo de Bascio suggested reforming the Franciscan rule of life to its original purity, giving birth to the Capuchins, recognized by the pope in 1619. This order was well known to the laity and played an important role in public preaching.To respond to the new needs of evangelism, clergy formed into religious congregations, taking special vows but with no obligation to assist in a monastery's religious offices. These regular clergy taught, preached and took confession but were under a bishop's direct authority and not linked to a specific parish or area like a vicar or canon. the members subsequently became the key players in the church handling the Reformation. In 1548, then-layman Philip Neri founded a Confraternity of the Most Holy Trinity of Pilgrims and Convalescents: this developed into the relatively-free religious community the Oratorians, who were given their constitutions in 1564 and recognized as a religious  order by the pope in 1575. They used music and singing to attract the faithful.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における司祭と修道会の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Benedictines Camaldolese Cistercians Confraternity


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、コンフタティオ・アウグスタナと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Confession
Confutatio Augustana


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するコンフタティオ・アウグスタナを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Confession
Confutatio Augustana


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のコンフタティオ・アウグスタナが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Confession
Confutatio Augustana


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1530 Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるコンフタティオ・アウグスタナの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Confession
Confutatio Augustana


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Pope Paul III  is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation,It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith  because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states .Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works  on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage , which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church .While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know tin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches . Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI , intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X , whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo , later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、トリエント公会議と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Bible
Canon of Trent
Catechism
Catechism of the Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Rome
Council of Trent
Epistle of James


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Pope Paul III  is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation,It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith  because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states .Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works  on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage , which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church .While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know tin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches . Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI , intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X , whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo , later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するトリエント公会議を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Bible
Canon of Trent
Catechism
Catechism of the Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Rome
Council of Trent
Epistle of James


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Pope Paul III  is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation,It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith  because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states .Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works  on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage , which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church .While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know tin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches . Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI , intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X , whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo , later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のトリエント公会議が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Bible
Canon of Trent
Catechism
Catechism of the Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Rome
Council of Trent
Epistle of James


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Pope Paul III  is considered the first pope of the Counter-Reformation,It rejected all compromise with Protestants, restating basic tenets of the Catholic Faith. The council upheld salvation appropriated by grace through faith and works of that faith  because "faith without works is dead", as the Epistle of James states .Transubstantiation, according to which the consecrated bread and wine are held to have been transformed really and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ, was also reaffirmed, as were the traditional seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. Other practices that drew the ire of Protestant reformers, such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, the use of venerable images and statuary, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed as spiritually commendable practices.The council, in the Canon of Trent, officially accepted the Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible, which included the deuterocanonical works  on a par with the 39 books found in the Masoretic Text. This reaffirmed the previous Council of Rome and Synods of Carthage , which had affirmed the Deuterocanon as scripture. The council also commissioned the Roman Catechism, which served as authoritative Church teaching until the Catechism of the Catholic Church .While the traditional fundamentals of the Church were reaffirmed, there were noticeable changes to answer complaints that the Counter-Reformers were, tacitly, willing to admit were legitimate. Among the conditions to be corrected by Catholic reformers was the growing divide between the clerics and the laity; many members of the clergy in the rural parishes had been poorly educated. Often, these rural priests did not know tin and lacked opportunities for proper theological training. Addressing the education of priests had been a fundamental focus of the humanist reformers in the past.Parish priests were to be better educated in matters of theology and apologetics, while Papal authorities sought to educate the faithful about the meaning, nature and value of art and liturgy, particularly in monastic churches . Handbooks became more common, describing how to be good priests and confessors.Thus, the Council of Trent attempted to improve the discipline and administration of the Church. The worldly excesses of the secular Renaissance Church, epitomized by the era of Alexander VI , intensified during the Reformation under Pope Leo X , whose campaign to raise funds for the construction of Saint Peter's Basilica by supporting use of indulgences served as a key impetus for Martin Luther's 95 Theses. The Catholic Church responded to these problems by a vigorous campaign of reform, inspired by earlier Catholic reform movements: humanism, devotionalism,  and observantism.The council, by virtue of its actions, repudiated the pluralism of the secular Renaissance that had previously plagued the Church: the organization of religious institutions was tightened, discipline was improved, and the parish was emphasized. The appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated. In the past, the large landholdings forced many bishops to be "absent bishops" who at times were property managers trained in administration. Thus, the Council of Trent combated "absenteeism", which was the practice of bishops living in Rome or on landed estates rather than in their dioceses. The Council of Trent gave bishops greater power to supervise all aspects of religious life. Zealous prelates, such as Milan's Archbishop Carlo Borromeo , later canonized as a saint, set an example by visiting the remotest parishes and instilling high standards.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるトリエント公会議の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Bible
Canon of Trent
Catechism
Catechism of the Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Rome
Council of Trent
Epistle of James


