subsection

対抗宗教改革

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian ndlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants . In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のボヘミア、オーストリアが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Austria
Baroque
Bohemia
Bohemian Revolt
Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In the Habsburg hereditary lands, which had become predominantly Protestant except for Tyrol, the Counter-Reformation began with Emperor Rudolf II, who began suppressing Protestant activity in 1576. This conflict escalated into the Bohemian Revolt of 1620. Defeated, the Protestant nobility and clergy of Bohemia and Austria were expelled from the country or forced to convert to Catholicism. Among these exiles were important German poets such as Sigmund von Birken, Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, and Johann Wilhelm von Stubenberg. This influenced the development of German Baroque literature, especially around Regensburg and Nuremberg. Some lived as crypto-Protestants.Others moved to Saxony or the Margraviate of Brandenburg. The Salzburg Protestants were exiled in the 18th century, especially to Prussia. The Transylvanian ndlers were deported to the eastern part of the Habsburg domain. As heir to the throne, Joseph II spoke vehemently to his mother, Maria Theresa, in 1777 against the expulsion of Protestants from Moravia, calling her choices "unjust, impious, impossible, harmful and ridiculous." His 1781 Patent of Toleration can be regarded as the end of the political Counter-Reformation, although there were still smaller expulsions against Protestants . In 1966, Archbishop Andreas Rohracher expressed regret about the expulsions.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるボヘミア、オーストリアの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Austria
Baroque
Bohemia
Bohemian Revolt
Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots  fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、フランスと前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots  fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するフランスを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots  fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のフランスが説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

In France, from 1562 Catholics and Huguenots  fought a series of wars, resulting in millions of deaths until the Edict of Nantes brought religious peace in 1598. It affirmed Catholicism as the state religion but granted considerable toleration to Protestants, as well as political and military privileges. The latter would be lost at the Peace of Alès of 1629, but the religious toleration lasted until the reign of Louis XIV, who resumed persecution of Protestants and finally abolished their right to worship with the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.In 1565, several hundred Huguenot shipwreck survivors surrendered to the Spanish authorities in Florida, presuming they would be treated fairly. The small number of Catholics among the shipwrecked were spared but the rest were all executed for heresy, with active clerical participation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるフランスの特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia , the Spanish Netherlands , Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.500 pxleftPeak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation 500 pxrightEnd of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、影響地域と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Bohemia
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian denomination
Croatia


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia , the Spanish Netherlands , Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.500 pxleftPeak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation 500 pxrightEnd of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する影響地域を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Bohemia
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian denomination
Croatia


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia , the Spanish Netherlands , Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.500 pxleftPeak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation 500 pxrightEnd of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の影響地域が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Bohemia
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian denomination
Croatia


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Counter-Reformation succeeded in drastically diminishing Protestantism in Lithuania, Poland, France, Italy, and the vast lands controlled by the Habsburgs including Austria, southern Germany, Bohemia , the Spanish Netherlands , Croatia, and Slovenia. It did not succeed as completely in Hungary, where a sizeable Protestant minority remains to this day, although Catholics still are the largest Christian denomination.500 pxleftPeak of the Reformation & beginning of the Counter-Reformation 500 pxrightEnd of the Reformation & Counter-Reformation

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における影響地域の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Bohemia
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian denomination
Croatia


subsection

対抗宗教改革

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、宗教団体と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Angelines
Augustinians
Barnabites
Carmelites
Carmelites
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
Council of Trent
Discalced Augustinians
Discalced Carmelites
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する宗教団体を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Angelines
Augustinians
Barnabites
Carmelites
Carmelites
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
Council of Trent
Discalced Augustinians
Discalced Carmelites
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の宗教団体が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Angelines
Augustinians
Barnabites
Carmelites
Carmelites
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
Council of Trent
Discalced Augustinians
Discalced Carmelites
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

