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pnugues
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EB7

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kp-eb0702-000101-9822	A. The first letter of the alphabet in every known language, the Ethiopic or Abyssinian alone excepted, in which it is the thirteenth. Of the sixteen elementary sounds of the human voice, that which is represented by this initial letter is the simplest, and requires the least exertion of the organs to produce it; for its enunciation is effected by merely opening the mouth, and breathing, so that the air propelled through the glottis may resound audibly in the cavity of the mouth and nostrils. Hence this sound is remarkable for its universality as well as simplicity. Many of the lower animals possess the capacity of uttering it, as every one must be sensible who has attended to their distinguishing cries, in all, or at least in many of which, it may be easily recognised. It is also the basis, so to speak, of vocality; for, on attentive examination, it will be found that the other vowels are little more than labial, lingual, dental, or palatal modifications of this primary, universal, and most elementary sound. It is not without reason therefore that the symbol of this sound is (with one solitary exception) placed at the commencement of every known alphabet. Cicero seems to have disliked the sound of this letter; for in his treatise De Oratore, c. xlix. he denominates it insuavissima littera, probably on account of the out-breathing or expiration necessary to produce the sound of it; but, upon the same principle, the other vowels ought also to have shared his displeasure, seeing that they are merely modifications of this primary στοrχειον or element. In the English language, A is the mark or symbol of three different sounds, termed by grammarians the broad, the open, and the slender; epithets, the two former of which have an immediate reference to organic modification, as well as to the impulse or volume of voice; while the latter seems to apply to the degree of intonation alone. Of these varieties of sound, the first, which resembles that of the German A, occurs in such monosyllables as hall, wall, pall, thrall, where the a is pronounced in the same manner as au in cause; that is, broad and long. The Saxons, it is probable, expressed only this sound of the letter, which is still commonly retained in the north of England, and prevails universally throughout Scotland, the only parts of the island where the genius and idiom of the Saxon language have withstood modern innovations. The open sound of A, again, resembles that of the Italian in adagio and such like words, and is nearly the same with that of a in father, rather, &c. But the slender sound, which is peculiar to the English language alone, is identical with the sound of the French diphthong ai in such words as mais, paix, gai, and is exemplified in hate, late, waste, paste, place, race ; as also in polysyllables, such as toleration, justification, with many others which it is unnecessary to specify. So much for the varieties of this initial sound in English words. A, however, is sometimes employed as an affix in burlesque poetry; in which case it has no other effect than to add a syllable to the line, without any alteration of the sense, just as the vowel or interjection 0 very often does in our old ballads, and in some modern imitations of them. It is also thought to be redundant and insignificative in such words as arise, awake, aright, adoing, agoing. But this seems a mistake; for the ά here used as a prefix, is probably the French abbreviation of the Latin preposition ad; and hence it appears to have an intensive effect, adding to and strengthening the import of the word with which it is combined. In the line, “Arise, awake, or be for ever falľn,” it is evident that the words “arise, awake,” convey a meaning stronger in degree than the simple words rise, wake would have done. The pre-positionary effect in such words as a-doing, a-going, is indeed admitted by grammarians; but, if this be the case, where is the distinction between these instances and a-rise, a-wake, where the prefix is said to be redundant, except that, by usage, it has coalesced in some measure with the word to which it is prefixed? In such compounds as a-foot, asleep, a-week, a-head, a-man, as well as when used before, local surnames, as Cornelius a Lapide, Thomas a Kempis, Thomas a Becket, nobody has ever doubted that the a is a preposition. When a is used as an article, it is merely an abbreviation of the old primary numeral ane, one, and consequently it has no plural signification. Thus a house, a field, a ship, mean one house, one field, one ship; but as it is not one of two, ten, or twenty houses, fields, or ships, but of any number, however great or small, hence it becomes in effect quite general and indefinite, or, in other words, the opposite of the, which defines and limits the attention to something spoken of, pointed out, or referred to. Among the ancients, A was a numeral letter, and stood for 500, and when a dash was placed on the top, thus, Ā, for ten times that number, or 5000. In the Julian calendar[7:2:2] it is the first of the seven Dominical Letters. Long before the establishment of Christianity, it had been in use among the Romans as one of the eight Litterae Nundinales ; and it was in imitation of this usage that the Dominical Letters were first introduced. Among logicians, the letter A is employed as a symbol or sign to denote an universal affirmative, in contradistinction to an universal negative proposition, in conformity with the following, which is the first verse of a well-known distich: Asserit a, negat e, sed universaliter ambae. Thus, the first mode of the first figure, which is a syllogism consisting of three universal affirmative propositions, is said to be a syllogism in Barbara, a word in which the alphas alone are significant, the repetition of that letter thrice denoting so many of the propositions to be affirmative and universal, conformably to the technical classification— Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio, dato primae. In the public assemblies or comitia of the Romans the letter A was used in giving votes or suffrages. When a new law was proposed, each voter received a couple of wooden tallies or ballots, one of them marked vzith a capital A, signifying Antiquo, q. d. antiquam volo ; and the other with U. R., the initials of Uti Pogas. Those who were against the proposed law, (or rogatio, as it was called) threw the former of these into the urn; meaning thereby I antiquate it, I prefer the ancient law, and desire no innovations; while such as were favourable to the bill, as we would call it, threw in the latter, signifying, Be it as you desire, or I vote for the measure you propose. A was also marked on tallies or tablets used in voting in criminal trials, and, standing for Absolvo, denoted acquittal; whence Cicero, in his speech for Milo, denominates it littera salutaris, or the letter of acquittal. We may add, in explanation, that, on criminal trials, three of these tallies or tablets were distributed to each of the judices, or persons constituting the assize, by whom the accused was to be tried; one of them marked with the letter A, absolvo, I acquit; another with the letter C, (littera tristis) condemno, I condemn; and a third with the letters N. L. non liquet, it is not clear. From the number of ballots cast into the urn, those marked with N. L. were deducted, and the praetor or magistratus pronounced sentence of acquittal or condemnation, according as the A’s or the C’s were the more numerous. In cases of equality the prisoner was absolved. In ancient inscriptions, whether on marble, brass, or stone, A stands for Augustus, Augustalis, ager, agit, aiunt, aliquando, antique, assolet, aut; A A for Augusti, Augusta, Aulus Agerius, aes alienum, ante audita, apud agrum, aurum argentum ; A A A for Augusti when they are three in number, and aurum, argentum, oes ; and sometimes its meaning can only be determined by the context of the inscription. Isidore adds, that when this letter occurs after the word miles, a soldier, it denotes him young (miles adolescens). On the reverse of ancient medals, it indicates the place where they were struck, as Argos or Athens; but on coins of a modern date, it is the mark of the city of Paris, probably taken anagramwise from the last letter of the word Lutetia. A, as an abbreviation, is likewise of frequent occurrence in the works of modern authors; as A. D. for anno Domini, A. Μ. for artium magister, anno mundi, &c. The letter α with a line above it thus, a, is used in medical prescriptions for ana, of each; and sometimes it is written thus, a a ; for example, nιel. sacchar, et mann, a vel āa ξj ; that is, take honey, sugar, and manna, of each one ounce. Put to bills of exchange, A is, in England, an abbreviation of accepted, and in France of accepte. It is likewise usual with merchants to mark their sets of books with the letters A, B, C, &c. instead of the ordinary numerals, 1, 2,3, &c. A A A is the chemical abbreviation for amalgama or amalgamation. (a.)	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 1 [7:2:1]
kp-eb0702-000201-9835	AA, a river of the province of Groningen, in the kingdom of the Netherlands, which runs into the Dollart. It is distinguished by the name of Westerwolder Aa. Aa, a river in the province of Overyssel. in the Netherlands, that runs into the Zuyder Sea. Aa, a river of the province of Antwerp, in the Netherlands, which discharges its water into the Neethe. Aa, a river of France, rising in the Pas de Calais; becomes navigable for barges at St Omer; and, after a course of about forty miles, enters the sea at Gravelines. Two canals are supplied from this river, that of Colme and of Bourbough. Three small streams in Switzerland bear the same name, one in Saxony, and one in Courland. Aa, a river in the Russian government of Courland, which rises in the eastern part of that province, and after receiving the waters of the Sussy, the Eckau, the Pluten, the Anz, and the Berse, enters the Dwina. Aa, a river in the Russian province of Livonia, which runs from east to south-west into the bay of Riga.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 2 [7:2:2]
kp-eb0702-000202-9835	AAHUS, a little town of Germany, in the circle of Westphalia and bishopric of Munster. It is the capital of Aahus, a small district; has a good castle; and lies northeast of Coesfeldt. Long. 7. 1. E. Lat. 52. 10. N.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 2 [7:2:2]	52 10' N 7 1' E
kp-eb0702-000203-9835	AALBORG, one of the four sees (stifts) into which the Danish kingdom, properly so called, to distinguish it from the two provinces of Holstein Sleswick and Lauen-burg, which are a part of Germany, is divided. The see of Aalborg is the northernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland, encompassed en the east, west, and north sides by the ocean, and on the south bounded by the provinces of Ribe, Aarhuus, and Wiborg. The extent is 2902 square miles, or 1,857,280 English acres. The surface is generally level, with on the northern part a succession of lakes, that nearly extend from one side of the province to the other. In the north-cast and east part are some hills, the highest of which attain the height of 1200 feet. The agriculture is in a neglected state, and the manufactures are in a still lower condition. The chief branch of industry is the fishing, especially for herrings, which, when cured, are exported in large quantities. The see is divided into three amts or bailiwicks, comprehending 10 cities, 3 market towns, and 114 parishes. The inhabitants amount to about 124,000: in the year 1814 the births were 2756, and the deaths 1997. The whole of the population are of the Lutheran profession, and speak the Danish language; but among the superior classes the German is generally understood. Aalborg, a city in Denmark, the capital of the see of the same name. It is situated on the Lumfiord, at the spot where the Oosterae joins it; is tolerably fortified; contains a cathedral and several other public buildings, with 830 houses, and 660Ô inhabitants. There are manufactories of sugar, soap, snuff, chocolate, and scythes, with several distilleries; but the woollen and hosiery trades which formerly existed are nearly extinct. The entrance to the harbour is such as to require vessels drawing more than 10 feet of water to lighten before they approach the city. The chief exports are herrings, corn, wool, hides, tar, tallow, and corn spirits. It is in Lat. 57. 2. 57. N∙, and Long. 9. 50. 36. E. The amt or bailiwick of Aalborg, which is the best part of the see, extends over 1088 square miles, of which three-fifths is ploughed land, and the rest either heaths or morasses, with some woods. It has 3 cities, 2 towns, 113 villages, and 64,600 inhabitants. [7:2:3]	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 2 [7:2:2]	57 2' 57" N 9 50' 36" E
kp-eb0702-000301-9848	AALEN, a bailiwick in the circle of Jaxt, in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. Its extent is 108 square miles, or 69,120 acres. It is watered by the river Kocher, has some lofty mountains in the southern part, and is most abundantly wooded. It produces but little corn, and neither fruit nor wine, but pastures a competent number of cattle. There are some iron mines worked. Many articles of wood-ware are produced, and some wool and cotton are spun. It contains one city, one market town, and 190 smaller towns and villages, with 17,899 inhabitants. Aalen, a city, the capital of the bailiwick of the same name. Its chief trade is in woollens and in breweries, and some cotton is spun. It contains 2370 inhabitants. It is in Lat. 48. 47. 20. N. Long. 10. 7. 27. E.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]	48 47' 20" N 10 7' 27" E
kp-eb0702-000302-9848	AALSMEER, a town in the arrondissement of Amsterdam, in the province of North Holland. It is near the lake of Haarlem; celebrated for its strawberries; contains 1811 inhabitants, employed in making cotton goods.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000303-9848	AALTEN, a town in the arrondissement of Zutphen, and province of Gelderland, in the Netherlands, containing 3524 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000304-9848	AAM, or Haam, a liquid measure in common use among the Dutch, containing 128 measures called mingles, each weighing nearly 36 ounces avoirdupois; whence the Aarn contains 288 English, and 148-2/3 pints Paris measure.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000305-9848	AAMADOT, a town of Norway, in the bailiwick of Hedemarken and see of Aggerhuus. It is situated on the river Glommen, has 2729 inhabitants, and some trade in making woollen and cotton caps.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000306-9848	AAR, the name of two rivers; one in Switzerland, the other in Westphalia, in Germany. It is also the name of a small island in the Baltic.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000307-9848	AARASSUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Pisidia, in the Hither Asia, thought to be the Anassus of Ptolemy.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000308-9848	AARAU, or Arau, a circle in the canton of Aargau, in Switzerland, containing the city from which its name is derived, and 12 other places, with 2260 houses and 11,820 inhabitants. Aarau, the chief city of the canton of the same name, on the banks of the river Aar, over which there is a covered bridge. It is well built, paved, and, at night, lighted. It has a handsome government house, a church, a hospital, 427 dwellings, and 3100 inhabitants, who are very industrious manufacturers. The chief pursuits are making silk ribbons, spinning and weaving cotton, some tanning and cutlery, bleaching, and casting cannon. It is in Lat. 47. 23. 31. N. Long. 8. 4. 32. E.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]	47 23' 31" N 8 4' 32" E
kp-eb0702-000309-9848	AARBURG, a city in Switzerland, in the circle of Zofin-gen, and canton of Aargau. It stands at the confluence of the rivers Aar and Bigger, has a strongly fortified castle, the only one in Switzerland, which is the depot for military stores. The city contains 154 houses, and 1000 inhabitants, who make cotton goods and hosiery.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000310-9848	AARDENBURG, a town in the arrondissement of Middleburg, in the province of Zealand, in the kingdom of the Netherlands, with 1376 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000311-9848	AARGAU, or Argovia, one of the cantons of Switzerland. It was originally a part of Berne, but by arrangements begun in 1798, and continued in 1803, it was erected into a separate and independent canton. It is bounded on the north by the river Rhine, which divides it from the duchy of Baden, on the east by Zurich, on the south-east by Zug, on the south by Lucerne, on the south-west by Berne, and on the west by Solothurn and Basle. Its extent is about 600 square miles, and its divisions are into eleven circles, which are again subdivided into forty-eight smaller ones. By the census taken in 1814, the number of inhabitants appeared to be 143,960, and they are supposed to have increased since that period. Then the reformed Protestants were 75,279, and the Catholics 67,000, besides which there were about 1800 Jews. The greater part of the canton is either level or undulating, but some of the mountains on the right bank of the Aar aτe of the height of 2700 feet. The chief river is the Rhine, which forms the boundary, and is navigable, though, on account of shoals and rocks, with difficulty. That river receives into it the water of the Aar, the Wig-ger, the Suren, the Reuss, and the Limmath, as well as that of many smaller brooks and rivulets. The climate is milder than in most parts of Switzerland. In the valley of the Aar figs and almonds ripen, and some wine is produced. The principal occupation is husbandry. The products are corn, wine, and some rape-oil, hemp, flax, potatoes, wood, and turf, and all the common kinds of cattle. Some iron is drawn from the mines by Tegerfel-den. The trade consists in the export of corn and wine, and of some cotton and half-cotton goods, silk ribbons, cutlery, leather, straw hats, and some smaller wares. The legislative power is in the greater council of 150, and the smaller, of 13 members, exercise the executive. These consist of half Catholics and half Protestants. In each circle is an amtman or bailiff, and in each subdivision a justice of the peace, from whom there is an appeal to a supreme court, composed equally of Protestants and Catholics. The contingent of men for the defence of the confederation is 2410, and of money 48,200 francs. The income of the canton is supposed to amount to 500,000 francs, arising from land, salt, and gun-powder monopoly, tolls, and postage. The expenditure is 10,000 francs less than the income.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000312-9848	AARHUUS, one of the sees (stifts) into which Denmark is divided. It is in the southernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland. The extent is 1810 square miles, or 1,158,400 acres. It is a level country, somewhat undulating, having on its coasts several indentions forming bays, and in the exterior having several lakes, rivers, low hills, and woods. The climate is considered to be the best in Jutland. The greater part of the inhabitants are engaged in cultivation, and produce more corn, potatoes, and flax, than their consumption requires, and thus leave a portion for exportation. The ecclesiastical bishopric of Aarhuus differs from the political see. The latter is divided into two jurisdictions or bailiwicks, and 22 baronies (herrerders) comprehending 7 cities, 253 parishes, and 69 noble domains and dwellings. The inhabitants amount to 88,000, many of whom are occupied in the fisheries, and the females in spinning. Aarhuus, one of the bailiwicks into which the see of the same name in Denmark is divided. Its extent is 864 square miles, or 558,400 acres, comprehending 2 cities and 134 parishes, divided into 12 baronies, and containing 42,100 inhabitants. Aarhuus, a city, the capital of the see and of the bailiwick of the same name. It is situated on the Cattcgat, in a low plain, where an inland lake empties itself into the sea. The cathedral is a Gothic building, and the largest church in Denmark. It contains 892 dwelling-houses, and about 6000 inhabitants. The harbour is small, but good and secure; and there are 46 vessels belonging to the city, chiefly in the coasting trade, but lately have gone on voyages to the West Indies. There are some sugar-houses, tanneries, and snuff-mills. The chief exports are corn, wool, and fish. It is in Lat. 56. 9. 35. N. Long. 10. 8. E.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]	56 9' 35" N 10 8' E
