6.2. Nitrogene compounds
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Country

City

Station name

1h values

1 year P98

>200 Greece Athens Patission 147

247

Italy Genova Via Cantore

214**

Piazza Masnata

201**

Bologna Via Marconi

348

Via Matteotti

214

Via Irnerio I

211

Firenze Roselli

220**

Milano Marche

222

Invara

243

Zavattari

233

Liguria

218

Verziere

252**

Senato

247

Cenisio

272**

Aquileia

257**

Statuto

289**

Milano (province) Sesto s. g. Comune

252

Monza

256

Cinisello

218**

Pero

296**

Arrese

231**

Lainate

226

Legnano Tosi

202

Piacenza Via Giordani

264

Portugal Lisboa Entrecampos

311

** Data availability <75%.

Table 6.8: Exceedances of EU and WHO Guide(line) values for NO2.

Country

City

Station

EU Guide Values WHO Guideline Values Median 1h > 50 P98 1h >135 Max. 1h >400 Max. 24 h >150 Austria Graz Süd 151 (mean values) Linz 24-er-Turm 172 BH-Urfahr 155 Kleinmünchen 162 ORF-Zentrum 167 Salzburg Rudolfplatz 71 Wien Hietzinger Kai 74 France Lyon Lyon Berthelot 80 160 452 166 Lyon Garibaldi 65 162 481 Lyon Puits Gaillot 67 164 403 Paris Neuilly/Seine (92) 58 418 177 Paris Ch. de Mars 52 435 166 Paris Tour St-Jacques 63 150 167 R.N 13 Rue Malmaison 69 172 424 197 Rue Danzig (15ème) 61 145 437 159 Tour Eiffel (1er et.) 50 154 172 Strasbourg rue du 22 novembre 50 Germany Berlin Charlottenburg 56 155 Düsseldorf Düsseldorf-Mörsenbroich 61 Erfurt Erfurt, Krämpf. 137 Essen Essen-Ost 53 Gera Gera, Frieder. 141 Hamburg Stresemannstrasse 58 142 Hannover Göttinger strasse 136 Karlsruhe Karlsruhe-Mitte 51 Koblenz Friedrich-Ebert-Ring 57 Ludwigshafen-Frankental Frankental 57 Mundenheim 51 Mainz-Mombach Parcusstrasse 67 163 Wiesbaden W-Ringkirche 136 Greece Athens Patission 147 98 247 253 Pireas Platia Dimotikou 67 136 Italy Bologna Fiera 171 P. Za dei Martiri 170 Via Emilia Ponente 190 Via Irnerio I 211 Via Marconi 348 Via Matteotti 214 Firenze Mosse 174 Via Bassi 145 Genova Acquasola 193 C. SO Europa 195 Villa Serra 178

Country

City

Station

EU Guide Values WHO Guideline Values Median 1h > 50 P98 1h >135 Max. 1h >400 Max. 24 h >150 Italy (contd.) Milano Juvara 246 Liguria 218 Marche 222 Senato 247 Statuto 289 Zavattari 233 Milano prov. Agrate 192 Cassano dAdda 169 Corsico 184 Cuggiono 181 Galliate 166 Inzago 186 Lainate 226 Legnano com. 173 Legnano Tosi 202 Limito 192 Lodi 159 Melegnano 183 Monza 256 Rivolta 176 Robecchetto 176 Sesto s. g. comune 252 Settimo 188 Turbigo 143 Villasanta 192 Modena Cavour 141 Via Giardini 167 Piacenza Via Alberoni 174 Via Giordani 264 Via Taverna 178 Ravenna S.A.P.I.R 136 Roma Fermi 198 Francia 159 Gondar 195 M. Grecia 190 Preneste 179 Torino Corso Vercelli 188 Parco Lingotto 160 Via Consolata 197 Via Guido Reni 188 Via madama Cristina 198 Trento Trento 163 Trento Nord 144 Venezia Piazza s. Antonio (Marghera) 186 (ind. zone) Stab. Montedipe 1 190 The Netherlands Utrecht Witte Vrouwenstraat 58

Country

City

Station

EU Guide Values WHO Guideline Values Median 1h > 50 P98 1h >135 Max. 1h >400 Max. 24 h >150 Norway Bergen CMI 59 135 204 (based upon 24h Drammen Engene 74 values) Fredrikstad Broch street 50 Oslo St. Olavs square 50 Skien Kings street 57 Stavanger Handelens hus 63 Trondheim Torget 57 Portugal Carregado Cast. Ribatejo 181 Faro Faro 80 141 Lisboa Benéfica 69 151 Entrecampos 69 311 Rua da Prata 52 137 Setúbal Setubal-Cicade 167 Spain Barcelona Molina Pl. 55 Madrid Arturo Soria 53 159 Carlos V 57 151 154 Cuatro Caminos 72 177 448 184 Plaza Castilla 58 141 Plaza España 57 187 470 189 Villaverde 72 151 Switzerland Basel Feldbergstrasse 57 (mean values) Bern Bern 57 Genève Ile 60 Lausanne Lausanne 50 Rue César Roux 2 56 Zürich Schimmelstrasse 57 United Kingdom Edinburgh Edinburgh centre 50 Leeds Leeds centre 50 Liverpool Liverpool centre 50 London Bridge Place 63 136 192 London Bloomsbury 65 Newcastle Newcastle centre 54

Trends

Figure 6.23-Figure 6.28 show, as examples, trends in NO2 data on an annual basis for some selected stations in different countries. The figures show the maximum, 98 percentile and median of 1 h data from Denmark, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany (only 98 percentile), Switzerland (mean instead of median), Spain and Greece, while Norwegian values are based on 24 h data.

Most stations show a relative stable NO2 level for the last 10 years, even though some stations might show slightly decreasing median and mean values over the last few years, for instance Aalborg, Rotterdam, Bruxelles and several Swiss towns. Rather high values, especially maximum values, are measured in Athens.

Figure 6.23: NO2 trend in Norway 1986-1994 (only winter data and 24 h values) (µg/m3). Data from national reports.

Figure 6.24: NO2 trend in Aalborg, Denmark 1982-1994 and Bridge Place (Greater London), UK 1990-93 (µg/m3). APIS data.

Figure 6.25: NO2 trend in Rotterdam, the Netherlands 1981-1994 and Bruxelles, Belgium 1980-1994 (µg/m3). APIS data.

Figure 6.26: NO2 trend in Bremen, Germany 1987-1993 (µg/m3). Data from Bremen State report.

Figure 6.27: NO2 trend in Switzerland 1984-1993 (µg/m3). The Swiss trend figures are based on œ h values, and the numbers given are the 95 percentile and mean values. Data from national report.

Figure 6.28: NO2 trend in Greece 1983-1993 (µg/m3). APIS data.

6.2.4. Regional nitrogen compound concentrations and deposition

The following presentation is based directly upon the 1993 EMEP data report (EMEP, 1995).

Concentrations

Nitrogen dioxide

The number of sites reporting NO2 data during 1993 were 30% less than the number of sites reporting SO2. For this reason and due to the fact that there are larger local NO2 concentrations, and larger inaccuracies in the measurements of NO2, the uncertainties in the NO2 concentrations in Figure 6.29 are generally much larger than for SO2. The reservations made for SO2 with respect to site location and presence of higher concentrations in industrialised, densely populated areas are also valid for NO2. In addition, even higher concentrations will be found in areas with heavy traffic.

In northern Scandinavia, the annual values are below 1 µg N/m3. For United Kingdom, no NO2 data are available for 1993. A decreasing gradient from England over the Netherlands to Germany is indicated by the Irish and the Continental results. The highest concentrations of NO2, >6 µg N/m3, are reported from four stations in Spain, one in Italy and one in the Netherlands. In central Europe the NO2 concentrations range from 2 to 6 µg N/m3.

Deposition

Nitrate in precipitation

Annual averages of nitrate in precipitation is presented in Figure 6.30. The pattern is somewhat similar to that of sulphate in precipitation. Most areas have annual concentrations lower than 0.6 mg N/l. In Portugal. western Ireland and northern Scandinavia, the annual averages are lower than 0.2 mg N/l. The areas with the highest levels are mainly located in eastern parts of Europe; Poland and towards south-east. High nitrate concentrations are also measured at stations in Germany, Italy and Spain. There is a sharp gradient over the Iberian peninsula, with low concentrations in the west and high concentrations in north-eastern Spain.

Ammonium in precipitation

The ammonium levels presented in Figure 6.31, are also relatively low. In contrast to the anthropogenic sources of NOx giving nitrate in precipitation after a series of photochemical reaction, the sources for ammonia, which give ammonium are mainly related to agricultural activities, including domestic animal keeping and the conversion from gaseous ammonia to ammonium is relatively rapid. The pattern for ammonium is usually quite different from that of nitrate and sulphate. Two maximum areas are indicated, one in south-western France and one in southern Poland, Ukraine and Romania. Concentrations of ammonium in precipitation higher than 1 mg N/l are measured at stations in Lithuania and Poland. Concentrations around 1 mg N/l are measured at stations in France and Croatia. In most parts of Europe the concentrations are lower than 0.7 mg N/l and in the outskirts of Europe, in northern Scandinavia, even below 0.2 mg N/l.

Figure 6.29: Nitrogen dioxide in rural areas 1993, annual average (µg N/m3).

Factor: 3.28.

Figure 6.30: Nitrate in precipitation 1993 (mg N/l).

Factor: 4.43.