New religious orders were a fundamental part of the reforms. Orders such as the Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Discalced Augustinians and Augustinian Recollects, Cistercian Feuillants, Angelines and Ursulines, Theatines, Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri attempted either to be less decadent or to engage in charitable service, and set examples of Catholic renewal particularly in Southern Europe. The Jesuits especially worked in rural parishes. Most of these had been founded earlier in the 15th Century, as part of Catholic reforms before the Council of Trent.The Theatines undertook checking the spread of heresy and contributed to a regeneration of the clergy. The Capuchins, an offshoot of the Franciscan order notable for their preaching and for their care for the poor and the sick, grew rapidly. Capuchin-founded confraternities took special interest in the poor and lived austerely. Members of orders active in overseas missionary expansion expressed the view that the rural parishes often needed Christianizing as much as the heathens of Asia and the Americas.The Ursulines focused on the special task of educating girls, the first order of women to be dedicated to that goal. Devotion to the traditional works of mercy exemplified the Catholic Reformation's reaffirmation of the importance of both faith and works and salvation through God's grace and repudiation of the maxim sola fide emphasized by Protestants sects. Not only did they make the Church more effective, but they also reaffirmed fundamental premises of the medieval Church.The Jesuits were the most effective of the new Catholic orders. An heir to the devotional, observantine, and legalist traditions, the Jesuits organized along military lines. The worldliness of the Renaissance Church had no part in their new order. Loyola's masterwork Spiritual Exercises showed the emphasis of handbooks characteristic of Catholic reformers before the Reformations, reminiscent of devotionalism.Jesuits participated in the expansion of the Church in the Americas and Asia, by their missionary activity. Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X. After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to "serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth." The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the Church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope. Taking the Pope as an absolute leader, the Jesuits contributed to the Counter-Reformation Church along a line harmonized with Rome.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における宗教団体の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Angelines
Augustinians
Barnabites
Carmelites
Carmelites
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Oratory of Saint Philip Neri
Council of Trent
Discalced Augustinians
Discalced Carmelites
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints wrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、献身と神秘主義と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic devotions


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints wrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する献身と神秘主義を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic devotions


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints wrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の献身と神秘主義が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic devotions


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Reformation was not only a political and Church policy oriented movement, but it also included major figures such as Catherine of Genoa, Ignatius of Loyola, Teresa of Ávila, John of the Cross, Francis de Sales, and Philip Neri, who added to the spirituality of the Catholic Church. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were Spanish mystics and reformers of the Carmelite Order, whose ministry focused on interior conversion to Christ, the deepening of prayer, and commitment to God's will. Teresa was given the task of developing and writing about the way to perfection in her love and unity with Christ. Thomas Merton called John of the Cross the greatest of all mystical theologians.The spirituality of Filippo Neri, who lived in Rome at the same time as Ignatius, was practically oriented, too, but totally opposed to the Jesuit approach. Said Filippo, "If I have a real problem, I contemplate what Ignatius would do ... and then I do the exact opposite". As a recognition of their joint contribution to the spiritual renewal within the Catholic reformation, Ignatius of Loyola, Filippo Neri, and Teresa of Ávila were canonized on the same day, March 12, 1622.The Virgin Mary played an increasingly central role in Catholic devotions. The victory at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 was accredited to the Virgin Mary and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions. During and after the Catholic Reformation, Marian piety experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of mariological writings during the 17th century alone. The Jesuit Francisco Suárez was the first theologian to use the Thomist method on Marian theology. Other well-known contributors to Marian spirituality are Saints wrence of Brindisi, Robert Bellarmine, and Francis de Sales.The sacrament of penance was transformed from a social to a personal experience; that is, from a public community act to a private confession. It now took place in private in a confessional. It was a change in its emphasis from reconciliation with the Church to reconciliation directly with God and from emphasis on social sins of hostility to private sins .

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における献身と神秘主義の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Battle of Lepanto
Battle of Lepanto
Catherine of Genoa
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Catholic devotions


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、バロック芸術と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Baroque
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic theology
Council of Trent
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関するバロック芸術を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Baroque
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic theology
Council of Trent
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革のバロック芸術が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Baroque
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic theology
Council of Trent
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

The Catholic Church was a leading arts patron across much of Europe. The goal of much art in the Counter-Reformation, especially in the Rome of Bernini and the Flanders of Peter Paul Rubens, was to restore Catholicism's predominance and centrality. This was one of the drivers of the Baroque style that emerged across Europe in the late sixteenth century. In areas where Catholicism predominated, architecture and painting, and to a lesser extent music, reflected Counter-Reformation goals.The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, painting and sculpture had a role in conveying Catholic theology. Any work that might arouse "carnal desire" was inadmissible in churches, while any depiction of Christ's suffering and explicit agony was desirable and proper. In an era when some Protestant reformers were destroying images of saints and whitewashing walls, Catholic reformers reaffirmed the importance of art, with special encouragement given to images of the Virgin Mary.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革におけるバロック芸術の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Baroque
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic theology
Council of Trent
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the calendar: by the sixteenth century the Julian calendar was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon at Frombork . In the dedication to De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the Fifth Council of the teran . As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the Ptolemaic system with a heliocentric model was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.An actual new calendar had to wait until the Gregorian calendar in 1582. At the time of its publication, De revolutionibus passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, during the Galileo affair, Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, Siena, Arcetri, and Florence, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the Melanchthon Circle.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、暦学と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Academia Secretorum Naturae
Arcetri
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium


subsection

対抗宗教改革

More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the calendar: by the sixteenth century the Julian calendar was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon at Frombork . In the dedication to De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the Fifth Council of the teran . As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the Ptolemaic system with a heliocentric model was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.An actual new calendar had to wait until the Gregorian calendar in 1582. At the time of its publication, De revolutionibus passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, during the Galileo affair, Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, Siena, Arcetri, and Florence, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the Melanchthon Circle.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する暦学を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Academia Secretorum Naturae
Arcetri
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium


subsection

対抗宗教改革

More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the calendar: by the sixteenth century the Julian calendar was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon at Frombork . In the dedication to De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the Fifth Council of the teran . As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the Ptolemaic system with a heliocentric model was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.An actual new calendar had to wait until the Gregorian calendar in 1582. At the time of its publication, De revolutionibus passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, during the Galileo affair, Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, Siena, Arcetri, and Florence, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the Melanchthon Circle.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の暦学が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Academia Secretorum Naturae
Arcetri
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium


subsection

対抗宗教改革

More celebrations of holidays and similar events raised a need to have these events followed closely throughout the dioceses. But there was a problem with the accuracy of the calendar: by the sixteenth century the Julian calendar was almost ten days out of step with the seasons and the heavenly bodies. Among the astronomers who were asked to work on the problem of how the calendar could be reformed was Nicolaus Copernicus, a canon at Frombork . In the dedication to De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , Copernicus mentioned the reform of the calendar proposed by the Fifth Council of the teran . As he explains, a proper measurement of the length of the year was a necessary foundation to calendar reform. By implication, his work replacing the Ptolemaic system with a heliocentric model was prompted in part by the need for calendar reform.An actual new calendar had to wait until the Gregorian calendar in 1582. At the time of its publication, De revolutionibus passed with relatively little comment: little more than a mathematical convenience that simplified astronomical references for a more accurate calendar. Physical evidence suggesting Copernicus's theory regarding the earth's motion was literally true promoted the apparent heresy against the religious thought of the time. As a result, during the Galileo affair, Galileo Galilei was placed under house arrest, served in Rome, Siena, Arcetri, and Florence, for publishing writings said to be "vehemently suspected of being heretical." His opponents condemned heliocentric theory and temporarily banned its teaching in 1633. Similarly, the Academia Secretorum Naturae in Naples had been shut down in 1578. As a result of clerical opposition, heliocentricists emigrated from Catholic to Protestant areas, some forming the Melanchthon Circle.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における暦学の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Academia Secretorum Naturae
Arcetri
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bauer, Stefan. The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform . Bireley, Robert. The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation    Dickens, A. G. The Counter Reformation  expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte , Vol. 81, pp 239–262. Jones, Martin D. W. The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe , emphasis on historiography Jones, Pamela M. and Thomas Worcester, eds. From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650  Lehner, Ulrich L. The Catholic Enlightenment  Mourret, Fernand. History of the Catholic Church   Mullett, Michael A. The Catholic Reformation  O'Connell, Marvin. Counter-reformation, 1550–1610  Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries . . Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century . pp 82–117. Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540  O'Malley, John W. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era . Pollen, John Hungerford. The Counter-Reformation   Soergel, Philip M. Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993. Thaler, Peter. Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria. New York: Routledge, 2020. Unger, Rudolph M. Counter-Reformation . Wright, A. D. The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World , advanced.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、一般業務と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bauer, Stefan. The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform . Bireley, Robert. The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation    Dickens, A. G. The Counter Reformation  expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte , Vol. 81, pp 239–262. Jones, Martin D. W. The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe , emphasis on historiography Jones, Pamela M. and Thomas Worcester, eds. From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650  Lehner, Ulrich L. The Catholic Enlightenment  Mourret, Fernand. History of the Catholic Church   Mullett, Michael A. The Catholic Reformation  O'Connell, Marvin. Counter-reformation, 1550–1610  Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries . . Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century . pp 82–117. Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540  O'Malley, John W. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era . Pollen, John Hungerford. The Counter-Reformation   Soergel, Philip M. Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993. Thaler, Peter. Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria. New York: Routledge, 2020. Unger, Rudolph M. Counter-Reformation . Wright, A. D. The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World , advanced.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する一般業務を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bauer, Stefan. The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform . Bireley, Robert. The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation    Dickens, A. G. The Counter Reformation  expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte , Vol. 81, pp 239–262. Jones, Martin D. W. The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe , emphasis on historiography Jones, Pamela M. and Thomas Worcester, eds. From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650  Lehner, Ulrich L. The Catholic Enlightenment  Mourret, Fernand. History of the Catholic Church   Mullett, Michael A. The Catholic Reformation  O'Connell, Marvin. Counter-reformation, 1550–1610  Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries . . Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century . pp 82–117. Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540  O'Malley, John W. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era . Pollen, John Hungerford. The Counter-Reformation   Soergel, Philip M. Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993. Thaler, Peter. Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria. New York: Routledge, 2020. Unger, Rudolph M. Counter-Reformation . Wright, A. D. The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World , advanced.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の一般業務が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bauer, Stefan. The Invention of Papal History: Onofrio Panvinio between Renaissance and Catholic Reform . Bireley, Robert. The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700: A Reassessment of the Counter Reformation    Dickens, A. G. The Counter Reformation  expresses the older view that it was a movement of reactionary conservatism. Harline, Craig. "Official Religion: Popular Religion in Recent Historiography of the Catholic Reformation", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte , Vol. 81, pp 239–262. Jones, Martin D. W. The Counter Reformation: Religion and Society in Early Modern Europe , emphasis on historiography Jones, Pamela M. and Thomas Worcester, eds. From Rome to Eternity: Catholicism and the Arts in Italy, ca. 1550–1650  Lehner, Ulrich L. The Catholic Enlightenment  Mourret, Fernand. History of the Catholic Church   Mullett, Michael A. The Catholic Reformation  O'Connell, Marvin. Counter-reformation, 1550–1610  Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. Catholic Europe, 1592–1648: Centre and Peripheries . . Ogg, David. Europe in the Seventeenth Century . pp 82–117. Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495–1540  O'Malley, John W. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era . Pollen, John Hungerford. The Counter-Reformation   Soergel, Philip M. Wondrous in His Saints: Counter Reformation Propaganda in Bavaria. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1993. Thaler, Peter. Protestant Resistance in Counterreformation Austria. New York: Routledge, 2020. Unger, Rudolph M. Counter-Reformation . Wright, A. D. The Counter-reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-christian World , advanced.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における一般業務の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Austria
Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Europe


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Luebke, David, ed. The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、一次資料と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Luebke, David, ed. The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する一次資料を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Luebke, David, ed. The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の一次資料が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Luebke, David, ed. The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における一次資料の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation", History Today  33#11 pp. 42–45. Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 271–292. Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 193–217.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の文脈で、歴史学と前兆カトリック宗教改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation", History Today  33#11 pp. 42–45. Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 271–292. Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 193–217.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に関する歴史学を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation", History Today  33#11 pp. 42–45. Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 271–292. Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 193–217.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革では、どのように前兆カトリック宗教改革の歴史学が説明されていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsection

対抗宗教改革

Bradshaw, Brendan. "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation", History Today  33#11 pp. 42–45. Marnef, Guido. "Belgian and Dutch Post-war Historiography on the Protestant and Catholic Reformation in the Netherlands", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 271–292. Menchi, Silvana Seidel. "The Age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation in Italian Historiography, 1939–2009", Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte  Vol. 100, pp. 193–217.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革における歴史学の特徴を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

upright=1The Cologne War  was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についてのケルンを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Cologne War
Electorate of Cologne


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

upright=1The Cologne War  was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事に関するケルンを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Cologne War
Electorate of Cologne


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

upright=1The Cologne War  was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事はケルンをどのように取り入れていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Cologne War
Electorate of Cologne


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

upright=1The Cologne War  was a conflict between Protestant and Catholic factions that devastated the Electorate of Cologne. After Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, the prince-elector ruling the area, converted to Protestantism, Catholics elected another archbishop, Ernst of Bavaria, and successfully defeated Gebhard and his allies.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革について見たとき、その現代の出来事のケルンをどのように議論しますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Archbishop
Cologne War
Electorate of Cologne


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についてのウクライナを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian tradition
Christians
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事に関するウクライナを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian tradition
Christians
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事はウクライナをどのように取り入れていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian tradition
Christians
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The effects of the Council of Trent and the Counter-Reformation also paved the way for Ruthenian Orthodox Christians to return to full communion with the Catholic Church while preserving their Byzantine tradition. Pope Clement VIII received the Ruthenian bishops into full communion on February 7, 1596. Under the treaty of the Union of Brest, Rome recognized the Ruthenians' continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and consecration of bishops from within the Ruthenian Christian tradition. Moreover, the treaty specifically exempts Ruthenians from accepting the Filioque clause and Purgatory as a condition for reconciliation.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革について見たとき、その現代の出来事のウクライナをどのように議論しますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Christian tradition
Christians
Pope Clement VIII
Council of Trent


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The st Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo , came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity , not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:</ref>}}Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his st Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についてのディクリーソナートを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Anthony van Dyck
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Charles Borromeo
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic art
Charles Borromeo
Jesus
Council of Trent
El Greco
Federico Barocci


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The st Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo , came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity , not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:</ref>}}Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his st Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事に関するディクリーソナートを説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Anthony van Dyck
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Charles Borromeo
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic art
Charles Borromeo
Jesus
Council of Trent
El Greco
Federico Barocci


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The st Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo , came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity , not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:</ref>}}Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his st Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事はディクリーソナートをどのように取り入れていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Anthony van Dyck
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Charles Borromeo
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic art
Charles Borromeo
Jesus
Council of Trent
El Greco
Federico Barocci


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The st Judgment, a fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo , came under persistent attack in the Counter-Reformation for, among other things, nudity , not showing Christ seated or bearded, and including the pagan figure of Charon.Italian painting after 1520, with the notable exception of the art of Venice, developed into Mannerism, a highly sophisticated style striving for effect, that concerned many Churchmen as lacking appeal for the mass of the population. Church pressure to restrain religious imagery affected art from the 1530s and resulted in the decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563 including short and rather inexplicit passages concerning religious images, which were to have great impact on the development of Catholic art. Previous Catholic councils had rarely felt the need to pronounce on these matters, unlike Orthodox ones which have often ruled on specific types of images.The decree confirmed the traditional doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image, and further instructed that:</ref>}}Ten years after the decree Paolo Veronese was summoned by the Holy Office to explain why his st Supper, a huge canvas for the refectory of a monastery, contained, in the words of the Holy Office: "buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs and other such scurrilities" as well as extravagant costumes and settings, in what is indeed a fantasy version of a Venetian patrician feast. Veronese was told that he must change his painting within a three-month period. He just changed the title to The Feast in the House of Levi, still an episode from the Gospels, but a less doctrinally central one, and no more was said.The number of such decorative treatments of religious subjects declined sharply, as did "unbecomingly or confusedly arranged" Mannerist pieces, as a number of books, notably by the Flemish theologian Molanus, Charles Borromeo and Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti, and instructions by local bishops, amplified the decrees, often going into minute detail on what was acceptable. Much traditional iconography considered without adequate scriptural foundation was in effect prohibited, as was any inclusion of classical pagan elements in religious art, and almost all nudity, including that of the infant Jesus.According to the great medievalist Émile Mâle, this was "the death of medieval art", but it paled in contrast to the Iconclasm present in some Protestant circles and did not apply to secular paintings. Some Counter Reformation painters and sculptors include Titian, Tintoretto, Federico Barocci, Scipione Pulzone, El Greco, Peter Paul Rubens, Guido Reni, Anthony van Dyck, Bernini, Zurbarán, Rembrandt and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革について見たとき、その現代の出来事のディクリーソナートをどのように議論しますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Anthony van Dyck
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Charles Borromeo
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Catholic art
Charles Borromeo
Jesus
Council of Trent
El Greco
Federico Barocci


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari  and Gabriele Paleotti  began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies  and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についてのトリエント公会議前の改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Creed
Egidio Foscarari


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari  and Gabriele Paleotti  began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies  and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事に関するトリエント公会議前の改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Creed
Egidio Foscarari


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari  and Gabriele Paleotti  began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies  and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事はトリエント公会議前の改革をどのように取り入れていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Creed
Egidio Foscarari


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent is believed to be the apex of the Counter-Reformation's influence on Church music in the 16th century. However, the council's pronouncements on music were not the first attempt at reform. The Catholic Church had spoken out against a perceived abuse of music used in the Mass before the Council of Trent ever convened to discuss music in 1562. The manipulation of the Creed and using non-liturgical songs was addressed in 1503, and secular singing and the intelligibility of the text in the delivery of psalmody in 1492. The delegates at the council were just a link in the long chain of Church clergy who had pushed for a reform of the musical liturgy reaching back as far as 1322.Probably the most extreme move at reform came late in 1562 when, instructed by the legates, Egidio Foscarari  and Gabriele Paleotti  began work on reforming religious orders and their practices involving the liturgy. The reforms prescribed to the cloisters of nuns, which included omitting the use of an organ, prohibiting professional musicians, and banishing polyphonic singing, were much more strict than any of the council's edicts or even those to be found in the Palestrina legend.Fueling the cry for reform from many ecclesial figures was the compositional technique popular in the 15th and 16th centuries of using musical material and even the accompanying texts from other compositions such as motets, madrigals, and chansons. Several voices singing different texts in different languages made any of the text difficult to distinguish from the mixture of words and notes. The parody mass would then contain melodies  and words from songs that could have been, and often were, on sensual subjects. The musical liturgy of the Church was being more and more influenced by secular tunes and styles. The Council of Paris, which met in 1528, as well as the Council of Trent were making attempts to restore the sense of sacredness to the Church setting and what was appropriate for the Mass. The councils were simply responding to issues of their day.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革について見たとき、その現代の出来事のトリエント公会議前の改革をどのように議論しますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent
Creed
Egidio Foscarari


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についての第22回会期中の改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Council of Trent
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事に関する第22回会期中の改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Council of Trent
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事は第22回会期中の改革をどのように取り入れていますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Council of Trent
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The Council of Trent met sporadically from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563, to reform many parts of the Catholic Church. The 22nd session of the council, which met in 1562, dealt with Church music in Canon 8 in the section of "Abuses in the Sacrifice of the Mass" during a meeting of the council on September 10, 1562.Canon 8 is often quoted as the Council of Trent's decree on Church music, but that is a glaring misunderstanding of the canon; it was only a proposed decree. In fact, the delegates at the council never officially accepted canon 8 in its popular form but bishops of Granada, Coimbra, and Segovia pushed for the long statement about music to be attenuated and many other prelates of the council joined enthusiastically. The only restrictions actually given by the 22nd session was to keep secular elements out of the music, making polyphony implicitly allowed. The issue of textual intelligibility did not make its way into the final edicts of the 22nd session but were only featured in preliminary debates. The 22nd session only prohibited "lascivious" and "profane" things to be intermingled with the music but Paleotti, in his Acts, brings to equal importance the issues of intelligibility.The idea that the council called to remove all polyphony from the Church is widespread, but there is no documentary evidence to support that claim. It is possible, however, that some of the Fathers had proposed such a measure. The emperor Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor has been attributed to be the "saviour of Church music" because he said polyphony ought not to be driven out of the Church. But Ferdinand was most likely an alarmist and read into the council the possibility of a total ban on polyphony. The Council of Trent did not focus on the style of music but on attitudes of worship and reverence during the Mass.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革について見たとき、その現代の出来事の第22回会期中の改革をどのように議論しますか？英語で出力して下さい。

Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Council of Trent
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli  was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina. Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についての救世主-伝説を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli  was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina. Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事に関する救世主-伝説を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli  was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina. Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革に関して、前兆カトリック宗教改革の現代の出来事は救世主-伝説をどのように取り入れていますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

The crises regarding polyphony and intelligibility of the text and the threat that polyphony was to be removed completely, which was assumed to be coming from the council, has a very dramatic legend of resolution. The legend goes that Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina , a Church musician and choirmaster in Rome, wrote a Mass for the council delegates in order to demonstrate that a polyphonic composition could set the text in such a way that the words could be clearly understood and that was still pleasing to the ear. Palestrina's Missa Papae Marcelli  was performed before the council and received such a welcoming reception among the delegates that they completely changed their minds and allowed polyphony to stay in use in the musical liturgy. Therefore, Palestrina came to be named the "saviour of Church polyphony". This legend, though unfounded, has long been a mainstay of histories of music. The saviour-myth was first spread by an account by Aggazzari and Banchieri in 1609 who said that Pope Marcellus was trying to replace all polyphony with plainsong. Palestrina's "Missa Papae Marcelli" was, though, in 1564, after the 22nd session, performed for the Pope while reforms were being considered for the Sistine Choir.The Pope Marcellus Mass, in short, was not important in its own day and did not help save Church polyphony. What is undeniable is that despite any solid evidence of his influence during or after the Council of Trent, no figure is more qualified to represent the cause of polyphony in the Mass than Palestrina. Pope Pius IV upon hearing Palestrina's music would make Palestrina, by Papal Brief, the model for future generations of Catholic composers of sacred music.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革について見たとき、その現代の出来事の救世主-伝説をどのように議論しますか？英語で出力して下さい。


subsubsection

対抗宗教改革

200pxrightLike his contemporary Palestrina, the Flemish composer Jacobus de Kerle  was also credited with giving a model of composition for the Council of Trent. His composition in four-parts, Preces, marks the "official turning point of the Counter Reformation's a cappella ideal." Kerle was the only ranking composer of the Netherlands to have acted in conformity with the council. Another musical giant on equal standing with Palestrina, Orlando di sso  was an important figure in music history though less of a purist than Palestrina. He expressed sympathy for the council's concerns but still showed favor for the "Parady chanson Masses." It was left then up to the local Church leaders and Church musicians to find proper application for the council's decrees.Though originally theological and directed towards the attitudes of the musicians, the Council's decrees came to be thought of by Church musicians as a pronouncement on proper musical styles. Composers who reference the council's reforms in prefaces to their compositions do not adequately claim a musical basis from the council but a spiritual and religious basis of their art. Borromeo was likely involved or heard of the questions regarding textual clarity because of his request to Ruffo.Ruffo took Borromeo's commission seriously and set out to compose in a style that presented the text so that all words would be intelligible and the textual meaning be the most important part of the composition. His approach was to move all the voices in a homorhythmic manner with no complicated rhythms, and to use dissonance very conservatively. Ruffo's approach was certainly a success for textual clarity and simplicity, but if his music was very theoretically pure it was not an artistic success despite Ruffo's attempts to bring interest to the monotonous four-part texture. Ruffo's compositional style which favored the text was well in line with the council's perceived concern with intelligibility. Thus the belief in the council's strong edicts regarding textual intelligibility became to characterize the development of sacred Church music.The Council of Trent brought about other changes in music: most notably developing the Missa brevis, uda and "Spiritual Madrigal" . Additionally, the numerous sequences were mostly prohibited in the 1570 Missal of Pius V. The remaining sequences were Victimae paschali laudes for Easter, Veni Sancte Spiritus for Pentecost, uda Sion Salvatorem for Corpus Christi, and Dies Irae for All Souls and for Masses for the Dead.Another reform following the Council of Trent was the publication of the 1568 Roman Breviary.

Prompt: 対抗宗教改革の前兆カトリック宗教改革に焦点を当てて、現代の出来事についてのトリエント公会議後の改革を説明してください。英語で出力して下さい。