1910s
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Oxford Reference
January 4 - Finland wins freedom from Russia and becomes an independent republic

Go to Finland in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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War

Europe

Finland

Wars since 1900

Composer and pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes prime minister of the newly independent Poland

Go to Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (1860–1941) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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20th century

Performing arts

Music

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Europe

Poland

The Sinn Fein members elected to Westminster establish their own parliament in Dublin, the Dáil Eireann (Assembly of Ireland), soon declared illegal by Britain

Go to Dáil Éireann in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.)

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Politics

Protest and rebellion

Great Britain - from 1707

United Kingdom - from 1801

British Isles

Europe

Ireland

Britain

The armed supporters of Sinn Fein become the IRA, or Irish Republican Army, in Ireland's war of independence

Go to Irish Republican Army in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.)

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Ireland

Britain

Quia Pauper Amavi contains the first three of Ezra Pound's eventually more than 100 cantos

Go to Pound, Ezra (1885–1972) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)

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20th century

Literature

American literature

Literature in English

Poetry

North America

United States

Michael Collins springs de Valera from Lincoln gaol, with the help of a duplicate key

Go to Collins, Michael (16 Oct. 1890) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.)

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Protest and rebellion

Great Britain - from 1707

United Kingdom - from 1801

British Isles

Europe

Ireland

Britain

Returning from active service with the Royal Navy, Erskine Childers devotes his energies to Sinn Fein and Irish independence

Go to Childers, Erskine (1870–1922) in The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.)

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Democracy and dissent

British Isles

Europe

Ireland

Britain

Mussolini founds the Fasci di Combattimento, dedicated to opposing the Socialist party

Go to Mussolini, Benito (29 July 1883) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.)

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Politics

Democracy and dissent

Europe

Italy

Edward Elgar completes his last great work, the Cello Concerto in E minor

Go to Elgar, Edward (1857) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.)

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20th century

Performing arts

Music

Great Britain - from 1707

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British Isles

Europe

Britain

More than 300 die when British troops fire on a peaceful demonstration in Amritsar

Go to Amritsar Massacres (1919) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Conquest and colonization

British empire

European empires from 1415

European empires in Africa

Africa

Asia

South Asia

India (the subcontinent)

India (republic)

Europe

Empires

H.L. Mencken's The American Language traces the gradual evolution of American from English

Go to Mencken, H[enry] L[ouis] (1880–1956) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)

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20th century

Literature

American literature

Literature in English

North America

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The Swiss theologian Karl Barth publishes his influential Commentary on Romans, taking St Paul's epistle as his text

Go to Barth, Karl (1886–1968) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.)

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20th century

Religion

Christianity

Switzerland

The Soviet system of Gulag slave labour camps is introduced, under the control of the secret service, the Cheka

Go to gulag in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Persecution and repression

Europe

Russia

Music-hall artist Harry Lauder is knighted for his wartime performances entertaining troops at the front

Go to Lauder, Sir Harry MacLennan (1870–1950) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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20th century

Performing arts

Theatre

Great Britain - from 1707

United Kingdom - from 1801

British Isles

Europe

Britain

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk leads resistance to the Greek invasion of western Turkey

Go to Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (12 Mar. 1880) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.)

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20th century

War

Asia

West Asia

Turkey

Employers' refusal to allow collective bargaining prompts a general strike in Winnipeg, the largest dispute of its kind in Canada's history

Go to Winnipeg General Strike in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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20th century

Commerce and industry

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Léonide Massine, Ottorino Respighi and André Derain collaborate on the ballet La Boutique Fantasque

Go to Boutique fantasque, La in The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.)

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20th century

Performing arts

Dance

Music

Europe

France

John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown fly from St John's in Newfoundland to Clifden in Ireland

Go to Alcock, Sir John William (1892–1919) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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20th century

Travel and transport

Technology

Engineering

British Isles

Europe

Ireland

Society

Britain

North America

Canada

Mussolini's Fascist party rapidly acquires an aggressive presence, thanks to his gangs of armed thugs in their blackshirt uniforms

Go to Blackshirts in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Persecution and repression

Europe

Italy

US boxer Jack Dempsey defeats Jess Willard for the world heavyweight title, sending him from the ring with a broken jaw

Go to Dempsey, Jack (1895–1983) in A Dictionary of Sports Studies (1 ed.)

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Sports and games

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North America

United States

At least thirty-eight people are killed in a race riot in Chicago

Go to Chicago Riot in Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present (1 ed.)

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North America

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Adolf Hitler joins the tiny German Workers' party, the members of which share his own virulent anti-Semitism

Go to Hitler, Adolf (b. 20 Apr. 1889) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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Democracy and dissent

Germany

French poets Louis Aragon and André Breton launch Littérature, a surrealist review

Go to Aragon, Louis (1897–1982) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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20th century

Europe

France

The League of Nations makes South West Africa (Namibia) a mandated British territory, to be administered by South Africa

Go to Namibia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)

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European empires in Africa

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Europe

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Wars since 1900

Afghanistan finally achieves international recognition as an independent nation

Go to Afghanistan in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Asia

Central Asia

Afghanistan

Lillian Gish stars as a Cockney girl in D.W. Griffith's inter-racial film romance Broken Blossoms, set in London's slums

Go to Gish, Lillian (1896–1993) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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Performing arts

Film

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Nancy Astor, as MP for Plymouth, becomes the first woman to take her seat in Britain's House of Commons

Go to Astor, Nancy Witcher Langhorne,Viscountess (1879–1964) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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Great Britain - from 1707

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British Isles

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Britain

On the death of Louis Botha, Jan Smuts succeeds him as prime minister of South Africa

Go to Smuts, Jan Christian (24 May 1870) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Africa

South Africa

South Africa (republic)

The port of Fiume, belonging to Yugoslavia, is seized by Gabriele d'Annunzio and 300 Italian volunteers

Go to D'Annunzio, Gabriele (1863–1938) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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20th century

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Europe

Steelworkers go on strike in the US, attempting a major confrontation with industrial management

Go to Steel Strike of 1919. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.)

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Commerce and industry

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Walter Gropius becomes director of the newly formed Bauhaus in Weimar

Go to Bauhaus in A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (2 ed.)

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20th century

Architecture

Germany

President Woodrow Wilson suffers a severe stroke that renders him largely incapable during the final seventeen months of his presidency

Go to Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (28 Dec. 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.)

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Marcel Duchamp adds a moustache and beard to a postcard of the Mona Lisa, and gives it the subtly offensive French title LHOOQ

Go to Duchamp, Marcel (28 July 1887) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.)

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20th century

Arts

American art

French art

Europe

France

North America

United States

In The Economic Consequences of the Peace Maynard Keynes publishes a strong attack on the reparations demanded from Germany

Go to Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron (1883–1946) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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20th century

Literature

English literature

Literature in English

Commerce and industry

Great Britain - from 1707

United Kingdom - from 1801

British Isles

Europe

Society

Britain

A White army, advancing on Moscow, is stopped about 250 miles from the city

Go to White Army in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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20th century

War

Europe

Russia

The actors Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and Charlie Chaplin establish United Artists with the director D.W. Griffith

Go to United Artists in The Oxford Companion to the American Musical (1 ed.)

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Performing arts

Film

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A White army occupies hills overlooking Petrograd before being driven back by Trotsky

Go to White Army in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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20th century

War

Europe

Russia

Canadian National Railways is formed from two of the country's largest rail systems

Go to Canadian National Railways in The Oxford Companion to Canadian History (1 ed.)

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20th century

Travel and transport

Technology

Engineering

Society

North America

Canada

The phrase Abstract Expressionism is first used, describing the work of Wassily Kandinsky

Go to Kandinsky, Wassily (22 Nov. [4 Dec.] 1866) in The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.)

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20th century

Arts

Painting

Europe

Russia

Darius Milhaud provides the score for Jean Cocteau's pantomime ballet Le Boeuf sur le toit

Go to Milhaud, Darius (1892–1974) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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France

John Singer Sargent completes Gassed, a powerful image of one of the particular horrors of the recent war

Go to Sargent, John Singer (1856–1925) in A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art (2 ed.)

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20th century

Arts

Painting

British painting

British art

Great Britain - from 1707

United Kingdom - from 1801

British Isles

Europe

Britain

The prime minister of Poland, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, resigns his post so as to concentrate on his concert career

Go to Paderewski, Ignacy Jan (1860) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music (5 ed.)

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Performing arts

Music

Politics

Europe

Poland

Boston Red Sox sell their star player, Babe Ruth, to the New York Yankees for $125,000

Go to Ruth, Babe (1895–1948) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.)

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North America

United States

Sherwood Anderson establishes a reputation with a collection of short stories, Winesburg, Ohio

Go to Anderson, Sherwood (1876–1941) in The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.)

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20th century

Literature

American literature

Literature in English

Fiction

North America

United States

January 1 - the Spartacus League transforms itself into the Communist party of Germany

Go to Spartacists in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Communism

Protest and rebellion

Germany

January 6 - a vast crowd, assembling in Berlin, calls for a revolution and begins to seize public buildings

Go to Spartacists in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Protest and rebellion

Germany

January 15 - after ten days of street fighting in Berlin, Spartacus leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg are captured and shot

Go to Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.)

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20th century

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Protest and rebellion

Germany

January 18 - the delegates to the peace conference in Paris, mainly concerned with the terms to be imposed on Germany, hold their first session

Go to Paris Peace Conference (1919–20) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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February - Hitler returns to Munich and in the prevailing mood of post-defeat resentment begins to take an interest in extremist politics

Go to Hitler, Adolf (b. 20 Apr. 1889) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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First World War

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Europe

Germany

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February - the German assembly meets in Weimar and elects Ebert as president of the new republic

Go to Ebert, Friedrich (b. 4 Feb. 1871) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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20th century

Politics

Germany

April - delegates to the Paris peace conference unanimously establish the League of Nations

Go to League of Nations in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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First World War

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War

Europe

France

Wars since 1900

June 21 - German sailors scuttle every one of the fifty warships held by the British in Scapa Flow

Go to High Seas Fleet in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.)

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First World War

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War

Great Britain - from 1707

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British Isles

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Wars since 1900

Britain

June 28 - the peace treaty with Germany, ending the world war, is signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles

Go to Versailles, Treaty of (28 June 1919) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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June 28 - the Versailles Treaty declares that Germany must pay reparations for wartime damages, with the precise amount to be decided by May 1921

Go to reparations in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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June 28 - the peace-makers in Paris assign the Sudetenland, with its 3.5 million German-speaking inhabitants, to the new republic of Czechoslovakia

Go to Sudetenland in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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First World War

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War

Bohemia

Czech Republic

Germany

Wars since 1900

June 28 - the Versailles Treaty makes Danzig (or Gdansk) a free city (from 10 January 1920), under the protection of the League of Nations

Go to Danzig in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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Poland

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June 28 - the Versailles Treaty provides a corridor of land to give Poland access to Danzig and the Baltic, thereby dividing two parts of Germany

Go to Polish Corridor in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.)

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June 28 - the German-speaking inhabitants of South Tirol are incorporated within Italy under the Versailles peace terms

Go to South Tirol in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.)

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June 28 - German East Africa is to be governed by Britain as Tanganyika, under a League of Nations mandate

Go to Tanzania in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.)

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War

European empires from 1415

European empires in Africa

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Africa

East Africa

Europe

Empires

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To President Wilson's profound disappointment the US Congress, by failing to ratify the treaty of Versailles, opts out of the League of Nations

Go to Treaty of Versailles in The Oxford Guide to the United States Government (1 ed.)

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