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、禁書目録と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する禁書目録を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の禁書目録が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1559–1967 Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a directory of prohibited books which was updated twenty times during the next four centuries as books were added or removed from the list by the Sacred Congregation of the Index. It was divided into three classes. The first class listed heretical writers, the second class listed heretical works, and the third class listed forbidden writings which were published without the name of the author. The Index was finally suspended on 29 March 1967.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における禁書目録の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in tin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、ローマ教理問答と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in tin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するローマ教理問答を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in tin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のローマ教理問答が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1566 Roman Catechism provided material in tin to help the clergy catechize in the vernacular.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるローマ教理問答の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit urentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、ノヴァオルディナンティアエクレシアスティカと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Collegium regium Stockholmense


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit urentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するノヴァオルディナンティアエクレシアスティカを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Collegium regium Stockholmense


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit urentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のノヴァオルディナンティアエクレシアスティカが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Collegium regium Stockholmense


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1575 Nova ordinantia ecclesiastica was an addendum to the Liturgia Svecanæ Ecclesiæ catholicæ & orthodoxæ conformia, also called the "Red Book". This launched the Liturgical Struggle, which pitted John III of Sweden against his younger brother Charles. During this time, Jesuit urentius Nicolai came to lead the Collegium regium Stockholmense. This theatre of the Counter-Reformation was called the Missio Suetica.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるノヴァオルディナンティアエクレシアスティカの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Collegium regium Stockholmense


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、トリエント信仰の防衛と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Council of Trent
Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
Examination of the Council of Trent


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するトリエント信仰の防衛を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Council of Trent
Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
Examination of the Council of Trent


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のトリエント信仰の防衛が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Council of Trent
Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
Examination of the Council of Trent


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1578 Defensio Tridentinæ fidei was the Catholic response to the Examination of the Council of Trent.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるトリエント信仰の防衛の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Council of Trent
Defensio Tridentinæ fidei
Examination of the Council of Trent


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel . Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、ウニゲニトゥスと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel . Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するウニゲニトゥスを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel . Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のウニゲニトゥスが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The 1713 papal bull Unigenitus condemned 101 propositions of the French Jansenist theologian Pasquier Quesnel . Jansenism was a Protestant-leaning or mediating movement within Catholicism, in France and the Spanish Netherlands, that was criticized for being crypto-Calvinist, denying that Christ died for all, promoting that Holy Communion should be received very infrequently, and more. After Jansenist propositions were condemned it led to the development of the Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるウニゲニトゥスの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south  and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens  fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、オランダと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Antwerp
Artois
Belgium
Bruges
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Duchy of Brabant


subsection

対抗宗教改革

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south  and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens  fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するオランダを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Antwerp
Artois
Belgium
Bruges
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Duchy of Brabant


subsection

対抗宗教改革

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south  and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens  fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のオランダが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Antwerp
Artois
Belgium
Bruges
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Duchy of Brabant