kp-eb0702-000313-9848	AARON, high-priest of the Jews, and brother to Moses, was by the father’s side great-grandson, and by the mother’s, grandson of Levi. By God’s command he [7:2:4]met Moses at the foot of Mount Horeb, and they went together into Egypt to deliver the children of Israel. He had a great share in all that Moses did for their deliverance. The Scriptures call him the prophet of Moses, and he acted in that capacity after the Israelites had passed over the Red Sea. He ascended Mount Sinai with two of his sons, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy elders of the people; but neither he nor they went higher than halfway, from whence they saw the glory of God; only Moses and Joshua went to the top, where they stayed forty days. During their absence, Aaron, overcome by the people’s eager entreaties, set up the golden calf, which the Israelites worshipped by his consent. This calf has given rise to various conjectures. Some Rabbis maintain that he did not make the golden calf, but only threw the gold into the fire, to get rid of the importunities of the people; and that certain magicians who mingled with the Israelites at their departure from Egypt, cast this gold into the figure of a calf. According to some authors, the fear of falling a sacrifice to the resentment of the people, by giving a refusal, made Aaron comply with their desire: and they allege also, that he hoped to elude their request, by demanding of the women to contribute their ear-rings; imagining they would rather choose to remain without a visible deity, than be deprived of their personal ornaments. This affair of the golden calf happened in the third month after the Israelites came out of Egypt. In the first month of the following year, Aaron was appointed by God high-priest; which office he executed during the time that the children of Israel continued in the wilderness. He died upon Mount Hor, in the fortieth year after the departure from Egypt, being then 123 years old; a. Μ. 2522, of the Julian period 3262, before the Christian era 1452. Aaron, the Caraite, a learned Jew who flourished about the year 1299. He left many works on the Old Testament, among which there is one entitled A Commentary on the Pentateuch, which has been much valued. It was written in Hebrew, and printed in folio with a Latin translation, at Jena, in 1710. Aaron, another Caraite Jew, who lived in the 15th century, wrote a concise Hebrew grammar, entitled The Perfection of Beauty , which was printed at Constantinople in 1581. Aaron and Julius, Saints, were brothers who suffered martyrdom together, during the persecution under the emperor Dioclesian, in the year 303, about the same time with St Alban the first martyr of Britain. We are not told what their British names were, it being usual with the Christian Britons, at the time of baptism, to take new names from the Greek, Latin, or Hebrew. Nor have we any certainty as to the particulars of their death; only that they suffered the most cruel torments. Two churches were dedicated to the brothers, in which their bodies were interred, at Caer-Leon, the ancient metropolis of Wales. Aaron, or Haroun, Al Raschid, a celebrated caliph, or Mahometan sovereign of the Saracen empire; whose history is given under the article Bagdad.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 3 [7:2:3]
kp-eb0702-000401-9861	AARSENS, Francis, Lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the greatest negotiators of the United Provinces. He was born at the Hague in 1572. His father, Cornelius Aarsens, was secretary to the States; and being acquainted with Mr Mornay du Plessis, at the court of William prince of Orange, he prevailed upon him to take his son under him, with whom he continued some years. John Olden Barneveldt, who presided over the affairs of Holland and all the United Provinces, sent him afterwards as resident into France, where he learned to negotiate under those profound politicians Henry IV., Villeroy, Jeanin, & c . Soon after, he was invested with the character of ambassador, and was the first who was recognised as such by the French court., He resided in France 15 years; during which time he received great marks of esteem from the king, who created him a knight and baron; and for this reason he was received among the nobles of the province of Holland. However, he became at length so odious to the French court, that they desired to have him recalled. He was afterwards deputed to Venice, and to several German and Italian princes, upon occasion of the troubles in Bohemia. He was the first of three extraordinary ambassadors sent to England in 1620, and the second in 1641; in which latter embassy he was accompanied by the lord of Brede-rode as first ambassador, and Heemsvliet as third, to negotiate the marriage of Prince William, son of the prince of Orange, with a daughter of Charles I. He was likewise ambassador extraordinary at the French court in 1624, at the beginning of Cardinal Richelieu’s administration, who had a high opinion of him. His unpublished memoirs of the negotiations in which he was engaged, show him to have been one of the ablest men of his time, and worthy of the confidence and trust reposed in him by his country. But his character is not altogether without stain. His enmity to the Remonstrants was bitter and unrelenting; and he is supposed to have greatly encouraged the violent measures pursued by Prince Maurice against the venerable Barneveldt, and to have been the principal adviser for assembling the persecuting synod of Dordrecht. He died at a very advanced age; and his son, who survived him, was reputed the wealthiest man in Holland.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000402-9861	AARWANGEN, a market town and chief place of a small bailiwick (Amtsvoigter) in the canton of Berne, in Switzerland.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000403-9861	AASAR, in Ancient Geography, a town of Palestine, in the tribe of Judah, situated between Azotus and Ascalon. In Jerome’s time it was a hamlet.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000404-9861	AASERALD, a town of 1016 inhabitants, in thebailiwick of Raabygdelauget, and see of Christiansand, in Norway.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000405-9861	AASI, a river called by the ancients sometimes the Orontes, at others the Axius. It issues an insignificant stream from Schebel at Schalk, and vastly increases its water by the Jermut, the Keber, the Esurd, and other rivers that rise on the eastern side of Mount Lebanon. It then passes through the lakes Kades and Epamea, thence takes a south-west course, and, augmented by the water of the lake Antakia, enters the Mediterranean Sea to the southward of Scanderoon.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000406-9861	AASTRUP, a town in the barony of Sonder and bishopric of Laalan, in the island Falster, belonging to Denmark, containing 1033 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000407-9861	AB, the eleventh month of the civil year of the Hebrews, and the fifth of their ecclesiastical year, which begins with the month Nisan. It answers to the moon of July; that is, to part of our month of the same name, and to the beginning of August: it consists of thirty days. The Jews fast on the first of this month, in memory of Aaron’s death; and on the ninth, because on that day both the temple of Solomon, and that erected after the captivity, were burnt; the former by the Chaldeans, and the latter by the Romans. The same day is also remarkable among that people for the publication of Adrian’s edict, wherein they were forbidden to continue in Judea, or even to look back when at a distance from Jerusalem, in order to lament the desolation of that city. The 18th of the same month is also a fast among the Jews; because the lamp in the sanctuary was that night extinguished, in the time of Ahaz. Ab, in the Syriac calendar, is the name of the last summer[7:2:5] month. The first day of this month they called Suum-Miriam, the fast of the virgin, becausé the eastern , Christians fasted from that day to the fifteenth, which was therefore called Fathr-Miriam, the cessation of the fast of the virgin.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 4 [7:2:4]
kp-eb0702-000501-9874	ABA (or rather Abau) *Hanifah or Hanf a, surnamed Al-Nooma, was the son of Thabet, and born at Coufah, in the 80th year of the Hegira. He is the most celebrated doctor of the orthodox Mussulmans, and his sect is the most esteemed of the four which they indifferently follow. Almansor caused him to be imprisoned at Bagdad, for having refused to subscribe to the opinion of absolute predestination, which the Mussulmans call Cadha; but afterwards Abou Joseph, who was the sovereign judge or chancellor of the empire under the caliph Hadi, brought his doctrine into such credit, that it became a prevailing opinion, That to be a good Mussulman was to be a Hanifite. He died in the 150th year of the Hegira, in the prison of Bagdad: and it was not till 335 years after his death, that Melick Schah, a sultan of the Selgiucidan race, erected to his memory a magnificent monument in the same city, and a college for his followers, in the 485th year of the Hegira, and anno Christi 1092. Aba, Abas, Abos, or Abus, in Ancient Geography, the name of a mountain in Greater Armenia, situated between the mountains Niphatos and Nibonis. According to Strabo, the Euphrates and Araxes rose from this mountain; the former running eastward, and the latter westward. It is in N. lat. 39½. and connects at its eastern extremity with Mount Ararat Aba. See Abae. Aba, Albon, or Ovon, a king of Hungary. He married the sister of Stephen I. and was elected king on the deposition of Peter in 1041. The emperor Henry III. preparing to reinstate Peter on the throne, Aba made an incursion into his dominions, and returned loaded with booty; but was next year obliged to make restitution, by paying a large sum, in order to prevent a threatened invasion from the emperor. He indulged in great familiarity with the lower class of the people; on account of which, and his severity to their order, he became universally odious to the nobility. The fugitive nobles, aided by the emperor, excited a revolt against him. After a bloody battle, Aba was put to flight; and was murdered by his own soldiers in 1044, having reigned three years.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000502-9874	ABACAENUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Sicily, whose ruins are supposed to be those lying near Trippi, a citadel on a high and steep mountain not far from Messina. The inhabitants were called Abacaenim.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000503-9874	ABACINARE, or Abbacinare, in writers of the middle age, a cruel species of punishment, consisting in the blinding of the criminal, by holding a red-hot basin or bowl of metal before his eyes.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000504-9874	ABACK (a sea term), the situation of the sails when the surfaces are flatted against the masts by the force of the wind. The sails are said to be taken aback when they arc brought into this situation, either by a sudden change of the wind, or by an alteration in the ship’s course. They are laid aback, to effect an immediate retreat, without turning to the right or left; or, in the sea phrase, to give the ship stern-way, in order to avoid some danger discovered before her in a narrow channel, or when she has advanced beyond her station in the line of battle, or otherwise. The sails are placed in this position by slackening their lec braces, and hauling in the weather ones; so that the whole effort of the wind is exerted on the fore part of their surface, which readily pushes the ship astern, unless she is restrained by some counteracting force.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000505-9874	ABACOT, the name of an ancient cap of state worn by the kings of England, the upper part whereof was in the form of a double crown.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000506-9874	ABACTORS, or Abactores, a name given to those who drive away, or rather steal, cattle by herds, or great numbers at once; and are therefore very properly distinguished from fures or thieves.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000507-9874	ABACUS, among the ancients, was a kind of cupboard or buffet. Livy, describing the luxury into which the Romans degenerated after the conquest of Asia, says they had their abaci, beds, &c. plated over with gold. Abacus, or Abaciscus, in Architecture, signifies the superior part or member of the capital of a column, and serves as a kind of crowning to both. Vitruvius tells us the abacus was originally intended to represent a square tile laid over an urn, or rather over a basket. The form of the abacus is not the same in all orders: in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic, it is generally square; but in the Corinthian and Composite, its four sides are arched inwards, and embellished in the middle with some ornament, as a rose or other flower. Scammozzi uses abacus for a concave moulding on the capital of the Tuscan pedestal; and Palladio calls the plinth above the echinus, or boultin, in the Tuscan and Doric orders, by the same name. Abacus is also the name of an ancient instrument for facilitating operations in arithmetic. The exhibition of numbers by counters appears happily fitted for unfolding the principles of calculation. In the schools of ancient Greece, the boys acquired the elements of knowledge by working on a smooth board with a narrow rim,—the Abax ; so named, evidently, from the combination of A, B, Γ, the first letters of their alphabet, resembling, except perhaps in size, the tablet likewise called A, B, C, on which the children with us used to begin to learn the art of reading. The pupils, in those distant ages, were instructed to compute, by forming progressive rows of counters, which, according to the wealth or fancy of the individual, consisted of small pebbles, of round bits of bone or ivory, or even of silver coins. From fynφος, the Greek word for a pebble, comes the verb ψη<ριζειν, to compute. But the same board served also for teaching the rudiments of writing and the principles of Geometry. The Abax being strewed with green sand, the pulvis eruditus of classic authors, it was easy, with a radius or small rod, to trace letters, draw lines, construct triangles, or describe circles.—Besides the original word A, Sαξ, the Greeks had the diminutive Αβαχιον∙, and it seems very probable, that this smaller board was commonly used for calculations, while the larger one was reserved among them for the purpose of tracing geometrical diagrams. To their calculating board the ancients make frequent allusions. It appears, from the relation of Diogenes Laertius, that the practice of bestowing on pebbles an artificial value, according to the rank or place which they occupied, remounts higher than the age of Solon, the great reformer and legislator of the Athenian commonwealth. This sagacious observer and disinterested statesman, who was, however, no admirer of regal government, used to "compare the passive ministers of kings or tyrants to the counters or pebbles of arithmeticians, which are sometimes most important, and at other times quite insignificant.^[1. Ελεγε δε τους naga τοις τυgaννοις δυνaμενους naganλησιους εινaι raις Υτ φοις TAIΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΩΝ AΟΓΙΣΜΩΝ, χαι γαο εκείνων εχαστνιν τrοτε μεν ΠΛΕΙΩ σημαινειν, τrοτε δε 'HTTΩ. (DiOG. Laert. in Vita Solonis.) ] Aeschines, in his oration for the Crown, speaking[7:2:6] of balanced accounts, says, that the pebbles were cleared away, and none left. ^[2. Kqv χaθaξaι ωσw aι Aηφοι, χaι μηδιv t rεξ r . (Demosthenes pro Corona.) ] His rival, Demosthenes, repeating his expression, employs further the verb οοντανελειν, which means to take up as many counters as were laid down. It is evident, therefore, that the ancients, in keeping their accounts, did not separately draw together the credits and the debts, but set down pebbles for the former, and took up pebbles for the latter. As soon as the board became cleared, the opposite claims were exactly balanced. We may observe, that the phrase to clear ones scores or accounts, meaning to settle or adjust them, is still preserved in the popular language of Europe, being suggested by the same practice of reckoning with counters, which prevailed indeed until a comparatively late period. The Romans borrowed their Abacus from the Greeks, and never aspired higher in the pursuit of science. To each pebble or counter required for that board they gave the name of calculus, a diminutive formed from calx, a stone ; and applied the verb calculare, to signify the operation of combining or separating such pebbles or counters. Hence innumerable allusions by the Latin authors. Ponere calculum — subducere calculum, to put down a counter, or to take it up ; that is, to add or subtract; vocare aliquid ad calculum, ut par sit ratio acceptarum et datorum — to submit any thing to calculation, so that the balance of debtor and creditor may be struck. The emperor Helvius Pertinax, who had been taught, while a boy, the arts of writing and casting accounts, is said, by Julius Capitolinus, to be litteris elementariis et calculo imbutus. St Augustine, whose juvenile years were devoted to pleasure and dissipation, acquaints us, in his extraordinary Confessions, that to him no song ever sounded more odious than the repetition or cantio, that one and one make two, and two and two make four. The use of the Abacus, called sometimes likewise the Mensa Pythagorica, formed an essential part of the education of every noble Roman youth: Nec qui αbαcο numeros, et secto in pulvere metas Scit risisse vafer. Pers. Sat. i. 131. From Martianus Capella we learn that, as refinement advanced, a coloured sand, generally of a greenish hue, was employed to strew the surface of the abacus. Sic abacum perstare jubet, sic tegmine glauco Pandere pulvereum formarum ductibus sequor. Lib. vii. De Arithmetica. A small box or coffer, called a Loculus, having compartments for holding the calculi or counters, was a necessary appendage of the abacus. . Instead of carrying a slate and satchel, as in modern times, the Roman boy was accustomed to trudge to school, loaded with his arithmetical board, and his box of counters: Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti, Laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto. Horat. Sat. i. 6. In the progress of luxury, tali, or dies made of ivory, were used instead of pebbles, and small silver coins came to supply the place of counters. Under the emperors, every patrician living in a spacious mansion, and indulging in all the pomp and splendour of eastern princes, generally entertained, for various functions, a nu- ' merous train of foreign slaves or freedmen in his palace. Of these, the librarius or miniculator, was employed in teaching the children their letters; but the notarius registered expenses, the rationarius adjusted and settled accounts, and the tabularius or calculator, working with his counters and board, performed what computations might be required. Sometimes these laborious combiners of numbers were termed reproachfully canculones or calculones. In the fervour of operation, their gestures must often have appeared constrained and risible. Computat, ac cevet. Ponatur calculus, adsint Cum tabula pueri. Juv. Sat. ix. 40. The nicety acquired in calculation by the Roman youth, was not quite agreeable to the careless and easy temper of Horace. Romani puen longis rationibus assem Discunt in parteis centum diducere. Dicat Filius Albini, Si de quincunce remota est Uncia, quid superet? Poteras dixisse, Triens. Eu! Rem poteris servare tuam. Redit uncia; quid fit? Semis. Epist. ad Pisones. It was a practice among the ancients to keep a diary, by marking their fortunate days by a lapillus, or small white pebble, and their days of misfortune by a black one. Hence the frequent allusions which occur in the Classics: Plin. Epist. vi. 11. … diesque nobis Signandi melioribus lapillis ! Mart. ix. 53. Hunc, Macrine, diem numera meliore lapillo, Qui tibi labentes apponit candidus annos. Pers. Sat. ii. 1, 2. To facilitate the working by counters, the construction of the abacus was afterwards improved. Instead of the perpendicular lines or bars, the board had its surface divided by sets of parallel grooves, by stretched wires, or even by successive rows of holes. It was easy to move small counters in the grooves, to slide perforated beads along the wires, or to stick large nobs or round-headed nails in the different holes. To diminish the number of marks required, every column was surmounted by a shorter one, wherein each counter had the same value as five of the ordinary kind, being half the index of the Denary Seale. The abacus, instead of wood, was often, for the sake of convenience and durability, made of metal, frequently brass, and sometimes silver. In the Plate entitled Arithmetic, we have copied, from the third volume of the Supplement added by Polenus to the immense Thesaurus of Graevius, two varieties of this instrument, as used by the Romans. They both rest on good authorities, having been delineated from antique monuments,—the first kind by Ursinus, and the second by Marcus Velserus. In the one, the numbers are represented by flattish perforated beads, ranged on parallel wires; and, in the other, they are signified by small round counters moving in parallel grooves. These instruments contain each seven capital bars, expressing in order units, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten thousands, hundred thousands, and millions ; and above them are shorter bars following the same progression, but having five times the relative value. With four beads on each of the long wires, and [7:2:7]one bead on every corresponding short wire, it is evident d that any number could be expressed, as far as ten millions. In all these, the Denary Scale is followed uniformly; but there is, besides, a small appendage to the arrangement founded on the Duodenary System. Immediately below the place of units is added a bar, with its corresponding branch, both marked Θ, being designed to signify ounces, or the twelfth parts of a pound. Five beads on the long wire, and one bead on the short wire, equivalent now to six, would therefore denote eleven ounces. To express the simpler fractions of an ounce, three very short bars are annexed behind the rest; a bead on the one marked S or 5, the contraction for Semissis, denoting half an ounce ; a bead on the other, which is marked by the inverted Q, the contraction for Sicilicum, signifying the quarter of an ounce ; and a bead on the last very short bar, marked 2, a contraction for the symbol + or Dinae Sextulae, intimating a duella or two-sixths, that is, the third part of an ounce. The second form of the abacus differs in no essential respect from the first, the grooves only supplying the place of parallel wires. We should observe that the Romans applied the same word abacus, to signify an article of luxurious furniture, resembling in shape the arithmetical board, but often highly ornamental, and destined for a very different purpose,—the relaxation and the amusement of the opulent. It was used in a game apparently similar to that of chess, which displayed a lively image of the struggles and vicissitudes of war. The infamous and abandoned Nero took particular delight in this sort of play, and drove along the surface of the abacus with a beautiful quadriga, or chariot of ivory. The civil arts of Rome were communicated to other nations by the tide of victory, and maintained through the vigour and firmness of her imperial sway. But the simpler and more useful improvements survived the wreck of empire, among the various people again restored by fortune to their barbarous independence. In all transactions wherein money was concerned, it was found convenient to follow the procedure of the Abacus, in representing numbers by counters placed in parallel rows. During the middle ages, it became the usual practice over Europe for merchants, auditors of accounts, or judges appointed to decide in matters of revenue, to appear on a covered bank or bench, so called, from an old Saxon or Franconian word, signifying a seat. Hence those terms were afterwards appropriated to offices for receiving pledges, chambers for the accommodation of money-dealers, or courts for. the trying of questions respecting property or the claims of the Crown. Hence also the word bankrupt, which occurs in all the dialects of Europe. The term scaccarium, from which was derived the French, and thence the English name for the Exchequer, anciently signified merely a chess-board, being formed from scaccum, denoting one of the movable pieces in that intricate game. The. reason of this application of the term is sufficiently obvious. The table for accounts was, to facilitate the calculations, always covered with a cloth, resembling the surface of the scaccariwm or abacus, and distinguished by perpendicular and chequered lines. The learned Skene was therefore mistaken in supposing that the Exchequer derived its name from the play of chess, because its suitors appear to fight a keen and dubious battle.^[3. “Because mony persons conveenis in the Checker to playe their causes, contrare uthers, as gif they were fechtand in an arrayed battell, quilk is the forme and ordour of the said playe.” (Skene, ad voc. Scaccarium.') ] The Court of Exchequer, which takes cognizance of all questions of revenue, was introduced into England by the Norman conquest. Richard Fitznigel, in a treatise or dialogue on the subject, written about the middle of the twelfth century, says that the scaccarium was a quadrangular table about ten feet long and five feet broad, with a ledge or border about four inches high, to prevent any thing from rolling over, and was surrounded on all sides by seats for the judges, the tellers, and other officers. It was covered every year, after the term of Easter, with fresh black cloth, divided by perpendicular white lines, or distinctures, at intervals of about a foot or a palm, and again parted by similar transverse lines. In reckoning, they proceeded, he says, according to the rules of arithmetic,^[4. He calls it Arisrnciica: In the Myrrour of the Worlde, printed by Caxton, in 1481, it is strangely named Ars Metrike ι a proof of the total ignorance of Greek at that period in England. ] using small coins for counters. The lowest bar exhibited pence, the one above it shillings, the next pounds ; and the higher bars denoted successively tens, twenties, hundreds, thousands, and ten thousands of pounds; though, in those early times of penury and severe economy, it very seldom happened that so large a sum as the last ever came to be reckoned. The first bar, therefore, advanced by dozens, the second and third by scores, and the rest of the stock of bars by the multiples of ten. The teller sat about the middle of the table; on his right hand eleven pennies were heaped on the first bar, and a pile of nineteen shillings on the second; while a quantity of pounds was collected opposite to him, on the third bar. For the sake of expedition, he might employ a different mark to represent half the value of any bar, a silver penny for ten shillings, and a gold penny for ten pounds. In early times, a chequered board, the emblem of calculation, was hung out, to indicate an office for changing money. It was afterwards adopted as the sign of an inn or hostelry, where victuals were sold, or strangers lodged and entertained. We may perceive traces of that ancient practice existing even at present. It is customary in London, and in some provincial towns, to have a chequer, diced with red and white, painted against the sides of the door of a chop-house. The use of the smaller abacus in assisting numerical computation was not unknown during the middle ages. In England, however, it appears to have scarcely entered into actual practice, being mostly confined to those “slender clerks” who, in such a benighted period, passed for men of science and learning. The calculator was styled, in correct Latinity, abacista ; but, in the Italian dialect, abbachista, or abbachiere. A different name came afterwards to be imposed. The Arabians, who, under the appellation of Saracens or Moors, conquered Spain, and enriched that insulated country by commendable industry and skill, had likewise introduced their mathematical science. Having adopted a most refined species of numeration, to which they gave the barbarous name of algaris-mus, algorismus, or algorithmus, from the definite article al, and the Greek word αζι6μος, or number, this compound term was adopted by the Christians of the West, in their admiration of superior skill, to signify calculation in general, long before the peculiar mode had become known and practised among them. The term algarism was corrupted in English into augrim or awgrym, as printed by Wynkyn [7:2:8]de Worde, at the end of the fifteenth century; and applied even to the pebbles or counters used in ordinary calculation. In confirmation of this remark, we shall not scruple to quote a passage from our ancient poet Chaucer, who flourished about a century before, and whose verses, however rude, are sometimes highly graphic. This clerk was cleped hendy Nicholas; Of derne love he coude and of solas; And therto he was slie and fui prive, And like a maiden meke for to se. A chambre had he in that hostelrie Alone, withouten any compagnie, Ful fetisly ydight with herbes sote, And he himself was swete as is the rote Of licoris, or any setewale. His almageste, and bokes gret and smale, His astrelabre, longing for his art, His augrim stones, lay en faire apart On shelves couched at his beddes hed, His presse ycovered with a falding red. And all above ther lay a gay sautrie, On which he made on nightes melodie, So swetely, that all the chambre rong: And Angelus ad virginem he song. And after that he song the kinge’s note; Ful often blessed was his mery throte. The Milleres Tale, v. 13-32. The abacus, with its store of counters, wanted the valuable property of being portable, and was at all times evidently a clumsy and most incommodious implement of calculation. In many cases, it became quite indispensable to adopt some sure and ready method of expressing at least the lower numbers. The ancients employed the variously combined inflections of the fingers on both hands to signify the numerical series, and on this narrow basis they framed a system of considerable extent. In allusion to the very ancient practice of numbering by the arbitrary play of the fingers, Orontes, the son-in-law of Artaxerxes, having incurred the weighty displeasure of that monarch, is reported by Plutarch to have exclaimed in terms exactly of the same import as those before ascribed to Solon, that “the favourites of kings resemble the fingers of the arithmetician, being sometimes at the top and sometimes at the bottom of the scale, and are equivalent at one time to ten thousand, and at another to mere units.”^[5. Kad m ; o∕ των αξι∂μητικων ΔAKTTΛOI νυν μεν MTPIAΔAΣ, νυν ðí ΜΟΝΑΔΑ τι∂εναι όυνανται. το αυτο και των βασιλεών φιλους, νυν μεν το παν δυνασάαι, νυν δε τουλάχιστον. (Plut. Apophthegms ] Among the Romans likewise, the, allusions to the mode of expressing numbers by the varied inflection of the fingers, are very frequent. Hence the classical expressions, computare digitis, and numerare per digitos ; and hence the line of Ausonius, In this play of the fingers great dexterity was acquired; and hence the phrase which so frequently occurs in the Classics— micare digitis. It was customary to begin with the left hand, and thence proceed to the right hand, on which the different combined inflections indicated exactly one hundred times more. Hence the peculiar force of this passage from Juvenal: Rex Pylius, magno si quicquam credis Homero, Exemplum vitae fuit a cornice secundae; Felix nimirum, qui tot per saecula mortem Distulit, atque sups jam dextra computat annos. Sat. X. 246-249. Many such allusions to the mode of indicating numbers by the varied position of the fingers or the hands, occur in the writings of Cicero and Quintilian. The ancients, indeed, for want of better instruments, were tempted to push that curious art to a very great extent. By a single inflection of the fingers of the left hand, they proceeded as far as ten; and by combining another inflection with it, they could advance to an hundred. The same signs on the right hand, being augmented, as we have seen, an hundredfold, carried them as far as ten thousand; and by a further combination, those signs, being referred successively to different parts of the body, were again multiplied an hundred times, and therefore extended to a million. This kind of pantomime outlived the subversion of the Roman empire, and was particularly fitted for the slothful religious orders who fattened on its ruins, and, relinquishing every manly pursuit, recommended silence as a virtue, or enjoined it as an obligation. Our venerable Bede has explained the practice of manual numeration at some length; and we have given (see Plate Arithmetic) a small specimen of such inflections and digital signs. These signs were merely fugitive, and it became necessary to adopt other marks, of a permanent nature, for the purpose of recording numbers. But of all the contrivances adopted with this view, the rudest undoubtedly is the method of registering by tallies, introduced into England along with the Court of Exchequer, as another badge of the Norman conquest. These consist of straight well-seasoned sticks, of hazel or willow, so called from the French verb tailler, to cut, because they are squared at each end. The sum of money was marked on the side with notches, by the cutter of tallies, and likewise inscribed on both sides in Roman characters, by the writer of the tallies. The smallest notch signified a penny, a larger one a shilling, and one still larger a pound; but other notches, increasing successively in breadth, were made to denote ten, a hundred, and a thousand. The stick was then cleft through the middle by the deputy-chamberlains, with a knife and a mallet; the one portion being called the tally, or sometimes the scachia, stipes, or kancia ; and the other portion named the countertally, or folium. After the union with Scotland had been concluded in 1707, a store of hazel rods for tallies was sent down to Edinburgh, being intended, no doubt, as a mighty refinement on the Scottish mode of keeping accounts. Their advantages, however, were not perceived or acknowledged, and they have since been suffered, we believe, to lie as so much useless lumber. But the case is very different in England, where a blind am⅛slavish attachment to ancient forms, however ridiculous they may through time have become, is almost constantly opposed to the general progress of society. Were a sensible traveller from India or China to visit our metropolis, and report, on his return home, that a nation highly polished, enlightened, and opulent, yet keep their accounts of the public revenue, surpassing annually many millions of pounds, by means of notches cut on willow rods,—he would certainly not be credited, but supposed to use the licence of substituting a description of the practice of the most savage tribes of the American Continent. The Chinese have, from the remotest ages, used in all their calculations, an instrument called the Swan-Pan, or Computing Table, similar in its shape and construction to the abacus of the Romans, but more complete and uniform. It consists of a small oblong board surrounded by a high ledge, and parted lengthwise near the top by another ledge. It is then divided vertically by ten smooth and slender rods of bamboo, on which are strung two [7:2:9]small balls of ivory or bone in the upper compartment, and five such balls in the lower and larger compartment; each of the latter on the several bars denoting unit, and each of the former, for the sake of abbreviation, expressing five. See Plate (Arithmetic), where the balls are actually set to signify the numbers annexed. The system of measures, weights, and coins, which prevails throughout the Chinese empire, being entirely founded on the decimal subdivision, the swan-pan was admirably suited for representing it. The calculator could begin at any particular bar, and reckon with the same facility either upwards or downwards. This advantage of treating fractions exactly like integers was, in practice, of the utmost consequence. Accordingly, those arithmetical machines, but of very different sizes, are constantly used in all the shops and booths of Canton and other cities, and are said to be handled by the native traders with such rapidity and address as quite astonish the European factors. But the Chinese have also contrived a very neat and simple kind of digital signs for denoting numbers, greatly superior, both in precision and extent, to the method practised by the Romans. Since every finger has three joints, let the thumb-nail of the other hand touch those joints in succession, passing up the one side of the finger, down the middle, and again up the other side, and it will give nine different marks, applicable to the Denary Scale of arrangement. On the little finger those marks signify units, on the next finger tens, on the mid-finger hundreds, on the index thousands, and on the thumb hundred thousands. With the combined positions of the joints of the one hand, therefore, it was easy to advance by signs as far as a million. To illustrate more fully this ingenious practice, we have, immediately below the koua of the Emperor Fou-hi, copied (See Plate), from a Chinese elementary treatise of education, the figure of a hand, noted at the several joints of each finger, by characters along the inside, corresponding to one, two, and three, down the middle by those answering to four, five, and six, and again up the outside by characters expressing seven, eight, and nine. It is said that the merchants in China are accustomed to conclude bargains with each other by help of those signs; and that often, from selfish or fraudulent views, they conceal the pantomime from the knowledge of by-standers, by only seeming to seize the hand with a hearty grasp. „ (b.) Abacus Pythagoricus, the common multiplication table, so called from its being invented by Pythagoras. Abacus Logisticus is a rectangled triangle, whose sides, forming the right angle, contain the numbers from 1 to 60; and its area, the facta of each two of the numbers perpendicularly opposite. This is also called a canon of sexagesimals. Abacus et Palmulae, in the Ancient Music, denote the machinery whereby the strings of polyplectra, or instruments of many strings, were struck with plectra made of quills. Abacus Harmonicus is used by Kircher for the structure and disposition of the keys of a musical instrument, whether to be touched with the hands or the feet. ABACUS Major, in metallurgic operations, the name of a trough used in the mines, wherein the ore is washed.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 5 [7:2:5]
kp-eb0702-000901-9926	ABADDON, is the name which St John in the Revelation gives to the king of the locusts, the angel of the bottomless pit. The inspired writer says this word is Hebrew, and in Greek signifies a destroyer. That angel-king is by some thought to be Satan or the devil; but Mr le Clerc thinks with Dr Hammond, that by the locusts which came out of the abyss, may be understood the zealots and robbers, who miserably afflicted the land of Judea, and laid it in a manner waste, before Jerusalem was taken by the Romans; and that Abaddon, the king of the locusts, may be John of Gischala, who having treacherously left that town a little before it was surrendered to Titus, came to Jerusalem, where he soon headed part of the zealots, who acknowledged him as their king, whilst the rest would not submit to him. This subdivision of the zealot party brought a thousand calamities on the Jews.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000902-9926	ABADIR, a title which the Carthaginians gave to gods of the first order. In the Roman mythology, it is the name of a stone which Saturn swallowed, by the contrivance of his wife Ops, believing it to be his new-born son Jupiter: hence it became the object of religious worship.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000903-9926	ABAE, or Aba, in Ancient Geography, a town of Phocis in Greece, near Helicon; famous for an oracle of Apollo older than that at Delphi, and for a rich temple which was plundered and burnt by the Persians.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000904-9926	ABAFT, a sea term, signifying the hinder part of a ship, or all those parts both within and without which lie towards the stern, in opposition to afore. Abaft is also used as a preposition, and signifies farther aft, or nearer the stern : as, the barricade stands abaft the main-mast, i. e. behind it, or nearer the stern.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000905-9926	ABAGAITOUYES, a village or settlement of Asiatic Russia, in the circle of Nertschinsk and government of Ir-kuzk. Lat. 49. 34. 19. N. Long. 118. 10. 30. E.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]	49 34' 19" N 118 10' 30" E
kp-eb0702-000906-9926	ABAISSED, abaisse, in Heraldry, an epithet applied to the wings of eagles, &c. when the tip looks downwards to the point of the shield, or when the wings are shut; the natural way of bearing them being extended. ΑΒΑΚΑ, khan, the eighth emperor of the Moguls, a wise and good prince, ascended the throne in 1264. He reigned 17 years, and is by some authors said to have been a Christian. It may be admitted, indeed, that he joined with the Christians in keeping the feast of Easter, in the city Hamadan, a short time before his death. But this is no proof of his Christianity; it being common, in times of brotherly love, for Christians and Mahometans to join in keeping the same feasts, when each would compliment the other with doing honour to his solemnity.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000907-9926	ABAKANSK, a range of mountains in the government of Tomsk, in Siberia, extending from the river Tom to the Jenisei, parallel to the Altai mountains. Abakansk, a fortified town of Asiatic Russia, in Siberia, comprehended within the government of Tomsk. It was built in 1707, and has since been fixed on as the seat of the courts of justice. Its population is about 1200 souls. Lat. 54. N. Long. 91. 14. E.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]	54 N 91 14' E
kp-eb0702-000908-9926	ABALIENATION, in Law, the act of transferring one man’s property to another.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000909-9926	ABALLABA, the ancient name of Appleby, a town in Westmoreland, remarkable only for its having been a Roman station.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000910-9926	ABALUS, in Ancient Geography, is described by the ancients as an island in the German Ocean, where amber was found in great abundance. It was also called Raunonia, and is supposed by Mannert, a learned German writer, to be the narrow peninsula on the Prussian coast which lies betwixt the Baltic and the lakes called the Frisch and Curisch Haffs. ΑΒΑΝΑ, or Amana, in Ancient Geography, a river of Phoenicia, which, rising from Mount Hermon, passed on the south side of Damascus, and fell into the lake now called Bahr el Margi.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000911-9926	ABANGA. See Ady.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-000912-9926	ABANILLA, a town in the province and department of Murcia, in Spain. [7:2:10]	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 9 [7:2:9]
kp-eb0702-001001-9939	ABANO, a town in the Austrian division of Italy, situated under the Euganian hills. It is celebrated for its warm baths, of which there are five, viz. Fonte d’Abano, Mont-Ortone, St Pietro, Monte Gratto, and St Barteolo-mo, and a mud bath, Bagno di Fango. It contains 2570 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001002-9939	ABANTES, a people who came originally from Thrace, and settled in Phoces, a country of Greece, where they built a town which they called Aba, after the name of Abas their leader; and if we may credit some ancient authors, the Abantes went afterwards into the island Euboea, now called Negropont : others say the Abantes of Euboea came from Athens. The Abantes were a very warlike people, closing with their enemies, and fighting hand to hand.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001003-9939	ABANTIAS, or Abantis, in Ancient Geography, a name of the island Euboea in the Egean Sea, extending about 100 miles along the coast of Greece, and separated from Boeotiaby a narrow strait called Ewripus. From its length the island was formerly called Macris ; afterwards Abantias or Abantis, from the Abantes, a people originally of Thrace, called by Homer οπισ∂εν K0μ0ωντες, from wearing their hair long behind, having in a battle experienced the inconvenience of wearing long hair before. ' From cutting their hair before, they were called Curetes.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001004-9939	ABANY, a market town in the Austrian kingdom of Hungary, in the palatinate of Pest, and in the circle of Recskemet, with one Catholic and one Reformed church.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001005-9939	ABAPTISTON, in Surgery, the perforating part of the instrument called a trepan. This instrument, which is mentioned by Galen, Fabricius ab Aquapendente, and others, was a conical saw with a circular edge. Modern practitioners, however, prefer the cylindrical form; and various contrivances have been recommended to obviate the danger that may arise from want of dexterity, or from rashness, in performing the operation of trepanning. A new instrument has been lately invented for this purpose. This instrument is so contrived, that it can be fitted to cut any thickness of bone without danger of injuring the brain; and as no pivot or centre pin is necessary, the dreadful accidents which have sometimes happened by not removing it, when the instrument in common use is employed, are completely avoided. (See Philosoph. Μαg. April 1802.)	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001006-9939	ABARAN, a small town in the department of Ziezar, and province of Murcia, in Spain.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001007-9939	ABARCA, an ancient kind of shoe used in Spain for passing the mountains with. It was made of raw hides, and bound with cords, which secured the feet of travellers against the snow.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001008-9939	ÀBARIM, high mountains of steep ascent separating the country of the Ammonites and Moabites from the land of Canaan, where Moses died. According to Josephus, they stood opposite to the territory of Jericho, and were the last station but one of the Israelites coming from Egypt. Nebo and Pisgah were parts of these mountains.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001009-9939	ABARIS, the Hyperborean, a celebrated sage of antiquity, whose history and travels have been the subject of much learned discussion. Such a number of fabulous stories^[1. Jamblichi Vita Ρythag. ] were told of him, that Herodotus himself seems to scruple to relate them. He tells us only,^[2. Lib. iv. cap. 36. ] that this barbarian was said to have travelled with an arrow, and to have taken no sustenance; but this does not acquaint us with the marvellous properties which were attributed to that arrow; nor that it had been given him by the Hyperborean Apollo. With regard to the occasion of his leaving his native country, Harpocration^[3. Under the word Afafi. ] tells us, that the whole earth being infested with a deadly plague, Apollo, upon being consulted, gave no other answer than that the Athenians should offer up prayers in behalf of all other nations; upon which, several countries deputed ambassadors to Athens, among whom was Abaris the Hyperborean. In this journey, he renewed the alliance between his countrymen and the inhabitants of the island of Delos. It appears that he also went to Lacedaemon; since according to some writers,^[4. Pausanias lib. iii. p. 94. ] he there built a temple consecrated to Proserpine the Salutary. It is asserted, that he was capable of foretelling earthquakes, driving away plagues, laying storms,^[5. Porphyry in Vita Pythagor. ] &c. He wrote several books, as Suidas^[6. Under the word Aet»í/ŗ. ] informs us, viz. Apollo’s arrival in the country of the Hyperboreans; the nuptials of the river Hebrus; Θseyowa, or the Generation of the Gods; a collection of oracles, &c. If the Hebrides, or Western islands of Scotland, (says Mr Toland^[7. Account of the Druids, in his Posthumous Works, vol. i. p. 161. ]) were the Hyperboreans of Diodorus,^[8. Diod.Sic. lib. ii. iii. ] then the celebrated Abaris was of that country; and likewise a Druid, having been the priest of Apollo. Suidas, who knew not the distinction of the insular Hyperboreans, makes him a Scythian; as do some others, misled by the same vulgar error; though Diodorus has truly fixed his country in an island, and not on the continent. Indeed (continues Mr Toland) the fictions and mistakes concerning our Abaris are infinite: however, it is agreed by all that he travelled quite over Greece, and from thence into Italy, where he conversed familiarly with Pythagoras, who favoured him beyond all his disciples, by instructing him in his doctrines (especially his thoughts of nature) in a plainer and more compendious method than he did any other. This distinction could not but be very advantageous to Abaris. The Hyperborean, in return, presented the Samian, as though he equalled Apollo himself in wisdom, with the sacred arrow on which the Greeks have fabulously related^[9. Jamblichi Vita Pythag. p. 128. ] that he sat astride, and flew upon it, through the air, over rivers and lakes, forests and mountains; in like manner as our vulgar still believe, particularly those of the Hebrides, that wizards and witches fly whithersoever they please on their broom-sticks. The orator Himerius above mentioned, though one of those who, from the equivocal sense of the word Hyperborean, seem to have mistaken Abaris for a Scythian, yet describes his person accurately, and gives him a very noble character. “They relate,” says he, “that Abaris the sage was by nation a Hyperborean, appeared a Grecian in speech, and resembled a Scythian in his habit and appearance. He came to Athens holding a bow in his hand, having a quiver hanging on his shoulders, his body wrapt up in a plaid, girt about the loins with a gilded belt, and wearing trousers reaching from his waist downward.” By this it is evident (says Mr Toland) that he was not habited like the Scythians, who were always covered with skins; but appeared in the native garb of an aboriginal Scot.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001010-9939	ABARTICULATTON, in Anatomy, a species of articulation, admitting of a manifest motion; called also Diarthrosis, and Dearticulatio, to distinguish it from that sort of articulation which admits of a very obscure motion, and is called Synarthrosis.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001011-9939	ABAS, a weight used in Persia for weighing pearls. It is one-eighth less than the European carat. Abas, in heathen mythology, was the son of Hypothoon and Meganira, who entertained Ceres, and offered a sacrifice to that goddess; but Abas ridiculing the ceremony, and giving her opprobrious language, she sprinkled him with a certain mixture she held in her cup, on which he became a newt or water lizard.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001012-9939	ABASCIA, or Abcassia, the northern district of the western division of Georgia, situated on the coast of the Black Sea, and tributary to the Turks. The inhabitants trade in furs, tiger-skins, linen yarn, boxwood, and bees’ [7:2:11] wax; but their principal traffic consists in the sale of their own children to the Turks, and to one another. They have the name of Christians, but have nothing left but the name, any more than the Mingrelians their northern neighbours.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 10 [7:2:10]
kp-eb0702-001101-9952	ABASSI, or Abassis, a silver coin current in Persia, equivalent in value to a French livre, or tenpence halfpenny sterling. It took its name from Schah Abbas II. king of Persia, under whom it was struek.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001102-9952	ABASSUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Greater Phrygia, on the confines of the Tolistobagii, a people of Galatia in Asia.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001103-9952	ABASTAS, a town in the department of Carrion, and pr: vince of Toro, in Spain.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001104-9952	ABATAMENTUM, in Law, is an entry to lands by interposition, i. e. when a person dies seized, and another who has no right enters before the heir.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001105-9952	ABATE, in the manege, implies the performing any downward motion properly. Thus a horse is said to abate or take down his curvets, when he puts both his hind legs to the ground at once, and observes the same exactness in all the times. To Abate, (from the French abattre, to pull down, overthrow, demolish, batter down, or destroy,) a term used by the writers of the English common law both in an active and neuter sense; as, To abate a castle, is to beat it down. To abate a writ, is, by some exception, to defeat or overthrow it. A stranger abateth ; that is, entereth upon a house or land void by the death of him that last possessed it, before the heir takes possession, and so keepeth him out: wherefore, as he that putteth out him in possession is said to disseize, so he that steppeth in between the former possessor and his heir is said to abate. In the neuter signification thus: The writ of the demandant shall abate ; that is, shall be disabled, frustrated, or overthrown. The appeal abateth by covin; that is, the accusation is defeated by deceit.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001106-9952	ABATELMENT, in commerce, a term used for a prohibition of trade to all French merchants in the ports of the Levant who will not stand to their bargains, or refuse to pay their debts. It is a sentence of the French consul, which must be taken off before they can sue any person for the payment of their debts.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001107-9952	ABATEMENT, in Heraldry, an accidental figure supposed to have been added to coats of arms, in order to denote some dishonourable demeanour or stain, whereby the dignity of coat armour was rendered of less esteem.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001108-9952	ABATIS, an ancient term for an officer of the stables. Abatis, or Abattis, in military affairs, a kind of defence made of felled trees. In sudden emergencies, the trees are merely laid lengthwise beside each other, with the branches pointed outwards to prevent the approach of the enemy, while the trunks serve as a breast-work to the defendants. When the abatis is employed for the defence of a pass or entrance, the boughs of the trees are stripped of their leaves and pointed, the trunks are planted in the ground, and the branches interwoven with each other.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001109-9952	ABATON, a building at Rhodes, erected as a fence to the trophy of Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus, Coos, &c. raised in memory of her victory over the Rhodians; or rather to conceal the disgrace of the Rhodians from the eyes of the world; for, to efface or destroy the trophy was with them a point of religion.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001110-9952	ABATOR, in Law, a term applied to a person who enters a house or lands void by the death of the last possessor, before the true heir.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001111-9952	ABATOS, in Ancient Geography, an island in the lake near Memphis, formerly famous for its papyrus. It was the burial place of Osiris.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001112-9952	ABATSKAJA, a town on the river Tabask, in the circle of Isehim and stadtholdership of Tobolsk, in the Russian dominion of Siberia, in Asia. It may be more properly denominated a township, as the dwellings are’ scattered about at considerable distance from each other. The houses are 385, and the inhabitants about 2000.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001113-9952	ABAUJVAR, one of the palatinates into which the Austrian kingdom of Hungary is divided. Its extent is about 700,000 acres, nearly one-half of which is in woods, the other half cultivated. It contains one city, 10 market towns, and 227 villages. The inhabitants are about 140,000, mostly Catholics; the remainder Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek church, with some Jews. The chief productions are com, flax, hemp, tobacco, fruit, wine, arid wood. There are also valuable quarries of marble.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001114-9952	ABAUZIT, Firmin, a learned Frenchman, was born at Usez, in Languedoe, in November 1679. His father died when he was but two years of age. To avoid the rigours of persecution to which the Protestants of France were exposed in the time of Louis XIV. young Abauzit’s mother, who was a Protestant, fled with her son to Geneva, where he remained secure from danger, and enjoyed the benefit of education. From his 10th to his 19th year, his time was wholly devoted to literature; and having made great progress in languages, he studied mathematics, physics, and theology. In the year 1698, he travelled into Holland, where he became acquainted with Bayle, Basnage, and Jurieu. Thence he passed over to England, and was introduced to Sir Isaae Newton, who entertained a very high opinion of his merit. For this philosopher afterwards sent him his Commercium Epistolicum, accompanied with a very honourable testimony: “You are well worthy, says Newton, to judge between Leibnitz and me.” The reputation of Abauzit reached the ears of King William, who encouraged him by a very handsome offer to settle in England; which he declined, and returned to Geneva. In 1715 he entered into the society formed for the purpose of translating the New Testament into the French language, and contributed valuable assistance to this work. The chair of philosophy in the university was offered to him in 1723, which he refused; but in 1727 he accepted .of the office of librarian to the city, the duties of which were neither burdensome, nor subjected him to any particular restraint. Abauzit was one of the first who embraced the grand truths which the sublime discoveries of Newton disclosed to the world. He defended the doctrines of that philosopher against Father Castel; and discovered an error in the Principia, which was corrected by Newton in the second edition of his work. He was a perfect master of many languages; his knowledge was extensive and profound; and the different sciences which he had studied were so well digested and arranged in his retentive mind, that he could at once bring together all that he ever knew on any subject. Rousseau (in his Heloisè) addressed to Abauzit one of the finest panegyrics which he ever wrote; and a stranger having addressed Voltaire in a flattering manner, by saying he had come to Geneva to see a great man, the poet asked him whether he had seen Abauzit. This excellent man, having lived universally respected to the great age of 87 years, died in the year 1767, lamented by the republic, and regretted by the learned. His writings are chiefly on religious subjects; but he was also the author of several antiquarian and critical pieces. In his Essay on the Apocalypse, he endeavoured to show, that the predictions in that book were to be applied to the destruction of Jerusalem. This work was translated into English by Dr Twells, who added a refutation, which satisfied Abauzit so much that he was [7:2:12] mistaken in his views, that he ordered an edition then ready for publication in Holland to be stopped. His other theological works are, Reflections on the Eucharist; On Idolatry; On the Mysteries of Religion; and Paraphrases and Explanations of sundry parts of Scripture. His principal works were published in Holland in 1773, by Be-renger, in 2 volumes 8vo. under the title Oeuvres de feu M. Abauzit.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 11 [7:2:11]
kp-eb0702-001201-9965	ABAVO, in Botany, a synonyme of the Adansonia.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001202-9965	ABB, a term among clothiers applied to the yarn of a weaver’s warp. They say also Abb-wool in the same sense.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001203-9965	ABBA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Africa Propria, near Carthage. Abba, in the Syriac and Chaldee languages, literally signifies a father ; and figuratively, a superior, reputed as a father in respect of age, dignity, or affection. It is more particularly used in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, as a title given to the bishops. The bishops themselves bestow the title of Abba more eminently on the bishop of Alexandria; which occasioned the people to give him the title of Babba, or Papa, that is Grandfather ; a title which he bore before the bishop of Rome. It is a Jewish title of honour given to certain Rabbis called Tanaites : and it was particularly used, by some writers of the middle age, for the superior of a monastery, usually called abbot.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001204-9965	ABBACH, a town of the kingdom of Bavaria, on a stream flowing into the Danube, with a castle, in which the Emperor Henry II. was born. It is in the district of Kellhaim, and circle of Regensburg, with 600 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001205-9965	ABBADIE, James, an eminent Protestant divine, born at Nay in Bern in 1654; first educated there under the famous John la Placette, and afterwards at the university of Sedan, from whence he went into Holland and Germany, and was minister in the French church of Berlin. He left that place in 1690; came into England; was some time minister in the French church in the Savoy, London; and was made dean of Killalo in Ireland. He was strongly attached to the cause of King William, as appears in his elaborate defence of the Revolution, and his History of the Assassination Plot. The materials for the last were furnished by the secretaries of state. He had great natural abilities, which he improved by useful learning. He was a most zealous defender of the primitive doctrine of the Protestants, as appears by his writings; and that strong nervous eloquence for which he was so remarkable, enabled him to enforce the doctrines of his profession from the pulpit with great spirit and energy. He possessed uncommon powers of memory. It is said that he composed his works without committing any part to writing, till they were wanted for the press. He died in London in 1727, after his return from a tour in Holland. He published several works in French that were much esteemed; the principal of which are, A Treatise on the Truth of the Christian Religion; The Art of Knowing one’s Self; A Defence of the British Nation, that is, of the Revolution 1688; the Deity of Jesus Christ essential to the Christian Religion; The History of the last Conspiracy in England, called the Assassination Plot, written by order of King William III.; and the Triumph of: Providence and Religion, or the opening the Seven Seals by the Son of God.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001206-9965	ABBAS, Mahomet’s Uncle, opposed his nephew with all his power, regarding him as an impostor and traitor to his country; but in the second year of the Hegira, being overcome and made a prisoner at the battle of Beder in 623, a great ransom being demanded for him, he represented to Mahomet, that his paying it would reduce him to beggary, which would bring dishonour on the family. Mahomet, who knew that he had concealed large sums of money, said to him, “Where are the purses of gold that you gave your mother to keep when you left Mecca? Abbas, who thought this transaction secret, was much surprised; and conceiving that his nephew was really a prophet, embraced his religion. He became one of his principal captains, and saved his life when in imminent danger at the battle of Honain, against the Thakesites, soon after the reduction of Mecca. But besides being a great commander, Abbas was one of the first doctors of Islamism. He is said to have read lectures on every chapter of the Koran, as his nephew pretended to receive them from heaven. He died in 652, and his memory is held in the highest veneration among the Mussulmans to this day. Abbas, Schah, the Great, was third son of Codabendi, 7th king of Persia of the race of the Sophis. Succeeding to his father in 1585, at the age of 18, he found the affairs of Persia at a low ebb, occasioned by the conquests of the Turks and Tartars. He regained several of the provinces they had seized; but death put a stop to his victories in 1629, after a reign of 44 years. He was the greatest prince who had reigned in Persia for many ages; and it was he who made Ispahan the metropolis of Persia. His memory is held in the highest veneration among the Persians. Abbas, Schah, his grandson, 9th king of Persia of the race of the Sophis, succeeded his father Sesi at 13 years of age. He was but 18 when he made himself master of the city of Candahar, which had surrendered in his father’s reign to the great Mogul, and all the province about it; and he preserved it afterwards against this Indian emperor, though he besieged it more than once with an army of 300,000 men. He was a very merciful prince, and openly protected the Christians. He had formed a design of extending the limits of his kingdom toward the north, and had for that effect levied a powerful army; but death put a stop to all his great designs, at 37 years of age, a. d. 1666.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001207-9965	ABBASSIDES, the name of a race who possessed the caliphat for 524 years. There were 37 caliphs of this race who succeeded one another without interruption.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001208-9965	ABBATEGGIO, a town in the kingdom of Naples, in the province of Abruzzo Citeriore, with 440 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001209-9965	ABBE’, in a monastic sense, the same with Abbot. Abbe' , in a modern sense, the denomination of a class of persons which has been popular in France. They were not in orders; but having received the ceremony of tonsure, were entitled to enjoy certain privileges in the church. The dress of abbés was that of academics or professed scholars. In colleges they were the instructors of youth, and were employed as tutors in private families. Many of them have risen to a distinguished rank in the state, while others have been no less eminent in science and literature.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001210-9965	ABBEHAUSEN, a bailiwick or circle of Oldenburg, in the duehy of Holstein Oldenburg, in Germany. It contains 1255 houses and 6263 inhabitants. The chief town of the same name has 303 houses and 1502 inhabitants.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001211-9965	ABBESS, the superior of an abbey or convent of nuns. The abbess has the same rights and authority over her nuns that the abbots regular have over their monks. The sex indeed does not allow her to perform the spiritual functions annexed to the priesthood, with which the abbot is usually invested; but there are instances of some abbesses who have a right, or rather a privilege, to commission a priest to act for them. They have even a kind of episcopal jurisdiction, as well as some abbots who are exempted from the visitation of their diocesans. Martene, in his treatise on the rights of the church, observes, that abbesses formerly confessed nuns; but [7:2:13]ï he adds, that their excessive curiosity carried them such lengths, that there arose a necessity of checking it. How-ever, St Basil, in his Rule, allows the abbess to be present with the priest at the confession of her nuns.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 12 [7:2:12]
kp-eb0702-001301-9978	ABBEVILLE, an arrondissement of the department of the Somme, in the north-east of France, which extends over 606 square miles, or 387,840 acres. It is divided into 11 districtsand 178 communes, and contains 120,303 inhabitants. Abbeville, a city, the capital of the arrondissement of that name, through which the river Somme passes. It is strongly fortified, and the country around it can be easily inundated. It is built in the old mode, has several bridges, 4 squares, 14 churches, one of them, St Wulfram’s, very antique and curious; 3641 houses, and 17,900 inhabitants. It has long been the seat of the woollen manufacture, besides which there are manufactories for linen, cotton, soap, leather, and twine. The river is navigable by the help of the tides; and by it oil, linseed, and hemp, are exported. It is in Lat. 50. 7. 4. N. Long. 1. 43. 50. E.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 13 [7:2:13]	50 7' 4" N 1 43' 50" E
kp-eb0702-001302-9978	ABBEY, a monastery, or religious house, governed by a superior under the title of abbot or abbess. Abbeys differ from priories in this, that the former are under the direction of an abbot, the latter of a prior; for abbot and prior (we mean a prior conventuaD are much the same thing, differing in little but the name. Fauchet observes, that, in the early days of the French monarchy, dukes and counts were called abbots, and duchies and counties abbeys. Even some of their kings are mentioned in history under the title of abbots. Philip I. Louis VI. and afterwards the duke of Orleans, are called abbots of the monastery of St Aignan. The dukes of Aquitain were called abbots of the monastery of St Hillary at Poictiers; and the earls of Anjou, of St Aubin, &c. Monasteries were at first established as religious houses, to which persons retired from the bustle of the world to spend their time in solitude and devotion. But they soon degenerated from their original institution, and obtained large privileges, exemptions, and riches. They prevailed greatly in Britain before the Reformation, particularly in England; and as they increased in riches, so the state became poor: for the lands which these regulars possessed were in mortua manu, i. e. could never revert to the lords who gave them. This inconvenience gave rise to the statutes against gifts in mortmain ; and Lord Coke tells us, that several lords, at their creation, had a clause in their grant, that the donor might give or sell his land to whom he would (exceptis viris religiosis et Judaeis) excepting monks and Jews. These places were wholly abolished in England at the time of the Reformation; Henry VIII. having first appointed visitors to inquire into the lives of the monks and nuns, which were found in some places to be extremely irregular. The abbots, perceiving their dissolution unavoidable, were induced to resign their houses to the king, who by that means became invested with the abbey lands: these were afterwards granted to different persons, whose descendants enjoy them at this day. Though the suppression of religious houses, even considered in a political light only, was a national benefit, it must be owned, that at the time they flourished, they were far from useless. Abbeys or monasteries were then the repositories, as well as the seminaries, of learning; many valuable books and national records, as well as private history, having been preserved in their libraries, the only places in which they could have been safely lodged in those turbulent times. Many of those which had escaped the ravages of the Danes, were destroyed with more than Gothic barbarity at the dissolution of the abbeys. These ravages are pathetically lamented by John Bale: “A number of those,” says he, “who purchased these superstitious mansions, reserved of the library books, some to serve their jakes, some to scour the candlesticks, and some to rub their boots; some they sold to the grocer and soapseller; and some they sent over sea to the bookbinders, not in small numbers, but in whole ships full; yea, the universities of this realm are not clear of so detestable a fact. I know a merchant that bought the contents of two noble libraries for 40s. price; a shame it is to be spoken! This stuff hath he occupied instead of gray paper, by the space of more than these ten years, and yet he hath store enough for as many years to come. I shall judge this to be true, and utter it with heaviness, that neither the Britons under the Romans and Saxons, nor yet the English people under the Danes and Normans, had ever such damage of their learned monuments as we have seen in our time.” Every abbey had at least one person whose office it was to instruct youth; and the historians of this country are chiefly beholden to the monks for the knowledge they have of former national events. In these houses also the arts of painting, architecture, and printing, were cultivated. They were hospitals for the sick and poor, and afforded entertainment to travellers at a time when there were no inns. They were likewise an asylum for aged and indigent persons of good family.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 13 [7:2:13]
kp-eb0702-001303-9978	ABBEYBOYLE, a town of Ireland, in the county of Roscommon, and province of Connaught. It is remarkable for an old abbey.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 13 [7:2:13]
kp-eb0702-001304-9978	ABBEYHOLM, a town in Cumberland, so called from an abbey built there by David king of Scots. It stands on an arm of the sea.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 13 [7:2:13]
kp-eb0702-001305-9978	ABBIATE GRAFFO, a town in the Austrian delegation of Pavia, in Italy. It is situated on the great Navig-lio, where that river divides into three branches. It contains 4000 inhabitants, who cultivate around the place large portions of rice.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 13 [7:2:13]
kp-eb0702-001306-9978	ABBOT, or Abbat, the superior of a monastery of monks erected into an abbey or priory The name Abbot is originally Hebrew, where it signifies father. The Jews call father, in their language, Ab ; whence the Chaldeans and Syrians formed Abba ; thence the Greeks ACCag, which the Latins retained; and hence our Abbot, the French Abbe, &c. St Mark and St Paul use the Syriac Abba in their Greek, by reason it was then commonly known in the synagogues and the primitive assemblies of the Christians; adding to it, by way of interpretation, the word father, ACCa ò πaτr i ν, “ Abba, father q. d. Abba, that is to say, Father. But the name Ab, or Abba, which at first was a term of tenderness and affection, became at length a title of dignity and honour. The Jewish doctors affected it; and one of their most ancient books, containing the sayings or apophthegms of divers of them, is entitled Pirke Abboth or Avoth; «. e. Chapters of the Fathers. It was in allusion to this affectation, that Jesus Christ forbade his disciples to call any man their father on earth; which word St Jerome turns against the superiors of the monasteries of his time, for assuming the titles of Abbots, or Fathers. The name Abbot, then, appears as old as the institution of monks itself. The governors of the primitive monasteries assumed indifferently the titles Abbots and Archimandrites. They were really distinguished from the clergy; though frequently confounded with them, because a degree above laymen. In those early days, the abbots were subject to the bishops and the ordinary pastors. Their monasteries being remote from cities, built in the farthest solitudes, they [7:2:14]had no share in ecclesiastical affairs. They went on Sundays to the parish church with the rest of the people; or, if they were too remote, a priest was sent them to administer the sacraments; till at length they were allowed to have priests of their own body. The abbot or archimandrite himself was usually the priest: but his function extended no farther than to the spiritual assistance' of his monastery; and he remained still in obedience to the bishop. There being among the abbots several persons of learning, they made a vigorous opposition to the rising heresies of those times; which first occasioned the bishops to call them out of their deserts, and fix them about the suburbs of cities, and at length in the cities themselves; from which era their degeneracy is to be dated. Then the abbots threw off their former plainness and simplicity, assumed the rank of prelates, aspired at being independent of the bishops, and grasped at so much power, that severe laws were made against them at the council of Chalcedon. Many of them, however, carried the point of independency, obtained the appellation of lord, and were distinguished by other badges of the episcopate, particularly the mitre. Hence arose new distinctions between the abbots. Those were termed mitred abbots, who were privileged to wear the mitre, and exercise episcopal authority within their respective precincts; being exempted from the jurisdiction of the bishop. Others were called crosiered abbots, from their bearing the crosier or pastoral staff. Others were styled ecumenical or universal abbots, in imitation of the patriarch of Constantinople: while others were termed cardinal abbots, from their superiority over all other abbots. In Britain, the mitred abbots were lords of parliament, and called abbots-sovereign, and abbots-general, to distinguish them from the other abbots. And as there were lords-abbots, so there were also lords-priors, who had exempt jurisdiction, and were likewise lords of parliament. In Roman Catholic countries, the principal distinctions observed between abbots are those of regular and commendatory. The former take the vow and wear the habit of their order; whereas the latter are seculars who have received tonsure, but are obliged by their bulls to take orders when of proper age. Anciently the ceremony of creating an abbot consisted in clothing him with the habit called cuculus, or cowl; putting the pastoral staff into his hand, and the shoes called pedales on his feet: but at present, it is only a simple benediction, improperly called, by some, consecration. Abbot is also a title given to others beside the superiors of monasteries: thus bishops whose sees were formerly abbeys, are called abbots. Among the Genoese, the chief magistrate of the republic formerly bore the title of abbot of the people. Abbot, George, archbishop of Canterbury, was born October 29. 1562, at Guildford in Surrey. He was the son of Maurice Abbot, a cloth-worker. He studied at Oxford, and in 1597 was chosen principal of University college. In 1599, he was installed dean of Winchester: the year following he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university of Oxford, and a second time in 1603. In 1604, the translation of the Bible now in use was begun by the direction of King James; and Dr Abbot was the second of eight divines of Oxford, to whom the care of translating the whole New Testament (excepting the Epistles) was committed. The year following, he was a third time vice-chancellor. In 1608, he went to Scotland with George Hume earl of Dunbar, to assist in establishing an union between the,churches of Scotland and England; and in this business he conducted himself with so much address and prudence, that it laid the foundation of all his future preferment. King James ever after paid great deference to his advice and counsel; and upon the death of Dr Overton, bishop of Litchfield and Coventry, he named Dr Abbot for his successor, who was accordingly constituted bishop of those two united sees in December 1609. About a month afterwards he was translated to the see of London, and on the second of November following was raised to the archiepiscopal see.. It is not however improbable, that his extravagant adulation of his royal master, in which he went as far as any other court chaplain could do, contributed not a little to his rapid preferment. In the preface to a pamphlet which he published, the following specimen of ridiculous flattery occurs: Speaking of the king, he says, “whose life hath been so immaculate and unspotted, &c. that even malice itself, which leaves nothing unsearched, could never find true blemish in it, nor cast probable aspersion on it.—Zealous as a David; learned and wise, the Solomon of our age; religious as Josias; careful of spreading Christ’s faith as Constantine the Great; just as Moses; undefiled in all his ways as a Jehoshaphat and Hezekiah; full of clemency as another Theodosius.”—Yet, as we shall immediately see, Abbot could sometimes oppose the will of the sovereign with courage and constancy. His great zeal for the Protestant religion made him a strenuous promoter of the match between the Elector Palatine and the Princess Elizabeth; which was accordingly concluded and solemnized the 14th of February 1612, the archbishop performing the ceremony on a stage erected in the royal chapel. In the following year happened the famous case of divorce between the lady Frances Howard, daughter of the earl of Suffolk, and Robert earl of Essex; which has been considered as one of the greatest blemishes of King James’s reign. The part which the archbishop took in the business added much to the reputation he had already acquired for incorruptible integrity. It was referred by the king to a court of delegates, whose opinion the king and court wished and expected to be favourable to the divorce. But the archbishop, unawed by royal authority, with inflexible firmness resisted it, and published his reasons for persisting in his opinion; to which the king, disappointed in his views, thought fit to reply: Sentence was given in the lady’s favour. In 1618, the king published a declaration, which he ordered to be read in all churches, permitting sports and pastimes on the Lord’s day: this gave great uneasiness to the archbishop, who happening to be at Croydon on the day it was ordered to be read, had the courage to forbid it. Being now in a declining state of health, the archbishop used in the summer to go to Hampshire for the sake of recreation; and being invited by Lord Zouch to hunt in his park at Bramzill, he met there with the greatest misfortune that ever befell him; for he accidentally killed the game-keeper by an arrow from a cross-bow which he shot at one of the deer. This fatal accident threw him into a deep melancholy; and he ever afterwards kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the day on which it happened; and he settled an annuity of L.20 on the widow.^[1. Fuller’s Church Hist. cent. xxvii. p. 87. ] Advantage was taken of this misfortune, to lessen him in the king’s favour; but, his majesty said, “An angel might have miscarried in this sort.” His enemies alleging that he had incurred an irregularity, and was thereby incapacitated for performing the offices of a primate, the king directed a commission to ten persons to inquire into this matter. The result was not satisfactory to his Grace’s enemies; it being declared, that, as the murder was involuntary, he had not forfeited his archiepiscopal character. The archbishop after this seldom assisted at the council, [7:2:15]being chiefly hindered by his infirmities; but in the king’s last illness he was sent for, and constantly attended till his majesty expired on the 27th of March 1622. He performed the ceremony of the coronation of King Charles I. though very infirm and distressed with the gout. He was never greatly in this king’s favour; and the duke of Buckingham being his declared enemy, watched an opportunity of making him feel the weight of his displeasure. This he at last accomplished, upon the archbishop’s refusing to license a sermon, preached by Dr Sibthorpe to justify a loan which the king had demanded, and pregnant with principles which tended to overthrow the constitution. The archbishop was immediately after suspended from all his functions as primate; and they were exercised by certain bishops commissioned by the king, of whom Laud, the archbishop’s enemy, and afterwards his successor, was one; while the only cause assigned for this procedure was, that the archbishop could not at that time personally attend those services which were otherwise proper for his cognizance and direction. He did not, however, remain long in this situation; for a parliament being absolutely necessary, his Grace was sent for, and restored to his authority and jurisdiction. But not proving friendly to certain rigorous measures adopted by the prevailing church party, headed by Laud, whose power and interest at court were now very considerable, his presence became unwelcome there; so that, upon the birth of the prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II., Laud had the honour to baptize him, as dean of the chapel. The archbishop being worn out with cares and infirmities, died at Croydon, the 5th of August 1633, aged 71 years; and was buried at Guildford, the place of his nativity, where he had endowed an hospital with lands to the amount of L.300 per annum. A stately monument was erected over the grave, with his cffigy in his robes. He proved himself, in most circumstances of his life, to be a man of great moderation to all parties; and was desirous that the clergy should gain the respect of the laity by the sanctity and purity of their manners, rather than claim it as due to their function. His opinions and principles, however, have drawn upon him many severe reflections; particularly from the earl of Clarendon. But Dr Welwood has done more justice to his merit and abilities.^[2. Memoirs, 8vo. 1700, p. 38. ] The following is a list of his works, as given in Chalmers’s Biographical Dictionary :—1. Quaestiones Sex, totidem praelectionibus in Schola Theologica Oxoniae, pro forma habitis, discussae et disceptatae anno 1597, in quibus c Sacra Scriptura et Patribus, quid statuendum sit definitur. Oxon. 1598, 4to. 2. Exposition on the Prophet Jonah, contained in certain Sermons preached in St Marie’s Church in Oxford. 1600, 4to. 3. Answer to the Questions of the Citizens of London in January 1600, concerning Cheapside Cross; not printed until 1641. 4. The Reasons which Dr Hill hath brought for the upholding of Papistry unmasked, and showed to be very weak, &c. Oxon. 1604, 4to. 5. A Preface to the Examination of George Sprot, &c. 6. Sermon preached at Westminster, May 26. 1608, at the funeral of Thomas Earl of Dorset, late Lord High Treasurer of England, on Isaiah xl. 6. 1608, 4to. 7. Translation of a part of the New Testament, with the rest of the Oxford divines. 1611. 8. Some Memorials, touching the Nullity between the Earl of Essex and his Lady, pronounced September 25. 1613, at Lambeth; and the difficulties endured, in the same. 9. A Brief Description of the whole World, wherein is particularly described all the Monarchies, Empires, and Kingdoms of the same, with their Academies, &c. 1617, 4to. 10. A short Apology for Archbishop Abbot, touching the death of Peter Hawkins, dated Oc tober 8. 1621. 11. Treatise of perpetual Visibility and Succession of the true Church in all ages. Lond. 1624, 4to.; published without his name; but his arms, impaled with those of Canterbury, are put before it. 12. A Narrative containing the true cause of his sequestration and disgrace at Court; in two parts; written at Ford, in Kent, 1627, printed in Rushworth’s Historical Collections, vol. i. p. 438—461, and in the Annals of King Charles, p. 213— 224. 13. History of the Massacre in the Valteline, printed in the third volume of Fox’s Acts and Monuments. 14. Judgment on bowing at the Name of Jesus. Hamburgh, 1632, 8vo. Abbot, Robert, elder brother to the former, was born at Guildford in 1560, and completed his studies at Baliol college, Oxford. In 1582, he took his degree of master of arts, and soon became a celebrated preacher; and to this talent he chiefly owed his preferment. Upon the first sermon at Worcester, he was chosen lecturer in that city, and soon after rector of All-saints in the same place. In 1597, he took his degree of doctor in divinity: and, in the beginning of King James’s reign, was appointed chaplain in ordinary to his majesty; who had such an opinion of him as a writer, that he ordered the doctor’s book De Antichristo to be printed, with his own commentary upon part of the Apocalypse. In 1609, he was elected master of Baliol college; which trust he discharged with the utmost care and assiduity, by his frequent lectures to the scholars, by his continual presence at public exercises, and by promoting temperance in the society. In November 1610, he was made prebendary of Normanton in the church of Southwell; and, in 1612, his majesty appointed him regius professor of divinity at Oxford. The fame of his lectures became very great; and those which he gave upon the supreme power of kings, against Bellarmine and Suarez, so much pleased his majesty, that when the see of Salisbury became vacant, he named him to that bishopric, and he was consecrated by his own brother at Lambeth, December 3. 1615. When he came to Salisbury, he found the cathedral falling to decay, through the avarice and negligence of the clergy belonging to it; however, he found means to draw five hundred pounds from the prebendaries, which he applied towards repairing it. Here he devoted himself to the duties of his function with great diligence and assiduity, visiting his whole diocese in person, and preaching every Sunday. But his sedentary life, and close application to study, brought upon him the gravel and stone; of which he died on the 2d of March 1618, in the 58th year of his age; having filled the sec only two years and three months. He wrote, 1. The Mirror of Popish Subtleties. Lond. 1594, 4to. 2. The Exaltation of the Kingdom and Priesthood of Christ, sermons on the first seven verses of the 110th Psalm. Lond. 1601, 4to. 3. Antichristi Demonstratio, contra Fabulas Pontificias, et ineptam Rob. Bellar-mini de Antichristo Disputationem. Lond. 1603, 4to. 4. Defence of the Reformed Catholic of Mr W. Perkins, against the Bastard Counter-Catholic of Dr William Bishop, Seminary Priest; in three parts. 1606, 4to. 5. The Old Way; a Sermon at St Mary’s, Oxon. Lond. 1610, 4to. 6. The true ancient Roman Catholic; being an Apology against Dr Bishop’s Reproof of the Defence of the Reformed Catholic. 1611, 4to. 7. Aritilogia; adversus Apologiam Andreae Eudaemon-Johannis, Jesuitae, pro HenricoGarnetto, Jesuita Proditore. Lond. 1613, 4to. 8. De Gratia et Perseverantia Sanctorum, Exercitationes habitae in Academia Oxon. Lond. 1618, 4to. 9. In Ricardi Thomsoni Angli-Belgici Diatribam, de Amissione et Intercessione Justificationis et Gratiae, Animadversio brevis. Lond. 1618, 4to. 10. De Suprema Potes- [7:2:16]k tate Regia, Exercitationes habitae in Academia Oxeħiensi, contra Rob. Bellarminum et Franciscum Suarez. Lond. 1619, 4to.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 13 [7:2:13]
kp-eb0702-001601-0017	ABBOTS-BROMLEY, a town in Staffordshire. After the dissolution of the monasteries, it was given to Lord Paget; and has since been called Paget’s Bromley. But it retains its old name in the king’s books, and with regard to the fairs. Population in 1801, 808; in 1811, 1019; and in 1821, 1533. xyz	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 16 [7:2:16]
kp-eb0702-001602-0017	ABBOTSBURY, a small town in Dorsetshire. The abbey near this town was founded by a Norman lady, about the year 1026. Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror were considerable benefactors to it. Population in 1801, 783; in 1811, 812; and in 1821, 907.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 16 [7:2:16]
kp-eb0702-001603-0017	ABBOTS-LANGLEY, a village in Herts, 4 miles from St Alban’s, famous as the birth-place of Pope Adrian IV. Population in 1801, 1205; in 1811, 1313; and in 1821, 1733.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 16 [7:2:16]
kp-eb0702-001604-0017	ABBREVIATION, or Abbreviature, a contraction of a word or passage, made by dropping some of the letters, or by substituting certain marks or characters in their place. A late philosophical writer on grammar divides the parts of speech into words which are necessary for the communication of thought, as the noun and verb, and abbreviations which are employed for the sake of dispatch. The liřtter, strictly speaking, are also parts of speech, because they are all useful in language, and each has a different manner of signification. Mr Tooke, however, seems to allow that rank only to the necessary words, and to consider all others as merely substitutes of the first sort, under the title of abbreviations. They are employed in language in three ways—in terms, in sorts of words, and in construction. Mr Locke in his Essay on the Human Understanding treats of the first class; numerous authors have written on the last; and for the second class of abbreviations, see the work of Mr Tooke entitled Diversions of Purley. Lawyers, physicians, &c. use many abbreviations, for the sake of expedition. But the Rabbis are the most remarkable for this practice, so that their writings are unintelligible without the Hebrew abbreviatures. The Jewish authors and copyists do not content themselves with abbreviating words like the Greeks and Latins, by retrenching some of the letters or syllables; they frequently take away all but the initial letters. They even take the initials of several succeeding words, join them together, and, adding vowels to them, make a sort of barbarous words, representative of all those which they have thus abridged. Thus, Rabbi Moses ben Maimon, in their abbreviature, is Rambam, &c. The following Abbreviations are of most frequent occurrence in the Writings and Inscriptions of the Romans. A. AB. Abdicavit. AB. AUG. Μ. P. XXXXI. Ab Augusta millia passuum quadraginta unum. AB. AUGUSTOB. Μ. P. X. Ab Augustobriga millia passuum decem. AΗN.' Abnepos. AB. U. C. Ab urbe condita. A. CAMB. Μ. P. XI. A Camboduno millia passuum undecim. A. COMPL. XIIII. A Compluto quatuordecim. A. C. P. VI. A capite vel ad caput pedes sex. A. D. Ante diem. ADJECT. H-S. IX. os. Adjectis sestertiis novem mille. ADN. Adnepos. ADQ. Adquiescit, vel adquisita pro acquisita. AED. H. II. VIR. H. Aedilis iterum, duumvir iterum. AED. II. VIR, QUINQ. Aedilis duumvir quinquennalis. AED. Q. II. VIR. Aedilis quinquennalis duumvir. AEL. Aelius, Aelia. AEM. vel AIM. Aemilius, Aemilia. A. G. Animo grato, vel Aulus Gellius. AG. Ager, vel Agrippa. A. K. Ante kalendas. ALA. I. Ala prima. · A. MILL. XXXV. A milliariis triginta quinque, vel ad milliaria triginta quinque. A. Μ. XX. Ad milliare vigesimum. AN. A. V. C. Anno ab urbe condita. AN. C. H. S. Annorum centum hic situs est. AN. DCLX. Anno sexcentesimo sexagesimo. AN. IL S. Annos duos semis. AN. IVL. Annos quadraginta sex. AN. N. Annos natus. ANN. LIII. H. S. E. Annorum quinquaginta trium hic situs est. ANN. NAT. LXVI. Annos natus sexaginta sex. ANN. PL. Μ. X. Annos vel annis plus minus decem. AN. Θ. XVI. Anno defunctus decimo sexto. AN. V. XX. Annos vixit viginti. AN. P. Μ. Annorum plus minus. A. XII. Annis duodecim. AN. P. Μ. L. Annorum plus minus quinquaginta. A. XX. H. EST. Annorum viginti hic est. AN. P. R. C. Anno post Romam conditam. AN. V. P. Μ. II. Annis vixit plus minus duobus. AN. XXV. STIP. VIII. Annorum viginti quinque stipendiorum octo. A. P. Μ. Amicoposuit monumentum. AP. Appia, Appius. Ä. P. V. C. Anno post urbem conditam. ' APVD. L. V. CONV. Apud lapidem quintum convenerim t. A. RET. P. III. S. Ante retro pedes tres semis. AR. P. Aram posuit. ARG. P. X. Argenti pondo decem. ARR. Arrius. A. V. B. A viro bono. A. V. C. Ab urbe condita. B. B. Balbus, Bulbius, Brutus, Belenus, Burrus. B. Beneficiario, beneficium, bonus. B. Balnea, beatus, bustum. B pro V, berna pro verna, bixit pro vixit, bibo pro vivo, bictor pro victor, bidua pro vidua. B. A. Bixit annis, bonus ager, bonus amabilis, bona aurea, bonum aureum, bonis auguriis, bonis auspiciis. B. B. Bona bona, bene bene. B. DD. Bonis deabus. B. F. Bona fide, bona femina, bona fortuna, bene factum. B. F. reversed thus, g. j. Bona femina, bona filia. B. H. Bona hereditaria, bonorum hereditas. B. I. L Boni judicis judicium. B. L. Bona lex. B. Μ. P. Bene merito posuit. B. Μ. P. C. Bene merito ponendum curavit. B. Μ. S. C. Bene merito sepulcrum condidit. BN. EM. Bonorum emptores. BN. H. I. Bona hic invenies. B. RP. N. Bono reipublicae natus. B. A. Bixit, id est, vixit annis. BIGINTI. Viginti. BÍXIT. BIXSIT. BISSIT. Vixit. BIX. ANN. XXCI. Μ. IV. D. VII. Vixit annis octoginta unum, mensibus quatuor, diebus septem. BX. ANVS. VII. ME. VI. DL XVII. Vixit annos septem, menses sex, dies septemdecim. [7:2:17] C. C. Caesar, Caia, Caius, censor, civitas, consul, condemno. C. C. Carissimae conjugi, calumniae causa, consilium cepit. C. C. F. Caius Caii filius. C. B. Commune bonum. C. D. Comitialibus diebus. C. H. Custos hortorum vel heredum. « C. I. C. Caius Julius Caesar. CC. VV. Clarissimi viri. CEN. Censor, centuria, centurio. CERTA. QUINQ. ROM. CO. Certamen quinquennale Romae conditum. CL. Claudius. CL. V. Clarissimus vir. CII. COH. Cohors. C. Μ. vel CA. Μ. Causa mortis. CN. Cneus. C. O. Civitas omnis. COH. I. vel II. Cohors prima vel secunda. COS. ITER. ET. TERT. DESIG. Consul iterum et tertium designatus. COS. TER. vel QUAR. Consul tertium vel quartum. COSS. Consules. COST. CUM. LOC. H-S. oo. D. Custodiam cum loco sestertiis mille quingentis. C. R. Civis Romanus. CS. IP. Caesar imperator. C. V. Centumviri. D Decius, decimus, decuria, decurio, dedicavit, dedit, devotus, dies, divus, Deus, dii, Dominus, domus, donum, datum, decretum, &c. D. A. Divus Augustus. · D. B. I. Diis bene juvantibus. D. B. S. De bonis suis. DCT. Detractum. DDVIT. Dedicavit. D. D. Dono dedit, Deus dedit, decurionum decreto. D. D. D. Datum decreto decurionum. D. D. D. D. Dignum Deo donum dedicavit. DDPP. Depositi. D. D. Q. O. H. L. S. E. V. Diis deabusque omnibus hunc locum sacrum esse voluit. DIG. Μ. Dignus memoria. D. Μ. S. Diis manibus sacrum. D. O. Μ. Deo optimo maximo. D. O. AE. Deo optimo aeterno. D. PP. Deo perpetuo. DR. Drusus. DR. P. Dare promittit. D. RM. De Romanis. D. RP. De republica. D. S. P. F. C. De sua pecunia faciendum curavit. DT. Duntaxat. DVL. vel DOL. Dulcissimus. DEC.XIII. AVG. XII. POP. XI. Decurionibus denariis tredecim, augustalibus duodecim, populo undecim. D. IIII. ID. Die quarta idus. D. VIHL Diebus novem. D. V. ID. Die quinta idus. E. E. Ejus, ergo, esse, est, erexit, exactum, &c. E. C. F. Ejus causa fecit. E. D. Ejus domus. ED. Edictum. E. E. Ex edicto. EE. N. P. Esse non potest. EG. Egit, egregius. E. H. Ejus heres. EID. Idus. EIM. Ejusmodi. E. L. Ea lege. E. Μ. Elexit vel erexit monumentum. EQ. Μ. Equitum magister. EQ. O. Equester ordo. EX. A. D. K. Ex ante diem kalendas. EX. A. D. V. K. DEC. AD. PRID. K. IAN. Ex ante diem quintum kalendas Decembris ad pridie kalendas Januarias. EX. H-S. X. P. F. I. Ex sestertiis decem parvis fieri jussit. EX. H-S. CID. N. Ex sestertiis mille nummum. EX. H-S. oe oeoe oe. Ex sestertiis quatuor millia. EX. H-S. N. CĊ. L. oo. D. XL. E£ sestertiis nummorum ducentis quinquaginta millibus quingentis quadraginta. EX. H-S. DC. α>.D. XX. Ex sestertiis sexcentis millibus quingentis viginti. EX. KAL. IAN. AD. KAL. IAN. Ex kalendis Januarii ad kalendas Januarii. F. F. Fabius, fecit, factum, faciendum, familia, famula, fastus, Februarius, feliciter, felix, fides, fieri, fit, femina, filia, filius, frater, finis, flamen, forum, fluvius, faustum, fuit. F. A. Filio amantissimo, vel filiae amantissimae. F. AN. X. F. C. Filio vel filiae annorum decem faciendum curavit. F. C. Heri vel faciendum curavit, fidei commissum. F. D. Flamen Dialis, filius dedit, factum dedicavit. F. D. Fidejussor, fundum. FEA. Femina. √ . < FF. C. Ferme centum. F. F. Fabre factum, filius familias, fratris filius. F. F. F. Ferro, flamma, fame; fortion, fortuna, fato. FF. Fecerunt. FL. F. Flavii filius. F. FQ. Filiis filiabusque. FIX. ANN. XXXIX. Μ. I. D. VI. HOR. SCIT. NEM. Vixit annos triginta novem, mensem unum, dies sex, horas scit nemo. FO. FR. Forum. F. R. Forum Romanum. G. G. Gellius, Gaius pro Caius, genius, gens, gaudium, gesta, gratia, gratis, &c. GAB. Gabinius. GAL. Gallus, Galerius. G. C. Genio civitatis. GEN. P. R. Genio populi Romani. GL. Gloria. GL. S. Gallus Sempronius. GN. Gneus pro Cneus, genius, gens. GNT. Gentes. GRA. Gracchus. GRC. Graecus. H. H. Hic, habet, hastatus, heres, homo, hora, hostis, herus. H. A. Hoc anno. HA. Hadrianus. HC. Hunc, huic, hic. HER. Heres, hereditatis, Herennius. HER. vel HERC. S. Herculi sacrum. H. Μ. E. H-S. CCI33. CCI33. 133. N. Hoc monumentum erexit sestertiis viginti quinque mille nummum. H. Μ. AD. H. N. T. Hoc monumentum ad heredes non transit. Η. O. Hostis occisus. HOSS. Hostes. H. S. Hic situs vel sita, sepultus vel sepulta. H-S. N. IIII. Sestertiis nummum quatuor. [7:2:18] Η-S. CGCC. Sestertiis quatuor centum. H-S. oo. N. Sestertiis mille nummum. H-S. co. CCI33. N. Sestertiis novem mille nummum. H-S. CCIOD. CCIDD. Sestertiis viginti mille. H-S. XX. Μ. N. Sestertiis viginti mille nummum. H. SS. Hic suprascriptis. I I. Junius, Julius, Jupiter, ibi, immortalis, imperator, inferi, inter, invenit, invictus, ipse, iterum, judex, jussit, jus, &C. IA. Intra I. AG. In agro. I. AGL. In angulo. IAD. Jamdudum. IAN. Janus. IA. RΓ. Jam respondi. I. C. Juris consultus, Julius Caesar, judex cognitionum. ÏC. Hic. I. D. Inferis diis, Jovi dedicatum, Isidi deae, jussu Dei. ID. Idus. I. D. Μ. Jovi Deo magno. I. F. vel I. FO. In foro. IF. Interfuit. IFT. Interfuerunt. I. FNT. In fronte. IG. Igitur. I. H. Jacet hic. I. I. In jure. IM. Imago, immortalis, imperator. I. Μ. CT. In medio civitatis. IMM. Immolavit, immortalis, immunis IM. S. Impensis suis. IN. Inimicus, inscripsit, interea. IN. A. P. XX. In agro pedes viginti. IN. vel INL. V. I. S. Inlustris vir infra scriptus. I. R. Jovi regi, Junoni reginae, jure rogavit. I. S. vel I. SN. In senatum. I. V. Justus vir. IVD. Judicium. IVV. Juventus, Juvenalis. II. V. Duumvir, .vel duumviri. III. V. vel III. VIR. Triumvir, vel triumviri. IIII. VIR. Quatuorvir, vel quatuorviri, vel quatuorviratus. IIIIII. V. vel VIR. Sextumvir, vel sevir, vel sexvir. IDNE. vel IND. aut INDICT. Indictione vel indictio. K. K. Caeso, Caius, Caio, Caelius, Carolus, calumnia, candidatus, caput, carissimus., clarissimus, castra, cohors, Carthago, &c. K. KAL. KL. KLD. KLEND. Kalendae, aut kalendis; et sic de caeteris ubi mensium apponuntur nomina. KARC. Career. KK. Carissimi. KM. Carissimus. K. S. Carus suis. KR. Chorus.. KR. AM. N. Carus amicus noster. L. L. Lucius, Lucia, Laelius, Lollius, lares, Latinus, latum, legavit, lex, legio, libens vel lubens, liber, libera, libertus, liberta, libra, locavit, &c. L. A. Lex alia. LA. C. Latini coloni. L. A. D. Locus alteri datus. L. AG. Lex agraria. L. AN. Lucius Anius, vel quinquaginta annis. L. AP. Ludi Apollinares. LAT. P. VIII. E. S. Latum pedes octo et semis. LONG. P. VII. L. P. III. Longum pedes septem, latum pedes tres. L. ADQ. Locus adquisitus. LB. Libertus, liberi. L. D. D. D. Locus datus decreto decurionum. LECTIST. Lectisternium. LEG. I. Legio prima. L. E. D. Lege ejus damnatus. LEG. PROV. Legatus provinciae. LIC. Licinius. LICT. Lictor. LL. Libentissime, liberi, libertas. L. L. Sestertius magnus. LVD. SAEC. Ludi saeculares. LVPĒRC. Lupercalia. LV. P. F. Ludos publicos fecit. Μ. Μ. Marcus, Marea, Martius, Mutius, maceria, magister, magistratus, magnus, manes, mancipium, marmoreus, Marti, mater, maximus, memor, memoria, mensis, meus, miles, militavit, militia, mille, missus, monumentum, mortuus, &c. MAG. EQ. Magister equitum. MAR. VLT. Mars ultor. MAX. POT. Maximus pontifex. MD. Mandatum. MED. Medicus, medius. MER. Mercurius, mercator. MERK. Mercurialia, mercatus. MES. VII. DIEB. XI. Mensibus septem, diebus undecim. Μ. I, Maximo Jovi, matri Ideae vel Isidi, militiae jus, monumentum jussit. MIL. COH. Miles cohortis. MIN. vel MINER. Minerva. Μ. MON. MNT. MONET. Moneta. Μ. vel MS. Mensis vel menses. MNF. Manifestus. MNM. Manumissus. Μ. P. II. Millia passuum duo. MV. MN. MVN. MVNIC. Municipium, vel municeps. N. N. Neptunus, Numerius, Numeria, nonis, Nero, nam, non, natus, natio, nefastus, nepos, neptis, niger, nomen, nonae, noster, numerarius, numerator, numerus, nummus vel numisma, numen. NAV. Navis. N. B. Numeravit bivus, pro vivus. NB. vel NBL. Nobilis. N. C. Nero Caesar, vel Nero Claudius. NEG. vel NEGOT. Negotiator. NEP. S. Neptuno sacrum. N. F. N. Nobili familia natus. N. L. Non liquet, non licet, non longe, nominis Latini. N. M. Nonius Macrinus, non malum, non minus. NN. Nostri. NNR. vel NR. Nostrorum. NO. Nobis. NOBR, November. NON. AP. Nonis Aprilis. NQ. Namque, nusquam, nunquam. N. V. N. D. N. P. O. Neque vendetur, neque donabitur, neque pignori obligabitur. NVP. Nuptiae. O. O. Officium, optimus, olla, omnis, optio, ordo, ossa, ostendit, &c. OB. Obiit. OB. C. S. Ob cives servatos. OCT. Octavianus, October. O. E. B. Q. C. Ossa ejus bene quiescant condita. O. H. F. Omnibus honoribus functus. ONA. Omnia. [7:2:19] 00. Omnes, omnino. Ο. O. Optimus ordo. OP. Oppidum, opiter, oportet, optimus, opus. ORN. Ornamentum. OTIM. Optimae. P. P. Publius, passus, patria, pecunia, pedes, perpetuus, pius, plebs, populus, pontifex, posuit, potestas, praeses, praetor, pridie, pro, post, provincia, puer, publicus, publice, primus, &c. PA. Pater, patricius. PAE. ET. ARR. COS. Paeto et Arrio consulibus. P. A. F. A. Postulo an fias auctor. PAR. Parens, Parilia, Parthicus. PAT. PAT. Pater patriae. PBLC. Publicus. PC. Procurator. P. C. Post consulatum, patres conscripti, patronus coloniae, ponendum curavit, praefectus corporis, pactum conventum. PED. CXV. S. Pedes centum quindecim semis. PEG. Peregrinus. P. 11. ∞. L. Pondo duarum semis librarum. P. II. S: :. Pondo duo semis cum triente. P. KAL. Pridie kalendas. POM. Pompeius. P. P. P. C. Propria pecunia ponendum curavit. P. R. C. A. DCCCXLIIII. Post Romam conditam annis octingentis quadraginta quatuor. PROC. Proconsul. P. PR. Propraetor. P. PRR. Propraetores. PR. N. Pronepos. P. R. V. X. Populi Romani vota decennalia. PS. Passus, plebiscitum. PUD. Pudicus, pudica, pudor. PUR. Purpureus. Q. Q. Quinquennalis, quartus, quintus, quando, quantum, qui, quae, quod, Quintus, Quintius, Quintilianus, quaestor, quadratum, quaesitus. Q. B. AN. XXX. Qui bixit, id est, vixit, annos triginta. QM. Quomodo, quem, quoniam. QQ. Quinquennalis. QQ. V. Quoquo versum. Q. R. Quaestor reipublicae. Q. V. A. III. Μ. II. Qui vel quae vixit annos tres, menses duo. R. R. Roma, Romanus, rex, reges, Regulus, rationalis, Ravennae, recta, recto, requietorium, retro, rostra, rudera, &c. RC. Rescriptum. R. C. Romana civitas. REF. C. Reficiendum curavit. REG. Regio. RP. RESP. Respublica. RET. P. XX. Retro pedes viginti. REQ. Requiescit. RMS. Romanus. ROB. Robigalia, Robigo. RS. Responsum. RVF. Rufus. S. S. Sacrum, sacellum, scriptus, semis, senatus, sepultus, sepulcrum, sanctus, servus, serva, Servius, sequitur, sibi, situs, solvit, sub, stipendium, &c. SAC. Sacerdos, sacrificium. SAE. vel SAEC. Saeculum, saeculares. SAL. Salus. S. C. Senatus consultum. SCI. Scipio. S. D. Sacrum diis. S. EQ. Q. O. ET. P. R. Senatus equesterque ordo et populus Romanus. SEMP. Sempronius. SL. SVL. SYL. Sylla. S. L. Sacer ludus, sine lingua. S. Μ. Sacrum manibus, sine manibus, sine malo. SN. Senatus, sententia, sine. S. P. Sine pecunia. S. P. Q. R. Senatus populusque Romanus. S. P. D. Salutem plurimam dicit. S. T. A. Sine vel sub tutoris auctoritate. SLT. Scilicet. S. E. T. L. Sit ei terra levis. SIC. V. SIC. X. Sicuti quinquennalia, sic decennalia. SSTVP. XVIIII. Stipendiis novemdecim. ST. XXXV. Stipendiis triginta quinque. T. T. Titus, Tullius, tantum, terra, tibi, ter, testamentum, titulus, terminus, triarius, tribunus, turma, tutor, tutela, &c. TAB. Tabula. TABVL. Tabularius. TAR. Tarquinius. TB. D. F. Tibi dulcissimo filio. TB. PL. Tribunus plebis. TB. TI. TIB. Tiberius. T. F. Titus Flavius, Titi filius. THR. Thrax. T. L. Titus Livius, Titi libertus. TIT. Titulus. TM. Terminus, thermae. TR. PO. Tribunitia potestas. TRAJ. Trajanus. TUL. Tullus vel Tullius. TR. V. Triumvir. TT. QTS. Titus Quintus. Θ. vel TH. AN. Mortuus anno. Θ. XIII. Defunctus viginti tribus. X V. V. Quinque, quinto, quintum. V. Vitellius, Volera, Volero, Volusus, Vopiscus, vale, valeo, Vesta, vestalis, vestis, vester, veteranus, vir, virgo, vivus, vixit, votum, vovit, urbs, usus, uxor, victus, victor, &c. V. A. Veterano assignatum. V. A. I. D. XI. Vixit annum unum, dies undecim. V. A. L. Vixit annos quinquaginta. V. B. A. Viri boni arbitratu. V. C. Vale conjux, vivens curavit, vir consularis, vir clarissimus, quintum consul. VDL. Videlicet. V. E. Vir egregius, visum est, verum etiam. VESP. Vespasianus. VI. V. Sextumvir. VII. V. Septemvir. VIII. VIR. octumvir. VIX. A. FF. C. Vixit annos ferme centum. VIX. AN. X . Vixit annos triginta. ULPS. Ulpianus, Ulpius. V. Μ. Vir magnificus, vivens mandavit, volens merito. V. N. Quinto nonas. V. MUN. Vias munivit. VOL. Volcania, Voltinia, Volusus. VONE. Bonae. VOT. V. Votis quinquennalibus. VOT. V. MULT. X. Votis quinquennalibus, multis decennalibus. VOT. X. Vota decennalia. [7:2:20] VOT. XX. υel XXX. vel ΧΧΧΧ. Vota vicennalia, aut tri-çennalia, aut quadragenalia. V. R. Urbs Roma, votum reddidit. VV. CC. Viri clarissimi. UX. Uxor. X. X. AN. Decennalibus. X. K. OCT. Decimo kalendas Octobris. X. Μ. Decem millia. X. P. Decem pondo. X. V. Decemvir. XV. VIR. Quindecimvir.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 16 [7:2:16]
kp-eb0702-002001-0069	ABBREVIATORS, a college of 72 persons in die chancery of Rome, who draw up the pope’s brieves, and reduce petitions, when granted by him, into proper form for being converted into bulls.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 20 [7:2:20]
kp-eb0702-002002-0069	ABBS, St, a promontory on the eastern coast of Scotland, Lat. 55.55. N. Long. 2. 8. 30. W. The shore around is steep and rocky, and there is a depth of 30 or 40 fathoms water not far from land. The tide runs by it with a strong current, and a little wind causes a great rolling sea.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 20 [7:2:20]	55 55' N 2 8' 30" W
kp-eb0702-002003-0069	ABBUTALS signify the buttings or boundings of land towards any point. Limits were anciently distinguished by artificial hillocks, which were called botemines; and hence butting. In a description of the site of land, the sides on the breadth are more properly adjacentes, and those terminating the length are abbutantes ; which, in old surveys, were sometimes expressed by capitare, to head; whence abbutals are now called head-lands.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 20 [7:2:20]
kp-eb0702-002004-0069	ABCEDARY, or Abcedarian, an epithet given to compositions, the parts of which are disposed in the order of the letters of the alphabet: thus we say, Abcedarian psalms, lamentations, hymns, &c.; such are Psal. xxv. xxxiv. cxix. &c.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 20 [7:2:20]
kp-eb0702-002005-0069	ABCHASIEN, a province of the Asiatic Russian empire, on the border of the Black Sea, comprehended between Lat. 42. 30. and 44. 45. N., and between Long. 37. 3.'and 40. 36. E. The high mountains of Caucasus on the north and north-west divide it from Circassia; on the south-west it is bounded by Mingrelia; and on the south, south-west, and north-west by the Black Sea. The extent is about 5080 square miles. The climate is generally mild, being defended from the northerly winds by the lofty range of mountains. The sea-coast is in many parts a sandy soil; but in many of the vallies which run up between the projections of the Caucasus the land is fertile, but better adapted for pasturage than for the growth of corn; and hence the greater part of the inhabitants are in the pastoral state. The grape and all other fruits come to perfection. Under the Turkish dominion the trifling commerce was with the Asiatic provinces of that power; but its course is now changed, and passes towards the north. The number of inhabitants is estimated at 56,500, of whom 40,000 are aboriginal. The Turcomans, Nogay Tartars, with the Greeks, Armenians, and Jews that occupy the towns and ports on the coast, are reckoned to be 15,000, and the Russians and Cossacks 1500. In early times the Abchasiens were heathens, but adopted Christianity under the Emperor Justinian, who built a church to the Virgin Mary in 550, and sent missionaries. Under the Turks their Christianity gradually disappeared; and at present the higher classes adhere to Mahomedanism, whilst the mass of the people follow each a separate species of idolatry. Though by the peace of 1812 Russia entered into all the rights enjoyed by the Turks, it scarcely interfered with the interior authority of the several chiefs, who by force gain the superiority; nor does it draw any revenue from the country, but is satisfied with possession of a few commanding fortresses, and with the trade which falls into the new channels from the effect of the political changes.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 20 [7:2:20]
kp-eb0702-002006-0069	ABDALLA, the son of Abdalmotalseb, was the father of the prophet Mahomet. He was the most beautiful and modest of the Arabian youth; and when he married Amina, of the noble race of the Zahrites, 200 virgins are said to have died of jealousy and despair. Several other Arabians of eminence bore the same name.	ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/. License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland. This entry: 7th edition, volume 2, page 20 [7:2:20]

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Dataset Card for EB7

Encyclopædia Britannica (EB) is the most prestigious reference work in English. This dataset contains the text of the entries from the 7th edition (EB7) as well automatically extracted geographical coordinates.

The original text comes from the Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project

Data Instances

Each sample is a JSON dictionnary with id, the entry ID in the Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project nomenclature, texte, the text of the entry and coords, the coordinates if any, and a disclaimer, as for example:

{
  "texte": "NARLAH, a town of Hindustan, in the province of Orissa, possessed by independent native chiefs. It is thirty miles east from the town of Bustar. Long. 83. 5. E. Lat. 19. 50. N. 0",
  "id": "kp-eb0715-073501-8764",
  "disclamer": "ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, SEVENTH EDITION: A MACHINE-READABLE TEXT
 TRANSCRIPTION (v3.1), The Nineteenth-Century Knowledge Project, 2024
 [email protected], https://tu-plogan.github.io/.

 License: CC-BY-4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

 Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences,
 and General Literature. 7th ed., 21 vols. Edinburgh: Adam and 
 Charles Black, 1830-1842. Image scans: Natl. Library of Scotland.

 This entry: 7th edition, volume 15, page 735 [7:15:735]",
  "coords": "19 50' N 83 5' E"}
}

The figure below shows the plot of all the coordinates we could extract.

Code

The extraction and visualization code is available here: https://github.com/pnugues/EB7

Citation Information

@misc{pnugues2025,
  author = {Pierre Nugues},
  title = {Extraction of geographical coordinates from the 7th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica},
  year = 2025,
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/pnugues/EB7}
}

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Size of the auto-converted Parquet files:

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Number of rows:

21,118