subsection

対抗宗教改革

When the Calvinists took control of various parts of the Netherlands in the Dutch Revolt, the Catholics led by Philip II of Spain fought back. The king sent in Alexander Farnese as Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.Farnese led a successful campaign 1578–1592 against the Dutch Revolt, in which he captured the main cities in the south  and returned them to the control of Catholic Spain. He took advantage of the divisions in the ranks of his opponents between the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons, using persuasion to take advantage of the divisions and foment the growing discord. By doing so he was able to bring back the Walloon provinces to an allegiance to the king. By the treaty of Arras in 1579, he secured the support of the 'Malcontents', as the Catholic nobles of the south were styled.The seven northern provinces as well as the County of Flanders and Duchy of Brabant, controlled by Calvinists, responded with the Union of Utrecht, where they resolved to stick together to fight Spain. Farnese secured his base in Hainaut and Artois, then moved against Brabant and Flanders. City after city fell: Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges and Ghent opened their gates.Farnese finally laid siege to the great seaport of Antwerp. The town was open to the sea, strongly fortified, and well defended under the leadership of Marnix van St. Aldegonde. Farnese cut off all access to the sea by constructing a bridge of boats across the Scheldt. Antwerp surrendered in 1585 as 60,000 citizens  fled north. All of the Southern Netherlands was once more under Spanish control.In a war composed mostly of sieges rather than battles, he proved his mettle. His strategy was to offer generous terms for surrender: there would be no massacres or looting; historic urban privileges were retained; there was a full pardon and amnesty; return to the Catholic Church would be gradual.Meanwhile, Catholic refugees from the north regrouped in Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. They became the mobilizing forces of a popular Counter-Reformation in the south, thereby facilitating the eventual emergence of the state of Belgium.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるオランダの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Antwerp
Artois
Belgium
Bruges
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Duchy of Brabant


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed  , were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt , Glückstadt .A list of Exulantenstädte: Altona, Hamburg Bad Karlshafen Freudenstadt Friedrichsdorf Glückstadt Hanau Johanngeorgenstadt Krefeld Neu-Isenburg Neusalza-Spremberg

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、ドイツと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Interim
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Exulantenstädte


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed  , were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt , Glückstadt .A list of Exulantenstädte: Altona, Hamburg Bad Karlshafen Freudenstadt Friedrichsdorf Glückstadt Hanau Johanngeorgenstadt Krefeld Neu-Isenburg Neusalza-Spremberg

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するドイツを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Interim
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Exulantenstädte


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed  , were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt , Glückstadt .A list of Exulantenstädte: Altona, Hamburg Bad Karlshafen Freudenstadt Friedrichsdorf Glückstadt Hanau Johanngeorgenstadt Krefeld Neu-Isenburg Neusalza-Spremberg

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のドイツが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Interim
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Exulantenstädte


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Augsburg Interim was a period where Counter-Reformation measures were exacted upon defeated Protestant populations following the Schmalkaldic War.During the centuries of Counter-Reformation, new towns, collectively termed  , were founded especially as homes for refugees fleeing the Counter-Reformation. Supporters of the Unity of the Brethren settled in parts of Silesia and Poland. Protestants from the County of Flanders often fled to the Lower Rhine region and northern Germany. French Huguenots crossed the Rhineland to Central Germany. Most towns were named either after the ruler who established them or as expressions of gratitude, e.g. Freudenstadt , Glückstadt .A list of Exulantenstädte: Altona, Hamburg Bad Karlshafen Freudenstadt Friedrichsdorf Glückstadt Hanau Johanngeorgenstadt Krefeld Neu-Isenburg Neusalza-Spremberg

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるドイツの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Augsburg Interim
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
County of Flanders
Exulantenstädte


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian ndlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants . In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、ボヘミア、オーストリアと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Austria
Baroque
Bohemia
Bohemian Revolt
Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian ndlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants . In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するボヘミア、オーストリアを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Austria
Baroque
Bohemia
Bohemian Revolt
Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation